Interlayer film for laminated glass and laminated glass

Abstract

Provided is a laminated glass interlayer film capable of enhancing sound insulating properties of laminated glass.　A laminated glass interlayer film according to the present invention, which is a laminated glass interlayer film having a structure of two or more layers, comprises at least one layer that has one end and the other end on the opposite side of the one end, wherein the thickness of the other end is larger than the thickness of the one end, and the glass transition temperature is less than 15 °C. When the thickness of the interlayer film is set as X μm, and the total thickness of layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15 °C is set as Y μm, a region where a value of Y / X is 0.12 or more is provided, and the average thickness of a surface layer in a region from a position of 100 mm to a position of 400 mm from the one end to the other end is less than 300 μm.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an interlayer film for laminated glass used to obtain laminated glass. The present invention also relates to laminated glass using the interlayer film for laminated glass. [Background technology]

[0002] Laminated glass is excellent in safety because it generates only a small amount of glass fragments even when broken by external impact. For this reason, laminated glass is widely used in automobiles, railway vehicles, aircraft, ships, buildings, etc. Laminated glass is manufactured by sandwiching an interlayer film between a pair of glass sheets.

[0003] Head-up displays (HUDs) are also known as laminated glass for use in automobiles. HUDs can display measurement information, such as speed, which is driving data for the automobile, on the windshield, allowing the driver to perceive the display as if it were projected on the windshield in front of them.

[0004] As an example of the laminated glass, Patent Document 1 below discloses a laminated glass for vehicles in which two curved glass sheets and a multilayer resin interlayer film are laminated together. The resin interlayer film is provided between the glass sheets. In the laminated glass for vehicles, the resin interlayer film has a wedge-shaped cross section in which the thickness of the upper edge side is thicker than the lower edge side when the laminated glass is installed in a vehicle, and is a multilayer film including at least a first resin layer and a second resin layer having a lower hardness than the first resin layer. In the laminated glass for vehicles, the thickness of the first resin layer is 0.3 mm or more in a region 400 mm or less from the lower edge. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-223883 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] In conventional interlayer films such as those described in Patent Document 1, the layer that contributes to improving sound insulation is relatively thin. Therefore, conventional interlayer films may not be able to sufficiently improve the sound insulation of laminated glass.

[0007] An object of the present invention is to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass that can improve the sound insulation of laminated glass. Another object of the present invention is to provide laminated glass using the above interlayer film for laminated glass. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] According to a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided an interlayer film for laminated glass having a two or more layer structure, having one end and another end opposite the one end, the thickness of the other end being greater than the thickness of the one end, and comprising at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, wherein the interlayer film has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, where X μm is the thickness of the interlayer film and Y μm is the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, and the average thickness of the surface layer in each region from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end to the other end is less than 300 μm (in this specification, "interlayer film for laminated glass" may be abbreviated as "interlayer film").

[0009] According to a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided an interlayer film for laminated glass used in laminated glass that is a head-up display, the interlayer film for laminated glass having a structure of two or more layers, having a display-corresponding area that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display, one end and another end opposite the one end, the thickness of the other end being greater than the thickness of the one end, and comprising at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, wherein when the thickness of the interlayer film is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C is Y μm, the interlayer film for laminated glass has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, and the average thickness of each surface layer in the display-corresponding area is less than 300 μm (in this specification, "interlayer film for laminated glass" may be abbreviated as "interlayer film").

[0010] In a particular aspect of the interlayer film according to the present invention, the interlayer film is placed between clear glass sheets each having a thickness of 2.5 mm and conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminated glass X having a length of 30 cm and a width of 30 cm. When the resulting laminated glass X is subjected to the following penetration resistance test, it is not penetrated by a steel ball.

[0011] Penetration resistance test: The laminated glass X is stored for at least 4 hours in an environment of 23±2°C so that the surface temperature of the laminated glass X reaches 23°C. After storage, a steel ball with a mass of 2260±20g and a diameter of 82mm is dropped from a height of 6.5m onto the center of the main surface of one piece of the laminated glass X in accordance with JIS R3212:2015. If the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass X within 5 seconds of impact with the laminated glass X, it is determined that the steel ball has not penetrated.

[0012] In a specific aspect of the interlayer film according to the present invention, the interlayer film is placed between clear glass sheets each having a thickness of 2.5 mm in accordance with JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminated glass Y having a length of 15 cm and a width of 30 cm. When the optical distortion of the obtained laminated glass Y is measured as described below, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is 2.0 or less.

[0013] Measurement of optical distortion: An optical distortion inspection device is prepared, which includes a light source unit that emits irradiation light, a projection surface onto which the irradiation light that has passed through the measurement object is projected, an image input unit that photographs the projection surface to generate a grayscale image, and an image processing unit that calculates an optical distortion value based on the degree of grayscale variation in the grayscale image. Two measurement objects are prepared: the laminated glass Y and a calibration laminated glass obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film with a visible light transmittance of 88% between two sheets of 2.5 mm thick clear float glass. The laminated glass Y and the calibration laminated glass are stored in an environment of 23±2°C for at least 4 hours so that the surface temperatures of the laminated glass Y and the calibration laminated glass reach 23°C. The optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is measured using the optical distortion inspection device, which has been adjusted so that the optical distortion value without the measurement object placed on it is 1.30 and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14 when the following processing operation is performed in the image processing unit.

[0014] Processing operation in image processing unit: Each pixel of the grayscale image is converted into a pixel value between 0 and 255 according to the grayscale of the grayscale image. The 400 x 400 pixel area formed by connecting the four pixel coordinates (120,40), (520,40), (120,440), and (520,440) of the grayscale image is divided into a total of 16 windows, each of 100 x 100 pixels. For each window, the "variance of pixel values" is calculated for each of the 100 pixels in the same column from the first to the 100th columns of pixel coordinates. The average of the 100 "variances of pixel values" is defined as the "optical distortion of the window." The average of the 16 "optical distortions of the window" is defined as the "optical distortion of the measurement object."

[0015] In a specific aspect of the interlayer film according to the present invention, the interlayer film has an uneven surface formed by a melt fracture method.

[0016] According to a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided laminated glass comprising a first laminated glass element, a second laminated glass element, and the above-described interlayer film for laminated glass, with the interlayer film for laminated glass disposed between the first laminated glass element and the second laminated glass element.

[0017] According to a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided laminated glass having one end and another end opposite the one end, the thickness of the other end being greater than the thickness of the one end, comprising a first laminated glass element, a second laminated glass element, and an interlayer film for laminated glass disposed between the first laminated glass element and the second laminated glass element, the interlayer film having a two or more layer structure, the interlayer film including at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, the interlayer film having a thickness of X μm and a total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C having a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, and the average thickness of the surface layer of the interlayer film in a region extending from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end to the other end is less than 300 μm.

[0018] According to a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided laminated glass for a head-up display, the laminated glass having one end and another end opposite the one end, the thickness of the other end being greater than the thickness of the one end, the laminated glass having a display area for the head-up display, the laminated glass comprising: a first laminated glass member; a second laminated glass member; and an interlayer film for laminated glass disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member, the interlayer film having a two or more layer structure, the interlayer film including at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, the interlayer film having a thickness of X μm and a total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C having a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, and the average thickness of each surface layer of the interlayer film in the display area is less than 300 μm.

[0019] In a particular aspect of the laminated glass according to the present invention, a steel ball cannot penetrate the laminated glass when subjected to the following penetration resistance test.

[0020] Penetration resistance test: The laminated glass is stored for at least 4 hours in an environment of 23±2°C so that the surface temperature of the laminated glass reaches 23°C. After storage, a steel ball with a mass of 2260±20g and a diameter of 82mm is dropped from a height of 6.5m onto the center of the main surface of one piece of laminated glass in accordance with JIS R3212:2015. If the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass within 5 seconds of impact, it is judged as not having penetrated.

[0021] In a specific aspect of the laminated glass according to the present invention, when the optical distortion is measured as described below, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass is 2.0 or less.

[0022] Measurement of optical distortion: An optical distortion inspection device is prepared, which includes a light source unit that emits irradiation light, a projection surface onto which the irradiation light that has passed through the measurement object is projected, an image input unit that photographs the projection surface to generate a grayscale image, and an image processing unit that calculates an optical distortion value based on the degree of grayscale variation in the grayscale image. Two measurement objects are prepared: a laminated glass and a calibration laminated glass obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film with a visible light transmittance of 88% between two 2.5 mm thick clear float glass sheets. The laminated glass and the calibration laminated glass are stored in an environment of 23±2°C for at least 4 hours so that the surface temperatures of the laminated glass and the calibration laminated glass reach 23°C. The optical distortion value of the laminated glass is measured using the optical distortion inspection device, which is adjusted so that the optical distortion value without the measurement object placed on it is 1.30 when the image processing unit is processed as described below, and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14.

[0023] Processing operation in image processing unit: Each pixel of the grayscale image is converted into a value between 0 and 255 depending on the grayscale of the grayscale image. The 400 x 400 pixel area formed by connecting the four pixel coordinates (120,40), (520,40), (120,440), and (520,440) of the grayscale image is divided into a total of 16 windows, each of 100 x 100 pixels. For each window, the "variance of pixel values" is calculated for each of the 100 pixels in the same column from the first to the 100th columns of pixel coordinates. The average of the 100 "variances of pixel values" is defined as the "optical distortion of the window." The average of the 16 "optical distortions of the window" is defined as the "optical distortion of the measurement object." [Effects of the Invention]

[0024] The interlayer film of the present invention has a structure of two or more layers, has one end and another end opposite the one end, and the thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end. The interlayer film of the present invention has at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, and has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, where X μm is the thickness of the interlayer film and Y μm is the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C. In the interlayer film of the present invention, the average thickness of the surface layer in each region from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end to the other end is less than 300 μm. Because the interlayer film of the present invention has the above configuration, it can improve the sound insulation of laminated glass.

[0025] The interlayer film of the present invention is an interlayer film used in laminated glass that is a head-up display, and has a structure of two or more layers. It has a display-corresponding area that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display, one end and another end opposite the one end, and the thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end. The interlayer film of the present invention has at least one layer with a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, and has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, where X μm is the thickness of the interlayer film and Y μm is the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C. In the interlayer film of the present invention, the average thickness of each surface layer in the display-corresponding area is less than 300 μm. Because the interlayer film of the present invention has the above configuration, it can improve the sound insulation of laminated glass.

[0026] The laminated glass according to the present invention has one end and another end opposite the one end, the other end being thicker than the one end, and includes a first laminated glass element, a second laminated glass element, and an interlayer film disposed between the first laminated glass element and the second laminated glass element, the interlayer film having a two or more layer structure. In the laminated glass according to the present invention, the interlayer film includes at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, and has a region where, when the thickness of the interlayer film is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C is Y μm, the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater. In the laminated glass according to the present invention, the average thickness of the surface layer of the interlayer film in a region extending from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end to the other end is less than 300 μm. The laminated glass according to the present invention has the above-described configuration, thereby achieving improved sound insulation.

[0027] The laminated glass according to the present invention is a head-up display laminated glass having one end and another end opposite the one end, the thickness of the other end being greater than the thickness of the one end, and having a display area for the head-up display. The laminated glass according to the present invention includes a first laminated glass member, a second laminated glass member, and an interlayer film disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member, the interlayer film having a two or more layer structure. In the laminated glass according to the present invention, the interlayer film includes at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, and has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or greater, where X μm is the thickness of the interlayer film and Y μm is the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C. In the laminated glass according to the present invention, the average thickness of each surface layer of the interlayer film in the display-corresponding region is less than 300 μm. The laminated glass according to the present invention has the above-described configuration, thereby enabling improved sound insulation. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0028] [Figure 1] 1(a) and 1(b) are a cross-sectional view and a front view schematically showing an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a first embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a second embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a third embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view that schematically shows an example of laminated glass that uses the interlayer film for laminated glass shown in FIG. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a plan view schematically showing an optical distortion inspection device used to measure optical distortion. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a front view schematically showing an optical distortion inspection device used to measure optical distortion. [Figure 8] 8(a) and (b) are diagrams for explaining the processing operations in the image processing unit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] The present invention will be described in detail below.

[0030] The interlayer film for laminated glass according to the present invention (sometimes abbreviated as "interlayer film" in this specification) is used in laminated glass.

[0031] The interlayer film has a structure of two or more layers. The interlayer film may have a two-layer structure, a three-layer structure, a three or more layer structure, a four or more layer structure, a five or more layer structure, or a six or more layer structure. The interlayer film may have these structures in part or throughout the interlayer film. The structure of the interlayer film may be partially different.

[0032] The interlayer film has one end and another end opposite the one end. The one end and the other end are opposite ends of the interlayer film. The thickness of the other end of the interlayer film is greater than the thickness of the one end.

[0033] The interlayer film is used, for example, in laminated glass for a head-up display. When the interlayer film is used in laminated glass for a head-up display, the interlayer film has a display-corresponding area that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display. The display-corresponding area is an area in which information can be displayed satisfactorily.

[0034] The interlayer film includes at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C.

[0035] When the thickness of the interlayer is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. is Y μm, the interlayer has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more.

[0036] In the interlayer film, the average thickness of the surface layer in the region from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end to the other end is less than 300 μm, or the average thickness of the surface layer in the display-corresponding region is less than 300 μm.

[0037] The interlayer film according to the present invention has the above-described configuration, and therefore can improve the sound insulation of laminated glass. The layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C is a layer that can effectively improve sound insulation. The interlayer film according to the present invention has a region where the layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C is relatively thick. This improves the sound insulation of laminated glass.

