Deuterated tryptamine derivatives and methods of use

Abstract

To provide compounds for the treatment of diseases associated with a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, such as central nervous system disorder.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound set forth in formula (III-d).SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to compounds, and in some embodiments, to serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonists and their use in treating diseases associated with the 5-HT2 receptor. [Background technology]

[0002] Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors (5-HT2Rs) contain 5-HT 2A , 5-HT 2B , and 5-HT 2C There are three closely related subtypes of 5-HT, which are the primary targets of classical serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB). They share approximately 60% transmembrane amino acid homology, which poses the challenge of designing molecules with selectivity for one subtype over the others. Each subtype is expressed in a unique pattern in mammals (both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system) and, when stimulated, produces unique biochemical, physiological, and behavioral effects. For example, 5-HT 2A Activation of Rs primarily mediates hallucinogenic effects and causes anti-inflammatory effects, whereas 5-HT 2C Activation of Rs reduces feeding behavior. However, 5-HT 2B Chronic activation of Rs is associated with valvular heart disease (VHD), a life-threatening adverse event (AE). 2A There is also concern that patients who may benefit from R-pharmacotherapy may be reluctant to experience the hallucinogenic effects.

[0003] Tryptamines are a class of serotonergic hallucinogens with very high potency at serotonin 5-HT2Rs (in some cases, subnanomolar affinity). 2B Rs and 5-HT 2C 5-HT than Rs 2ATheir selectivity for Rs—in some cases 100-fold—distinguishes them from typical hallucinogens and other serotonergic hallucinogens.

[0004] AEs caused by tryptamines and other serotonergic hallucinogens are associated with relatively high doses. 2A Rs and 5-HT 2C Due to their extremely high potency in Rs, tryptamines have extremely low active oral doses. For example, 2C-C-NBOMe (2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethan-1-amine) is orally active at doses as low as 25 μg, while highly potent hallucinogenic doses range from 500 to 700 μg. Therefore, misuse or abuse at or above these doses can cause visual and auditory hallucinations, agitation, aggression, and psychosis, and intoxication has been associated with toxicity (e.g., rhabdomyolysis) and death. Furthermore, tryptamine can undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, rendering it orally inactive.

[0005] 5-HT 2B Serotonin 5-HT overcomes the R problem and hallucinogenic effects 2A There is a need for R agonists, as well as a need to improve their bioavailability and enhance their oral activity. There is a further need for efficient, more convenient, and controllable tryptamine formulations that do not result in neurologically toxic (e.g., psychotomimetic toxicity) plasma concentrations. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the identification of compounds that modulate the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor and methods of using the same to treat diseases associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor. More specifically, the present disclosure provides compounds that, for example, can be administered once daily to modulate 5-HT2 receptors without producing hallucinogenic effects. 2A Novel compounds are provided that are capable of selectively engaging Rs and treating neuropsychiatric and other disorders associated with inflammation.

[0007] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the novel compounds described herein with selective deuteration, such as in the exocyclic moiety, allow for a significant delay in enzymatic degradation and an increased blood / brain ratio due to improved exposure (i.e., prevention of high drug concentration (spike) observed acutely after administration), resulting in improved oral bioavailability. Some compounds described herein provide similar benefits through selective deuteration of the phenyl ring.

[0008] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0009] In some embodiments, X1 and X2 are deuterium.

[0010] In some embodiments, Y 1 and Y 2 are hydrogen or deuterium.

[0011] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0012] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0013] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0014] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0015] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0016] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0017] In some embodiments, R4 is hydroxyl and R2, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, and when R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0018] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is hydrogen.

[0019] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is deuterium.

[0020] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0021] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0022] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) is according to Formula (III-a), Formula (III-b), Formula (III-c), Formula (III-d), Formula (III-e), Formula (III-f), Formula (III-g), Formula (III-h), Formula (III-i), Formula (III-j), Formula (III-k), Formula (III-l), Formula (III-m), Formula (III-n), Formula (III-o), Formula (III-p), Formula (III-q), Formula (III-r), Formula (III-s), Formula (III-t), Formula (III-u), Formula (III-v), as described below.

[0023] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-a) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0024] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0025] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0026] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0027] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0028] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0029] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0030] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl and R2, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, and when R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0031] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is hydrogen or deuterium.

[0032] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0033] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0034] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-b) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0035] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0036] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0037] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0038] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0039] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0040] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0041] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0042] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-c) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0043] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0044] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0045] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0046] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0047] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0048] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are both unsubstituted or partially or fully substituted. It is not hydrogenated ethyl.

[0049] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0050] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0051] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0052] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0053] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0054] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both -CD3.

[0055] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen.

[0056] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen or deuterium.

[0057] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0058] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0059] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0060] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0061] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0062] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0063] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0064] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0065] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0066] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0067] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0068] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0069] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0070] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0071] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0072] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0073] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0074] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0075] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0076] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0077] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0078] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0079] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0080] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0081] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0082] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0083] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0084] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0085] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0086] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0087] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0088] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0089] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0090] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0091] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0092] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0093] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0094] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0095] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0096] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0097] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0098] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0099] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0100] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0101] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-k) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0102] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl;

[0103] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0104] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0105] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0106] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0107] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0108] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl and R2, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, and when R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0109] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is hydrogen or deuterium.

[0110] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0111] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0112] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-1) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0113] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0114] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0115] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0116] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0117] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0118] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0119] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0120] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-m) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0121] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0122] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0123] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0124] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0125] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0126] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-n) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0127] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0128] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0129] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0130] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0131] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both -CD3.

[0132] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen.

[0133] In some embodiments, R9 is deuterium.

[0134] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0135] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0136] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-o) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0137] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0138] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0139] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0140] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0141] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0142] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0143] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-p) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0144] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0145] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0146] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0147] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0148] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0149] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0150] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-q) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0151] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0152] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0153] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0154] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0155] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0156] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0157] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-r) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0158] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0159] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen;

[0160] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0161] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0162] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0163] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0164] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-s) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0165] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0166] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0167] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0168] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0169] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0170] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0171] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-t) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0172] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0173] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0174] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0175] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0176] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0177] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0178] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-u) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0179] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0180] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0181] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0182] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0183] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0184] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0185] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-v) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0186] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0187] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0188] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0189] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0190] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0191] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0192] In some embodiments, the compound is: [ka] [ka] [ka] [ka]

[0193] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure: [ka]

[0194] In some embodiments, the compound is an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor.

[0195] In some embodiments, the compound is serotonin 5-HT 2A It may be an agonist of the receptor.

[0196] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle are also disclosed herein. Disclosed in the specification.

[0197] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a subject having a disease or disorder, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.

[0198] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a subject having a disease or disorder, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.

[0199] Also disclosed herein is a method for treating a subject having a disease or disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure: [ka]

[0200] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may comprise a central nervous system (CNS) disorder such as, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), bipolar and related disorders (including but not limited to bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders (including but not limited to alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset dysfluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, and obesity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may involve a condition of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may involve a pulmonary disorder (e.g., asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)). In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may involve a cardiovascular disorder (e.g., atherosclerosis).

[0201] Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject having an alcohol use disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the following structure: [ka]

[0202] Also disclosed herein are single-layered orally administered tablet compositions comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure: [ka]

[0203] In some embodiments, the composition is adapted for maximum sustained release.

[0204] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a combination of (i) a water-insoluble, neutrally charged non-ionic matrix, (ii) a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups, and (iii) a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0205] In some embodiments, the nonionic matrix is ​​selected from cellulosic polymers alone or reinforced by mixing with components such as starch, wax, neutral gum, polymethacrylate, PVA, PVA / PVP blends, or mixtures thereof.

[0206] In some embodiments, the cellulosic polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

[0207] In some embodiments, the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylate, a cation exchange resin, a clay, a zeolite, hyaluronic acid, an anionic gum, a salt thereof, or a mixture thereof.

[0208] In some embodiments, the anionic rubber is a natural material, a semi-synthetic material, or a combination thereof.

[0209] In some embodiments, the natural material is alginic acid, pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gum karaya, guar gum, gum tragacanth, or a combination thereof.

[0210] In some embodiments, the semi-synthetic material is carboxymethyl-chitin, cellulose gum, or a combination thereof.

[0211] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of pain.

[0212] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of brain injury.

[0213] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of depression.

[0214] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor.

[0215] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including alcohol use disorder, substance use disorders including amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset dysphagia, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, obesity, or a combination thereof.

[0216] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a condition of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

[0217] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a pulmonary disorder, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

[0218] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cardiovascular disorder, including atherosclerosis.

[0219] In some embodiments, the compositions provide a combined concentration of DMT, a tryptamine derivative such as 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma that is between 10 and 500 (e.g., about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10 ...200 A concentration in the range of 0, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 ng / ml or greater (or any range from about 10 to about 500 ng / ml, e.g., about 100 to about 300 ng / ml, about 250 to about 450 ng / ml, or about 50 to about 400 ng / ml) is achieved and maintained for the duration of the release period.

[0220] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more negatively charged groups.

[0221] Also disclosed herein is a tablet composition formulated for oral administration, comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure: [ka]

[0222] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more negatively charged groups.

[0223] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more acid groups.

[0224] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a water-insoluble, neutrally charged non-ionic matrix.

[0225] In some embodiments, the nonionic matrix is ​​selected from cellulosic polymers alone or reinforced by mixing with components such as starch, wax, neutral gum, polymethacrylate, PVA, PVA / PVP blends, or mixtures thereof.

[0226] In some embodiments, the cellulosic polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

[0227] Also described herein is a kit for treating a subject, comprising 1) a monolayer orally administered tablet composition disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in treating pain.

[0228] Also described herein is a kit for treating a subject, comprising 1) a monolayer orally administered tablet composition disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in treating brain injury.

[0229] Also described herein is a kit for treating a subject, comprising 1) a monolayer orally administered tablet composition disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in treating depression.

[0230] Also described herein is a kit for treating a subject, comprising 1) a monolayer orally administered tablet composition disclosed herein, and 2) instructions for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0231] In the following detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0232] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0233] "Alkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, straight-chain and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH-), ethyl (CHCH-), n-propyl (CHCHCH-), isopropyl ((CH)CH-), n-butyl (CHCHCHCH-), isobutyl ((CH)CHCH-), sec-butyl ((CH)(CHCH)CH-), t-butyl ((CH)C-), n-pentyl (CHCHCHCHCHCH-), and neopentyl ((CH)CCH-).

[0234] The term "substituted alkyl" refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein one or more carbon atoms in the alkyl chain are optionally substituted with -O-, -N-, -S-, -S(O) n -(n is 0 to 2), -NR- (R is hydrogen or alkyl), and substituted with a heteroatom such as alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO2-alkyl, -SO2-aryl, -SO 2- Heteroaryl, and -NR a R b , where R ’ and R ’ ’ may be the same or different and are hydrogen, optionally substituted and has 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic groups.

[0235] "Alkylene" is -O-, -NR 10 -, -NR 10 C(O)-, -C(O)NR 10 - refers to a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, either straight or branched, including from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by one or more groups selected from, for example, methylene (-CH-), ethylene (-CHCH-), n-propylene (-CHCHCH-), iso-propylene (-CHCH(CH)-), (-C(CH)CHCH-), (-C(CH)CHC(O)-), (-C(CH)CHC(O)NH-), (-CH(CH)CH-), and the like.

[0236] "Substituted alkylene" refers to a group that is substituted as described for carbon in the definition of "substituted" below. It refers to an alkylene group having 1 to 3 hydrogen atoms substituted with a group.

[0237] The term "alkane" refers to alkyl and alkylene groups as defined herein.

[0238] The terms "alkylaminoalkyl," "alkylaminoalkenyl," and "alkylaminoalkynyl" refer to R ’ NHR ” - refers to the group R ’ is an alkyl group as defined herein, and R ” is an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group as defined herein.

[0239] The terms "alkaryl" or "aralkyl" refer to the groups -alkylene-aryl and -substituted alkylene-aryl, where alkylene, substituted alkylene, and aryl are defined herein.

