Luminescence imaging for sensing and / or authentication

Abstract

Compositions, articles, systems, and methods for sensing and / or authentication using luminescence imaging are generally provided. In some embodiments, the article is associated with an emissive material comprising an emissive species. In some embodiments, the emissive species has a radiative lifetime of at least 10 nanoseconds. A characteristic of the article may be determined by acquiring an image comprising time-dependent information related to the emissive species. In certain cases, the radiative lifetime of the emissive species may be determined from the image. Because the radiative lifetime of an emissive species may be modified by numerous factors, including, but not limited to, binding to or proximity to other molecules, temperature, pH, and radiation exposure, the measured length of the radiative lifetime may provide information regarding a characteristic of the associated article. In some cases, the emissive material comprising one or more emissive species may be used to identify and / or authenticate the associated article.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related Applications This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 916,331, filed October 17, 2019, entitled "LUMINESCENCE IMAGING FOR SENSING AND / OR AUTHENTICATION," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0002] Field FIELD OF THE INVENTION The embodiments described herein relate generally to sensing and / or authentication using luminescence imaging. [Background technology]

[0003] background Sensing technologies are used in a wide variety of applications, including safety, security, process monitoring, and air quality control. However, many sensors are limited by complex manufacturing processes, low sensitivity, and / or false detection. Therefore, the applications of such sensors are often limited.

[0004] Therefore, improved methods and systems are needed. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] overview SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Generally, articles, systems, and methods for luminescence imaging for sensing and / or authentication are disclosed.

[0006] In some aspects, a system is provided. In some embodiments, the system includes an excitation component configured to excite the emitting species such that the emitting species generates detectable non-steady-state radiation during an emission period. In certain embodiments, the emission period is at least 10 nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the system includes an image sensor configured to detect at least a portion of the detectable non-steady-state radiation. In some embodiments, the system includes electronic hardware components configured to generate a single image including a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period.

[0007] According to some embodiments, a system is provided. In some embodiments, the system includes an excitation component configured to expose the emitting species to non-steady-state electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, the system includes an image sensor configured to detect at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species. In some embodiments, the system includes electronic hardware components configured to generate a single image including at least a first image portion corresponding to the emission of the electromagnetic radiation by the emitting species at at least a first time point and a second image portion corresponding to the emission of the electromagnetic radiation by the emitting species at at least a second time point.

[0008] In some embodiments, a system configured to identify a feature of an article is provided. In some embodiments, the system includes a chemical tag associated with the article. In certain embodiments, the chemical tag includes an emitting species. In certain embodiments, the emitting species generates a detectable non-steady-state emission during an emission period under a set of conditions. In certain embodiments, the emission period is at least 10 nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the system includes an excitation component configured to excite the emitting species under a set of conditions such that a detectable non-steady-state emission is generated that varies over an image capture period. In some embodiments, the system includes an image sensor configured to detect the detectable emission. In some embodiments, the system includes electronic hardware components configured to convert the detectable emission into a single image. In certain embodiments, the single image includes a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period. In certain embodiments, a difference between the properties of the first portion and the second portion is associated with the feature of the article.

[0009] In some embodiments, a system configured to identify a feature of an article is provided. In some embodiments, the system includes a chemical tag associated with the article. In certain embodiments, the chemical tag includes an emitting species. In certain embodiments, the chemical tag generates a detectable non-steady-state emission during an emission period under a set of conditions. In certain embodiments, the emission period is at least 10 nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the system includes an excitation component configured to excite the emitting species under a set of conditions such that a detectable non-steady-state emission is generated that varies over an image capture period. In some embodiments, the system includes an image sensor configured to detect the detectable non-steady-state emission. In some embodiments, the system includes electronic hardware components configured to convert the detected emission into a single image. In certain embodiments, the single image includes a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period. In certain embodiments, a difference between the properties of the first portion and the second portion is associated with the feature of the article.

[0010] In some embodiments, a system configured to identify a characteristic of a chemical tag is provided. In some embodiments, the system includes the chemical tag. In certain embodiments, the chemical tag generates detectable radiation during an emission period under a set of conditions. In certain embodiments, the emission period is at least 10 nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the system includes an excitation component configured to excite the chemical tag under a set of conditions such that the detectable radiation is generated. In some embodiments, the system includes an image sensor configured to detect the detectable radiation. In some embodiments, the system includes electronic hardware components configured to convert the detected radiation into a single image. In some embodiments, the single image includes a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period. In some embodiments, a difference between the characteristics of the first portion and the second portion is associated with a characteristic of the chemical tag.