[0038] Furthermore, the interlayer film according to the present invention can improve the penetration resistance of laminated glass and further reduce optical distortion of the laminated glass. Simply increasing the thickness of layers that contribute to improving sound insulation in order to improve the sound insulation of laminated glass requires reducing the thickness of surface layers, etc., which can reduce the penetration resistance of the laminated glass and easily cause optical distortion. The present invention, having the above-described configuration, can improve sound insulation, improve penetration resistance, and reduce optical distortion.

[0039] The interlayer film has at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. The interlayer film may have only one layer, two layers, two or more layers, three layers, or more than three layers, all of which have a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C.

[0040] The interlayer film preferably includes a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. and a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher. The interlayer film preferably includes at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher. The interlayer film may include only one layer, two layers, two or more layers, three layers, or three or more layers having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher.

[0041] The glass transition temperature of the layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. is preferably −4° C. or higher, more preferably 0° C. or higher, and preferably 12° C. or lower, more preferably 8° C. or lower. When the glass transition temperature is equal to or higher than the above lower limit and equal to or lower than the above upper limit, the sound insulation of the laminated glass can be further improved.

[0042] The glass transition temperature of the layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher is preferably 20° C. or higher, more preferably 25° C. or higher, even more preferably 30° C. or higher, and is preferably 50° C. or lower, more preferably 45° C. or lower, even more preferably 40° C. or lower. When the glass transition temperature is equal to or higher than the above lower limit and equal to or lower than the above upper limit, the sound insulation of the laminated glass can be further improved.

[0043] The absolute value of the difference between the glass transition temperature of the layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. and the glass transition temperature of the layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or more is preferably at least 8° C., more preferably at least 16° C., and is preferably at most 40° C., more preferably at most 32° C. When the absolute value of the difference is at least the above lower limit and at most the above upper limit, the sound insulation of the laminated glass can be further improved.

[0044] The glass transition temperature is determined by viscoelasticity measurement, which is specifically carried out as follows.

[0045] The test specimens are stored for 12 hours at room temperature (23±2°C) and humidity (25±5%). Viscoelasticity is then measured using a TA Instruments ARES-G2 viscoelasticity measuring device. Using parallel plates with a diameter of 8 mm, measurements are performed in shear mode, with the temperature lowered from 100°C to -20°C at a rate of 3°C / min, at a frequency of 1 Hz, and with a strain of 1%. The peak temperature of the loss tangent in the measurement results is taken as the glass transition temperature (Tg) (°C).

[0046] Viscoelasticity measurements may be performed using the interlayer film itself. In this case, the peaks of tan δ derived from each layer may be read from the measurement results. Alternatively, the layers of the interlayer film may be peeled apart to measure the glass transition temperature of the layer to be measured. In the case of laminated glass, the laminated glass may be cooled with liquid nitrogen or the like, and then the laminated glass member and the interlayer film may be peeled off, and the viscoelasticity measurements may be performed using the peeled interlayer film.

[0047] The thickness of the interlayer film is X μm, and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C is Y μm. X is the thickness of the interlayer film at a predetermined position, and Y is the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C at the same position as the predetermined position. When the interlayer film has only one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, Y means the thickness of that layer. When the interlayer film has two or more layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, Y means the total thickness of the layers.

[0048] The interlayer film has a region (hereinafter sometimes referred to as Region A) where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more. That is, the interlayer film has a region (Region A) where the ratio of the total thickness (Y) of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C to the thickness (X) of the interlayer film is 0.12 or more.

[0049] In region A, the Y / X value is preferably 0.14 or more, preferably 0.18 or less, and more preferably 0.16 or less. When the Y / X value is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the sound insulation of the laminated glass can be further improved. When the Y / X value is equal to or less than the upper limit, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass can be further improved and optical distortion can be effectively suppressed.

[0050] The region A is preferably present from 0 mm to 400 mm from the one end to the other end, and more preferably from 0 mm to 200 mm from the one end to the other end (in this case, the region A may be present at other positions as well). In this case, the sound insulation and penetration resistance of the laminated glass can be further improved, and optical distortion can be effectively suppressed.

[0051] The distance between one end and the other end of the interlayer film is designated as L. Region A preferably exists from 0L to 1.0L from one end to the other end. Region A preferably exists from 0L to 0.4L from one end to the other end, and more preferably from 0L to 0.2L from one end to the other end (in this case, region A may also be located at other positions). Region A most preferably exists from 0L to 0.1L from one end to the other end. In this case, the sound insulation and penetration resistance of the laminated glass can be further improved, and optical distortion can be effectively suppressed.

[0052] The interlayer film has a structure of two or more layers, and therefore has two surface layers (a first surface layer and a second surface layer).

[0053] In the interlayer film, the average thickness of the surface layer is less than 300 μm in a region extending from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end toward the other end (hereinafter sometimes referred to as Region B), or the average thickness of the surface layer in the display-corresponding region is less than 300 μm. If the average thickness of the surface layer in Region B or the display-corresponding region is 300 μm or more, sound insulation may be reduced. The above value of the average thickness of the surface layer is preferably satisfied in at least one of the first surface layer and the second surface layer, and more preferably satisfied in both. Note that each of the preferred embodiments of the surface layer described in this specification is satisfied in at least one of the first surface layer and the second surface layer, and preferably satisfied in both.

[0054] The average thickness of the surface layer in the region B or the display-corresponding region is preferably at least 150 μm, more preferably at least 170 μm, and is preferably at most 290 μm, more preferably at most 270 μm. When the average thickness of the surface layer is at least the above lower limit and at most the above upper limit, the sound insulation and penetration resistance of the laminated glass can be further improved, and optical distortion can be effectively suppressed.

[0055] The interlayer film may include, as the surface layer, a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C., or may include, as the first surface layer, a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C., and as the second surface layer, a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or more.

[0056] The surface layer is preferably a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher. In this case, the sound insulation and penetration resistance of the laminated glass can be further improved, and optical distortion can be effectively suppressed.

[0057] The maximum thickness of the interlayer is preferably 0.1 mm or more, more preferably 0.25 mm or more, even more preferably 0.5 mm or more, particularly preferably 0.8 mm or more, and is preferably 3 mm or less, more preferably 2 mm or less, even more preferably 1.5 mm or less.

[0058] The distance between one end and the other end of the interlayer film is defined as L. It is preferable that the interlayer film has a minimum thickness in a region from 0L to 0.2L from the one end to the other end, and a maximum thickness in a region from 0L to 0.2L from the other end to the one end. It is more preferable that the interlayer film has a minimum thickness in a region from 0L to 0.1L from the one end to the other end, and a maximum thickness in a region from 0L to 0.1L from the other end to the one end. It is preferable that the interlayer film has a minimum thickness at one end and a maximum thickness at the other end.

[0059] The interlayer film may have a uniform thickness region. The uniform thickness region refers to a region in which the thickness does not vary by more than 10 μm over a distance of 10 cm in the direction connecting one end of the interlayer film to the other end. Accordingly, the uniform thickness region refers to a region in which the thickness does not vary by more than 10 μm over a distance of 10 cm in the direction connecting one end of the interlayer film to the other end. Specifically, the uniform thickness region refers to a region in which the thickness does not vary at all over a distance of 10 cm in the direction connecting one end of the interlayer film to the other end, or a region in which the thickness varies by 10 μm or less over a distance of 10 cm in the direction connecting one end of the interlayer film to the other end.

[0060] From the viewpoint of practical use and of sufficiently increasing adhesive strength and penetration resistance, the maximum thickness of the surface layer in the interlayer film is preferably 200 μm or more, more preferably 250 μm or more, and preferably 400 μm or less, more preferably 350 μm or less.

[0061] From the viewpoint of practicality and of sufficiently increasing penetration resistance, the maximum thickness of the layer (intermediate layer) disposed between the two surface layers in the interlayer film is preferably 550 μm or more, more preferably 600 μm or more, and is preferably 900 μm or less, more preferably 850 μm or less.

[0062] The distance L between one end and the other end of the interlayer is preferably 3 m or less, more preferably 2 m or less, particularly preferably 1.5 m or less, and is preferably 0.5 m or more, more preferably 0.8 m or more, particularly preferably 1 m or more.

[0063] From the viewpoint of improving the display, it is preferable that the interlayer film has a portion whose cross section in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped. It is preferable that the cross section in the thickness direction of the display-corresponding region is wedge-shaped.

[0064] To prevent double images, the wedge angle θ of the interlayer film can be appropriately set according to the installation angle of the laminated glass. The wedge angle θ is the wedge angle of the entire interlayer film.

[0065] The wedge angle θ of the interlayer film is the interior angle at the intersection of a line connecting the surface portion (first surface portion) on one side of the interlayer film between the maximum and minimum thickness portions of the interlayer film and a line connecting the surface portion (second surface portion) on the other side of the interlayer film between the maximum and minimum thickness portions of the interlayer film.

[0066] In addition, if there are multiple maximum thickness portions, multiple minimum thickness portions, the maximum thickness portion is in a fixed region, or the minimum thickness portion is in a fixed region, the maximum thickness portion and the minimum thickness portion for determining the wedge angle θ are selected so that the wedge angle θ to be determined is largest.

[0067] To more effectively suppress ghosting, the wedge angle θ of the interlayer film is preferably 0.05 mrad or greater, more preferably 0.1 mrad (0.00575 degrees) or greater, and even more preferably 0.2 mrad (0.0115 degrees) or greater. Furthermore, when the wedge angle θ is equal to or greater than the lower limit, a laminated glass suitable for vehicles with a large windshield installation angle, such as trucks and buses, can be obtained.

[0068] To more effectively suppress ghosting, the wedge angle θ of the interlayer film is preferably 2 mrad (0.1146 degrees) or less, and more preferably 0.7 mrad (0.0401 degrees) or less. Furthermore, when the wedge angle θ is equal to or less than the upper limit, a laminated glass suitable for vehicles with a small windshield installation angle, such as sports cars, can be obtained.

[0069] The wedge angle (θ) of the interlayer film and the thickness of the interlayer film can be measured using a contact thickness measuring instrument "TOF-4R" (manufactured by Yamabun Denki Co., Ltd.).

[0070] The thickness is measured using the above-mentioned measuring device at a membrane transport speed of 2.15 mm / min to 2.25 mm / min from one end to the other end over the shortest distance.

[0071] The thickness of each layer of the interlayer may be measured using a measuring device such as "SE-3000" (manufactured by SELMIC).

[0072] The thickness of each layer of the interlayer film can be measured as follows: The interlayer film is cut in the thickness direction at the measurement position using a razor, cutter, etc. The cut surface of the interlayer film is observed using the measuring device described above, and then the thickness of each layer is measured using calculation software included in the accompanying software.

[0073] The wedge angle (θ) of the interlayer film after it has been formed into laminated glass, the thickness of the interlayer film, and the thickness of each layer of the interlayer film can be measured using a non-contact multilayer film thickness measuring device such as "OPTIGAUGE" (manufactured by Lumetrics). When using such a measuring device, the thickness of the interlayer film can be measured in the laminated glass state.

[0074] The interlayer film is suitable for use in laminated glass for a head-up display (HUD). The interlayer film is preferably an interlayer film for a HUD. The interlayer film preferably has a display corresponding area corresponding to the display area of ​​the HUD.

[0075] From the viewpoint of suppressing double images more effectively, it is preferable that the intermediate film has the display corresponding area in the region from a position 6 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 63.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0076] From the viewpoint of suppressing double images more effectively, it is more preferable that the intermediate film has the display corresponding area in a region from a position 8 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 61.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0077] From the viewpoint of suppressing double images even more effectively, it is even more preferable that the intermediate film has the display corresponding area in the region from a position 9 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 60.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0078] From the viewpoint of suppressing double images even more effectively, it is even more preferable that the intermediate film has the display corresponding area in a region from a position 9.5 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 60.3 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0079] From the viewpoint of suppressing double images more effectively, it is particularly preferable that the intermediate film has the display corresponding area in the region from a position 10 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 59.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0080] The display-corresponding area may be present in a part or the entire area of ​​the interlayer film from one end to the other end to the position (for example, 63.8 mm). The display-corresponding area may be approximately 30 cm in size in the direction connecting one end and the other end.

[0081] From the viewpoint of effectively suppressing double images, it is preferable that the intermediate film has a portion whose cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped in the region from a position 6 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 63.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0082] From the viewpoint of effectively suppressing double images, it is more preferable that the intermediate film has a portion whose cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped in the region from a position 8 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 61.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0083] From the viewpoint of effectively suppressing double images, it is even more preferable that the intermediate film has a portion whose cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped in the region from a position 9 cm from one end of the intermediate film toward the other end to a position 60.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0084] From the viewpoint of effectively suppressing double images, it is further preferable that the intermediate film has a portion whose cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped in the region from a position 9.5 cm from the one end toward the other end of the intermediate film to a position 60.3 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0085] From the viewpoint of effectively suppressing double images, it is particularly preferable that the intermediate film has a portion whose cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped in the region from a position 10 cm from one end toward the other end of the intermediate film to a position 59.8 cm from the one end toward the other end.

[0086] The portion having a wedge-shaped cross section in the thickness direction may be present in part or the entire region from the one end to the other end to the position (e.g., 63.8 mm).The portion having a wedge-shaped cross section in the thickness direction may be present over a length of about 30 cm in the direction connecting the one end and the other end.