[0240] "Alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl group, where alkyl is as defined herein. Alkoxy includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, and the like. The term "alkoxy" also refers to the groups alkenyl-O-, cycloalkyl-O-, cycloalkenyl-O-, and alkynyl-O-, where alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and alkynyl are as defined herein.

[0241] The term "substituted alkoxy" refers to the groups substituted alkyl-O-, substituted alkenyl-O-, substituted cycloalkyl-O-, substituted cycloalkenyl-O-, and substituted alkynyl-O-, where substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, and substituted alkynyl are as defined herein.

[0242] The term "alkoxyamino" refers to the group --NH-alkoxy, where alkoxy is as defined herein.

[0243] The term "haloalkoxy" refers to an alkyl-O- group in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group have been replaced with a halo group and includes, by way of example, groups such as trifluoromethoxy.

[0244] The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted as described above, in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group have been replaced with a halo group. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, fluoroalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, etc.

[0245] The term "alkylalkoxy" refers to the group -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylene-O-substituted alkyl, substituted alkylene-O-alkyl, and substituted alkylene-O-substituted alkyl, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkylene, and substituted alkylene are as defined herein.

[0246] The term "alkylthioalkoxy" refers to -alkylene-S-alkyl groups, alkylene-S-substituted alkyl groups, substituted alkylene-S-alkyl groups, and substituted alkylene-S-substituted alkyl groups, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkylene, and substituted alkylene are as defined herein.

[0247] "Alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and having at least one site of double bond unsaturation, e.g., from 1 to 2. The term includes, by way of example, bivinyl, allyl, and but-3-en-1-yl. The term includes cis and trans isomers, or derivatives thereof. It includes a mixture of

[0248] The term "substituted alkenyl" refers to an alkenyl group, as defined herein, having from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO2-alkyl, -SO2-substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl, and -SO2-heteroaryl.

[0249] "Alkynyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched monovalent hydrocarbyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., 2 to 3 carbon atoms, and having at least 1 site of triple bond unsaturation, e.g., 1 to 2. Examples of such alkynyl groups include acetylenyl (-C≡CH) and propargyl (-CHC≡CH).

[0250] The term "substituted alkynyl" refers to an alkynyl group, as defined herein, having from 1 to 5 substituents, or from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO2-alkyl, -SO2-substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl, and -SO2-heteroaryl.

[0251] "Alkynyloxy" refers to the group -O-alkynyl, where alkynyl is as defined herein. Alkynyloxy includes, by way of example, ethynyloxy, propynyloxy, and the like.

[0252] "Acyl" includes HC(O)-, alkyl-C(O)-, substituted alkyl-C(O)-, alkenyl-C(O)-, substituted alkenyl-C(O)-, alkynyl-C(O)-, substituted alkynyl-C(O)-, cycloalkyl-C(O)-, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)-, cycloalkenyl-C(O)-, substituted cycloalkenyl-C(O)-, aryl-C(O)-, substituted aryl-C(O)-, heteroaryl-C(O)-, "C(O)-," "substituted heteroaryl-C(O)-," "heterocyclyl-C(O)-," and "substituted heterocyclyl-C(O)-" groups, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. For example, acyl includes the "acetyl" group CHC(O).

[0253] "Acylamino" is -NR 20 C(O) alkyl group, -NR 20 C(O)-substituted alkyl group, NR 20 C(O)cycloalkyl group, -NR 20 C(O)-substituted cycloalkyl groups, -NR 20 C(O) cycloalkenyl group, -NR 20 C(O)-substituted cycloalkenyl groups, -NR 20 C(O) alkenyl group, -NR 20 C(O)-substituted alkenyl group, -NR 20 C(O) alkynyl group, -NR 20 C(O)-substituted alkynyl group, -NR 20 C(O) aryl group, -NR 20 C(O) substituted aryl group, -NR 20 C(O) heteroaryl group, -NR 20 C(O)-substituted heteroaryl groups, -NR 20 C(O) heterocyclic groups, and -NR 20 C(O)-substituted heterocyclic groups, R 20is hydrogen or alkyl, and alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0254] "Aminocarbonyl" or the term "aminoacyl" refers to -C(O)NR 21 R 22 R refers to the group 21 and R 22 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic; R 21 and R 22 is optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0255] "Aminocarbonylamino" is -NR 21 C(O)NR 22 R 23 R refers to the group 21 , R 22 , and R 23 is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl, and two R groups are joined to form a heterocyclyl group.

[0256] The term "alkoxycarbonylamino" refers to the group -NRC(O)OR, where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl are as defined herein.

[0257] The term "acyloxy" refers to the groups alkyl-C(O)O-, substituted alkyl-C(O)O-, cycloalkyl-C(O)O-, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)O-, aryl-C(O)O-, heteroaryl-C(O)O-, and heterocyclyl-C(O)O-, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl are as defined herein.

[0258] "Aminosulfonyl" is -SO2NR 21 R 22 R refers to the group 21 and R 22 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic; R 21 and R 22 is optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0259] "Sulfonylamino" is -NR 21 SO2R 22 R refers to the group 21 and R 22are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cyclo is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic; R 21 and R 22 is optionally joined together with the atom(s) bound to it to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0260] "Aryl" or "ar" refers to a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of 6 to 18 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., as in a phenyl group) or a ring system having multiple fused rings, which may or may not be aromatic, provided that the point of attachment is through an aromatic ring atom (examples of such aromatic ring systems include naphthyl, anthryl, and indanyl). This term includes, by way of example, phenyl and naphthyl. Unless constrained by the definition of an aryl substituent, such aryl groups may be optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents, or 1 to 3 substituents, selected from acyloxy, hydroxy, thiol, acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halogen, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamido, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO2-alkyl, -SO2-substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl, -SO2-heteroaryl, and trihalomethyl.

[0261] "Aryloxy" refers to the group --O-aryl, where aryl is as defined herein and includes, for example, phenoxy, naphthoxy, etc., and includes optionally substituted aryl groups, also as defined herein.

[0262] "Amino" refers to the group NH2.

[0263] The term "substituted amino" refers to the group -NRR, where if at least one R is not hydrogen, then each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl.

[0264] The term "azido" refers to the group -N3.

[0265] "Carboxyl", "carboxy" or "carboxylate" refers to -CO2H or salts thereof.

[0266] "Carboxyl-ester" or "carboxy-ester", or the term "carboxyalkyl" or "carboxylalkyl" refers to a -C(O)O-alkyl group, a -C(O)O-substituted alkyl group, a -C(O)O-alkenyl group, a -C(O)O-substituted alkenyl group, a -C(O)O-alkynyl group, a -C(O)O-substituted alkynyl group, a -C(O)Oaryl group, a -C(O)O-substituted aryl group, a -C(O)O-cycloalkyl group, a -C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl group, a -C(O)O-cycloalkenyl group, a -C(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl group, a -C(O)O-heteroaryl group, a -C(O)O-substituted hetero ... This refers to alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0267] "(Carboxyl-ester)oxy" or "carbonate" refers to an -OC(O)O-alkyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted alkyl group, an -OC(O)O-alkenyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted alkenyl group, an -OC(O)O-alkynyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted alkynyl group, an -OC(O)O-aryl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted aryl group, an -OC(O)O-cycloalkyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl group, an -OC(O)O-cycloalkenyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl group, an -OC(O)O-cycloalkenyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl ... refers to a cycloalkenyl group, an -OC(O)O-heteroaryl group, an -OC(O)O-substituted heteroaryl group, an -OC(O)O-heterocyclic group, and an -OC(O)O-substituted heterocyclic group, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0268] "Cyano" or "nitrile" refers to the group --CN.

[0269] "Cycloalkyl" refers to cyclic alkyl groups of 3 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple cyclic rings, including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. Examples of suitable cycloalkyl groups include, for example, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like. Such cycloalkyl groups include, for example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl.

[0270] The term "substituted cycloalkyl" includes alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO 2- Alkyl, -SO 2- It refers to a cycloalkyl group having 1 to 5 substituents, or 1 to 3 substituents, selected from substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl and -SO2-heteroaryl.

[0271] "Cycloalkenyl" refers to a non-aromatic cyclic alkyl group of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple rings and at least one double bond, eg, 1 to 2 double bonds.

[0272] The term "substituted cycloalkenyl" includes alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclyl ... oxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO 2- Alkyl, -SO2- It refers to a cycloalkenyl group having 1 to 5 substituents selected from substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl and -SO2-heteroaryl, or 1 to 3 substituents.

[0273] "Cycloalkynyl" refers to a non-aromatic cycloalkyl group of from 5 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple rings and at least one triple bond.

[0274] "Cycloalkoxy" refers to -O-cycloalkyl.

[0275] "Cycloalkenyloxy" refers to -O-cycloalkenyl.

[0276] "Halo" or "halogen" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

[0277] "Hydroxy" or "hydroxyl" refers to the group --OH.

[0278] "Heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic group of 1 to 15 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and 1 to 10 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within the ring. Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g., pyridinyl, imidazolyl, or furyl) or multiple condensed rings within the ring system (e.g., in groups such as indolizinyl, quinolinyl, benzofuran, benzimidazolyl, or benzothienyl), provided that at least one ring within the ring system is aromatic and the point of attachment is through an aromatic ring atom. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen and / or sulfur ring atoms of a heteroaryl group are optionally oxidized to provide N-oxide (N→O), sulfinyl, or sulfonyl moieties. This term includes, by way of example, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, thiophenyl, and furanyl. Unless constrained by the definition of a heteroaryl substituent, such heteroaryl groups may be acyloxy, hydroxy, thiol, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halogen, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamido, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO 2- Alkyl, -SO 2- It may be optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents, or 1 to 3 substituents selected from substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl and -SO2-heteroaryl, and trihalomethyl.

[0279] The term "heteroaralkyl" refers to the group alkylene-heteroaryl, where alkylene and heteroaryl are defined herein. This term includes, by way of example, pyridylmethyl, pyridylethyl, indolylmethyl, and the like.

[0280] "Heteroaryloxy" refers to -O-heteroaryl.

[0281] "Heterocycle," "heterocyclic," "heterocycloalkyl," and "heterocyclyl" refer to saturated or unsaturated groups having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused bridges and spiro ring systems, and having 3 to 20 ring atoms, including 1 to 10 heteroatoms. is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen, and in fused ring systems, if the point of attachment is through a non-aromatic ring, one or more of the rings can be cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen and / or sulfur atoms of the heterocyclic group are optionally oxidized to provide the N-oxide, -S(O)-, or -SO2- moieties.

[0282] Examples of heterocycles and heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azetidine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, dihydroindole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenanthroline ... These include azine, isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indoline, phthalimide, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene, thiazole, thiazolidine, thiophene, benzo[b]thiophene, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl (also called thiamorpholinyl), 1,1-dioxothiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuranyl, and the like.

[0283] Unless otherwise constrained by the definition of a heterocyclic substituent, such heterocyclic groups may include alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -SO-alkyl, -SO-substituted alkyl, -SO-aryl, -SO-heteroaryl, -SO 2- Alkyl, -SO 2- It may be optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents, or 1 to 3 substituents selected from substituted alkyl, -SO2-aryl, -SO2-heteroaryl, and fused heterocycle.

[0284] "Heterocyclyloxy" refers to the group --O-heterocyclyl.

[0285] The term "heterocyclylthio" refers to the group heterocyclic -S-.

[0286] The term "heterocyclene" refers to a diradical group formed from a heterocycle, as defined herein.

[0287] The term "hydroxyamino" refers to the group --NHOH.

[0288] "Nitro" refers to the NO2 group.

[0289] "Oxo" refers to the (=O) atom.