[0011] In some aspects, a method for identifying a change in an emitting species over a period of time is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes exciting the species such that the species produces detectable non-steady-state radiation over a period of radiation. In certain embodiments, the radiation period is at least 10 nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the method includes acquiring a single image of at least a portion of the detectable non-steady-state radiation using an image sensor. In certain embodiments, a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first portion of the radiation period. In certain embodiments, a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second portion of the radiation period. In some embodiments, the method includes determining the change in the species based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image.

[0012] In some aspects, methods are provided for identifying a change in an emitting species over a period of time. In some embodiments, the method includes causing the species to emit electromagnetic radiation at a non-steady state during the emission period. In some embodiments, the method includes acquiring a single image of at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species using an image sensor. In some embodiments, the method includes identifying information from a first image portion corresponding to the emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emitting species at least at a first time point. In some embodiments, the method includes identifying information from a second image portion corresponding to the emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emitting species at least at a second time point. In some embodiments, the method includes determining a change in the emitting species from information from at least the first image portion and information from the second image portion.

[0013] In some embodiments, a method for identifying a characteristic of an emitting species is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes exciting the species such that the species produces detectable non-steady-state radiation during an emission period. In certain embodiments, the emission period is at least 10 nanoseconds. In some embodiments, the method includes acquiring a first image of the detectable non-steady-state radiation using an image sensor. In certain embodiments, a first portion of the first image corresponds to a first portion of the emission period. In certain embodiments, a second portion of the first image corresponds to a second portion of the emission period. In some embodiments, the method includes determining a characteristic of the species based on a difference between the first and second portions of the first image.

[0014] In some embodiments, a method for identifying a characteristic of an article is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes positioning an image sensor proximate to an article suspected of containing a radioactive tag. In some embodiments, the method includes stimulating the article such that, if present, the radioactive tag produces a detectable non-steady-state emission. In some embodiments, the method includes acquiring a single image of the detectable non-steady-state emission using the image sensor. In some embodiments, the method includes adding a sample of the article to be analyzed to a second article and analyzing the second article with the image sensor. In certain embodiments, a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first period of time after stimulation of the analyte. In certain embodiments, a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second period of time after stimulation of the analyte, the second period of time being different from the first period of time. In some embodiments, the method includes determining a characteristic of the article based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image.

[0015] In some embodiments, a method for detecting the presence of a stimulus is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes exposing an article including a chemical tag to a set of conditions including the stimulus. In certain embodiments, the chemical tag undergoes a chemical and / or biological reaction in the presence of the stimulus that changes the lifetime, wavelength, and / or intensity of one or more emitting species in the tag. In some embodiments, the method includes positioning an image sensor in proximity to the article. In some embodiments, the method includes using the image sensor to acquire a single image of a portion of the article including the chemical tag. In certain embodiments, a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first period of time after exposure of the article. In certain embodiments, a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second period of time after exposure of the article that is different from the first period of time. In some embodiments, the method includes determining a characteristic of the article based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image. In some embodiments, the method may be extended to acquire and use information from additional portions of the image at multiple time points. In some embodiments, the portion is analyzed with plane-polarized or circularly polarized light, or other non-steady-state electromagnetic radiation.

[0016] Other advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In cases where the specification and a document incorporated by reference include conflicting and / or inconsistent disclosure, the specification will control. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system including excitation components, an image sensor, and electronic hardware components, according to some embodiments. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A shows a schematic plot of an exemplary rolling shutter mechanism according to some embodiments. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B shows a schematic plot of an exemplary global shutter mechanism according to some embodiments. [Figure 3]FIG. 3 shows a single image of a pulsed LED captured by a smartphone using the rolling shutter method, with a caption on top indicating whether the LED was on or off, according to some embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows images of a pulsed UV-LED exciting fast-emitting species (left) and slow-emitting species (right), according to some embodiments. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 shows optical microscope images of a thin film containing two emissive species at 7° C. under refrigeration (left), room temperature (middle), and heated at 54° C. (right), according to some embodiments. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows an optical microscope image of a vial containing multiple emitting species under steady illumination (left), an optical microscope image of the same vial under pulsed illumination imaged using a rolling shutter (center), and a magnified view of the central optical microscope image (right), according to some embodiments.