[0087] The interlayer film may have a shade area. The shade area may be separated from the display-corresponding area. The shade area is provided, for example, for the purpose of preventing the driver from feeling dazzled by sunlight or outdoor lighting while driving. The shade area may also be provided to provide heat insulation. The shade area is preferably located at the edge of the interlayer film. The shade area is preferably strip-shaped.

[0088] In the shade region, a colorant or filler may be used to change the color and visible light transmittance, etc. The colorant or filler may be contained in only a part of the region in the thickness direction of the interlayer film, or may be contained in the entire region in the thickness direction of the interlayer film.

[0089] From the viewpoint of improving the display quality and widening the field of view, the visible light transmittance of the display-corresponding area is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 88% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more. The visible light transmittance of the display-corresponding area is preferably higher than that of the shade area. The visible light transmittance of the display-corresponding area may be lower than that of the shade area. The visible light transmittance of the display-corresponding area is preferably 50% or more higher, more preferably 60% or more higher than that of the shade area.

[0090] For example, when the visible light transmittance varies in the interlayer film in the display corresponding area and the shade area, the visible light transmittance is measured at the center position of the display corresponding area and the center position of the shade area.

[0091] The visible light transmittance of the obtained laminated glass at a wavelength of 380 nm to 780 nm can be measured using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation's "U-4100") in accordance with JIS R3211: 1998. It is preferable to use clear glass with a thickness of 2 mm as the glass plate.

[0092] The display-corresponding region preferably has a length direction and a width direction. In order to provide excellent versatility for the interlayer film, the width direction of the display-corresponding region is preferably a direction connecting the one end and the other end. The display-corresponding region is preferably strip-shaped.

[0093] The interlayer film preferably has an MD direction and a TD direction. The interlayer film is obtained, for example, by melt extrusion molding. The MD direction is the flow direction of the interlayer film during production. The TD direction is a direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the interlayer film during production and perpendicular to the thickness direction of the interlayer film. The one end and the other end are preferably located on opposite sides of the TD direction.

[0094] The interlayer film is placed between 2.5 mm thick clear glass sheets conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminated glass X measuring 30 cm in length and 30 cm in width, and when the resulting laminated glass X is subjected to the penetration resistance test described below, it is preferred that the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass X. In this case, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass can be further improved.

[0095] The laminated glass X is preferably produced as follows.

[0096] An interlayer film is sandwiched between two sheets of clear glass measuring 30 cm in length, 30 cm in width, and 2.5 mm in thickness conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminate X. The obtained laminate X is placed in a rubber bag, and the rubber bag is connected to a suction vacuum device. The laminate X is pre-pressed by heating the laminate X to a temperature of 70°C and simultaneously maintaining it under a reduced pressure of 16 kPa for 10 minutes. After returning to atmospheric pressure, the pre-pressed laminate X is press-bonded in an autoclave at 140°C and a pressure of 1300 kPa for 10 minutes. After pressing, the conditions are returned to 50°C and atmospheric pressure to obtain laminated glass X.

[0097] Penetration resistance test: The laminated glass X is stored for at least 4 hours in an environment of 23±2°C so that the surface temperature of the laminated glass X reaches 23°C. After storage, a steel ball with a mass of 2260±20g and a diameter of 82mm is dropped from a height of 6.5m onto the center of the main surface of one piece of the laminated glass X in accordance with JIS R3212:2015. If the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass X within 5 seconds of impact with the laminated glass X, it is determined that the steel ball has not penetrated.

[0098] When the above interlayer film is placed between clear glass sheets having a thickness of 2.5 mm conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminated glass Y having a length of 15 cm and a width of 30 cm, and the optical distortion of the obtained laminated glass Y is measured as described below, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is preferably 2.0 or less. In this case, the optical distortion of the laminated glass can be further suppressed.

[0099] From the viewpoint of further suppressing the occurrence of optical distortion, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is preferably 1.8 or less, more preferably 1.7 or less. The smaller the optical distortion value, the more preferable.

[0100] The laminated glass Y is preferably produced as follows.

[0101] An interlayer film is sandwiched between two sheets of clear glass measuring 15 cm in length, 30 cm in width, and 2.5 mm in thickness conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminate Y. The obtained laminate Y is placed in a rubber bag, and the rubber bag is connected to a suction vacuum. The laminate Y is pre-pressed by heating the laminate Y to a temperature of 70°C and simultaneously maintaining it under a reduced pressure of 16 kPa for 10 minutes. After returning to atmospheric pressure, the pre-pressed laminate Y is press-bonded in an autoclave at 140°C and a pressure of 1300 kPa for 10 minutes. After pressing, the conditions are returned to 50°C and atmospheric pressure to obtain laminated glass Y.

[0102] Measurement of optical distortion: An optical distortion inspection device is prepared, which includes a light source unit that emits irradiation light, a projection surface onto which the irradiation light that has passed through the measurement object is projected, an image input unit that photographs the projection surface to generate a grayscale image, and an image processing unit that calculates an optical distortion value based on the degree of grayscale variation in the grayscale image. Two measurement objects are prepared: the laminated glass Y and a calibration laminated glass obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film with a visible light transmittance of 88% between two sheets of 2.5 mm thick clear float glass. The laminated glass Y and the calibration laminated glass are stored in an environment of 23±2°C for at least 4 hours so that the surface temperatures of the laminated glass Y and the calibration laminated glass reach 23°C. The optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is measured using the optical distortion inspection device, which is adjusted so that the optical distortion value without the measurement object placed on it is 1.30 and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14 when the processing operation in the image processing unit described below is performed.

[0103] Processing operations in the image processing unit: Each pixel of the above grayscale image is converted into a pixel value between 0 and 255 according to the grayscale of the above grayscale image. The 400 x 400 pixel area formed by connecting the four pixel coordinates of (120,40), (520,40), (120,440), and (520,440) of the above grayscale image is divided into a total of 16 windows, each of 100 x 100 pixels per window. For each window, the "variance of pixel values" is calculated for each of the 100 pixels in the same column from the first to the 100th columns of pixel coordinates. The average of the 100 "variances of pixel values" is defined as the "optical distortion of the window." The average of the 16 "optical distortions of the window" is defined as the "optical distortion of the measurement object."

[0104] Fig. 6 is a plan view schematically showing an optical distortion inspection device used to measure optical distortion. Fig. 7 is a front view schematically showing an optical distortion inspection device used to measure optical distortion. Figs. 8(a) and (b) are diagrams for explaining the processing operations in the image processing unit.

[0105] The optical distortion inspection device 41 is a device for measuring the optical distortion value of a measurement object W. The optical distortion inspection device 41 includes a light source unit 42, a slit section 43, a measurement object placement section 44, a projection surface 45, an image input section 46, an image processing section 47, a stand 48, and an evaluation section 49. In FIGS. 6 and 7, the measurement object W is placed on the measurement object placement section 44.

[0106] The light source unit 42 includes a light-emitting unit 421, an optical fiber 422, and an irradiation port 423. Irradiation light emitted by the light-emitting unit 421 passes through the optical fiber 422 and is irradiated from the irradiation port 423 toward the slit unit 43. The light-emitting unit may be, for example, a halogen lamp. A commercially available halogen lamp is, for example, "EYE DICHRO-COOL HALOGEN (15V100W)" manufactured by Iwasaki Electric Co., Ltd.

[0107] The slit section 43 has a slit in the center. The light emitted from the light source unit 42 passes through the slit in the slit section 43 and reaches the measurement object W. The shape of the slit may be a circle, a polygon, or the like.

[0108] The irradiated light transmitted through the measurement object W is projected onto a projection surface 45. The projection surface 45 can be installed at an angle θ with respect to the optical axis A. An example of the projection surface is a white sheet of paper. It is preferable that the surface of the projection surface is non-glossy and has minimal irregularities.

[0109] The image input unit 46 captures an image of the projection surface 45, converts the brightness of the captured image into signals, and generates a grayscale image. The image input unit may be a CCD camera or the like. Commercially available CCD cameras include the "XC-ST70" manufactured by Sony Corporation.

[0110] The image processing unit 47 detects the optical distortion of the measurement target W based on the degree of variation in the grayscale of the grayscale image, and outputs the variance value of the grayscale values ​​between the pixels of the grayscale image.

[0111] The image processing unit 47 converts each pixel of the grayscale image into a pixel value between 0 and 255 according to the grayscale of the image. As shown in Fig. 8(a), a 400 pixel x 400 pixel area formed by connecting four points, namely, pixel coordinates (120, 40), (520, 40), (120, 440), and (520, 440), is divided into a total of 16 windows (windows W1 to W16), each of which has 100 pixels x 100 pixels. The 16 windows are divided without overlapping with each other.

[0112] In Figure 8(b), only one window is shown enlarged. For 100 pixels in the same column of one window (indicated by the dashed arrow in Figure 8(b)), a "variance of pixel values" is calculated. For each of columns 1 to 100 of the window, a "variance of pixel values" is calculated. For column 1 of the window, a variance of pixel values ​​V1 is calculated. For column 2 of the window, a variance of pixel values ​​V2 is calculated. In the same manner, variances of pixel values ​​V3 to V100 are calculated. For each window, 100 "variances of pixel values" (variances V1 to V100) are obtained. The average of these 100 "variances of pixel values" is defined as the "optical distortion of the window."

[0113] The "optical distortion of the window" is calculated for each of the 16 windows. The average value of the 16 "optical distortion of the window" is taken as the "optical distortion of the measurement object."

[0114] The evaluation unit 49 compares the variance calculated by the image processing unit 47 with a variance within a predetermined allowable range, and evaluates the optical distortion of the measurement object W.

[0115] The stand 48 includes a stand main body 481 and an arm 482. The image input unit 46 is placed on the arm 482.

[0116] The irradiation port 423, the slit section 43, the measurement object placement section 44, and the projection surface 45 are movable in the direction of the optical axis A on the stand 48.

[0117] The optical distortion inspection device 41 is an example of an optical distortion inspection device that can be used in the present invention. The optical distortion inspection device is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-306152. Alternatively, a commercially available optical distortion inspection device can be used.

[0118] In the present invention, two measurement objects are used as the measurement object W: the laminated glass Y and a calibration laminated glass. The calibration laminated glass is obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film with a visible light transmittance of 88% between two sheets of clear float glass with a thickness of 2.5 mm.

[0119] The visible light transmittance of the calibration single-layer interlayer film is a value measured at wavelengths of 380 nm to 780 nm using a spectrophotometer (for example, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation's "U-4100") in accordance with JIS R3211:1998.

[0120] The above-mentioned calibration laminated glass is preferably produced using the above-mentioned calibration single-layer interlayer film as follows.

[0121] The above single-layer interlayer film for calibration is sandwiched between two sheets of clear glass measuring 15 cm in length, 30 cm in width, and 2.5 mm in thickness conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain a laminate. The obtained laminate is placed in a rubber bag, and the rubber bag is connected to a suction vacuum. The laminate is heated to 70°C and simultaneously held under a reduced pressure of 16 kPa for 10 minutes to pre-pressure bond the laminate. After returning to atmospheric pressure, the pre-pressure bonded laminate is pressed in an autoclave at 140°C and a pressure of 1300 kPa for 10 minutes. After pressing, the conditions are returned to 50°C and atmospheric pressure to obtain the above laminated glass for calibration.

[0122] The positions of the irradiation port, slit section, measurement object placement section, projection surface, image input section, etc., the shape and size of the slit, the illuminance of the light source, the angle θ between the optical axis and the projection surface, etc. are adjusted so that the optical distortion value when no measurement object is placed is 1.30 and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14. The state where no measurement object is placed means the state where no object is placed on the measurement object placement section. The optical distortion value of laminated glass Y is measured using an optical distortion inspection device adjusted so that the optical distortion value when no measurement object is placed is 1.30 and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14.

[0123] Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

[0124] 1(a) and 1(b) are a cross-sectional view and a front view schematically showing an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a first embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 1(a) is a cross-sectional view taken along line II in Fig. 1(b). Note that the size and dimensions of the interlayer film in Fig. 1 and the figures described below have been appropriately modified from the actual size and shape for the sake of convenience.

[0125] Fig. 1(a) shows a cross section in the thickness direction of the interlayer film 11. Note that in Fig. 1(a) and the figures described below, for convenience of illustration, the thicknesses and wedge angles (θ) of the interlayer film and each layer that constitutes the interlayer film are shown to be different from the actual thicknesses and wedge angles.

[0126] The interlayer film 11 includes a first layer 1 (interlayer), a second layer 2 (surface layer), and a third layer 3 (surface layer). The second layer 2 is disposed on a first surface side of the first layer 1 and laminated thereto. The third layer 3 is disposed on a second surface side opposite the first surface of the first layer 1 and laminated thereto. The first layer 1 is disposed and sandwiched between the second layer 2 and the third layer 3. The interlayer film 11 is used to obtain laminated glass. The interlayer film 11 is an interlayer film for laminated glass. The interlayer film 11 is a multilayer interlayer film having a three-layer structure.

[0127] The first layer 1 is a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. The second layer 2 and the third layer 3 are each a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher.

[0128] The intermediate film 11 has one end 11a and the other end 11b opposite the one end 11a. The one end 11a and the other end 11b are opposite ends. The cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction of the first layer 1, the second layer 2, and the third layer 3 is wedge-shaped. The thickness of the first layer 1, the second layer 2, and the third layer 3 is greater on the other end 11b side than on the one end 11a side. Therefore, the thickness of the other end 11b of the intermediate film 11 is greater than the thickness of the one end 11a. The intermediate film 11 has a thin region and a thick region.