[0290] "Sulfonyl" refers to an SO2 alkyl group, an SO2-substituted alkyl group, or a SO 2- Alkenyl group, SO2-substituted alkenyl group, SO2- Cycloalkyl groups, SO2-substituted cycloalkyl groups, SO 2- Cycloalkenyl groups, SO2-substituted cycloalkenyl groups, SO 2- Aryl groups, SO2-substituted aryl groups, SO 2- Heteroaryl groups, SO2-substituted heteroaryl groups, SO 2- Heterocyclic groups and SO2-substituted heterocyclic groups include alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted Cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. Sulfonyl includes, by way of example, methyl-SO2-, phenyl-SO2-, and 4-methylphenyl-SO2-.

[0291] "Sulfonyloxy" refers to an OSO2 alkyl group, an OSO2-substituted alkyl group, or an OSO 2- Alkenyl group, OSO2-substituted alkenyl group, OSO 2- Cycloalkyl groups, OSO2-substituted cycloalkyl groups, OSO 2- Cycloalkenyl group, OSO2-substituted cycloalkenyl group, OSO 2- Aryl group, OSO2-substituted aryl group, OSO 2- Heteroaryl groups, OSO2-substituted heteroaryl groups, OSO 2- refers to heterocyclic groups, and OSO2-substituted heterocyclic groups, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0292] The term "aminocarbonyloxy" refers to the group -OC(O)NRR, where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0293] "Thiol" refers to the group --SH.

[0294] The term "thioxo" or "thioketo" refers to the atom (=S).

[0295] The term "alkylthio" or "thioalkoxy" refers to an -S-alkyl group, where alkyl is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, sulfur can be oxidized to -S(O)-. Sulfoxides can exist as one or more stereoisomers.

[0296] The term "substituted thioalkoxy" refers to an --S-substituted alkyl group.

[0297] The term "thioaryloxy" refers to an aryl-S- group, where aryl is as defined herein, including an optionally substituted aryl group, as defined herein.

[0298] The term "thioheteroaryloxy" refers to the group --S-heteroaryl, where heteroaryl is as defined herein, including an optionally substituted aryl group, as defined herein.

[0299] The term "thioheterocyclooxy" refers to the group -S-heterocyclyl, where heterocyclyl is as defined herein, including optionally substituted heterocyclyl groups, as defined herein.

[0300] Further to the disclosure herein, when used to modify a particular group or radical, the term "substituted" can also mean that one or more hydrogen atoms of the particular group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituents as defined below.

[0301] In addition to the groups disclosed for individual terms herein, substituents to replace one or more hydrogens on a saturated carbon atom in a particular group or radical (any two hydrogens on a single carbon can be ═O, ═NR, etc.) are also included. 70 , =N-OR 70 , =N2 or =S) is, unless otherwise specified, -R 60 , halo, =O, -OR 70 , ‐SR 70 , ‐NR 80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO2, =N2, -N3, -SO2R 70 , ‐SO2O-M + , -SO2OR 70 , ‐OSO2R 70 , ‐OSO2O-M + , -OSO2OR 70 , -P(O)(O-)2(M + )2, -P(O)(OR 70 )OM + , -P(O)(OR 70 )2, ‐C(O)R 70 , ‐C(S)R 70 , -C(NR 70 )R 70 , ‐C(O)OM + , -C(O)OR 70 , -C(S)OR 70 , -C(O)NR 80 R 80 , -C(NR 70 )NR 80 R 80 , ‐OC(O)R 70 , ‐OC(S)R 70 , ‐OC(O)O‐M + , -OC(O)OR 70 , -OC(S)OR 70, ‐NR 70 C(O)R 70 , ‐NR 70 C(S)R 70 , ‐NR 70 CO2-M + , ‐NR 70 CO2R 70 , -NR 70 C(S)OR 70 , ‐NR 70 C(O)NR 80 R 80 , ‐NR 70 C(NR 70 )R 70 and -NR 70 C(NR 70 )NR 80 R 80 and R 60 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl groups; and each R 70 are independently hydrogen or R 60 and each R 80 are independent, R 70 or alternatively, two R taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached 80’ forming a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, which optionally contains 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms, which may be the same or different, selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, wherein N may have —H or C1-C3 alkyl substitution, and each M + is a counter ion with a net single positive charge. + are independent, e.g., K + , Na + , Li + Alkaline ions such as + N(R 60 )4, or ammonium ions such as [Ca 2+ 〕 0.5 , [Mg 2+ 〕 0.5 , or [Ba 2+ 〕 0.5(The subscript 0.5 means that one of the counterions of such divalent alkaline earth ions is an ionized form of a compound of the present disclosure, and the other typical counterion, such as chloride, or a doubly ionized compound disclosed herein, can serve as the counterion of such divalent alkaline earth ion, or a doubly ionized compound disclosed herein can serve as the counterion of such divalent alkaline earth ion.) A specific example is -NR 80 R 80 is intended to include -NH2, -NH-alkyl, N-pyrrolidinyl, N-piperazinyl, N-methyl-piperazin-1-yl and N-morpholinyl.

[0302] Further to the disclosure herein, the substitution of hydrogen on an unsaturated carbon atom in a "substituted" alkene, alkyne, aryl, and heteroaryl group is, unless otherwise specified, -R 60 , halo, -O - M + , -OR 70 , ‐SR 70 , -S - M + , ‐NR 80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO2, -N3, -SO2R 70 , -SO3 - M + , -SO3R 70 , ‐OSO2R 70 , -OSO3 - M + , -OSO3R 70 , -PO3 -2 (M + )2, -P(O)(OR 70 )O - M + , -P(O)(OR 70 )2, -C(O)R 70 , -C(S)R 70 , -C(NR 70 )R 70 , -CO2 - M + , -CO2R70 , -C(S)OR 70 , -C(O)NR 80 R 80 , -C(NR 70 )NR 80 R 80 , -OC(O)R 70 , -OC(S)R 70 , -OCO2 - M + , -OCO2R 70 , ‐OC(S)R 70 , ‐NR 70 C(O)R 70 , ‐NR 70 C(S)R 70 , ‐NR 70 CO2 - M + , ‐NR 70 CO2R 70 , -NR 70 C(S)OR 70 , ‐NR 70 C(O)NR 80 R 80 , ‐NR 70 C(NR 70 )R 70 and -NR 70 C(NR 70 )NR 80 R 80 and R 60 , R 70 , R 80 and M + is as previously defined, except that in the case of a substituted alkene or alkyne, the substituent is -O - M + , -OR 70 , ‐SR 70 , or -S - M + isn't it.

[0303] In addition to the groups disclosed for each individual term herein, the substituent of a hydrogen on a nitrogen in a "substituted" heteroalkyl and cycloheteroalkyl group is, unless otherwise specified, an -R 60 , -OM + , -OR 70 , -SR 70 , -SM + , -NR80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -NO, -NO2, -S(O)2R 70 , -S(O)2 OM + , -S(O)2OR 70 , -OS(O)2R 70 , -OS(O)2O-M + , -OS(O)2OR 70 , -P(O)(O-)2(M + )2, -P(O)(OR 70 )OM + , -P(O)(OR 70 )(OR 70 ), -C(O)R 70 , -C(S)R 70 , -C(NR 70 )R 70 , -C(O)OR 70 , -C(S)OR 70 , -C(O)NR 80 R 80 , -C(NR 70 )NR 80 R 80 , -OC(O)R 70 , -OC(S)R 70 , -OC(O)OR 70 , -OC(S)OR 70 , -NR 70 C(O)R 70 , -NR 70 C(S)R 70 , -NR 70 C(O)OR 70 , -NR 70 C(S)OR 70 , -NR 70 C(O)NR 80 R 80 , -NR 70 C(NR 70 )R 70 and -NR 70 C(NR 70 )NR 80 R 80 and R 60, R 70 , R 80 and M + is as previously defined.

[0304] Further to the disclosure herein, in certain embodiments, a substituted group has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, 1, 2, or 3 substituents, 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent.

[0305] It is understood that for all of the above-defined substituents, polymers achieved by defining the substituent to have further substituents thereon (e.g., a substituted aryl having a substituted aryl group as a substituent which is itself substituted with a substituted aryl group, which in turn is substituted with a substituted aryl group) are not intended to be encompassed herein. In such cases, the maximum number of such substitutions is three. For example, the sequential substitution of substituted aryl groups specifically contemplated herein is limited to substituted aryl-(substituted aryl)-substituted aryl.

[0306] Unless otherwise indicated, naming of substituents not expressly defined herein is accomplished by naming the terminal portion of the functional group followed by the adjacent functional group toward the point of attachment. For example, the substituent "arylalkyloxycarbonyl" refers to the group (aryl)-(alkyl)-OC(O)-.

[0307] For any of the groups disclosed herein that contain one or more substituents, it is of course understood that such groups do not include any substitutions or substitution patterns that are sterically infeasible and / or synthetically impractical. Furthermore, the subject compounds include all stereochemical isomers arising from the substitution of these compounds.

[0308] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that is acceptable for administration to a patient, such as a mammal (a salt having a counterion that has acceptable mammalian safety for a given administration regimen). Such salts can be obtained from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids. "Pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound, which salts are derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counterions well known in the art, including, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, etc., and, where the molecule contains a basic functional group, includes salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, formate, tartrate, besylate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate, etc.

[0309] The term "salt thereof" refers to a compound formed when the proton of an acid is replaced by a cation, such as a metal cation or an organic cation. Where applicable, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, but this is not required for salts of intermediate compounds that are not intended for administration to patients. For example, salts of the present compounds include those in which the compound is protonated with an inorganic or organic acid to form a cation, and has a conjugate base of the inorganic or organic acid as the anionic component of the salt.

[0310] "Solvate" refers to a complex formed by the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute. The solvent can be an organic compound, an inorganic compound, or a mixture of both. Some examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, and water. When the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate.

[0311] "Stereoisomer" and "stereoisomers" refer to compounds that have the same atomic connectivity but different atomic arrangements in space. Stereoisomers include cis-trans isomers, E and Z isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers.

[0312] "Tautomer" refers to alternative forms of molecules that differ only in the electronic bonding of the atoms and / or in the position of protons, such as enol-keto and imine-enamine tautomers, or tautomeric forms of heteroaryl groups containing the -N=C(H)-NH- ring atom configuration, such as pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, and tetrazole. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other tautomeric ring atom configurations are possible.

[0313] It will be understood that the term "or a salt or solvate or stereoisomer thereof" is intended to include all permutations of salts, solvates and stereoisomers, such as solvates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of stereoisomers of the subject compound.

[0314] As used herein, the term "maximum sustained release" describes the release window of certain formulations of the present disclosure that are formulated to increase the release period to a maximum value, which is ultimately limited by the time the gastrointestinal tract naturally expels all of the drug with food.

[0315] The term "tamper-resistant" is recognized in the art to describe an aspect of a drug formulation that makes it more difficult to use the formulation to abuse the drug portion of the formulation, whether through extraction for intravenous use or crushing for free base use, thus reducing the risk of drug abuse.

[0316] As used herein, the term "steady state" describes a stable or steady state level of a molecule concentration, such as the concentration of any compound described herein.

[0317] As used herein, the term "composition" is equivalent to the term "formulation."

[0318] As used herein, the term "administration event" describes the administration of a given dose to a subject in the form of one or more tablets within a short time frame, such as, for example, less than 10 minutes.

[0319] As used herein, the term "release period" describes the time frame during which any compound described herein is released from the matrix to achieve a plasma concentration of the compound described herein. The start of the release period is defined from the time of oral administration to a subject, which is considered to be approximately equivalent to entry into the stomach and initial dissolution by gastric enzymes and acids. The end of the release period is defined as the time when the entire drug load has been released. In embodiments, the release period can be greater than about 4 hours, greater than 8 hours, greater than 12 hours, greater than 16 hours, or greater than 20 hours, greater than about 24 hours, greater than 28 hours, greater than 32 hours, greater than 36 hours, or greater than 48 hours, or less than about 48 hours, less than 36 hours, 4 hours or less, 3 hours or less, 2 hours or less, or 1 hour or less.