[0018] Other aspects, embodiments, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings are schematic and not drawn to scale. For clarity, not every component is labeled in every drawing, nor are every component of each embodiment of the present invention shown unless a drawing is necessary for those skilled in the art to understand the invention. All patent applications and patents incorporated by reference herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] Detailed Description Compositions, articles, systems, and methods for sensing and / or authentication using imaging are generally provided in connection with which an image (or series of images) of one or more emitting species can be acquired, and the time dependency of the image formation or manipulation can be utilized to determine and identify information about the species over the time frame of the image formation / acquisition.

[0020] In many cases where an image is captured (one example is taking a photo with a cell phone), the single image is not simply captured at a single instant in time; rather, portions of the single image are captured at different times (but very closely spaced apart) to build up the single image. For example, one portion of the image (e.g., the top) is captured at a very slightly different time than another portion of the image (e.g., the bottom). In cell phone cameras, a "shutter" (e.g., an electronic shutter) can prevent portions of the image from forming at different times depending on the location of the image, so that the entire image is not overexposed; further, at any particular time, portions, but not the entire image, are recorded, but the entire image is built up over time (a very short period of time). By knowing when specific portions of the image are captured, information can be discerned about what happened to the subject of the image at these two (or more) different times and / or over the entire period (or portions) of the image formation. For example, if the characteristics of the emitting species (chemical or biological species, radioactive tag, etc.) change over the timescale of the image formation, the single image formed can be used to determine something about that change(s).

[0021] As will become apparent from the description throughout this disclosure, the invention(s) include many variations of the above description, including but not limited to any particular type of image, number of images, type of equipment used to acquire the images, etc.

[0022] In some embodiments, the article (or the article's packaging material) is associated with an emissive material that includes an emissive species (e.g., a light-emitting species). In some cases, the emissive species has a radiative lifetime of at least 10 nanoseconds (ns). One skilled in the art will appreciate that a suitable radiative timeline may be selected based on the time resolution of the image sensor. For some image sensors, a suitable lifetime may be on the order of milliseconds, while for other image sensors, a suitable lifetime may be on the order of microseconds. Image sensors with faster time responses generally allow lifetime-based images to be acquired using emissive species with shorter lifetimes. In some cases, characteristics of the article (e.g., identity, authenticity, age, quality, purity) may be determined by acquiring an image (or series of images) that includes time-dependent information associated with the emissive species. In certain cases, for example, the radiative lifetime of the emissive species may be determined from the image (or series of images). Because the emissive lifetime of an emitting species may be modified by numerous factors, including, but not limited to, binding to or proximity to other molecules (e.g., water, oxygen, carbon monoxide), temperature, pH, and radiation exposure, the measured length of the emissive lifetime (e.g., observed emissive lifetime, emission period) may provide information about the characteristics of the associated article. In some cases, emissive materials comprising one or more emissive species can be used to identify and / or authenticate the associated article.

[0023] According to some embodiments, the article (or the article's packaging material) is associated with an emitting material that includes an emitting species. In certain embodiments, the emitting species is a chemical and / or biological species. In some cases, the excitation component emits non-steady-state pulsed and / or modulated electromagnetic radiation, at least a portion of which is absorbed by the emitting species. In some cases, the pulsed and / or modulated excitation component may have one or more bands of polarization or wavelength. In some cases, multiple excitation components may be used sequentially and / or their application to the article may overlap. In certain embodiments, the absorbed electromagnetic radiation excites one or more electrons of the emitting species to a higher energy state. The one or more excited electrons are metastable and, in some cases, may relax to a lower energy state (e.g., ground state) through the emission of electromagnetic radiation, thermal dissipation (e.g., by vibrational energy transfer), and / or chemical reaction. When the excited electron relaxes by emitting electromagnetic radiation, this relaxation may produce detectable radiation over a period of time (also referred to as the "emission period" or "emission lifetime"). In some cases, the image sensor may detect at least a portion of the detectable radiation. In certain cases, electronic hardware components (e.g., circuitry, one or more processors) may subsequently generate an image (or a series of images) including a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period. In certain cases, the electronic hardware components may generate the images by capturing electromagnetic radiation (e.g., visible or other light) from different portions of the emission of multiple different lifetimes. The order and duration in which the images are captured may be variable and, in principle, can be changed by programming or modifying the electronic hardware. In this manner, the image (or series of images) may be used to obtain time-dependent information regarding the emitting species and / or characteristics of the article. By collecting different parts of the image at different time periods relative to the excitation component, a unique image may be generated. These images may be used to communicate information about the article and may serve as an authentication code.As one non-limiting example, an image (or series of images) can be used to determine the radiative lifetime of an emitting species. In some cases, the radiative lifetime of an emitting species may be modified by binding to and / or proximity to other molecules (e.g., water, oxygen, carbon monoxide), temperature, pH, radiation exposure, and / or other environmental factors. Thus, in some cases, a particular radiative lifetime value may provide information about a characteristic of the associated article (e.g., information about the presence or absence of a label, characteristics of the environment, previous chemical, physical, or other exposure). As another non-limiting example, differences between properties of a first portion of the image and properties of a second portion of the image may provide information about a characteristic of the article (e.g., information about the presence or absence of a label, characteristics of the environment, previous chemical, physical, or other exposure).