[0129] The intermediate film 11 has a region where the thickness increases from one end 11a to the other end 11b. In the region where the thickness increases, the amount of increase in thickness is uniform from one end 11a to the other end 11b.

[0130] The interlayer film 11 has a display-corresponding region R1 that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display. The interlayer film 11 has a peripheral region R2 adjacent to the display-corresponding region R1. The interlayer film 11 has a shade region R3 away from the display-corresponding region R1. The shade region R3 is located at the edge of the interlayer film 11.

[0131] The interlayer film may have two layers or four or more layers in the shape shown in Figure 1(a). The interlayer film may have the shape shown in Figure 1(a) without a display-corresponding area or a shade area. The interlayer film may have the shape shown in Figure 1(a) with the first layer having a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction, the second layer having a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction, and the third layer having a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction.

[0132] 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a second embodiment of the present invention, showing a cross section in the thickness direction of an interlayer film 11A.

[0133] 2 includes a first layer 1A (intermediate layer), a second layer 2A (surface layer), and a third layer 3A (surface layer). The amount of thickness increase in the thickness-increasing region differs between the intermediate film 11 and the intermediate film 11A.

[0134] The first layer 1A is a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. The second layer 2A and the third layer 3A are each a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher.

[0135] The intermediate film 11A has one end 11a and the other end 11b opposite the one end 11a. The one end 11a and the other end 11b are opposite ends. The cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction of the first layer 1A, the second layer 2A, and the third layer 3A is wedge-shaped. The thickness of the first layer 1A, the second layer 2A, and the third layer 3A is greater on the other end 11b side than on the one end 11a side. Therefore, the thickness of the other end 11b of the intermediate film 11A is greater than the thickness of the one end 11a. The intermediate film 11A has a thin region and a thick region.

[0136] The intermediate film 11A has a region where the thickness increases from one end 11a to the other end 11b. Within the region where the thickness increases, the intermediate film 11A has a portion where the amount of increase in thickness increases from one end 11a to the other end 11b. The intermediate film 11A also has a region where the cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped. Within the region where the cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped, the intermediate film 11A has a portion where the wedge angle increases from one end to the other end.

[0137] The interlayer film 11A has a display-corresponding region R1 that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display. The interlayer film 11A has a peripheral region R2 adjacent to the display-corresponding region R1. The interlayer film 11A has a shade region R3 away from the display-corresponding region R1. The shade region R3 is located at the edge of the interlayer film 11A.

[0138] The interlayer film may have two layers or four or more layers in the shape shown in Fig. 2. The interlayer film may have neither a display-corresponding area nor a shade area in the shape shown in Fig. 2. The interlayer film may have the shape shown in Fig. 2, in which the first layer has a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction, the second layer has a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction, and the third layer has a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction.

[0139] 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a third embodiment of the present invention, showing a cross section in the thickness direction of an interlayer film 11B.

[0140] 3 includes a first layer 1B (intermediate layer), a second layer 2B (surface layer), and a third layer 3B (surface layer). The amount of thickness increase in the thickness-increasing region differs between the intermediate film 11 and the intermediate film 11B.

[0141] The first layer 1B is a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. The second layer 2B and the third layer 3B are each a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher.

[0142] The intermediate film 11B has one end 11a and the other end 11b opposite the one end 11a. The one end 11a and the other end 11b are opposite ends. The cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction of the first layer 1B, the second layer 2B, and the third layer 3B is wedge-shaped. The thickness of the first layer 1B, the second layer 2B, and the third layer 3B is greater on the other end 11b side than on the one end 11a side. Therefore, the thickness of the other end 11b of the intermediate film 11B is greater than the thickness of the one end 11a. The intermediate film 11B has a thin region and a thick region.

[0143] The intermediate film 11B has a region where the thickness increases from one end 11a to the other end 11b. Within the region where the thickness increases, the intermediate film 11B has a portion where the amount of increase in thickness decreases from one end 11a to the other end 11b. The intermediate film 11B also has a region where the cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped. Within the region where the cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction is wedge-shaped, the intermediate film 11B has a portion where the wedge angle decreases from one end to the other end.

[0144] The interlayer film 11B has a display-corresponding region R1 that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display. The interlayer film 11B has a peripheral region R2 adjacent to the display-corresponding region R1. The interlayer film 11B has a shade region R3 away from the display-corresponding region R1. The shade region R3 is located at the edge of the interlayer film 11B.

[0145] The interlayer film may have two layers or four or more layers in the shape shown in Fig. 3. The interlayer film may have neither a display-corresponding area nor a shade area in the shape shown in Fig. 3. The interlayer film may have the shape shown in Fig. 3, in which the first layer has a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction, the second layer has a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction, and the third layer has a rectangular cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction.

[0146] 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating an interlayer film for laminated glass according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, showing a cross section in the thickness direction of an interlayer film 11C.

[0147] The intermediate film 11C has one end 11a and the other end 11b opposite the one end 11a. The one end 11a and the other end 11b are opposite ends. The cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction of the first layer 1C is wedge-shaped. The thickness of the first layer 1C is greater on the other end 11b side than on the one end 11a side. The thickness of the other end 11b of the intermediate film 11C is greater than the thickness of the one end 11a. The intermediate film 11C has a thin region and a thick region.

[0148] The intermediate film 11C has a region where the thickness increases from one end 11a to the other end 11b. In the region where the thickness increases, the amount of increase in thickness is uniform from one end 11a to the other end 11b.

[0149] The intermediate film 11C includes a first layer 1C (intermediate layer), a second layer 2C (surface layer), and a third layer 3C (surface layer). The second layer 2C and the third layer 3C are integrated at one end 11a and the other end 11b. The first layer 1C is embedded between the second layer 2C and the third layer 3C. The intermediate film 11C has a portion having a three-layer structure and a portion having a single-layer structure.

[0150] The first layer 1C is a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. The second layer 2C and the third layer 3C are each a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher.

[0151] The interlayer film 11C has a display-corresponding region R1 that corresponds to the display area of ​​the head-up display. The interlayer film 11C has a peripheral region R2 adjacent to the display-corresponding region R1. The interlayer film 11C has a shade region R3 away from the display-corresponding region R1. The shade region R3 is located at the edge of the interlayer film 11C.

[0152] In the display-corresponding region R1, the intermediate film 11C has a three-layer structure. Also, in the region from the one end 11a to the other end 11b, from the position 100 mm to the position 400 mm, the intermediate film 11C has a three-layer structure.

[0153] In the interlayer film, the first layer may be a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C., or may be a layer having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher. In the interlayer film, the second layer and the third layer may be layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C., or may be layers having a glass transition temperature of 15° C. or higher.

[0154] In the interlayer film, the cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction of the first layer may be wedge-shaped or rectangular. The cross-sectional shape in the thickness direction of the first layer is preferably wedge-shaped. In the interlayer film, the cross-sectional shapes in the thickness direction of the second layer and the third layer may be wedge-shaped or rectangular. The cross-sectional shapes in the thickness direction of the second layer and the third layer are preferably wedge-shaped.

[0155] Hereinafter, each material that can be used for the interlayer film according to the present invention will be described in detail.

[0156] (thermoplastic resin) The interlayer preferably contains a resin (hereinafter may be referred to as resin (0)). The interlayer preferably contains a thermoplastic resin (hereinafter may be referred to as thermoplastic resin (0)). The interlayer preferably contains a polyvinyl acetal resin (hereinafter may be referred to as polyvinyl acetal resin (0)) as the thermoplastic resin (0). The first layer preferably contains a resin (hereinafter may be referred to as resin (1)). The first layer preferably contains a thermoplastic resin (hereinafter may be referred to as thermoplastic resin (1)). The first layer preferably contains a polyvinyl acetal resin (hereinafter may be referred to as polyvinyl acetal resin (1)) as the thermoplastic resin (1). The second layer preferably contains a resin (hereinafter may be referred to as resin (2)). The second layer preferably contains a thermoplastic resin (hereinafter may be referred to as thermoplastic resin (2)). The second layer preferably contains a polyvinyl acetal resin (hereinafter may be referred to as polyvinyl acetal resin (2)) as the thermoplastic resin (2). The third layer preferably contains a resin (hereinafter may be referred to as resin (3)). The third layer preferably contains a thermoplastic resin (hereinafter may be referred to as thermoplastic resin (3)). The third layer preferably contains a polyvinyl acetal resin (hereinafter may be referred to as polyvinyl acetal resin (3)) as the thermoplastic resin (3). The resins (1), (2), and (3) may be the same or different. Since sound insulation is further improved, it is preferable that the resin (1) is different from the resins (2) and (3). The thermoplastic resins (1), (2), and (3) may be the same or different. Since sound insulation is further improved, it is preferable that the thermoplastic resin (1) is different from the thermoplastic resin (2) and the thermoplastic resin (3). The polyvinyl acetal resin (1), the polyvinyl acetal resin (2), and the polyvinyl acetal resin (3) may be the same or different.Since sound insulation is further improved, it is preferable that the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is different from the polyvinyl acetal resin (2) and the polyvinyl acetal resin (3). The thermoplastic resin (0), the thermoplastic resin (1), the thermoplastic resin (2), and the thermoplastic resin (3) may each be used alone or in combination of two or more. The polyvinyl acetal resin (0), the polyvinyl acetal resin (1), the polyvinyl acetal resin (2), and the polyvinyl acetal resin (3) may each be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0157] Examples of the thermoplastic resin include polyvinyl acetal resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer resin, polyurethane resin, ionomer resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, etc. Thermoplastic resins other than these may also be used.

[0158] The polyvinyl acetal resin can be produced, for example, by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with an aldehyde. The polyvinyl acetal resin is preferably an acetalized product of polyvinyl alcohol. The polyvinyl alcohol can be obtained, for example, by saponifying polyvinyl acetate. The degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol is generally within the range of 70 mol% to 99.9 mol%.

[0159] The average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is preferably 200 or more, more preferably 500 or more, even more preferably 1500 or more, even more preferably 1600 or more, particularly preferably 2600 or more, and most preferably 2700 or more, and is preferably 5000 or less, more preferably 4000 or less, and even more preferably 3500 or less. When the average degree of polymerization is at least the lower limit, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass is further improved. When the average degree of polymerization is at most the upper limit, the interlayer film can be easily formed.

[0160] The average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol is determined by a method in accordance with JIS K6726 "Testing method for polyvinyl alcohol."

[0161] The number of carbon atoms in the acetal group contained in the polyvinyl acetal resin is not particularly limited. The aldehyde used in producing the polyvinyl acetal resin is not particularly limited. The number of carbon atoms in the acetal group in the polyvinyl acetal resin is preferably 3 to 5, and more preferably 3 or 4. When the number of carbon atoms in the acetal group in the polyvinyl acetal resin is 3 or more, the glass transition temperature of the interlayer film becomes sufficiently low. The number of carbon atoms in the acetal group in the polyvinyl acetal resin may be 4 or 5.

[0162] The aldehyde is not particularly limited. Generally, an aldehyde having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is suitably used. Examples of the aldehyde having 1 to 10 carbon atoms include propionaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde, n-octylaldehyde, n-nonylaldehyde, n-decylaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. The aldehyde is preferably propionaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde, or n-valeraldehyde, more preferably propionaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, or isobutyraldehyde, and even more preferably n-butylaldehyde. The above aldehydes may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0163] The hydroxyl group content (hydroxyl group amount) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (0) is preferably 15 mol% or more, more preferably 18 mol% or more, and preferably 40 mol% or less, more preferably 35 mol% or less. When the hydroxyl group content is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the adhesive strength of the interlayer film is further increased. When the hydroxyl group content is equal to or less than the upper limit, the flexibility of the interlayer film is increased, making it easier to handle.

[0164] The hydroxyl group content (hydroxyl group amount) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 17 mol% or more, more preferably 20 mol% or more, and even more preferably 22 mol% or more. The hydroxyl group content (hydroxyl group amount) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 28 mol% or less, even more preferably 27 mol% or less, even more preferably 25 mol% or less, particularly preferably less than 25 mol%, and most preferably 24 mol% or less. When the hydroxyl group content is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the mechanical strength of the interlayer film is further increased. In particular, when the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is 20 mol% or more, the reaction efficiency is high and productivity is excellent. When the hydroxyl group content is 30 mol% or less, the sound insulation of the laminated glass is further increased, and when it is 28 mol% or less, the sound insulation is further increased. Furthermore, when the hydroxyl group content is equal to or less than the upper limit, the flexibility of the interlayer film is increased, making it easier to handle.

[0165] The hydroxyl group content of each of the polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3) is preferably 25 mol% or more, more preferably 28 mol% or more, even more preferably 30 mol% or more, even more preferably more than 31 mol%, even more preferably 31.5 mol% or more, particularly preferably 32 mol% or more, and most preferably 33 mol% or more. The hydroxyl group content of each of the polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3) is preferably 38 mol% or less, more preferably 37 mol% or less, even more preferably 36.5 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 36 mol% or less. When the hydroxyl group content is above the lower limit, the adhesive strength of the interlayer film is further increased. When the hydroxyl group content is below the upper limit, the flexibility of the interlayer film is increased, making the interlayer film easier to handle.