[0320] As used herein, the term "treat" or "treatment" means to treat or cure a disease or medical condition in a patient, e.g., a mammal (particularly a human), which can include, for example, ameliorating a disease or medical condition, such as eliminating or causing regression of the disease or medical condition in the patient; It includes inhibiting, by slowing or halting the onset of a medical condition, or alleviating the symptoms of a disease or medical condition in a patient. In one embodiment, prophylactic treatment may prevent the occurrence of a disease or medical condition in a subject.

[0321] "Patient" refers to human and non-human subjects, particularly mammalian subjects.

[0322] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the terms "prevent," "preventing," and "prevention" refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence, or spread of a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms thereof. The term encompasses the inhibition or reduction of symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. Subjects with a family history of a disease, disorder, or condition are particularly, in certain embodiments, candidates for a preventative regimen. Additionally, subjects with a history of recurrent symptoms are also potential candidates for prevention. In this regard, the term "prevention" may be used interchangeably with the term "prophylactic treatment."

[0323] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms "manage," "managing," and "management" refer to preventing or slowing the progression, spread, or worsening of a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms thereof. Often, the beneficial effects a subject derives from a prophylactic and / or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disease, disorder, or condition. In this regard, the term "managing" encompasses treating a subject afflicted with a particular disease, disorder, or condition in an effort to prevent or minimize the recurrence of the disease, disorder, or condition.

[0324] "Pharmaceutically effective amount" and "therapeutically effective amount" refer to that amount of a compound sufficient to treat a particular disorder or disease, or one or more symptoms thereof, and / or prevent the disease or disorder from occurring.

[0325] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a "prophylactically effective amount" of an active agent is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease, disorder, or condition, or to prevent its recurrence. The term "prophylactically effective amount" can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic effect of another prophylactic agent.

[0326] The term "neurologically toxic spike" is used herein to describe a spike in the concentration of any compound described herein that would result in side effects such as sedation or psychotomimetic effects such as hallucinations, dizziness, and nausea, which not only have an immediate effect but also affect treatment compliance. In particular, side effects may be more pronounced at blood concentration levels above about 300 ng / L (e.g., about 300, 400, 500, 600, or more ng / L).

[0327] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a "neuropsychiatric disease or disorder" refers to a behavioral or psychological problem associated with a known neurological condition, typically defined as a group of coexisting symptoms. Examples of neuropsychiatric disorders include, but are not limited to, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and manic depression, depression, or any combination thereof.

[0328] As used herein, "inflammatory condition" or "inflammatory disease" refers broadly to chronic or acute inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory conditions and diseases include, but are not limited to, rheumatic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis), spondyloarthropathies (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome), crystal arthropathies (e.g., gout, pseudogout, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease), multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, polymyalgia rheumatica, and inflammatory bowel disease. These conditions include vascular diseases including mixed tissue diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome), vasculitis (e.g., polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome), inflammatory conditions including those resulting from trauma or ischemia, sarcoidosis, atherosclerosis, and vascular occlusive diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease), and vascular stent restenosis, and ophthalmic diseases including uveitis, corneal disease, iritis, iridocyclitis, and cataracts.

[0329] As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used throughout this description and the claims that follow, the meaning of "a," "an," and "the" includes plural reference as well as singular reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term "about" in connection with a numerical value means that the value varies above or below 5%. For example, a value of about 100 means 95 to 105 (or any value between 95 and 105).

[0330] compound

[0331] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (I), or optically pure stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein X1 and X2 are deuterium, and Y1 and Y2 are deuterium. [ka]

[0332] In some embodiments, R is [ka] is.

[0333] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0334] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0335] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0336] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0337] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, then R9 and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0338] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R9 is hydrogen or deuterium, then R9 and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0339] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 and R9 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, ... 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0340] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0341] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0342] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ia), or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X1 and X2 are deuterium, and Y1 and Y2 are deuterium: [ka]

[0343] In some embodiments, R is [ka] is.

[0344] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0345] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0346] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0347] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0348] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, then R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0349] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R9 is hydrogen or deuterium, R9 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0350] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R9 is not unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, then R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0351] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0352] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0353] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ib), or optically pure stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein X1 and X2 are deuterium, and Y1 and Y2 are deuterium: [ka]

[0354] In some embodiments, R is [ka] is.

[0355] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0356] In some embodiments, R4 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted. The alkyl group is selected from substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0357] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0358] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0359] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, then R9 and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0360] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, if R9 is hydrogen or deuterium, then R9 and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0361] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 and R9 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, ... 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0362] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0363] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0364] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ic) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0365] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0366] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0367] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0368] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0369] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0370] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0371] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Id) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0372] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0373] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0374] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0375] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0376] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0377] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0378] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ie) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0379] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0380] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0381] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0382] In some embodiments, if R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, then R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl ...aryl, unsubstituted or substituted and preferably selected from substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0383] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0384] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0385] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (If) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0386] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0387] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0388] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0389] In some embodiments, if R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, then R9 and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0390] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0391] In some embodiments, "substituted" refers to partial or complete substitution with deuterium. where, for example, substituted alkyl is partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0392] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ig) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0393] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0394] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0395] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0396] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0397] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0398] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0399] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ih) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0400] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0401] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0402] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0403] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0404] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0405] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0406] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ii) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0407] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0408] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0409] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0410] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0411] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0412] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0413] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ij) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0414] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0415] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0416] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0417] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0418] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0419] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0420] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (Ik) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0421] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0422] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0423] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0424] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0425] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0426] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0427] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II), or optically pure stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein X1 and X2 are deuterium, and Y1 and Y2 are hydrogen. [ka]

[0428] In some embodiments, R is [ka] is.

[0429] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0430] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0431] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0432] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0433] In some embodiments, R and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0434] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0435] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0436] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-a), or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X and X are deuterium, Y and Y are hydrogen, and R is [ka] is.

[0437] [ka]

[0438] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0439] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0440] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0441] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0442] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0443] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0444] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0445] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-b), or optically pure stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein X and X are deuterium, Y and Y are hydrogen, and R is [ka] is.

[0446] [ka]

[0447] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0448] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0449] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0450] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0451] In some embodiments, R and R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0452] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0453] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0454] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-c), or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein X and X are deuterium, Y and Y are hydrogen, and R is [ka] is.

[0455] [ka]

[0456] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0457] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0458] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0459] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. 10 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. 10 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0460] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0461] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0462] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0463] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0464] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0465] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0466] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted The alkyl group is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0467] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0468] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0469] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof:

[0470] [ka]

[0471] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0472] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0473] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0474] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0475] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0476] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0477] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0478] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0479] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0480] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0481] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0482] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0483] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0484] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0485] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0486] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0487] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0488] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0489] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0490] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0491] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0492] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0493] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0494] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0495] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0496] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0497] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0498] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0499] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0500] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0501] In some embodiments, R9 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0502] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0503] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0504] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (II-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0505] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0506] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0507] In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, R8 is a partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0508] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl. substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0509] In some embodiments, the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0510] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0511] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0512] In some embodiments, X1 and X2 are deuterium.

[0513] In some embodiments, Y 1 and Y 2 are hydrogen or deuterium.

[0514] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0515] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0516] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0517] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0518] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl. In some embodiments, R8 is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0519] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully substituted. It is a fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0520] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl and R2, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, and when R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0521] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is hydrogen.

[0522] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is deuterium.

[0523] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0524] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0525] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0526] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) is according to Formula (III-a), Formula (III-b), Formula (III-c), Formula (III-d), Formula (III-e), Formula (III-f), Formula (III-g), Formula (III-h), Formula (III-i), Formula (III-j), Formula (III-k), Formula (III-l), Formula (III-m), Formula (III-n), Formula (III-o), Formula (III-p), Formula (III-q), Formula (III-r), Formula (III-s), Formula (III-t), Formula (III-u), Formula (III-v), as described below.

[0527] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-a) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0528] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0529] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0530] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0531] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0532] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0533] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0534] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl and R2, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, and when R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0535] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is hydrogen or deuterium.

[0536] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0537] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0538] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0539] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-b) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0540] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0541] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0542] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0543] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0544] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0545] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0546] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0547] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0548] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-c) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0549] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0550] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen. do.

[0551] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0552] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0553] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0554] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0555] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0556] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-d) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0557] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0558] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0559] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0560] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0561] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both -CD3.

[0562] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen.

[0563] In some embodiments, R9 is deuterium.

[0564] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0565] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0566] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0567] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-e) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0568] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0569] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0570] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0571] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0572] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0573] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0574] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0575] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-f) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0576] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0577] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0578] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0579] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0580] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0581] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0582] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0583] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-g) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0584] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0585] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0586] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0587] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0588] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0589] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0590] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0591] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-h) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0592] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0593] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0594] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0595] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0596] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0597] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0598] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0599] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-i) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0600] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0601] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0602] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0603] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0604] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0605] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0606] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0607] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-j) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0608] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0609] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0610] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0611] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0612] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0613] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0614] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0615] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-k) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0616] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl;

[0617] In some embodiments, R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted acetoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0618] In some embodiments, R5 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, hydroxyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, and phosphoryloxy.

[0619] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0620] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0621] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0622] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl and R2, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both -CD3, and when R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0623] In some embodiments, when R4 is hydroxyl, R9 is hydrogen or deuterium.

[0624] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0625] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0626] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, e.g., a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy.

[0627] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-1) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0628] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0629] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0630] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0631] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0632] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted methyl.

[0633] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0634] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0635] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0636] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-m) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0637] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0638] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0639] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0640] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0641] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0642] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0643] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0644] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-n) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0645] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0646] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0647] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0648] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0649] In some embodiments, when R2, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R8 and R9 are not both -CD3.

[0650] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen.

[0651] In some embodiments, R9 is deuterium.

[0652] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0653] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0654] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0655] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-o) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0656] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0657] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0658] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0659] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0660] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0661] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0662] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0663] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-p) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0664] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0665] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0666] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0667] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0668] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0669] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0670] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0671] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-q) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0672] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0673] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0674] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0675] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0676] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0677] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0678] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0679] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-r) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0680] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0681] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen;

[0682] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0683] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0684] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0685] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0686] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0687] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-s) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0688] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0689] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0690] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0691] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0692] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0693] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0694] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0695] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-t) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0696] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0697] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0698] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0699] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0700] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0701] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0702] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0703] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-u) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0704] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0705] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0706] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0707] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0708] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0709] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0710] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0711] Disclosed herein are compounds according to formula (III-v) or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof: [ka]

[0712] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.

[0713] In some embodiments, R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halogen.

[0714] In some embodiments, R8 is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0715] In some embodiments, R9 is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0716] In some embodiments, R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, and unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

[0717] In some embodiments, R8 and R9 are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

[0718] In some embodiments, "substituted" means partially or fully substituted with deuterium, for example, a substituted alkyl is a partially or fully deuterated alkyl.

[0719] In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the following: [ka] [ka] [ka] [ka]

[0720] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure: [ka]

[0721] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein have R, R, R, R, R, R, and R that are deuterium or are substituted with deuterium. 10 The present invention has at least one of the following:

[0722] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein have at least one of R2, R4, R5, R6, and R7 being deuterium or substituted with deuterium.

[0723] In some embodiments, R2 in the compounds described herein is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0724] In some embodiments, R4 in the compounds described herein is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0725] In some embodiments, R5 in the compounds described herein is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0726] In some embodiments, R6 in the compounds described herein is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0727] In some embodiments, R7 in the compounds described herein is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0728] In some embodiments, R9 in the compounds described herein is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0729] In some embodiments, R of the compounds described herein 10 is deuterium or is substituted with deuterium.

[0730] In some embodiments, R6 and / or R7 of the compounds described herein are halogen.

[0731] In some embodiments, R4 and / or R5 of the compounds described herein are deuterium or are substituted with deuterium.

[0732] In some embodiments, the compound is an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor.

[0733] In some embodiments, the compound is serotonin 5-HT 2A It may be an agonist of the receptor.

[0734] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the novel compounds described herein with selective deuteration, such as in the exocyclic moiety, allow for a significant delay in enzymatic degradation and an increased blood / brain ratio due to improved exposure (i.e., prevention of high drug concentration (spike) observed acutely after administration), resulting in improved oral bioavailability. Some compounds described herein provide similar benefits through selective deuteration of the phenyl ring.