[0024] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system. In FIG. 1, system 100 includes an excitation component 110. In some cases, excitation component 110 includes a source of electromagnetic radiation. As one non-limiting example, excitation component 110 may include a source of substantially white light. In some cases, excitation component 110 is a source of one or more narrowband and / or polarized electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. In some cases, excitation component 110 is associated with an electronic and / or mechanical shutter. The electronic and / or mechanical shutter may be configured to modulate the electromagnetic radiation emitted by excitation component 110. In other cases, excitation component 110 is driven by periodic or pulsed electrical energy that produces flashes and / or modulations in output intensity. In some cases, excitation component 110 may be a "room light" such as a fluorescent or LED light source. In some embodiments, system 100 further includes an image sensor 120 (e.g., a CMOS sensor, a CCD sensor, a photodiode array, or other detector capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation). In some cases, system 100 further includes electronic hardware components 130 (e.g., circuitry, one or more processors). In certain cases, electronic hardware components 130 are integrated with image sensor 120. In certain other cases, electronic hardware components 130 are separate from image sensor 120. In some embodiments, system 100 is a consumer-level electronic device such as a mobile phone (e.g., a smartphone), a digital camera, a tablet, a laptop, a home automation device, a wristwatch (e.g., a smartwatch), or a desktop computer.

[0025] In operation, the system 100 may be positioned in proximity to an article 140, which may be associated with one or more emitting species. Proximity may range from centimeters to several meters and is determined by the size of the article 140, the resolution of the image sensor 120, and the information desired. The orientation of the article 140 and image sensor 120 may also vary, with different orientations (e.g., angled, forward / backward, tilted) allowing for the extraction of different information. In some cases, the desired orientation and proximity are signaled by light emitted from the article 140 by a device or other information provided by an external source. The excitation component 110 may emit pulsed and / or modulated electromagnetic radiation 150 that can be absorbed by one or more emitting species of the article 140. This radiation may be in discrete narrow bands of wavelengths or may be broadband (e.g., white light). The excitation component 110 may simultaneously generate multiple different patterns of electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths that vary in time modulation, polarization, and physical location where they impinge on the article 140. In some cases, the electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by the first species, transferring energy to a second emitting species in the article 140. In some cases, at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation 150 may excite or be reflected by one or more emitting species in the article 140. The reflected radiation may be generated by the exciting component 110 or may be the result of ambient light. The one or more emitting species may then produce detectable radiation 160 over an emitting period (e.g., emitting lifetime). The image sensor 120 can detect at least a portion of the detectable radiation 160. The image sensor 120 can also detect at least a portion of the scattered electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, detection of the detectable radiation 160 may begin after the exciting component 110 stops emitting the electromagnetic radiation 150. In certain cases, this may enable the use of a source of substantially white light (e.g., a camera flash) as the exciting component 110. In certain cases, the electromagnetic radiation 160 is constantly changing in time as a result of the lifetime of the emitting species in the article 140 and the modulated excitation by the exciting component 110 .In some cases, the electronic hardware component 130 generates a single image (or a series of images) including a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period. In some cases, the images are generated by measuring many different emission periods and / or using many different excitation methods, and / or at different distances and / or different orientations, and / or using different filters or polarizers. In some cases, the electronic hardware component 130 receives instructions from the article 140 and / or another source to change the overall excitation and image capture method. In some cases, the characteristics of the emitting species and / or the change in the emitting species are determined based on the difference between the first portion of the single image (or series of images) and the second portion of the single image (or series of images). Many different periods may be captured using this method. In certain non-limiting cases, the radiative lifetime of the emitting species, or the relative change in the radiative lifetime, is determined from the single image or series of images (e.g., based on the difference between the first portion of the single image or series of images and the second portion of the single image or series of images). In some cases, features of the article are determined from a single image or a series of images (e.g., based on the difference between a first portion of the single image or series of images and a second portion of the single image or series of images). In certain cases, a series of single images may be used to generate a different set of data (e.g., features) from each single image, for example, by comparing different portions of each image over time.