[0166] From the viewpoint of further improving sound insulation, the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably lower than the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (2). From the viewpoint of further improving sound insulation, the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably lower than the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (3). From the viewpoint of still further improving sound insulation, the absolute value of the difference between the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) and the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (2) is preferably 1 mol % or more, more preferably 5 mol % or more, even more preferably 9 mol % or more, particularly preferably 10 mol % or more, and most preferably 12 mol % or more. From the viewpoint of further improving sound insulation, the absolute value of the difference between the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) and the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (3) is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 5 mol% or more, even more preferably 9 mol% or more, particularly preferably 10 mol% or more, and most preferably 12 mol% or more. The absolute value of the difference between the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) and the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (2) is preferably 20 mol% or less. The absolute value of the difference between the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) and the hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (3) is preferably 20 mol% or less.

[0167] The hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin is the molar fraction calculated by dividing the number of ethylene groups having hydroxyl groups by the total number of ethylene groups in the main chain, and is expressed as a percentage. The number of ethylene groups having hydroxyl groups can be measured, for example, in accordance with JIS K6728 "Testing Methods for Polyvinyl Butyral."

[0168] The degree of acetylation (amount of acetyl groups) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (0) is preferably 0.1 mol% or more, more preferably 0.3 mol% or more, even more preferably 0.5 mol% or more, and preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 25 mol% or less, and even more preferably 20 mol% or less. When the degree of acetylation is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the compatibility of the polyvinyl acetal resin with the plasticizer is improved. When the degree of acetylation is equal to or less than the upper limit, the moisture resistance of the interlayer film and laminated glass is improved.

[0169] The degree of acetylation (amount of acetyl groups) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 0.01 mol% or more, more preferably 0.1 mol% or more, even more preferably 7 mol% or more, even more preferably 9 mol% or more, and is preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 25 mol% or less, even more preferably 24 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 20 mol% or less. When the degree of acetylation is at least the lower limit, the compatibility of the polyvinyl acetal resin with the plasticizer is improved. When the degree of acetylation is at most the upper limit, the moisture resistance of the interlayer film and laminated glass is improved. In particular, when the degree of acetylation of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is 0.1 mol% or more and 25 mol% or less, excellent penetration resistance is achieved.

[0170] The acetylation degree of each of the polyvinyl acetal resin (2) and the polyvinyl acetal resin (3) is preferably 0.01 mol% or more, more preferably 0.5 mol% or more, and preferably 10 mol% or less, more preferably 2 mol% or less. When the acetylation degree is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the compatibility of the polyvinyl acetal resin with the plasticizer is improved. When the acetylation degree is equal to or less than the upper limit, the moisture resistance of the interlayer film and the laminated glass is improved.

[0171] The degree of acetylation is a molar fraction calculated by dividing the amount of ethylene groups having acetyl groups by the total amount of ethylene groups in the main chain, and is expressed as a percentage. The amount of ethylene groups having acetyl groups can be measured, for example, in accordance with JIS K6728 "Testing Methods for Polyvinyl Butyral."

[0172] The degree of acetalization of the polyvinyl acetal resin (0) (the degree of butyralization in the case of a polyvinyl butyral resin) is preferably 60 mol% or more, more preferably 63 mol% or more, and preferably 85 mol% or less, more preferably 75 mol% or less, and even more preferably 70 mol% or less. When the degree of acetalization is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the compatibility of the polyvinyl acetal resin with the plasticizer is increased. When the degree of acetalization is equal to or less than the upper limit, the reaction time required to produce the polyvinyl acetal resin is shortened.

[0173] The degree of acetalization of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) (the degree of butyralization in the case of a polyvinyl butyral resin) is preferably 47 mol% or more, more preferably 60 mol% or more, and preferably 85 mol% or less, more preferably 80 mol% or less, and even more preferably 75 mol% or less. When the degree of acetalization is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the compatibility of the polyvinyl acetal resin with the plasticizer is increased. When the degree of acetalization is equal to or less than the upper limit, the reaction time required to produce the polyvinyl acetal resin is shortened.

[0174] The degree of acetalization of each of the polyvinyl acetal resin (2) and the polyvinyl acetal resin (3) (the degree of butyralization in the case of a polyvinyl butyral resin) is preferably 55 mol% or more, more preferably 60 mol% or more, and preferably 75 mol% or less, more preferably 71 mol% or less. When the degree of acetalization is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the compatibility of the polyvinyl acetal resin with the plasticizer is increased. When the degree of acetalization is equal to or less than the upper limit, the reaction time required to produce the polyvinyl acetal resin is shortened.

[0175] The degree of acetalization is determined as follows. First, the amount of ethylene groups to which hydroxyl groups are bonded and the amount of ethylene groups to which acetyl groups are bonded are subtracted from the total amount of ethylene groups in the main chain to determine the value. The obtained value is divided by the total amount of ethylene groups in the main chain to determine the molar fraction. The value expressed as a percentage of this molar fraction is the degree of acetalization.

[0176] The hydroxyl group content (hydroxyl group amount), acetalization degree (butyralization degree), and acetylation degree are preferably calculated from the results of measurements performed according to JIS K6728 "Testing Methods for Polyvinyl Butyral." However, measurements according to ASTM D1396-92 may also be used. When the polyvinyl acetal resin is a polyvinyl butyral resin, the hydroxyl group content (hydroxyl group amount), acetalization degree (butyralization degree), and acetylation degree can be calculated from the results of measurements performed according to JIS K6728 "Testing Methods for Polyvinyl Butyral."

[0177] The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the interlayer film is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 30% by weight or more, even more preferably 50% by weight or more, even more preferably 70% by weight or more, particularly preferably 80% by weight or more, and most preferably 90% by weight or more. The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the interlayer film may be 100% by weight or less. The main component (50% by weight or more) of the thermoplastic resin in the interlayer film is preferably polyvinyl acetal resin.

[0178] The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the first layer is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 30% by weight or more, even more preferably 50% by weight or more, even more preferably 70% by weight or more, particularly preferably 80% by weight or more, and most preferably 90% by weight or more. The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the first layer may be 100% by weight or less. The main component (50% by weight or more) of the thermoplastic resin of the first layer is preferably polyvinyl acetal resin.

[0179] The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the second layer is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 30% by weight or more, even more preferably 50% by weight or more, even more preferably 70% by weight or more, particularly preferably 80% by weight or more, and most preferably 90% by weight or more. The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the second layer may be 100% by weight or less. The main component (50% by weight or more) of the thermoplastic resin in the second layer is preferably polyvinyl acetal resin.

[0180] The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the third layer is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 30% by weight or more, even more preferably 50% by weight or more, even more preferably 70% by weight or more, particularly preferably 80% by weight or more, and most preferably 90% by weight or more. The content of polyvinyl acetal resin in 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin contained in the third layer may be 100% by weight or less. The main component (50% by weight or more) of the thermoplastic resin in the third layer is preferably polyvinyl acetal resin.

[0181] (plasticizer) From the viewpoint of further increasing the adhesive strength of the interlayer film, the interlayer film according to the present invention preferably contains a plasticizer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as plasticizer (0)). The first layer preferably contains a plasticizer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as plasticizer (1)). The second layer preferably contains a plasticizer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as plasticizer (2)). The third layer preferably contains a plasticizer (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as plasticizer (3)). When the thermoplastic resin contained in the interlayer film is a polyvinyl acetal resin, it is particularly preferable that the interlayer film (each layer) contains a plasticizer. The layer containing the polyvinyl acetal resin preferably contains a plasticizer.

[0182] The plasticizer is not particularly limited. Conventionally known plasticizers can be used as the plasticizer. Only one type of plasticizer can be used, or two or more types can be used in combination.

[0183] Examples of the plasticizer include organic ester plasticizers such as monobasic organic acid esters and polybasic organic acid esters, organic phosphate plasticizers, and organic phosphite plasticizers. The plasticizer is preferably an organic ester plasticizer. The plasticizer is preferably a liquid plasticizer.

[0184] Examples of the monobasic organic acid ester include glycol esters obtained by reacting glycol with a monobasic organic acid. Examples of the glycol include triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and tripropylene glycol. Examples of the monobasic organic acid include butyric acid, isobutyric acid, caproic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, heptyl acid, n-octylic acid, 2-ethylhexyl acid, n-nonylic acid, decylic acid, and benzoic acid.

[0185] Examples of the polybasic organic acid ester include ester compounds of a polybasic organic acid and an alcohol having a linear or branched structure and having 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of the polybasic organic acid include adipic acid, sebacic acid, and azelaic acid.

[0186] Examples of the organic ester plasticizer include triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpropanoate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, triethylene glycol dicaprylate, triethylene glycol di-n-octanoate, triethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl azelate, dibutyl carbitol adipate, ethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,3-propylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,4-butylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, and diethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutylene. Examples of suitable organic ester plasticizers include diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, dipropylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpentanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol dicaprylate, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, dihexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, hexylcyclohexyl adipate, a mixture of heptyl adipate and nonyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, heptylnonyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, oil-modified alkyd sebacate, and a mixture of a phosphate ester and an adipate. Organic ester plasticizers other than those listed above may also be used as the organic ester plasticizer. Furthermore, adipic acid esters other than the above-mentioned adipic acid esters may also be used as the adipic acid ester.

[0187] Examples of the organic phosphoric acid plasticizer include tributoxyethyl phosphate, isodecylphenyl phosphate, and triisopropyl phosphate.

[0188] The plasticizer is preferably a diester plasticizer represented by the following formula (1):

[0189] [ka]

[0190] In the above formula (1), R1 and R2 each represent an organic group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, R3 represents an ethylene group, an isopropylene group, or an n-propylene group, and p represents an integer of 3 to 10. In the above formula (1), R1 and R2 each preferably represent an organic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably represent an organic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0191] The plasticizer preferably includes triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO), triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate (3GH), or triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpropanoate, more preferably triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO) or triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate (3GH), and even more preferably triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO).

[0192] The content of the plasticizer (0) relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin (0) in the interlayer film is defined as the content (0). The content (0) is preferably 5 parts by weight or more, more preferably 25 parts by weight or more, even more preferably 30 parts by weight or more, and preferably 100 parts by weight or less, more preferably 60 parts by weight or less, even more preferably 50 parts by weight or less. When the content (0) is at least the lower limit, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass is further improved. When the content (0) is at most the upper limit, the transparency of the interlayer film is further improved.

[0193] In the first layer, the content of the plasticizer (1) relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin (1) is defined as content (1). The content (1) is preferably 50 parts by weight or more, more preferably 55 parts by weight or more, and even more preferably 60 parts by weight or more. The content (1) is preferably 100 parts by weight or less, more preferably 90 parts by weight or less, even more preferably 85 parts by weight or less, and particularly preferably 80 parts by weight or less. When the content (1) is at least the lower limit, the flexibility of the interlayer film is increased, making the interlayer film easier to handle. When the content (1) is at most the upper limit, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass is further improved.

[0194] In the second layer, the content of the plasticizer (2) relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin (2) is defined as content (2). In the third layer, the content of the plasticizer (3) relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin (3) is defined as content (3). The contents (2) and (3) are each preferably 5 parts by weight or more, more preferably 10 parts by weight or more, even more preferably 15 parts by weight or more, even more preferably 20 parts by weight or more, particularly preferably 24 parts by weight or more, and most preferably 25 parts by weight or more. The contents (2) and (3) are each preferably 45 parts by weight or less, more preferably 40 parts by weight or less, even more preferably 35 parts by weight or less, particularly preferably 32 parts by weight or less, and most preferably 30 parts by weight or less. When the contents (2) and (3) are equal to or greater than the lower limits, the flexibility of the interlayer film is increased, making the interlayer film easier to handle. When the content (2) and the content (3) are equal to or less than the upper limit, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass is further improved.

[0195] In order to improve the sound insulation of the laminated glass, the content (1) is preferably greater than the content (2), and the content (1) is preferably greater than the content (3).

[0196] From the viewpoint of further improving the sound insulation of the laminated glass, the absolute value of the difference between the content (2) and the content (1) and the absolute value of the difference between the content (3) and the content (1) are each preferably 10 parts by weight or more, more preferably 15 parts by weight or more, and even more preferably 20 parts by weight or more. The absolute value of the difference between the content (2) and the content (1) and the absolute value of the difference between the content (3) and the content (1) are each preferably 80 parts by weight or less, more preferably 75 parts by weight or less, and even more preferably 70 parts by weight or less.

[0197] (heat-shielding material) The intermediate film preferably contains a heat-shielding material. The first layer preferably contains a heat-shielding material. The second layer preferably contains a heat-shielding material. The third layer preferably contains a heat-shielding material. Only one type of heat-shielding material may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.

[0198] The heat-shielding material preferably contains at least one component X selected from a phthalocyanine compound, a naphthalocyanine compound, and an anthracyanine compound, or contains heat-shielding particles. In this case, the heat-shielding material may contain both the component X and the heat-shielding particles.

[0199] Ingredient X: The interlayer film preferably contains at least one component X selected from a phthalocyanine compound, a naphthalocyanine compound, and an anthracyanine compound. The first layer preferably contains the component X. The second layer preferably contains the component X. The third layer preferably contains the component X. The component X is a heat-shielding material. Only one type of component X may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.

[0200] There are no particular restrictions on the component X. As the component X, conventionally known phthalocyanine compounds, naphthalocyanine compounds, and anthracyanine compounds can be used.

[0201] Examples of the component X include phthalocyanine, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine derivatives, anthracyanine, and anthracyanine derivatives. The phthalocyanine compound and the phthalocyanine derivative each preferably have a phthalocyanine skeleton. The naphthalocyanine compound and the naphthalocyanine derivative each preferably have a naphthalocyanine skeleton. The anthracyanine compound and the anthracyanine derivative each preferably have an anthracyanine skeleton.