[0735] Also disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

[0736] A "pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle" may be a vehicle approved by a federal or state regulatory agency or listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in mammals, such as humans. The term "vehicle" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier in which the compounds of the present disclosure are formulated for administration to a mammal. Such pharmaceutical vehicles may be liquids such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc. Pharmaceutical vehicles may be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances, stabilizers, thickeners, lubricants, and coloring agents may be used.

[0737] When administered to mammals, the compounds and compositions of the present disclosure, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, excipients, or diluents, may be sterile. In some instances, when the subject compounds are administered intravenously, water, saline, and aqueous dextrose and glycerol may be used. An aqueous medium such as roll solution is used as the vehicle.

[0738] The pharmaceutical composition can take the form of capsules, tablets, pills, pellets, lozenges, powders, granules, syrup, elixir, solution, suspension, emulsion, suppository, or sustained release formulations thereof, or any other form suitable for administration to mammals. In some cases, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for oral or intravenous administration to humans. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical vehicles and methods for their formulation are found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Mack Publishing Co. Easton, Pa., 19th ed., 1995, Chapters 86, 87, 88, 91, and 92, which are incorporated herein by reference. The choice of excipient will be determined in part by the particular compound, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the subject pharmaceutical compositions.

[0739] The administration of the subject compound can be systemic or local. In some embodiments, administration to a mammal results in the systemic release (e.g., into the bloodstream) of the compound of the present disclosure. The administration method can include enteral routes such as oral, buccal, sublingual, and rectal, topical administration such as transdermal and intradermal, administration by inhalation, for example, via a nebulizer or inhaler, and parenteral administration.

[0740] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a compound disclosed herein with a purity of at least 50% by weight of the total amount of isotopologues of the formula present. In some embodiments, any position in the compound that has deuterium has a minimum deuterium incorporation of at least 45% with deuterium. In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of other isotopologues of the compound.

[0741] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a water-insoluble, neutrally charged non-ionic matrix, and (ii) a polymer bearing one or more negatively charged groups.

[0742] In some embodiments, the nonionic matrix is ​​selected from a cellulosic polymer such as HPMC, alone or reinforced by blending with components such as starch, wax, neutral gum, polymethacrylate, PVA, PVA / PVP blends, or mixtures thereof, hi some embodiments, the cellulosic polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

[0743] In some embodiments, the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylate, a cation exchange resin, a clay, a zeolite, hyaluronic acid, an anionic gum, a salt thereof, or a mixture thereof.

[0744] In some embodiments, the anionic gum is a natural or semi-synthetic material. In some embodiments, the natural material is alginic acid, pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gum karaya, guar gum, gum tragacanth, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the semi-synthetic material is carboxymethyl-chitin, cellulose gum, or a mixture thereof.

[0745] In some embodiments, a modified-release oral formulation is provided, which can be constructed using either deuterated or non-deuterated tryptamine, for low-dose maintenance therapy, taking advantage of tryptamine's ability to bind to anionic polymers.

[0746] Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared and administered in a wide variety of dosage forms. The described compounds can be administered orally, rectally, by inhalation, or by injection (e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly, intradermally, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally).

[0747] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds described herein, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid.Solid form preparations include powder, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories and dispersible granules.Solid carriers can also be one or more substances that can function as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents or encapsulating materials.

[0748] In powders, the carrier may be a finely divided solid in admixture with the finely divided active ingredient. In tablets, the active ingredient may be mixed with a carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

[0749] Powders and tablets may contain about 5% to about 70% of the active compound. Suitable carriers include magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term "preparation" is intended to include and is therefore associated with formulations of the active compound with an encapsulating material as a carrier, providing a capsule in which the active ingredient, with or without other carriers, is surrounded by the carrier. Cachettes and lozenges are also included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

[0750] For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby solidify.

[0751] Liquid form preparations include, for example, solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, such as water or water / propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

[0752] Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in water and adding suitable colorants, flavorings, stabilizers and thickeners as desired. Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active ingredient in water using viscous materials such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and other well-known suspending agents.

[0753] Also included are solid form preparations intended to be converted immediately before use into liquid form preparations for oral administration.Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.These preparations may contain, in addition to the active ingredient, colorants, flavorings, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizers, etc.

[0754] Pharmaceutical preparations can be in unit dosage form.In this form, the preparation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate amounts of active ingredients.Unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, for example, a package containing individual amounts of preparations, such as packets of tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.Also, unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or any suitable number of these in package form.

[0755] The amount of active ingredient in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.001 mg to about 10 mg (e.g., about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 mg or more), or any range from about 0.001 to about 10.0 mg (e.g., about 0.0001 to about 0.1, about 0.1 to 1.0, about 0.0005 to 0.5, or about 0.01 to about 2.0 mg) according to the particular application and the potency of the active ingredient. The composition can also contain other compatible therapeutic agents, if desired.

[0756] Some compounds have limited solubility in water and therefore may require a surfactant or other suitable cosolvent in the composition. Such cosolvents include polysorbates 20, 60, and 80, Pluronic F-68, F-84, and P-103, cyclodextrin, and polyoxyl 35 castor oil. Such cosolvents are typically used at levels of about 0.01% to about 2% by weight. A viscosity greater than that of a simple aqueous solution may be desirable to reduce variability in dispensing the formulation, reduce physical separation of components of a suspension or emulsion formulation, and / or otherwise improve formulation. Examples of such viscosity-building agents include polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, chondroitin sulfate and its salts, hyaluronic acid and its salts, and combinations of the foregoing. Such agents are typically used at levels of about 0.01% to about 2% by weight.

[0757] The pharmaceutical compositions may additionally contain components to provide sustained release and / or sustained comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucus-mimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides, and finely divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,911,920, 5,403,841, 5,212,162, and 4,861,760, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

[0758] The pharmaceutical composition may be intended for intravenous use.The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may include a buffering agent to adjust the pH to a desired range for intravenous use.Many buffering agents are known, including salts of inorganic acids such as phosphates, borates, and sulfates.

[0759] Pharmaceutical compositions may comprise compositions wherein the active ingredient is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated.

[0760] The dose and frequency (single or multiple doses) of the compound administered can vary depending on a variety of factors, including the route of administration, the size, age, sex, health, weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms of the disease being treated, the presence of other diseases or other health problems, the type of concomitant therapy, and complications from any disease or treatment regimen. Other treatment regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds disclosed herein.

[0761] The therapeutically effective amount for human use can be determined from animal model.For example, the dosage for human can be formulated to achieve the concentration that has been found to be effective in animals.The dosage for human can be adjusted by monitoring the response to the treatment of constipation or dry eye, and adjust dosage upward or downward as described above.

[0762] Dosages may vary depending on the requirements of the subject and the compound used. In the context of a pharmaceutical composition, the dose administered to a subject should be sufficient to produce a beneficial therapeutic response in the subject over time. The size of the dose will also be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of adverse side effects. Generally, treatment is initiated with a lower dose that is less than the optimal dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dose is increased by small increments until the optimal effect under the circumstances is reached.

[0763] Dosage amount and interval can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound that are effective for the particular clinical indication being treated, thereby providing a treatment regimen commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

[0764] Utilizing the teachings provided herein, one can design an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen that does not cause substantial toxicity and is fully effective in treating the clinical symptoms exhibited by a particular patient. This plan should include careful selection of an active compound by considering factors such as the potency of the compound, relative bioavailability, the patient's weight, the presence and severity of adverse side effects, the preferred mode of administration, and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

[0765] Also disclosed are methods of treating a subject having a disease or disorder, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.

[0766] Also disclosed are methods of treating a subject having a disease or disorder, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein.

[0767] Also disclosed is a method for treating a subject having a disease or disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure: [ka]

[0768] In some embodiments, administration of the disclosed methods is by oral, sublingual, buccal, parenteral, topical, nasal, inhalation, or injectable routes.

[0769] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including dysphagia, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, obesity, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is alcohol use disorder.

[0770] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a condition of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

[0771] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a pulmonary disorder, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

[0772] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cardiovascular disorder, including atherosclerosis.

[0773] Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject having an alcohol use disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the following structure: [ka]

[0774] formulation Also disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions formulated for oral administration, such as pills (e.g., tablets, capsules, caplets, troches, lozenges, cachets, gelcaps, caps, pellets, boluses, pastilles, orally disintegrating tablets, sublingual tablets, and buccal tablets), which have reduced neurological adverse effects compared to existing oral formulations, and monolayer tablet compositions comprising a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, or psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to ensure a steady release of therapeutically effective concentrations of the tryptamine derivatives described herein from the oral pharmaceutical composition without analgesic or psychotomimetic toxicity spikes in the plasma concentration of any of the compounds described herein (tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). Such spikes in plasma concentrations have well-documented severe psychotomimetic side effects, including, but not limited to, hallucinations, dizziness, and nausea, which not only have an immediate effect but also adversely affect treatment compliance. In this regard, the present disclosure provides novel and original formulations for oral administration, comprising optimal matrices discovered for the prolonged, steady-state release of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with reduced analgesic and psychotomimetic side effects.

[0775] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., a monolayer tablet composition formulated for oral administration) The tablet composition comprises a compound described herein (tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure: [ka]

[0776] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet composition is a modified release tablet adapted for sustained release, eg, maximum sustained release.

[0777] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet composition is adapted for tamper resistance. In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO) having a MW of about 2,000 to about 7,000 KDa, for example, in combination with HPMC. In some embodiments, the tablet composition may further comprise polyethylene glycol (PEG), for example, PEG8K. In some embodiments, the tablet composition may further comprise a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups, for example, polyacrylic acid. In certain embodiments, the tablet composition comprising PEO is further subjected to heating / annealing, for example, under extrusion conditions.

[0778] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a combination of (i) a water-insoluble, neutrally charged non-ionic matrix, (ii) a polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups, and (iii) a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0779] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylate, cation exchange resin, clay, zeolite, hyaluronic acid, anionic gum, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the anionic gum is a natural material, a semi-synthetic material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the natural material is alginic acid, pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gum arabic, gum karaya, guar gum, gum tragacanth, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the semi-synthetic material is carboxymethyl-chitin, cellulose gum, or a combination thereof.

[0780] Furthermore, without intending to be bound by theory, in some embodiments, the role of polymers bearing one or more negatively charged groups, e.g., acidic polymers described herein, possessing moieties of acidic nature, surprisingly results in significant retention in the matrix of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, this negative charge is due to, for example, the release of a proton due to a pKa. and can be generated in situ under specific pH conditions or through electrostatic interactions / negative charge generation. Furthermore, it is noted that the acidic polymer can be a salt of a corresponding weak acid that becomes the relevant protonated acid in the stomach; without intending to be bound by theory, this may neutralize the charge and reduce the interaction of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with the matrix. Furthermore, the release matrix may be further supplemented with other inert pharmaceutical ingredients to aid in the preparation of a suitable solid dosage form, such as fillers, disintegrants, flow improvers, lubricants, colorants, and taste-masking agents.

[0781] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet composition is adapted for tamper resistance. In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO), e.g., having a MW of about 2,000 to about 7,000 kDa. In certain embodiments, the tablet composition comprising PEO is further subjected to heating / annealing, e.g., extrusion.

[0782] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the nonionic matrix is ​​selected from a cellulosic polymer such as HPMC alone or reinforced by mixing with components such as starch, wax, neutral gum, polymethacrylate, PVA, PVA / PVP blends, or mixtures thereof.

[0783] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the cellulosic polymer is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises about 20-60% by weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, about 10-30% by weight of starch, or any combination thereof.

[0784] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for the treatment of pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is cancer pain, e.g., intractable cancer pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is post-operative pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is orthopedic pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is back pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is neuropathic pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is dental pain. In some embodiments, the pain being treated is chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients.

[0785] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for the treatment of depression.

[0786] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for the treatment of brain injury.

[0787] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for the treatment of stroke.