[0026] In some cases, the systems and methods described herein advantageously allow consumers to use consumer-level electronic devices with imaging capabilities (e.g., smartphones, digital cameras, tablets, laptops, home automation devices, smartwatches, desktop computers) to evaluate characteristics of an item (e.g., determine whether a product is authentic, whether a food is fresh, or whether contaminants or other hazardous substances are present). One factor that has limited the use of consumer-level electronic devices in conventional optical sensing applications has been the need to use optical filters (e.g., bandpass filters) to selectively emit electromagnetic radiation (e.g., electromagnetic radiation configured to excite one or more fluorophores) having a relatively narrow range of peak wavelengths and to detect electromagnetic radiation (e.g., electromagnetic radiation emitted by one or more fluorophores). For example, if a reference fluorophore is excited using substantially white light emitted by a camera and / or smartphone flash, the emission from the fluorophore may be quenched by overlapping wavelengths present in the white light. One solution to this problem may involve placing a bandpass filter on the lens of the camera and / or smartphone to selectively allow wavelengths emanating from the fluorophore to enter the lens. Another solution may involve incorporating a source of electromagnetic radiation that selectively emits wavelengths that excite the fluorophores. However, these solutions may be prohibitively expensive and / or inconvenient when more than one fluorophore is used, as each fluorophore may require additional filters and / or sources of electromagnetic radiation. Advantageously, the systems and methods described herein may not require the excitation components or image sensors to be associated with different optical filters (e.g., bandpass filters) for different types of emitting species.

[0027] Advantageously, the systems and methods described herein may be implemented in consumer-level electronic devices such as mobile phones (e.g., smartphones, iPhones, Android phones), digital cameras, tablets (e.g., iPads), laptop computers, home automation devices, watches (e.g., smartwatches), and / or desktop computers. These consumer electronic devices may be used with filters or other accessories, although in some cases of the methods described herein, such filters are not required. However, the systems and methods are not limited to consumer-level electronic devices and may be implemented in other systems and devices as well.

[0028] In some embodiments, the system includes an image sensor. Image sensors are generally configured to detect electromagnetic radiation (e.g., detectable radiation from an emitting species) and output a signal (e.g., an electrical signal) that can be used to generate an image. Any suitable type of image sensor may be used to detect radiation (or the absence of radiation) from an emitting species under a specific set of conditions. Non-limiting examples of suitable image sensors include complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, and photodiodes. Those skilled in the art will be able to select a suitable image sensor based on the teachings herein.

[0029] In some embodiments, the image sensor uses a rolling shutter method of image capture. Image sensors often include an array of pixels, and in a rolling shutter method, individual rows or columns are read out sequentially. Thus, in a single frame captured using a rolling shutter method, each row or column (depending on the particular rolling shutter method) represents a slice of time. To illustrate, FIG. 2A shows a plot of an exemplary rolling shutter mechanism in which individual rows are read out sequentially. The rolling shutter method may be implemented mechanically or electronically.

[0030] In contrast, in a global shutter method, all pixels of the image sensor are read simultaneously. To illustrate, Figure 2B shows a plot of an exemplary global shutter mechanism where all rows are read simultaneously. This is true for photographic film, where a global shutter is used and all points on the film respond simultaneously.

[0031] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that rolling shutter methods are often criticized for producing undesirable artifacts, such as wobble, skew, spatial aliasing, and / or temporal aliasing. As a result, there is interest in having devices with faster frame capture rates to minimize these artifacts. Faster frame rates result in shorter periods between signal recordings (reading each row or column). However, the systems and methods described herein can utilize rolling shutter methods to generate images containing time-dependent information about emissive materials, including emissive species. For example, rolling shutter methods may enable consumer-level electronic devices to obtain information based on the radiative lifetime of one or more emissive species, even when using a broadband electromagnetic radiation source (e.g., a substantially white light source) to excite the species. To obtain this information, the excitation electromagnetic radiation may be pulsed and / or modulated to create a non-steady-state, time-dependent signal from the emissive species. In some cases, at least one characteristic of the detectable, non-steady-state radiation emitted and / or reflected by the emissive species changes over the image capture period.