[0202] From the viewpoint of further improving the heat-shielding properties of the interlayer film and laminated glass, the above-mentioned component X is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of phthalocyanine, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine, and naphthalocyanine derivatives, and more preferably at least one of phthalocyanine and phthalocyanine derivatives.

[0203] From the viewpoint of effectively improving the heat-shielding properties and maintaining a higher visible light transmittance for a long period of time, the above-mentioned component X preferably contains a vanadium atom or a copper atom. The above-mentioned component X preferably contains a vanadium atom, and also preferably contains a copper atom. The above-mentioned component X is more preferably at least one of a phthalocyanine containing a vanadium atom or a copper atom, and a derivative of a phthalocyanine containing a vanadium atom or a copper atom. From the viewpoint of further improving the heat-shielding properties of the interlayer film and laminated glass, the above-mentioned component X preferably has a structural unit in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a vanadium atom.

[0204] The content of component X in 100 wt% of the interlayer film or in 100 wt% of the layer containing component X (the first, second, or third layer) is preferably 0.001 wt% or more, more preferably 0.005 wt% or more, even more preferably 0.01 wt% or more, and particularly preferably 0.02 wt% or more. The content of component X in 100 wt% of the interlayer film or in 100 wt% of the layer containing component X (the first, second, or third layer) is preferably 0.2 wt% or less, more preferably 0.1 wt% or less, even more preferably 0.05 wt% or less, and particularly preferably 0.04 wt% or less. When the content of component X is equal to or greater than the above-mentioned lower limit and equal to or less than the above-mentioned upper limit, the heat-shielding properties and visible light transmittance are sufficiently high. For example, a visible light transmittance of 70% or more is possible.

[0205] Heat-shielding particles: The interlayer film preferably contains heat-shielding particles. The first layer preferably contains heat-shielding particles. The second layer preferably contains heat-shielding particles. The third layer preferably contains heat-shielding particles. The heat-shielding particles are a heat-shielding material. Use of the heat-shielding particles can effectively block infrared rays (heat rays). Only one type of the heat-shielding particles may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.

[0206] From the viewpoint of further enhancing the heat-shielding properties of the laminated glass, the heat-shielding particles are more preferably metal oxide particles.The heat-shielding particles are preferably particles formed from a metal oxide (metal oxide particles).

[0207] Infrared rays, which have wavelengths longer than visible light (780 nm or longer), have a smaller amount of energy than ultraviolet rays. However, infrared rays have a large thermal effect, and when infrared rays are absorbed by a substance, they are released as heat. For this reason, infrared rays are generally called heat rays. By using the above-mentioned heat-shielding particles, infrared rays (heat rays) can be effectively blocked. Heat-shielding particles refer to particles that can absorb infrared rays.

[0208] Examples of the heat-shielding particles include metal oxide particles such as aluminum-doped tin oxide particles, indium-doped tin oxide particles, antimony-doped tin oxide particles (ATO particles), gallium-doped zinc oxide particles (GZO particles), indium-doped zinc oxide particles (IZO particles), aluminum-doped zinc oxide particles (AZO particles), niobium-doped titanium oxide particles, tungsten oxide particles, tin-doped indium oxide particles (ITO particles), tin-doped zinc oxide particles, and silicon-doped zinc oxide particles, as well as lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) particles. Other heat-shielding particles may also be used. Because of their high heat-shielding function, the heat-shielding particles are preferably metal oxide particles, and more preferably ATO particles, GZO particles, IZO particles, ITO particles, or tungsten oxide particles. In particular, the heat-shielding particles are preferably ITO particles or tungsten oxide particles because of their high heat-shielding function and ease of availability.

[0209] From the viewpoint of further improving the heat-shielding properties of the interlayer film and laminated glass, the tungsten oxide particles are preferably metal-doped tungsten oxide particles. The "tungsten oxide particles" include metal-doped tungsten oxide particles. Examples of the metal-doped tungsten oxide particles include sodium-doped tungsten oxide particles, cesium-doped tungsten oxide particles, thallium-doped tungsten oxide particles, and rubidium-doped tungsten oxide particles.

[0210] From the viewpoint of further improving the heat-shielding properties of the interlayer film and laminated glass, cesium-doped tungsten oxide particles are particularly preferred. From the viewpoint of further improving the heat-shielding properties of the interlayer film and laminated glass, the cesium-doped tungsten oxide particles are represented by the formula: Cs 0.33 Tungsten oxide particles represented by WO3 are preferred.

[0211] The average particle size of the heat-shielding particles is preferably 0.01 μm or more, more preferably 0.02 μm or more, and preferably 0.1 μm or less, more preferably 0.05 μm or less. When the average particle size is equal to or greater than the lower limit, the heat ray shielding property is sufficiently high. When the average particle size is equal to or less than the upper limit, the dispersibility of the heat-shielding particles is high.

[0212] The "average particle size" refers to the volume-average particle size. The average particle size can be measured using a particle size distribution analyzer ("UPA-EX150" manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.) or the like.

[0213] In 100 weight % of the interlayer film or in 100 weight % of the layer containing the heat-shielding particles (first layer, second layer, or third layer), the content of each of the heat-shielding particles (particularly the content of tungsten oxide particles) is preferably 0.01 weight % or more, more preferably 0.1 weight % or more, even more preferably 1 weight % or more, and particularly preferably 1.5 weight % or more. In 100 weight % of the interlayer film or in 100 weight % of the layer containing the heat-shielding particles (first layer, second layer, or third layer), the content of each of the heat-shielding particles (particularly the content of tungsten oxide particles) is preferably 6 weight % or less, more preferably 5.5 weight % or less, even more preferably 4 weight % or less, particularly preferably 3.5 weight % or less, and most preferably 3 weight % or less. When the content of the heat-shielding particles is at least the above lower limit and at most the above upper limit, the heat shielding property is sufficiently high and the visible light transmittance is sufficiently high.

[0214] (metal salts) The interlayer film preferably contains at least one metal salt (hereinafter sometimes referred to as metal salt M) selected from alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts. The first layer preferably contains the metal salt M. The second layer preferably contains the metal salt M. The third layer preferably contains the metal salt M. Alkaline earth metals refer to six metals: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra. The use of the metal salt M makes it easy to control the adhesion between the interlayer film and a laminated glass member such as a glass plate, or the adhesion between each layer in the interlayer film. Only one type of the metal salt M may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.

[0215] The metal salt M preferably contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The metal salt contained in the interlayer film preferably contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of K and Mg.

[0216] Furthermore, alkali metal salts of organic acids having 2 to 16 carbon atoms and alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids having 2 to 16 carbon atoms can be used as the metal salt M. The metal salt M may include a magnesium salt of a carboxylic acid having 2 to 16 carbon atoms or a potassium salt of a carboxylic acid having 2 to 16 carbon atoms.

[0217] Examples of the magnesium salts of carboxylic acids having 2 to 16 carbon atoms and the potassium salts of carboxylic acids having 2 to 16 carbon atoms include magnesium acetate, potassium acetate, magnesium propionate, potassium propionate, magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate, potassium 2-ethylbutanoate, magnesium 2-ethylhexanoate, and potassium 2-ethylhexanoate.

[0218] The total content of Mg and K in the interlayer film containing the metal salt M or in the layer (first layer, second layer, or third layer) containing the metal salt M is preferably 5 ppm or more, more preferably 10 ppm or more, and even more preferably 20 ppm or more, and is preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 250 ppm or less, and even more preferably 200 ppm or less. When the total content of Mg and K is equal to or more than the above lower limit and equal to or less than the above upper limit, the adhesion between the interlayer film and the glass plate or the adhesion between the layers in the interlayer film can be more effectively controlled.

[0219] (UV screening agent) The interlayer film preferably contains an ultraviolet blocking agent. The first layer preferably contains an ultraviolet blocking agent. The second layer preferably contains an ultraviolet blocking agent. The third layer preferably contains an ultraviolet blocking agent. By using an ultraviolet blocking agent, the visible light transmittance of the interlayer film and laminated glass is more unlikely to decrease even after long-term use. Only one type of ultraviolet blocking agent may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.

[0220] The ultraviolet screening agent includes an ultraviolet absorbing agent, and the ultraviolet screening agent is preferably an ultraviolet absorbing agent.

[0221] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent include ultraviolet screening agents containing metal atoms, ultraviolet screening agents containing metal oxides, ultraviolet screening agents having a benzotriazole structure (benzotriazole compounds), ultraviolet screening agents having a benzophenone structure (benzophenone compounds), ultraviolet screening agents having a triazine structure (triazine compounds), ultraviolet screening agents having a malonic acid ester structure (malonic acid ester compounds), ultraviolet screening agents having an oxalic acid anilide structure (oxalic acid anilide compounds), and ultraviolet screening agents having a benzoate structure (benzoate compounds).

[0222] Examples of the ultraviolet shielding agent containing the metal atom include platinum particles, platinum particles whose surfaces are coated with silica, palladium particles, and palladium particles whose surfaces are coated with silica. The ultraviolet shielding agent is preferably not a heat-shielding particle.

[0223] The ultraviolet screening agent is preferably an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzotriazole structure, an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzophenone structure, an ultraviolet screening agent having a triazine structure, or an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzoate structure, more preferably an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzotriazole structure or an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzophenone structure, and even more preferably an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzotriazole structure.

[0224] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent containing a metal oxide include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, and cerium oxide. Furthermore, the surface of the ultraviolet screening agent containing a metal oxide may be coated. Examples of the coating material for the surface of the ultraviolet screening agent containing a metal oxide include insulating metal oxides, hydrolyzable organosilicon compounds, and silicone compounds.

[0225] Examples of the insulating metal oxide include silica, alumina, zirconia, etc. The insulating metal oxide has a band gap energy of, for example, 5.0 eV or more.

[0226] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent having a benzotriazole structure include 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole ("Tinuvin P" manufactured by BASF), 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-t-butylphenyl)benzotriazole ("Tinuvin 320" manufactured by BASF), 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole ("Tinuvin 326" manufactured by BASF), and 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-amylphenyl)benzotriazole ("Tinuvin 328" manufactured by BASF). Because of their excellent ultraviolet screening performance, the ultraviolet screening agent is preferably an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzotriazole structure containing a halogen atom, and more preferably an ultraviolet screening agent having a benzotriazole structure containing a chlorine atom.

[0227] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent having a benzophenone structure include octabenzone ("Chimassorb 81" manufactured by BASF).

[0228] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent having a triazine structure include "LA-F70" manufactured by ADEKA Corporation and 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-[(hexyl)oxy]-phenol ("Tinuvin 1577FF" manufactured by BASF).

[0229] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent having a malonic acid ester structure include dimethyl 2-(p-methoxybenzylidene)malonate, tetraethyl-2,2-(1,4-phenylenedimethylidene)bismalonate, and 2-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)malonate.

[0230] Commercially available UV screening agents having the malonic acid ester structure include Hostavin B-CAP, Hostavin PR-25, and Hostavin PR-31 (all manufactured by Clariant).

[0231] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent having the oxalic acid anilide structure include oxalic acid diamides having an aryl group or the like substituted on the nitrogen atom, such as N-(2-ethylphenyl)-N'-(2-ethoxy-5-t-butylphenyl) oxalic acid diamide, N-(2-ethylphenyl)-N'-(2-ethoxy-phenyl) oxalic acid diamide, and 2-ethyl-2'-ethoxy-oxalanilide ("Sanduvor VSU" manufactured by Clariant).

[0232] Examples of the ultraviolet screening agent having a benzoate structure include 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate ("Tinuvin 120" manufactured by BASF).

[0233] The content of the ultraviolet screening agent and the content of the benzotriazole compound in 100% by weight of the interlayer film or 100% by weight of the layer containing the ultraviolet screening agent (first layer, second layer, or third layer) is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.2% by weight or more, even more preferably 0.3% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 0.5% by weight or more. In this case, the decrease in visible light transmittance over time is further suppressed. The content of the ultraviolet screening agent and the content of the benzotriazole compound in 100% by weight of the interlayer film or 100% by weight of the layer containing the ultraviolet screening agent (first layer, second layer, or third layer) is preferably 2.5% by weight or less, more preferably 2% by weight or less, even more preferably 1% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 0.8% by weight or less. In particular, by making the content of the ultraviolet ray blocking agent 0.2% by weight or more in 100% by weight of the layer containing the ultraviolet ray blocking agent, it is possible to significantly suppress the decrease in visible light transmittance of the interlayer film and laminated glass over time.

[0234] (antioxidant) The interlayer preferably contains an antioxidant. The first layer preferably contains an antioxidant. The second layer preferably contains an antioxidant. The third layer preferably contains an antioxidant. Only one type of antioxidant may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.

[0235] Examples of the antioxidant include phenol-based antioxidants, sulfur-based antioxidants, and phosphorus-based antioxidants. The phenol-based antioxidants are antioxidants having a phenol skeleton. The sulfur-based antioxidants are antioxidants containing sulfur atoms. The phosphorus-based antioxidants are antioxidants containing phosphorus atoms.

[0236] The antioxidant is preferably a phenol-based antioxidant or a phosphorus-based antioxidant.

[0237] Examples of the phenolic antioxidant include 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, stearyl-β-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 2,2'-methylenebis-(4-methyl-6-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis-(4-ethyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4'-butylidene-bis-(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 1,1,3-tris-(2-methyl-hydroxy-5- t-butylphenyl)butane, tetrakis[methylene-3-(3',5'-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane, 1,3,3-tris-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenol)butane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, bis(3,3'-t-butylphenol)butyric acid glycol ester, and bis(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzenepropanoate)ethylenebis(oxyethylene). One or more of these antioxidants are preferably used.