[0788] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein, for example, for use in migraine with aura.

[0789] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in refractory asthma.

[0790] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating alcoholism.

[0791] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

[0792] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating depression (e.g., treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or bipolar disorder).

[0793] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating major depressive disorder (MDD).

[0794] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder).

[0795] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating schizophrenia.

[0796] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating bipolar disorder.

[0797] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating suicidal tendencies or suicidal ideation.

[0798] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating autism.

[0799] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating diabetic neuropathy.

[0800] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating neuropathic pain.

[0801] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating acute pain (eg, acute traumatic pain).

[0802] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating chronic pain.

[0803] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

[0804] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating and regulating pseudobulbar effect or ocular function.

[0805] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating Alzheimer's disease or a condition associated with Alzheimer's disease (e.g., Alzheimer's dementia or Alzheimer's agitation).

[0806] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating tinnitus.

[0807] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor.

[0808] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including alcohol use disorder, substance use disorders including amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset dysphagia, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, obesity, or a combination thereof.

[0809] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a condition of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

[0810] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a pulmonary disorder, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

[0811] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cardiovascular disorder, including atherosclerosis.

[0812] Depression, anxiety, or stress may be common in patients with chronic and / or life-threatening diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis), cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV / AIDS, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress may occur after the diagnosis of the disease or illness. Patients who experience depression, anxiety, or stress concurrently with other medical diseases or illnesses may have more severe symptoms of both, and the illness and depression, anxiety, or stress may persist even if the patient's physical health improves. The compounds and formulations described herein can be used to treat depression associated with chronic or life-threatening diseases or illnesses.

[0813] In some embodiments, the tablet composition comprises an amount of any of the compounds described herein released from the matrix at a rate of 0.05 to 2 mg / kg / h over a period of 12 to 24 hours, e.g., 24 hours.

[0814] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the compositions provide a combined concentration of DMT, a tryptamine derivative such as 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in plasma of about 10 to 500 ng / ml (e.g., about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 ng / ml or more (or, e.g., about 100 to about 300 ng / ml, about 250 to about 450 ng / ml, or about 50 to about 400 ng / ml). In some embodiments, the compositions achieve a combined plasma concentration of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and tryptamine derivatives such as psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the range of about 10 to about 500 ng / ml, and maintain this concentration for the duration of the release period. In some embodiments, the compositions achieve a combined plasma concentration of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and tryptamine derivatives such as psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the range of about 10 to about 300 ng / ml, and maintain this concentration for the duration of the release period. In some embodiments, the compositions achieve a combined plasma concentration of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and tryptamine derivatives such as psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the range of about 10 to about 100 ng / ml, or about 50 to about 100 ng / ml. In some embodiments, the compositions achieve a combined concentration of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in plasma within the range of about 10-20 ng / ml, and maintain this concentration throughout the release period.

[0815] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is 4 hours or less, 3 hours or less, 2 hours or less, or 1 hour or less.

[0816] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is greater than 4 hours.

[0817] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is greater than about 8 hours.

[0818] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is greater than about 12 hours.

[0819] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is greater than about 16 hours.

[0820] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is greater than about 20 hours.

[0821] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is about 24 hours or longer.

[0822] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is about 28 hours or longer.

[0823] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is about 32 hours or longer.

[0824] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is about 36 hours or longer.

[0825] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or compounds described herein, in the formulations of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the release period is less than about 48 hours.

[0826] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the release period of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the formulations of the present disclosure is less than about 36 hours.

[0827] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet compositions of the present disclosure are utilized as twice-daily (BID), three-times-daily (TID), or four-times-daily (QID) applications.

[0828] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet compositions of the present disclosure are utilized for once-daily (QD) use.

[0829] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet compositions of the present disclosure are utilized for nighttime (QHS) use.

[0830] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet compositions of the present disclosure are utilized for as-needed (PRN) use.

[0831] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, oral pharmaceutical compositions are enhanced. In some embodiments, due to the efficiency of administration, the formulations can utilize smaller amounts of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, for treatment to achieve the same effect as a comparable oral tablet not described by the present disclosure.

[0832] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an oral administration event providing an appropriate single unit dose may include one single tablet or multiple tablets.

[0833] Additionally, various types of enteric coatings may be used in some embodiments to protect the tablet from the acidic environment in the stomach and maintain extended release.

[0834] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the monolayer tablet or caplet is coated with a protective layer of an inert pharmaceutical ingredient to form a modified release formulation, e.g., to ensure a steady release of the drug from the matrix and avoid concentration bursts at the point of premature release.

[0835] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide formulations of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as modified release formulations that ensure a steady release of therapeutically effective concentrations of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, from such oral modified release formulations without analgesic or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in the plasma concentration of any compound described herein (e.g., tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof). The formulations include tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and are formulated in osmotic controlled release pharmaceutical compositions, such as tablets, caplets, or granules. In these formulations, a single core layer containing tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g., as defined by other tablet formulations described herein) is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with or without a drug delivery orifice. Without intending to be bound by theory, these systems are believed to be effective in controlling the delivery of active ingredients. Because it uses water osmolality for delivery, the delivery rate is expected to be independent of gastrointestinal conditions. In combination with the novel and inventive aspects of the present disclosure, osmotic asymmetric membrane technology or AMT (e.g., a technology directed to monolayer tablets, caplets, or granules coated with an insoluble, asymmetric microporous membrane produced by controlled phase separation) can be used to create formulations useful in the methods of treatment and kits described herein.

[0836] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the counterions are selected so as not to significantly affect the formulation of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or to have the desired therapeutic effect described herein, i.e., similar steady-state release (e.g., symptom-based) of therapeutically effective concentrations from an oral pharmaceutical composition such as a tablet, caplet, capsule, gelcap, cap, or granule, and to have the desired therapeutic effect described herein, i.e., similar steady-state release (e.g., symptom-based) of therapeutically effective concentrations from an oral pharmaceutical composition such as a tablet, caplet, capsule, gelcap, cap, or granule, and to have the desired therapeutic effect described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, tryptamine derivatives such as psilocybin, psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be formulated as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such as a hydrochloride, aspartate, succinate, etc., so as not to significantly affect the ability of the tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to achieve analgesia or psychotomimetic toxicity without spikes in the concentration of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Exemplary salts within this range include, but are not limited to, salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid; organic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and other mineral and carboxylic acids known to those skilled in the art. Additional examples include salts with inorganic cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, aluminum, zinc, and the like, and salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkylamines, hydroxyalkylamines, lysine, arginine, N-methylglucamine, procaine, and the like. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt.

[0837] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide kits for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as an orally administered pharmaceutical composition such as a pill, of any one of the formulations described herein comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use for the treatment, prevention, or management of a disease, disorder, or condition, such as pain, described herein.

[0838] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated is cancer pain, for example, intractable cancer pain.

[0839] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain treated is post-operative pain.

[0840] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain treated is orthopedic pain.

[0841] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain treated is back pain.

[0842] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain treated is neuropathic pain.

[0843] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain treated is dental pain.

[0844] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain treated is chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients.

[0845] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor-related disease or disorder.

[0846] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation or behavior, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar and related disorders including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including alcohol use disorder, substance use disorders including amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, cocaine use disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset dysphagia, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, obesity, or a combination thereof.

[0847] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a condition of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

[0848] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a pulmonary disorder, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

[0849] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cardiovascular disorder, including atherosclerosis.

[0850] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide kits for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition of an orally administered tablet, such as a pill, of any one of the formulations herein comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in treating brain injury.

[0851] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide kits for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition of an orally administered tablet, such as a pill, of any one of the formulations herein comprising DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in treating depression.

[0852] Some embodiments of the present disclosure include pharmaceutical compositions, such as a pharmaceutical composition of an orally administered tablet, such as a pill, of any one of the formulations herein comprising tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Kits for treating a subject with either compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use, for example, in treating migraine with aura, are provided.

[0853] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide kits for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition of an orally administered tablet, such as a pill, of any one of the formulations herein comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in treating refractory asthma.

[0854] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide kits for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition of an orally administered tablet, such as a pill, of any one of the formulations herein comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in treating stroke.

[0855] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide kits for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising a pharmaceutical composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition of an orally administered tablet, such as a pill, of any one of the formulations herein comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for use in treating alcoholism.

[0856] In some embodiments, the instructions for use form an integral component of the packaging for the tablet composition.

[0857] In embodiments, the disclosure features an oral, modified-release pharmaceutical composition for oral administration to a subject to treat the subject diagnosed with, suffering from, or susceptible to a disease, disorder, or condition, such as for which tryptamine treatment may be indicated, considered, or recommended, wherein the subject is in need of treatment with the oral, modified-release pharmaceutical composition, the oral, modified-release pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a pharmaceutical agent comprising a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount effective to treat, prevent, and / or manage a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; Upon oral administration of the modified release pharmaceutical composition to a subject, a steady release of the drug is maintained from the modified release pharmaceutical composition such that no neurotoxic spikes occur in the subject's plasma during the period of release of the drug from the pharmaceutical composition.

[0858] General tablet formulations Formulations of the present disclosure include orally administered pharmaceutical compositions such as tablets, capsules, caplets, gelcaps, and cap compositions, which may include uncoated or coated tablets, caplets, and caps, including film-coated tablets, sugar-coated tablets, and gastro-resistant / enteric-coated tablets. Oral pharmaceutical compositions for oral use may contain additives such as diluents, disintegrants, binders, and surfactants. The active ingredient may include a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients such as lubricants, powder flow improvers, wetting agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloring agents, and preservatives. Furthermore, the oral pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure is a solid dosage form intended for oral administration, obtained, for example, by dry granulation, by single or multiple compression of powder or granules. In some embodiments, the oral pharmaceutical composition may be obtained using a wet granulation technique. In some embodiments, the oral pharmaceutical composition may be obtained by molding, heating / annealing, or extrusion techniques.

[0859] In some embodiments, the oral tablets are right cylindrical, with flat or convex end faces, and the ends may be beveled. In some embodiments, the surfaces are convex. Furthermore, they may have lines or break marks (scores), symbols, or other marks.

[0860] In some embodiments, the break marks are intended to allow for accurate subdivision of the tablet to provide sub-tablet doses. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tablet composition comprises one or more excipients, such as diluents, binders, disintegrants, glidants, lubricants, substances capable of modifying the dosage form and the action of the active ingredient in the gastrointestinal tract, coloring substances approved by the appropriate national or regional authorities, and flavoring substances. When such excipients are used, it must be ensured that they do not adversely affect the stability, dissolution rate, bioavailability, safety, or efficacy of the active ingredient, and there must be no incompatibilities between the components of the dosage form.

[0861] Coated tablets are tablets covered with one or more layers of a mixture of substances such as natural or synthetic resins, polymers, rubbers, fillers, sugars, plasticizers, polyols, waxes, coloring materials approved by appropriate national or regional authorities, and flavoring materials. Such coating materials do not contain any active ingredients, such as tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Tablets may be coated for various reasons, such as to protect the active ingredient from burst release from the matrix, air, moisture, or light, to mask unpleasant tastes and odors, or to improve appearance. The coating material may be applied as a solution or suspension.

[0862] In some embodiments, the manufacturing process for oral pharmaceutical compositions, such as tablets, meets the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). In some embodiments, in the manufacture of oral pharmaceutical compositions, one or more measures selected from the following are taken: ensuring that blending with excipients is carried out in a manner that ensures homogeneity; ensuring that the oral pharmaceutical composition has adequate mechanical strength to avoid crushing or destruction during subsequent processing, such as coating, storage, and distribution; minimizing degradation of the active ingredient; minimizing the risk of microbial contamination; and minimizing the risk of cross-contamination. Furthermore, in the manufacture of divided tablets (tablets with a division mark or multiple marks) that are intended to be divided to provide sub-tablet doses, measures are taken as necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the division mark on the uniformity of the mass or content of the divided components so that patients receive the intended dose.