[0032] In some embodiments, the image sensor may be associated with electronic hardware components (e.g., circuitry, one or more processors) configured to generate an image. In certain embodiments, the electronic hardware components are configured to generate a single image including a first portion corresponding to a first portion of an emission period of the emission species and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period of the emission species. In certain embodiments, the first portion of the emission period is completely different from the second portion of the emission period. In certain other embodiments, the first portion of the emission period at least partially overlaps with the second portion of the emission period. In some embodiments, the single image includes subsequent portions corresponding to multiple other emission periods. A single image, according to some embodiments, may include at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, at least 10, or at least 20 portions, each corresponding to a different portion of the emission period or a different emission period. In some embodiments, the single image includes 2-5 portions, 2-10 portions, 2-20 portions, 5-10 portions, 5-20 portions, or 10-20 portions. In some cases, electronic hardware components configured to generate a single image may not necessarily generate an image, but may instead provide a different output (e.g., an electronic signal).

[0033] In some embodiments, the image sensors and / or electronic hardware components are incorporated into a camera (e.g., a digital camera) and / or a phone (e.g., a smartphone). In some embodiments, the camera and / or phone include multiple image sensors configured to detect electromagnetic radiation (e.g., emitted and / or reflected electromagnetic radiation). In certain cases, the camera and / or phone include one or more additional sensors (e.g., sensors configured to sense the position and / or behavior of an individual, sensors configured to sense light, sound, and / or magnetic fields). In some cases, the camera and / or phone may be used for mobile spectroscopy applications.

[0034] In some embodiments, the system includes an excitation component. In some cases, the excitation component includes a source of electromagnetic radiation. The source of electromagnetic radiation may be a source of any type of electromagnetic radiation (i.e., electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength). Suitable types of electromagnetic radiation that may be emitted by the source of electromagnetic radiation include, but are not limited to, ultraviolet light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 10 nm to about 380 nm), visible light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 380 nm to about 740 nm), near-infrared light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 700 nm to about 800 nm), and infrared light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 740 nm to about 3 μm).

[0035] In certain embodiments, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit broadband radiation, hi certain cases, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range spanning at least 350 nm, at least 360 nm, at least 370 nm, at least 380 nm, at least 390 nm, at least 400 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 1 μm, at least 2 μm, or at least 3 μm. In certain cases, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range spanning 350 nm to 400 nm, 350 nm to 500 nm, 350 nm to 1 μm, 350 nm to 2 μm, 350 nm to 3 μm, 400 nm to 500 nm, 400 nm to 1 μm, 400 nm to 2 μm, 400 nm to 3 μm, 500 nm to 1 μm, 500 nm to 2 μm, 500 nm to 3 μm, 1 μm to 2 μm, or 1 μm to 3 μm. In some embodiments, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit substantially white light.

[0036] In certain embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in a relatively narrow range of wavelengths. In certain cases, for example, the electromagnetic radiation source is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete wavelength ranges that selectively excite specific radiation species. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete wavelength ranges ranging from 350 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 40 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 20 nm or less, or 10 nm or less. In some embodiments, the source of electromagnetic radiation is 10 nm to 20 nm, 10 nm to 40 nm, 10 nm to 50 nm, 10 nm to 60 nm, 10 nm to 80 nm, 10 nm to 100 nm, 10 nm to 200 nm, 10 nm to 300 nm, 10 nm to 350 nm, 20 nm to 40 nm, 20 nm to 50 nm, 20 nm to 60 nm, 20 nm to 80 nm, 20 nm to 100 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 20 nm to 300 nm, The laser is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in a discrete wavelength range ranging from 20 nm to 350 nm, 40 nm to 60 nm, 40 nm to 80 nm, 40 nm to 100 nm, 40 nm to 200 nm, 40 nm to 300 nm, 40 nm to 350 nm, 50 nm to 100 nm, 50 nm to 200 nm, 50 nm to 300 nm, 50 nm to 350 nm, 100 nm to 200 nm, 100 nm to 300 nm, or 100 nm to 350 nm.In certain embodiments, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit substantially violet light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 450 nm), substantially blue light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 450 nm to 490 nm), substantially cyan light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 490 nm to 520 nm), substantially green light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 520 nm to 560 nm), substantially yellow light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm), substantially orange light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 590 nm to 635 nm), and / or substantially red light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 635 nm to 700 nm). In some embodiments, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in multiple relatively narrow ranges of wavelengths. In certain cases, the source of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in at least two discrete ranges, at least three discrete ranges, at least four discrete ranges, or at least five discrete ranges.