[0238] Examples of the phosphorus-based antioxidant include tridecyl phosphite, tris(tridecyl)phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, trinonylphenyl phosphite, bis(tridecyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(decyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite, bis(2,4-di-t-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethyl ester phosphorous acid, and 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di-t-butyl-1-phenyloxy)(2-ethylhexyloxy)phosphorus, etc. One or more of these antioxidants are preferably used.

[0239] Commercially available antioxidants include, for example, "IRGANOX 245" manufactured by BASF, "IRGAFOS 168" manufactured by BASF, "IRGAFOS 38" manufactured by BASF, "Sumilizer BHT" manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., "H-BHT" manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., and "IRGANOX 1010" manufactured by BASF.

[0240] In order to maintain high visible light transmittance of the interlayer film and laminated glass for a long period of time, the content of the antioxidant in 100% by weight of the interlayer film or 100% by weight of the layer containing the antioxidant (first layer, second layer, or third layer) is preferably 0.03% by weight or more, and more preferably 0.1% by weight or more. Furthermore, since the effect of adding the antioxidant becomes saturated, the content of the antioxidant in 100% by weight of the interlayer film or 100% by weight of the layer containing the antioxidant is preferably 2% by weight or less.

[0241] (Other ingredients) The interlayer film, the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer may each contain, as necessary, additives such as a coupling agent, a dispersant, a surfactant, a flame retardant, an antistatic agent, an adhesion modifier other than a metal salt, a moisture-resistant agent, a fluorescent brightener, an infrared absorber, etc. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0242] (Other details of interlayer film for laminated glass) The interlayer film may be wound into a roll of the interlayer film. The roll may include a winding core and the interlayer film wound around the outer periphery of the winding core.

[0243] The method for producing the interlayer film is not particularly limited.

[0244] In view of excellent production efficiency of the interlayer film, it is preferable that the second layer and the third layer contain the same polyvinyl acetal resin. In view of excellent production efficiency of the interlayer film, it is more preferable that the second layer and the third layer contain the same polyvinyl acetal resin and the same plasticizer. In view of excellent production efficiency of the interlayer film, it is even more preferable that the second layer and the third layer are formed from the same resin composition.

[0245] The interlayer film preferably has an uneven shape on at least one of its two surfaces. The interlayer film more preferably has an uneven shape on both surfaces. The method for forming the uneven shape is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include lip embossing (melt fracture), embossing roll, calender roll, and profile extrusion.

[0246] The interlayer preferably has a surface texture formed by melt fracture or embossing roll, more preferably by melt fracture or embossing roll at a linear pressure of 0.10 kN / cm or less. By using the above methods, a good texture can be imparted to the surface layer even if it is relatively thin, and as a result, optical distortion can be effectively suppressed.

[0247] (Laminated glass) The laminated glass of the present invention includes a first laminated glass member, a second laminated glass member, and the above-mentioned interlayer film for laminated glass. In the laminated glass of the present invention, the interlayer film for laminated glass is disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member.

[0248] The laminated glass according to the present invention has one end and another end opposite the one end. The one end and the other end are opposite ends of the laminated glass. In the laminated glass according to the present invention, the thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end.

[0249] The laminated glass is, for example, a head-up display. When the laminated glass is a head-up display, the laminated glass has a display area for the head-up display. The display area is an area where information can be displayed well.

[0250] The laminated glass is preferably a head-up display (HUD).

[0251] A head-up display system can be obtained using the head-up display. The head-up display system includes the laminated glass and a light source device for irradiating the laminated glass with light for image display. The light source device can be attached to the dashboard of a vehicle, for example. An image can be displayed by irradiating the display area of ​​the laminated glass with light from the light source device.

[0252] In the laminated glass, the interlayer film includes at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C.

[0253] In the laminated glass, when the thickness of the interlayer is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C is Y μm, the interlayer has a region (region A) where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more.

[0254] In the laminated glass, the average thickness of the surface layer of the interlayer film in the region from 100 mm to 400 mm from the one end toward the other end is less than 300 μm, or the average thickness of the surface layer of the interlayer film in the display region is less than 300 μm.

[0255] The laminated glass according to the present invention has the above-mentioned features, and therefore can improve sound insulation. The laminated glass according to the present invention has the above-mentioned features, and therefore can improve penetration resistance and further suppress optical distortion.

[0256] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view that schematically shows an example of laminated glass that uses the interlayer film for laminated glass shown in FIG.

[0257] The laminated glass 21 shown in FIG. 5 comprises a first laminated glass member 31, a second laminated glass member 32, and an interlayer film 11. The interlayer film 11 is disposed and sandwiched between the first laminated glass member 31 and the second laminated glass member 32. The first laminated glass member 31 is laminated on a first surface (one surface) of the interlayer film 11. The second laminated glass member 32 is laminated on a second surface (the other surface) opposite the first surface of the interlayer film 11. The first laminated glass member 31 is laminated on the outer surface of the second layer 2 of the interlayer film 11. The second laminated glass member 32 is laminated on the outer surface of the third layer 3 of the interlayer film 11.

[0258] As described above, the laminated glass according to the present invention includes a first laminated glass member, a second laminated glass member, and an interlayer film, and the interlayer film is the interlayer film for laminated glass according to the present invention. In the laminated glass according to the present invention, the interlayer film is disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member.

[0259] It is preferable that the laminated glass is not penetrated by a steel ball when subjected to the following penetration resistance test.

[0260] Penetration resistance test: The laminated glass is stored for at least 4 hours in an environment of 23±2°C so that the surface temperature of the laminated glass reaches 23°C. After storage, a steel ball with a mass of 2260±20g and a diameter of 82mm is dropped from a height of 6.5m onto the center of the main surface of one piece of laminated glass in accordance with JIS R3212:2015. If the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass within 5 seconds of impact, it is judged as not having penetrated.

[0261] When the optical distortion of the laminated glass is measured as described below, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass is preferably 2.0 or less.

[0262] From the viewpoint of further suppressing the occurrence of optical distortion, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass is preferably 1.8 or less, more preferably 1.7 or less. The smaller the optical distortion value, the better.

[0263] Measurement of optical distortion: An optical distortion inspection device is prepared, which includes a light source unit that emits irradiation light, a projection surface onto which the irradiation light that has passed through the measurement object is projected, an image input unit that photographs the projection surface to generate a grayscale image, and an image processing unit that calculates an optical distortion value based on the degree of grayscale variation in the grayscale image. Two measurement objects are prepared: a laminated glass and a calibration laminated glass obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film with a visible light transmittance of 88% between two 2.5 mm thick clear float glass sheets. The laminated glass and the calibration laminated glass are stored in an environment of 23±2°C for at least 4 hours so that the surface temperatures of the laminated glass and the calibration laminated glass reach 23°C. The optical distortion value of the laminated glass is measured using the optical distortion inspection device, which is adjusted so that the optical distortion value without the measurement object placed on it is 1.30 when the image processing unit is processed as described below, and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14.

[0264] Processing operation in image processing unit: Each pixel of the grayscale image is converted into a numerical value between 0 and 255 according to the grayscale of the grayscale image. The 400 x 400 pixel area formed by connecting the four pixel coordinates (120,40), (520,40), (120,440), and (520,440) of the grayscale image is divided into a total of 16 windows, each of which is 100 x 100 pixels. From the first to the 100th columns of pixel coordinates in each window, a variance value is calculated from the numerical values ​​of the 100 pixels in the same column. The average of the 100 variance values ​​is defined as the "optical distortion of the window." The average of the 16 "optical distortion of the window" is defined as the "optical distortion of the object to be measured."

[0265] More specifically, the measurement of the optical distortion of the laminated glass is carried out in the same manner as described above.

[0266] The first laminated glass member is preferably a first glass plate, and the second laminated glass member is preferably a second glass plate.

[0267] Examples of the first and second laminated glass members include glass plates and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) films. The laminated glass includes not only laminated glass in which an interlayer film is sandwiched between two glass plates, but also laminated glass in which an interlayer film is sandwiched between a glass plate and a PET film or the like. The laminated glass is a laminate including glass plates, and preferably includes at least one glass plate. It is preferable that the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member are each a glass plate or a PET film, and that the laminated glass includes a glass plate as at least one of the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member. It is particularly preferable that both the first and second laminated glass members are glass plates.

[0268] Examples of the glass plate include inorganic glass and organic glass. Examples of the inorganic glass include float glass, heat-absorbing glass, heat-reflecting glass, polished glass, patterned glass, lined glass, and green glass. The organic glass is a synthetic resin glass that replaces inorganic glass. Examples of the organic glass include polycarbonate plates and poly(meth)acrylic resin plates. Examples of the poly(meth)acrylic resin plates include polymethyl(meth)acrylate plates.

[0269] The thickness of each of the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member is preferably 1 mm or more, preferably 5 mm or less, and more preferably 3 mm or less. When the laminated glass member is a glass plate, the thickness of the glass plate is preferably 0.5 mm or more, more preferably 0.7 mm or more, and preferably 5 mm or less, and more preferably 3 mm or less. When the laminated glass member is a PET film, the thickness of the PET film is preferably 0.03 mm or more, and preferably 0.5 mm or less.

[0270] The method for producing the laminated glass is not particularly limited. First, an interlayer film is sandwiched between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member to obtain a laminate. Next, the air remaining between the first laminated glass member, the second laminated glass member, and the interlayer film is removed, for example, by passing the obtained laminate through a pressure roll or placing it in a rubber bag and suctioning it under reduced pressure. Thereafter, a pre-bonded laminate is obtained by pre-bonding at about 70°C to 110°C. Next, the pre-bonded laminate is placed in an autoclave or pressed at about 120°C to 150°C and a pressure of 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa to be bonded. In this manner, a laminated glass can be obtained.

[0271] The interlayer film and the laminated glass can be used in automobiles, railway vehicles, aircraft, ships, buildings, etc. The interlayer film and the laminated glass can also be used for applications other than these. The interlayer film and the laminated glass are preferably interlayer films and laminated glass for vehicles or buildings, and more preferably interlayer films and laminated glass for vehicles. The interlayer film and the laminated glass can be used for automobile windshields, side windows, rear windows, roof glass, backlight glass, etc. The interlayer film and the laminated glass are preferably used in automobiles. The interlayer film is preferably used to obtain laminated glass for automobiles.

[0272] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0273] The polyvinyl acetal resin used was acetalized using n-butylaldehyde, which has four carbon atoms. The degree of acetalization (degree of butyralization), degree of acetylation, and hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin were measured according to JIS K6728 "Testing Methods for Polyvinyl Butyral." Note that when measured according to ASTM D1396-92, the values ​​were similar to those obtained by the method according to JIS K6728 "Testing Methods for Polyvinyl Butyral."

[0274] Example 1 Preparation of the composition for forming the first layer: The following components were blended and thoroughly kneaded with a mixing roll to obtain a composition for forming the first layer.

[0275] Polyvinyl acetal resin (average polymerization degree 3000, hydroxyl group content 22 mol%, acetylation degree 13 mol%, acetalization degree 65 mol%) 100 parts by weight Triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO) 30 parts by weight Tinuvin 326 (2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, "Tinuvin 326" manufactured by BASF) in an amount of 0.2% by weight in the resulting first layer BHT (2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol) in an amount to give 0.2% by weight in the resulting first layer

[0276] Preparation of compositions for forming the second and third layers: The following components were blended and thoroughly kneaded with a mixing roll to obtain compositions for forming the second and third layers.

[0277] Polyvinyl acetal resin (average polymerization degree 1700, hydroxyl group content 30.5 mol%, acetylation degree 1 mol%, acetalization degree 68.5 mol%) 100 parts by weight Triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO) 48 parts by weight Tinuvin 326 (2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, "Tinuvin 326" manufactured by BASF) in an amount of 0.2% by weight in the resulting second and third layers. BHT (2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol) in an amount to provide 0.2% by weight in the resulting second and third layers

[0278] Preparation of interlayer: The composition for forming the first layer and the compositions for forming the second and third layers were co-extruded using a co-extruder to obtain an interlayer film before embossing having a three-layer structure (second layer / first layer / third layer). The obtained interlayer film before embossing was embossed using an embossing roll method at a linear pressure of 0.10 kN / cm to produce an interlayer film (interlayer film having the shape shown in Figure 1). The obtained interlayer film was then wound into a roll.

[0279] ( Reference example 2, Example 3 ~5 and Comparative Example 1) An interlayer film having a three-layer structure (second layer / first layer / third layer) (an interlayer film having the shape shown in Figure 1) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the configuration of the interlayer film was changed as shown in Table 1.

[0280] ( Reference Example 6 and implementation Example 7 ) An interlayer film having a three-layer structure (second layer / first layer / third layer) (an interlayer film having the shape shown in FIG. 1 ) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the manufacturing process of the interlayer film, the linear pressure for imparting an uneven shape to the surface of the interlayer film was changed as shown in Table 2, and the configuration of the interlayer film was changed as shown in Table 2.

[0281] Example 8 An interlayer film having a three-layer structure (second layer / first layer / third layer) (an interlayer film having the shape shown in Figure 1) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the manufacturing process of the interlayer film was changed so that an uneven shape was imparted to the surface by the melt fracture method and the configuration of the interlayer film was changed as shown in Table 2.