[0863] Generally, suitable doses are in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 mg per kilogram of recipient body weight per day, such as, for example, in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. Additional details regarding formulation and administration techniques are well-described in the scientific and patent literature. See, for example, the latest issue of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maack Publishing Co., Easton Pa. ("Remington's"). After the pharmaceutical composition has been formulated into an acceptable carrier, it can be placed in an appropriate container and administered for treatment of the indicated condition. For administration of a formulation comprising any compound described herein (tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such labeling would include instructions regarding, for example, amount, frequency, method of administration, treatment regimen, and symptoms.

[0864] Monograph Compliance

[0865] In some embodiments, the formulations of the present disclosure conform to certain industry-recognized monographs to provide compliance with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In particular, the formulations of the present disclosure conform and are deemed acceptable under visual inspection, mass uniformity analysis, content uniformity analysis, and / or dissolution / disintegration analysis, all of which are established by the relevant monographs.

[0866] In some embodiments, certain procedures are verified and monitored throughout manufacturing by implementing appropriate in-process controls. These are designed to ensure the effectiveness of each stage of manufacturing. In-process controls during tablet manufacturing may include the moisture content of the final lubricant mixture, the size of the granules, the flow of the final mixture, and, if relevant, the uniformity of the tablet core mass before coating. In-process controls during tablet manufacturing may also include the dimensions (thickness, diameter), mass uniformity, hardness and / or crushing force, friability, disintegration, or dissolution rate (e.g., for modified-release tablets) of the final dosage form. Suitable test methods that can be used to demonstrate these properties are known in the art.

[0867] In some embodiments, packaging may or is required to be suitable to protect the pharmaceutical composition, including the tablet, from light, moisture, and damage during transport.

[0868] In additional embodiments, the commercially available formulations (e.g., kits) comply with labeling requirements set forth in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Such labeling includes the following: (1) Name of the drug (2) Name of the active ingredient. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) must be used whenever possible. (3) The amount of active ingredient in each tablet and the number of tablets in the container (4) Batch (lot) number assigned by the manufacturer (5) Expiration date and, if necessary, manufacturing date (6) Any special storage conditions or handling precautions that may be required. (7) Any instructions for use, warnings, and precautions that may be required. (8) The name and address of the manufacturer or person responsible for marketing the product. (9) For divided tablets where the directions for use include divisions providing less than a single dose, the labeling must also include the storage conditions and period of use for those divided parts that are not immediately taken or administered.

[0869] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition such as a tablet can withstand handling, including packaging and shipping, without losing its integrity.

[0870] The formulations of the present disclosure can be used in the methods of the present disclosure, such as the therapeutic methods of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure relates to methods of using the formulations or compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) of the present disclosure, comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such as for the treatment of pain. Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides for the management of different types of pain, including intractable cancer pain, neuralgia, postoperative pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), e.g., migraine with aura, and depression, as described herein. , alcoholism, refractory asthma, epilepsy, acute brain injury and stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions involving oral administration of the formulations of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the use of the formulations of the present disclosure can be used as a sole therapy. In some embodiments, the use of the formulations of the present disclosure can be used as an adjuvant / combination therapy.

[0871] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides for the management of different types of pain, including, for example, cancer pain, such as intractable cancer pain, neuropathic pain, opioid-induced hyperalgesia and opioid-related tolerance, neuralgia, post-operative / surgical pain; Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), shock, limb amputation, severe chemical or thermal burns, sprains, ligament tears, fractures, wounds, and other tissue injuries; dental surgeries, procedures, and diseases. These conditions include, but are not limited to, labor and delivery, physical therapy, radiation poisoning, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), epidural (or epidural) fibrosis, orthopedic pain, back pain, failed back surgery and failed laminectomy, sciatica, sickle cell crisis with pain, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, intractable bladder pain, pain associated with certain viruses, such as shingles pain or herpes pain, acute nausea, e.g., pain that can cause nausea or abdominal pain often accompanied by severe nausea, e.g., migraine with aura, and other conditions, including depression (e.g., acute depression or chronic depression), depression with pain, alcoholism, acute agitation, intractable asthma, acute asthma (e.g., unrelated pain conditions can trigger asthma), epilepsy, acute brain injury and stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and other disorders. Additionally, the present disclosure includes the treatment / management of any combination of these types of pain or conditions.

[0872] In some embodiments, the pain being treated / managed is acute breakthrough pain or pain associated with wind-up that can occur in chronic pain states.

[0873] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is cancer pain, such as, for example, intractable cancer pain.

[0874] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is post-operative pain.

[0875] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is orthopedic pain.

[0876] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is back pain.

[0877] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is neuropathic pain.

[0878] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is dental pain.

[0879] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the condition being treated / managed is depression.

[0880] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pain being treated / managed is chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients.

[0881] In embodiments, the present disclosure relates to methods of treating a disease or condition by modulating NMDA activity, the methods comprising administering an effective amount of any compound described herein (e.g., a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein) to a subject in need thereof. In embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), tinnitus, treatment-resistant depression (TRD), major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, agitation due to or associated with Alzheimer's disease, pseudobulbar effect, autism, and ocular dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from: generalized anxiety disorder, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, diabetic neuropathy, acute pain, depression, bipolar depression, suicidality, neuropathic pain, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In embodiments, the disease or condition is a psychiatric or mental disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, mood disorder, substance-induced psychosis, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, bipolar depression (BDep), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal ideation, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In other embodiments, the disease or condition is a neurological disorder (e.g., Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)).

[0882] For example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a subject with tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising administering to a patient an orally administered tablet composition described in the present disclosure, such as a matrix composition, comprising tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such that the subject is treated.

[0883] The administering physician can provide a prophylactic or therapeutic method of treatment by adjusting the amount and timing of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, based on the observation of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition being treated.

[0884] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides for the production of tablet compositions, such as monolayer tablet compositions, that provide a steady release of therapeutically effective concentrations of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, from an oral tablet over the complete release period without analgesic or psychotomimetic toxic spikes in plasma concentrations of tryptamine derivatives, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. and a method of orally administering a tablet composition to a subject such that a continuous therapeutically effective concentration of a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided, such that the tablet composition provides a continuous therapeutically effective concentration of a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a tablet, such as a monolayer tablet, without neurologically toxic spikes of

[0885] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the subject is a mammal.

[0886] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the mammal is a human.

[0887] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of formulating tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to ensure a steady release of therapeutically effective concentrations of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, from an oral formulation without neurologically toxic spikes, such as toxic spikes of analgesia or psychotomimetic episodes, in the plasma concentration of the tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the methods include (i) preparing a water-insoluble medium containing DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to ensure a steady release of therapeutically effective concentrations of the tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, from an oral formulation without a neurologically toxic spike, such as a toxic spike in analgesia or psychotomimetic episodes, in the plasma concentration of the DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The method includes combining (i) a positively charged non-ionic matrix, (ii) a polymer bearing one or more negatively charged groups, and (iii) a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to produce, e.g., a monolayer, orally administered tablet composition. In some embodiments, the method includes combining (i) polyethylene oxide (PEO), e.g., about 2,000 to about 7,000 KDa MW, comprising HPMC, and (ii) a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to produce, e.g., a monolayer, orally administered tablet composition. In some embodiments, the method includes combining polyethylene oxide (PEO) containing HPMC with a tryptamine derivative, such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the tablet composition may further include a polymer bearing one or more negatively charged groups, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), e.g., PEG8K, or polyacrylic acid, and / or may further be subjected to heating / annealing, e.g., extrusion conditions. In some embodiments, the formulations of the present disclosure may be administered in combination with other active therapeutic agents, such as opioids, to reduce pain. In some embodiments, the formulations of the present disclosure help reduce the amount of opioid needed to treat a patient.

[0888] In some embodiments, the formulations of the present disclosure are not administered in combination with other active therapeutic agents.

[0889] In some embodiments, the formulations of the present disclosure may be administered in combination with another formulation of tryptamine or a derivative thereof, for example, an immediate release formulation of tryptamine or a derivative thereof.

[0890] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for formulating tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to ensure a steady release of therapeutically effective concentrations of tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, from oral formulations without toxic spikes in the plasma concentration of the tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, The methods include formulating tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, and psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, into osmotic controlled-release tablets. In these formulations, a single core layer containing a tryptamine derivative such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, or psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with or without a drug delivery orifice. In some embodiments, the combination of the novel and inventive pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure (tryptamine derivatives such as DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, psilocybin, or psilocin, or any of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and permeable asymmetric membrane technology or AMT (e.g., a technology directed to monolayer tablets coated with an insoluble, asymmetric microporous membrane produced by controlled phase separation) can be used to create formulations useful in the methods and kits described herein. [Example]

[0891] Example 1. Synthesis of PI-α,α-d2 The synthesis of PI-α,α-d2 was carried out by iminoformylation with formaldehyde / dimethylamine, followed by conversion to the 3-acetic acid derivative using potassium cyanide under acidic conditions. Starting with 4-oxybenzylindole, subsequent treatment with thionyl chloride and dimethylamine produces the related amide, which is reduced with LiAlD4, which inserts a deuterated methylene group at the α-position. In the final step, the -OBz ​​protecting group is removed with hydrogen gas over a palladium catalyst to produce the final compound. The product structure is 1 Confirmed by 1 H NMR and LC-MS. [ka]

[0892] Example 2. DMT-d 10 Synthesis of DMT-d 10 The synthesis of was initiated with an indole that was first acylated with oxalyl chloride and then converted to the related amide by treatment with dimethylamine-d6. Subsequent reduction with LiAlD4 leads to the final product. The structure of the material is 1 Confirmed by 1 H NMR and LC-MS.

[0893] Example 3. Synthesis of 5-CD3O-DMP-α,α,5,5,5-d5

[0894] The synthesis of 5-CD3O-DMP-α,α,5,5,5-d5 was carried out similarly to that of DMT-α,α-d2 described in Example 2, starting from 5-deuteromethoxyindole prepared by methylation of 5-hydroxyindole using deuteromethyl iodide. The structure of the product is 1 Confirmed by 1 H NMR and LC-MS.

[0895] Example 4. Synthesis of Aer-α,α,-d2

[0896] The synthesis of Aer-α,α-d2 was carried out using the -OBz ​​bis-deuterated tryptamine intermediate obtained as described in Example 1. The material was alkylated with methylamine and then reduced with hydrogen over palladium to give the final product as the iodide salt (Scheme 2). The structure of the product is: 1 Confirmed by 1 H NMR and LC-MS. [ka]

[0897] Example 5. 5-HT Receptor Pharmacology Binding affinity (K i ) and functional ability (EC 50 ) values ​​are summarized in Table 1. Deuteration was found to have little effect on affinity and function at important receptor targets.

[0898] Receptor affinity assay: 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2(A、B、C) Receptor affinity was determined by radioligand competitive binding. Membranes from CHO-K1 or HEK293 cells expressing serotonergic receptors were collected and the K d Compounds were incubated in assay buffer at 1000 kJ / mL for 10 min to test for compounds that compete for the receptor binding site. After equilibration, the reaction was terminated by collecting the ligand-receptor-membrane complex (Microbeta, PerkinElmer) and measuring the radioactivity using a scintillation counter (Microbeta2, PerkinElmer). The data were fitted with a nonlinear curve to obtain the K i The values ​​were calculated according to the Cheng-Prusoff equation.