[0037] The excitation component may include one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation, and the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation may include any suitable source of electromagnetic radiation. Examples of suitable sources of electromagnetic radiation include, but are not limited to, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), flashbulbs, emitting species (e.g., fluorescent dyes, inorganic phosphors), and discharge sources. In certain embodiments, the excitation component includes multiple sources of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., multiple LEDs, OLEDs, flashbulbs, emitting species, and / or discharge sources). In some embodiments, two or more sources of electromagnetic radiation are configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the same range of wavelengths. In some embodiments, each source of the multiple sources of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the same range of wavelengths. In some cases, two or more sources of electromagnetic radiation are configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in different ranges of wavelengths. In some embodiments, each source of the multiple sources of electromagnetic radiation is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in different ranges of wavelengths.

[0038] In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the excitation component may be pulsed and / or modulated. In some embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation such that at least one characteristic of the electromagnetic radiation (e.g., intensity, wavelength) is modulated over time. In certain embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation. In certain embodiments, the excitation component emits complex patterns of pulses, as well as continuous or modulated electromagnetic radiation that may overlap in time, polarization, spatial location on the article, and / or wavelength. The excitation component may emit one or more pulses of any duration at any pulse rate. In some embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation having a duration of 10 milliseconds (ms) or less, 1 ms or less, 100 microseconds (μm) or less, 10 μm or less, 1 μm or less, 100 nanoseconds (ns) or less, 10 ns or less, 5 ns or less, 2 ns or less, 1 ns or less, 500 picoseconds (ps) or less, 200 ps or less, 100 ps or less, 50 ps or less, 20 ps or less, 10 ps or less, or 1 ps or less. In some embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation having a duration in a range of 1 ps to 10 ps, ​​1 ps to 20 ps, ​​1 ps to 50 ps, ​​1 ps to 100 ps, ​​1 ps to 200 ps, ​​1 ps to 500 ps, ​​1 ps to 1 ns, 1 ps to 2 ns, 1 ps to 5 ns, 1 ps to 10 ns, 10 ps to 50 ps, ​​10 ps to 100 ps, ​​10 ps to 200 ps, ​​10 ps to 500 ps, ​​10 ps to 1 ns, 10 ps to 2 ns, 10 ps to 5 ns, 10 ps to 10 ns, 100 ps to 500 ps, ​​100 ps to 1 ns, 100 ps to 2 ns, 100 ps to 5 ns, 100 ps to 10 ns, 1 ns to 5 ns, or 1 ns to 10 ns.

[0039] In some embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation at a relatively high pulse rate (e.g., similar to or higher than the image capture rate of the image sensor). In some cases, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation within a single cycle of image capture by the image sensor (or, in some cases, within multiple image capture cycles). After emission of the one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation, any electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species may be monitored as a function of time by the image sensor.

[0040] In some embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation at a pulse rate of at least 1 pulse / s, at least 2 pulses / s, at least 5 pulses / s, at least 10 pulses / s, at least 15 pulses / s, at least 20 pulses / s, at least 50 pulses / s, or at least 100 pulses / s. In some embodiments, the excitation component is configured to emit one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation at a pulse rate in the range of 1-5 pulses / s, 1-10 pulses / s, 1-15 pulses / s, 1-20 pulses / s, 1-50 pulses / s, 1-100 pulses / s, 5-10 pulses / s, 5-15 pulses / s, 5-20 pulses / s, 5-50 pulses / s, 5-100 pulses / s, 10-20 pulses / s, 10-50 pulses / s, 10-100 pulses / s, 20-50 pulses / s, 20-100 pulses / s, or 50-100 pulses / s.

[0041] In some embodiments, the excitation component comprises a source of electromagnetic radiation configured to emit pulsed and / or modulated electromagnetic radiation, hi some embodiments, the excitation component comprises a source of electromagnetic radiation configured to emit a substantially continuous stream of electromagnetic radiation.