[0282] (evaluation) (1) Glass transition temperature Tg The interlayer film was stored for 12 hours at a room temperature of 23±2°C and a humidity of 25±5%. The viscoelasticity was then measured using a TA Instruments ARES-G2 viscoelasticity measuring device. Using a parallel plate with a diameter of 8 mm as the jig, measurements were performed in shear mode, with the temperature decreasing from 100°C to -20°C at a rate of 3°C / min, at a frequency of 1 Hz, and at a strain of 1%. The peak temperature of the loss tangent in the measurement results was taken as the glass transition temperature Tg (°C). The glass transition temperatures of the first, second, and third layers of the resulting interlayer film were then determined.

[0283] (2) Thickness The thickness of the interlayer film was measured using the contact-type thickness gauge "TOF-4R" (manufactured by Yamabun Denki Co., Ltd.) according to the method described above. The thicknesses of the first, second, and third layers were measured using the non-contact multilayer film thickness gauge "OPTIGAUGE" (manufactured by Lumetrics) according to the method described above. The Y / X ratio was also measured according to the method described above, and the presence or absence of a region (region A) where the Y / X value was 0.12 or greater was investigated. The average thickness of each surface layer was calculated in the region (region B) from 100 mm to 400 mm from one end of the interlayer film to the other.

[0284] (3) Penetration resistance test Using the obtained interlayer film, laminated glass X was produced by the method described above. Using laminated glass X, a penetration resistance test was conducted by the method described above. The penetration resistance test was conducted by dropping a steel ball from a height of 6.5 m and from a height of 5.5 m. In the table, "A" indicates a case in which the steel ball did not penetrate laminated glass X within 5 seconds of impacting laminated glass X, and "B" indicates a case in which the steel ball penetrated laminated glass X within 5 seconds of impacting laminated glass X.

[0285] (4) Optical distortion value The obtained interlayer film was used to produce laminated glass Y by the method described above. The optical distortion of laminated glass Y was measured by the method described above.

[0286] (5) Sound insulation The resulting interlayer film was cut to a size of 55 cm long x 55 cm wide. Next, the interlayer film was sandwiched between one sheet of clear float glass (50 cm long x 50 cm wide x 2 mm thick) and another sheet of clear float glass (50 cm long x 50 cm wide x 1.6 mm thick) to obtain a laminate. This laminate was placed in a rubber bag and degassed at a vacuum of 2.6 kPa for 20 minutes. It was then transferred to an oven in the degassed state and held at 90°C for 30 minutes for vacuum pressing to pre-press the laminate. The pre-pressed laminate was then pressed in an autoclave at 135°C and a pressure of 1.2 MPa for 20 minutes to obtain laminated glass.

[0287] The sound insulation of the laminated glass was evaluated by sound transmission loss. The sound transmission loss was measured at 20°C in accordance with JIS A1441-1. Specifically, the measurement was performed as follows.

[0288] The laminated glass was installed at the openings of the sound source room and the sound receiving room. The average sound intensity level was measured by scanning with a RION SI-34 sound intensity probe at a distance of 13 cm from the sample in the niche opening on the sound receiving room side. The scanning time was 25 to 40 seconds, and the scanning speed was 0.15 m / s to 0.2 m / s. The sound transmission loss (TL value) at a sound frequency of 6300 Hz was calculated from the average of the two scanning patterns. Sound insulation was evaluated according to the following criteria.

[0289] [Sound insulation evaluation criteria] ○: TL value at sound frequency 6300Hz is 39.5 or more ×: TL value at sound frequency 6300Hz is less than 39.5

[0290] The composition of the interlayer film and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.

[0291] [Table 1]

[0292] [Table 2] [Explanation of symbols]

[0293] 1, 1A, 1B, 1C...First layer 2, 2A, 2B, 2C...Second layer 3,3A,3B,3C…Third layer 11,11A,11B,11C...intermediate film 11a…one end 11b...other end 21...Laminated glass 31...First laminated glass member 32...Second laminated glass member 41...Optical distortion inspection device 42...Light source unit 43...Slit section 44...Measurement object placement section 45...Projection surface 46...Image input unit 47...Image processing unit 48...Trestle 49...Evaluation Department 421...Light-emitting part 422...Optical fiber 423...Irradiation port 481... Stand body 482...Arm A...Optical axis R1: Displayable area R2: Surrounding area R3: Shade area W: Measurement object

Claims

1. An interlayer film for laminated glass having a structure of three or more layers, the intermediate film has one end and another end opposite the one end, The thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end, The interlayer film has at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, When the thickness of the interlayer film is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. is Y μm, the interlayer film has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more and 0.550 or less, the average thickness of the surface layer in a region from a position 100 mm to a position 400 mm from the one end toward the other end is less than 300 μm, The interlayer film for laminated glass includes at least a first layer containing a thermoplastic resin, a second layer containing a thermoplastic resin, and a third layer containing a thermoplastic resin, the second layer being disposed on a first surface side of the first layer, and the third layer being disposed on a second surface side of the first layer opposite the first surface, the thermoplastic resin in the first layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, the thermoplastic resin in the second layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, and the thermoplastic resin in the third layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin.

2. An interlayer film for laminated glass used in laminated glass for a head-up display, The interlayer film is an interlayer film for laminated glass having a structure of three or more layers, the interlayer film has a display corresponding area corresponding to a display area of ​​a head-up display, the intermediate film has one end and another end opposite the one end, The thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end, The interlayer film has at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, When the thickness of the interlayer film is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. is Y μm, the interlayer film has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more and 0.550 or less, The average thickness of the surface layer in the display corresponding area is less than 300 μm, The interlayer film for laminated glass includes at least a first layer containing a thermoplastic resin, a second layer containing a thermoplastic resin, and a third layer containing a thermoplastic resin, the second layer being disposed on a first surface side of the first layer, and the third layer being disposed on a second surface side of the first layer opposite the first surface, the thermoplastic resin in the first layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, the thermoplastic resin in the second layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, and the thermoplastic resin in the third layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin.

3. An intermediate film for laminated glass as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the first layer is a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C.

4. An intermediate film for laminated glass as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the content of the polyvinyl acetal resin in the first layer is 50% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less out of 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin in the first layer, the content of the polyvinyl acetal resin in the second layer is 50% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less out of 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin in the second layer, and the content of the polyvinyl acetal resin in the third layer is 50% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less out of 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin in the third layer.

5. The first layer is a layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, 3. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, based on 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin in the first layer, a content of the polyvinyl acetal resin in the first layer is 50% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less; based on 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin in the second layer, a content of the polyvinyl acetal resin in the second layer is 50% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less; and based on 100% by weight of the thermoplastic resin in the third layer, a content of the polyvinyl acetal resin in the third layer is 50% by weight or more and 100% by weight or less.

6. An intermediate film for laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the intermediate film is placed between clear glass sheets of 2.5 mm thick conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminated glass X having a size of 30 cm in length and 30 cm in width, and when the obtained laminated glass X is subjected to the following penetration resistance test, a steel ball does not penetrate it. Penetration resistance test: The laminated glass X is stored for 4 hours or more in an environment of 23±2°C so that the surface temperature of the laminated glass X reaches 23°C. After storage, a steel ball having a mass of 2260±20 g and a diameter of 82 mm is dropped from a height of 6.5 m onto the center of the main surface of one piece of the laminated glass X in accordance with JIS R3212:2015. If the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass X within 5 seconds of impact with the laminated glass X, it is determined that the steel ball has not penetrated the laminated glass X.

7. An intermediate film for laminated glass as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the intermediate film is placed between clear glass sheets of 2.5 mm thick conforming to JIS R3202:1996 to obtain laminated glass Y having a size of 15 cm in length and 30 cm in width, and when the optical distortion of the obtained laminated glass Y is measured as described below, the optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is 2.0 or less. Measurement of optical distortion: An optical distortion inspection device is provided that includes a light source unit that emits irradiation light, a projection surface onto which the irradiation light that has passed through the object to be measured is projected, an image input unit that photographs the projection surface to generate a grayscale image, and an image processing unit that calculates an optical distortion value based on the degree of variation in grayscale in the grayscale image. Two measurement objects were prepared: the laminated glass Y and a calibration laminated glass obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film having a visible light transmittance of 88% between two sheets of clear float glass having a thickness of 2.5 mm. The laminated glass Y and the calibration laminated glass were stored in an environment of 23±2°C for four hours or more so that the surface temperatures of the laminated glass Y and the calibration laminated glass were 23°C. The optical distortion value of the laminated glass Y is measured using the optical distortion inspection device adjusted so that the optical distortion value without a measurement object placed on it is 1.30 and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14 when the processing operation in the image processing unit described below is performed. Processing operation in image processing section: Each pixel of the grayscale image is converted into a pixel value of 0 to 255 according to the grayscale of the grayscale image. The 400 pixel x 400 pixel area formed by connecting the four pixel coordinates (120,40), (520,40), (120,440), and (520,440) of the grayscale image is divided into a total of 16 windows, each of 100 pixel x 100 pixel. For each window, the "variance of pixel values" is calculated for 100 pixels in the same column from the first to the 100th columns of pixel coordinates. The average of the 100 "variances of pixel values" is defined as the "optical distortion of the window." The average of the 16 "optical distortions of the window" is defined as the "optical distortion of the object to be measured."

8. a first laminated glass member; a second laminated glass member; and and the interlayer film for laminated glass according to any one of claims 1 to 7, The laminated glass, wherein the interlayer film for laminated glass is disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member.

9. A laminated glass having one end and another end opposite to the one end, The thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end, The laminated glass comprises a first laminated glass member, a second laminated glass member, and an interlayer film for laminated glass disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member, The intermediate film has a structure of three or more layers, The interlayer film has at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, When the thickness of the interlayer film is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. is Y μm, the interlayer film has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more and 0.550 or less, the average thickness of the surface layer of the interlayer film in a region from a position of 100 mm to a position of 400 mm from the one end toward the other end is less than 300 μm, the interlayer film comprises at least a first layer containing a thermoplastic resin, a second layer containing a thermoplastic resin, and a third layer containing a thermoplastic resin, the second layer being disposed on a first surface side of the first layer, and the third layer being disposed on a second surface side of the first layer opposite the first surface, the thermoplastic resin in the first layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, the thermoplastic resin in the second layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, and the thermoplastic resin in the third layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin.

10. A laminated glass that is a head-up display, The laminated glass has one end and another end opposite to the one end, The thickness of the other end is greater than the thickness of the one end, The laminated glass has a display area for a head-up display, The laminated glass comprises a first laminated glass member, a second laminated glass member, and an interlayer film for laminated glass disposed between the first laminated glass member and the second laminated glass member, The intermediate film has a structure of three or more layers, The interlayer film has at least one layer having a glass transition temperature of less than 15°C, When the thickness of the interlayer film is X μm and the total thickness of the layers having a glass transition temperature of less than 15° C. is Y μm, the interlayer film has a region where the value of Y / X is 0.12 or more and 0.550 or less, the average thickness of the surface layer of the interlayer film in the display area is less than 300 μm, the interlayer film comprises at least a first layer containing a thermoplastic resin, a second layer containing a thermoplastic resin, and a third layer containing a thermoplastic resin, the second layer being disposed on a first surface side of the first layer, and the third layer being disposed on a second surface side of the first layer opposite the first surface, the thermoplastic resin in the first layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, the thermoplastic resin in the second layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin, and the thermoplastic resin in the third layer comprising a polyvinyl acetal resin.

11. 11. The laminated glass according to claim 9 or 10, which is not penetrated by a steel ball when subjected to the following penetration resistance test. Penetration resistance test: The laminated glass is stored for at least 4 hours in an environment of 23±2°C so that the surface temperature of the laminated glass is 23°C. After storage, a steel ball with a mass of 2260±20 g and a diameter of 82 mm is dropped from a height of 6.5 m onto the center of the main surface of one piece of laminated glass in accordance with JIS R3212:2015. If the steel ball does not penetrate the laminated glass within 5 seconds of impact with the laminated glass, it is determined that the steel ball has not penetrated.

12. The laminated glass according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the optical distortion value of the laminated glass is 2.0 or less when the optical distortion is measured as described below. Measurement of optical distortion: An optical distortion inspection device is provided that includes a light source unit that emits irradiation light, a projection surface onto which the irradiation light that has passed through the object to be measured is projected, an image input unit that photographs the projection surface to generate a grayscale image, and an image processing unit that calculates an optical distortion value based on the degree of variation in grayscale in the grayscale image. Two measurement objects were prepared: a laminated glass and a calibration laminated glass obtained by placing a calibration single-layer interlayer film having a visible light transmittance of 88% between two sheets of 2.5 mm thick clear float glass. The laminated glass and the calibration laminated glass were stored in an environment of 23±2°C for four hours or more so that the surface temperatures of the laminated glass and the calibration laminated glass reached 23°C. The optical distortion value of the laminated glass is measured using the optical distortion inspection device adjusted so that the optical distortion value without a measurement object placed on it is 1.30 and the optical distortion value of the calibration laminated glass is 1.14 when the processing operation in the image processing unit described below is performed. Processing operation in image processing section: Each pixel of the grayscale image is converted into a numerical value from 0 to 255 according to the grayscale of the grayscale image. The 400 pixel x 400 pixel area formed by connecting the four pixel coordinates (120,40), (520,40), (120,440), and (520,440) of the grayscale image is divided into a total of 16 windows, each of 100 pixel x 100 pixel. For each window, the "variance of pixel values" is calculated for 100 pixels in the same column from the first to the 100th columns of pixel coordinates. The average of the 100 "variances of pixel values" is defined as the "optical distortion of the window." The average of the 16 "optical distortions of the window" is defined as the "optical distortion of the object to be measured."

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