[0899] Receptor Functional Assay: 5-HT 1A Receptor-mediated Gi stimulation (decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels) and 5-HT 2(A、B、C)Receptor-mediated Gq stimulation (phosphoinositide hydrolysis leading to the production of inositol phosphate 1 (IP1))—a canonical signaling pathway—was measured as previously described (Canal et al., 2013) using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology (e.g., LANCE Ultra cAMP TR-FRET (PerkinElmer) and IP-One HTRF (Cisbio) kits) in conjunction with a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF)-compatible microplate reader (e.g., Mithras LB 940, Berthold). Briefly, CHO-K1 or HEK293 cells expressing serotonergic receptors were incubated with test compounds in stimulation buffer. After equilibration, the reaction was terminated with fluorescent conjugates of the donor and acceptor in lysis buffer, and FRET was measured. Data were analyzed to assess efficacy (e.g., EC2) compared to a positive control (e.g., serotonin). 50 ) and efficacy (e.g., E MAX ) was fitted with a nonlinear curve to calculate the [Table 1]

[0900] Example 6. In vitro hepatic metabolism and kinetics Deuterium isotope effect 5-MeO-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT-α,α-d2 (10 μl of a 2 μM solution) were incubated in 200 μl of medium consisting of 100 mg rat liver microsomes, an NADPH-regenerating system (1 mM NADP, 1 unit / ml isocitrate dehydrogenase, 5 mM isocitrate, 5 mM magnesium chloride), and 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The reaction was terminated at different time points (0–60 min) by adding 300 μl of acetonitrile. For product analysis, precipitated salts and proteins were spun out in a centrifuge, and the remaining solution was diluted with 300 μl of water and injected into an LC / MS (Agilent 1200 system interfaced with an ABS Sciex 4000 QTRAP LC / MS / MS mass spectrometer). Metabolic stability was estimated by assessing the rate of disappearance of the major parent peak. The observed overall kinetic deuterium isotope effect (reaction rate reduction of deuterated vs. non-deuterated molecules) was substantial, ranging from 150 to 200%. Similar effects were observed in this assay for DMT, DMT-α,α-d2, and DMT-α,α,β,β-d4. 10 Further enhancement of metabolic stability has been detected, which shows superiority in MAO-A enzyme assays, highlighting the additional deuteration effect of the -N(CD3)2 substituent. [Table 2] [Table 3] [Table 4] [Table 5]

[0901] Example 7. PK studies in rats and mice Key PK parameters (expressed as percentage changes relative to undeuterated material) are shown in Table 3, and half-lives (T 1 / 2), area under the curve (AUC), bioavailability (F), and blood-plasma ratio (BPR). The pharmacokinetics of deuterated tryptamine was studied in rats. In a typical experiment, five Wistar rats with surgically inserted jugular vein catheters (Charles River, Andover, MA) were administered a cassette dose. Two groups of female rats (200-250 g) were fasted for 12 hours, and then 5 mg / kg of a deuterated analog and 5 mg / kg of a related non-deuterated analog were administered to each group by oral gavage or via catheter. At 0, 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours, plasma samples were analyzed for the parent molecule using LC / MS spectroscopy. Two separate groups of five animals were used to determine the blood-to-plasma ratio (BPR). Each group was sacrificed at 15 and 30 minutes, respectively, and parent drug concentrations were determined in the brain and plasma by LC / MS spectroscopy. [Table 6]

[0902] Example 8. In vitro enzyme assay The metabolic consequences of selective deuteration of tryptamine-based compounds were confirmed in two in vitro assays: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and rat liver microsomes (RLM). The rat liver microsome assay is considered a good proxy for in vivo hepatic metabolism, which controls the metabolic fate of tryptamine. Similar deuteration outcomes were detected in in vitro assays from different animal species, including human liver microsomes.

[0903] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is hypothesized that the major metabolic degradation pathway of tryptamine, particularly that involving the exocyclic side chain of tryptamine, is controlled by the MAO-A enzyme. Therefore, for certain molecules, specific deuteration of the exocyclic portion of tryptamine (such as the N-CH2 fragment) can significantly impact overall metabolic kinetics, i.e., significantly delaying the enzymatic degradation of the tryptamine derivatives discussed herein. In these examples, increased metabolic stability was observed in both MAO-A and RLM assays compared to the base-undeuterated compound. In the absence of MAO-A metabolism, deuteration of the N-CH2 group did not affect RLM digestion kinetics. Metabolism of tryptamine by the MAO-B enzyme was not observed.

[0904] The results are summarized in Table 7, which established a set of exemplary compounds suitable for selective deuteration of the N-CH2 fragment and also provided additional information regarding selective deuteration in other parts of the molecule. Comparisons between compounds were made using best-fit curves to calculate half-lives, i.e., the time point at which 50% of the compound is digested in the assay.

[0905] hrMAO-A (Lot No. 8213001) and hrMAO control (Lot No. 1067001) were purchased from XenoTech. Reaction mixtures were prepared as described below. Co-administered TA was added to the reaction mixture at a final concentration of 1 microM each. The positive control, kynuramine (25 microM), was run simultaneously with TA in a separate reaction. The reaction mixture (without TA or kynuramine) was equilibrated at 37°C in a shaking water bath for 5 minutes. The reaction was initiated by the addition of TA or kynuramine, and the mixture was incubated at 37°C in a shaking water bath. Aliquots (100 microL) of the TA reaction mixture were collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Aliquots (100 microL) of the positive control reaction mixture were collected at 0 and 30 minutes. TA and kynuramine samples were diluted with 0.1% The reaction was terminated by immediate combination with 100 microliters of ice-cold 100% MeCN containing formic acid and IS. The samples were then mixed and centrifuged to precipitate the protein. All TA samples were assayed by LC-HRAMS. The PARR (analyte relative to IS) at each time point was compared to the PARR at time 0, and the percent remaining at each time point was determined. Reaction composition: hrMAO 0.02 mg / mL, potassium phosphate, pH 7.4 100 mM, magnesium chloride 5 mM, test substance (each) 1 microM.

[0906] The substrate was incubated in 200 μl of medium consisting of 100 mg rat liver microsomes, an NADPH-regenerating system (1 mM NADP, 1 unit / ml isocitrate dehydrogenase, 5 mM isocitrate, 5 mM magnesium chloride), and 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The reaction was terminated at different time points (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 min) by adding 300 μl of acetonitrile. For product analysis, precipitated salts and proteins were spun out in a centrifuge, and the remaining solution was diluted with 300 μl of water and injected into an LC / MS (Agilent 1200 system interfaced with an ABS Sciex 4000 QTRAP LC / MS / MS mass spectrometer). Metabolic stability was estimated by assessing the rate of disappearance of the major parent peak. [Table 7] [Table 8]

[0907] As can be seen in Table 7, MAO-A metabolic activity is observed for tryptamine substrates with N-Me and N-Et substituents, as well as for asymmetrically substituted substrates such as N,N-Me,Et substituents, but not for tryptamine substrates with an N,N-Et moiety. As a result, for example, i-Pr and allylic, -NC Tryptamine-based substrates with alkyl chains longer than N, N-Et, such as deuterium in the H2-CH2 and N-R8,R9 fragments, showed no metabolic effects in both the MAO-A and RLM assays. Tetradeuteration of the ethylene bridge or selective bisdeuteration at the alpha carbon stabilized the substrate against MAO-A action compared to the metabolic activity, i.e., slowed enzymatic degradation, of the base-undeuterated substrate. Deuteration at the N-R8,R9 fragment further stabilized the substrate against MAO-A action, as shown in Table 7. Deuterated DMT-d 15 per phenyl ring due to additional deuteration 、 Selective deuteration of the exocyclic moiety of DMT-d observed in the RLM assay 10 However, deuteration of the phenyl ring appears to slow the RLM metabolism of tryptamines that do not have MAO-A metabolism. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that enzymes other than MAO, such as CYP isoforms, contribute to the metabolism of tryptamine-based substrates, generating ring-hydroxylated metabolites. CYP enzyme involvement is also thought to be responsible for the slower RLM metabolism of -OMe-deuterated versus non-deuterated 5-OMe-substituted tryptamines.

[0908] All patents, patent applications, and other scientific or technical literature referenced anywhere in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The embodiments illustratively described herein can suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation, or limitations specifically or non-specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein, any of the terms "comprising," "consisting essentially of," and "consisting of" can be replaced with either of the other two terms while retaining their ordinary meaning. The terms and expressions used are used as terms of description, not limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions to exclude any equivalents of the shown and described features or portions thereof, and it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the claims. Thus, while the present methods and compositions are specifically disclosed by embodiments and optional features, it should be understood that modifications and variations of the concepts of the present disclosure may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the compositions and methods defined by the description and the appended claims.

[0909] Any single term, single element, single phrase, group of terms, group of phrases, or group of elements described herein may each be specifically excluded from the claims.

[0910] When ranges are provided herein, such as temperature ranges, time ranges, composition ranges, or concentration ranges, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as all individual values ​​included in the given ranges, are intended to be included in the present disclosure. It will be understood that any subrange or individual value within a range or subrange included in the description herein may be excluded from the embodiments of the present specification. Of course, it will be understood that any element or step included in the description herein may be excluded from the claimed composition or method.

[0911] Furthermore, where features or aspects of compositions and methods are described in terms of Markush groups or other alternative groupings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the compositions and methods are also thereby described in terms of any individual members or subgroups of members of the Markush group or other group.

[0912] Thus, the foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the methods and compositions. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the present disclosure and are within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are intended primarily to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the present disclosure and the concepts contributed by the inventors to further the art, and should not be construed as being limited to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the present disclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, such equivalents are intended to include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit of the present disclosure is embodied by the following.

Claims

1. Compounds according to formula (III-d) 【Chemistry 1】 A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of R ２ is hydrogen, R ６ and R ７ is hydrogen, R ８ is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and R ９ is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are salts with inorganic acids selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, or with organic acids selected from methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid; Pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

2. 2. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is selected from hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, besylate, mesylate, maleate, and oxalate salts.

3. R ９ 3. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1, wherein is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

4. R ９ 3. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1, wherein is deuterium.

5. R ８ 5. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

6. R ８ and R ９ and R are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of claims 1 to 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

8. 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration.

9. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7 or 8, for use as a medicament.

10. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7 or 8, for use in the treatment of a central nervous system disorder.

11. The central nervous system disorder is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), bipolar and related disorders (including, but not limited to, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorder (alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, 11. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 10, wherein the therapeutic effect is selected from: neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NSS), neuropathic neuropathy (NSAID), neuropathic neuropathy (NSCLS ...

12. below (i) major depressive disorder, or (ii) treatment-resistant depression, or (iii) alcohol use disorder, or (iv) generalized anxiety disorder, or (v) social anxiety disorder A pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7 or 8, for use in the treatment of

13. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7 or 8, for use in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.

14. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7 or 8, for use in the treatment of depression.

15. (i) a water-insoluble, neutrally charged non-ionic matrix; (ii) a polymer bearing one or more negatively charged groups, and (iii) a compound according to formula (III-d): 【Chemistry 2】 or an optically pure stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein: R ２ are independently hydrogen, R ６ and R ７ is hydrogen, R ８ is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl, and R ９ is hydrogen, deuterium, or unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl; A pharmaceutical composition comprising the combination of:

16. R ９ 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein is unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

17. R ９ 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein is deuterium.

18. R ８ The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein is partially or fully deuterated methyl or ethyl.

19. R ８ and R ９ and are not both unsubstituted or partially or fully deuterated ethyl.

20. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15 to 19, wherein the compound is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

21. 21. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is polyacrylic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymethacrylate carboxylate, a cation exchange resin, a clay, a zeolite, hyaluronic acid, or an anionic gum, or a salt thereof, or a mixture thereof.

22. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the polymer carrying one or more negatively charged groups is an anionic gum.

23. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 22, wherein the water-insoluble, neutrally charged non-ionic matrix is ​​a cellulosic polymer.

24. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 23, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration.

25. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 24 for use as a medicament.

26. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 24 for use in the treatment of central nervous system disorders.

27. 27. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 26, wherein the central nervous system disorder is selected from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or behavior, non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID), bipolar and related disorders (including but not limited to bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, substance use disorders (including but not limited to alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, amphetamine use disorder, nicotine use disorder, and cocaine use disorder), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, cluster headache and migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain and neuropathic pain, aphantasia, childhood-onset dysfluency disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, sexual dysfunction, and obesity.

28. below (i) major depressive disorder, or (ii) treatment-resistant depression, or (iii) alcohol use disorder, or (iv) generalized anxiety disorder, or (v) social anxiety disorder A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 24 for use in the treatment of

29. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 24 for use in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.

30. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 24 for use in the treatment of depression.

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