[0042] In some embodiments, the excitation component includes a component configured to facilitate pulsing and / or modulation of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the electromagnetic radiation source. The component may be mechanical and / or electronic. Non-limiting examples of suitable mechanical and / or electronic components include optical shutters, rotating elements (e.g., choppers), lasers, movable mirrors, dynamic refractive materials, and other optical modulators. Examples of suitable optical shutters include mechanical shutters, light valves (e.g., liquid crystal light modulators), and molecular crystals that respond to mechanical and / or thermal stress and / or electric fields, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of shutters may be used. The frequency or period of the modulated electromagnetic radiation may, in some cases, be coupled to the response time (frame rate) of the imaging device. The modulation period is typically faster than the overall frame rate, but may be close to the time between readouts of rows or columns of image pixels by a rolling shutter mechanism. In some cases, having a modulation period that is close in time to the delay between readouts of rows or columns creates information when paired with time-varying radiation having a similar period.

[0043] In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein combine the pulse profile (e.g., rate, shape) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the excitation component with the lifetime of the emitting species and the image capture rate of the image sensor. Advantageously, by combining these components, in some embodiments, a characteristic (e.g., radiative lifetime) of a particular emitting species can be determined, which may further provide information about a characteristic of an associated article. By way of example, the measured radiative lifetime of a particular emitting species may provide information about the environment in which the emitting species is located (e.g., the presence of certain molecules, temperature, pH).

[0044] As an exemplary embodiment, Figure 3 shows a single image of a pulsed LED captured by a smartphone using the rolling shutter method, with a caption at the top indicating whether the LED was on or off. In Figure 3, the LED's pulse rate is faster than the smartphone's overall image capture rate, and banding structures are visible. In particular, some rows of the image capture the LED in its "on" state, while subsequent rows capture the LED in its "off" state.

[0045] To further illustrate, FIG. 4 shows an image (left) of a pulsed UV-LED exciting a fast-emitting species captured by a smartphone using the rolling shutter method. The image of the fast-emitting species is accompanied by a plot of pixel intensity. FIG. 4 also shows an image (right) of a pulsed UV-LED exciting a delayed-emitting species captured by a smartphone using the rolling shutter method. The image of the delayed-emitting species is also accompanied by a plot of pixel intensity. From FIG. 4, it can be seen that the image of the delayed-emitting species contains bands that appear "blurred." This "blurring" can be attributed, at least in part, to delayed emission that occurs after the UV-LED is turned off.

[0046] According to some embodiments, a component of the system (e.g., an image sensor) detects at least a portion of the detectable radiation (e.g., detectable non-steady-state radiation) produced by the emitting species during an emission period (also referred to as an emission lifetime). Those skilled in the art will understand that the emitting species may produce detectable radiation by phosphorescence, fluorescence, and / or reflection (e.g., reflection of ambient electromagnetic radiation and / or electromagnetic radiation emitted by the exciting component). Those skilled in the art will also understand that an emission period or emission lifetime generally refers to the time during which an emitting species emits electromagnetic radiation after any excitation radiation is removed (e.g., after a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is emitted by the exciting component).

[0047] The emitting species generally has the formula: k 放射性 +k 非放射性 = 1 / specific radiative lifetime It has an intrinsic radiative lifetime that can be determined by its intrinsic radiative and non-radiative decay rates, as represented by:

[0048] However, the observed radiative lifetime of a species may differ from the intrinsic radiative lifetime. For example, if other quenching processes are present, the observed radiative lifetime may be calculated according to the following formula: k 放射性 +k 非放射性 +k 消光 = 1 / observed radiative lifetime It may be calculated according to

[0049] Thus, the observed radiative lifetime is shorter than the intrinsic radiative lifetime. As discussed below, numerous factors (e.g., the presence of other molecules, temperature, radiation exposure) can affect the radiative lifetime of an emitting species such that the observed radiative lifetime differs from (e.g., is longer or shorter than) the intrinsic radiative lifetime of the emitting species.

[0050] In the systems and methods described herein, the emitting species has a characteristic radiative lifetime of any suitable length. In certain cases, the emitting species has a relatively long characteristic radiative lifetime. In some embodiments, the emitting species has a characteristic radiative lifetime of at least 1 nanosecond (ns), at least 5 ns, at least 10 ns, at least 20 ns, at least 50 ns, at least 100 ns, at least 200 ns, at least 500 ns, at least 1 μs, at least 10 μs, at least 50 μs, at least 100 μs, at least 500 μs, at least 1 ms, at least 5 ms, at least 10 ms, at least 50 ms, at least 100 ms, at least 500 ms, at least 1 s, at least 2 s, at least 3 s, at least 4 s, at least 5 s, at least 6 s, at least 7 s, at least 8 s, at least 9 s, or at least 10 s.In some embodiments, the radiating species may have a wavelength of 1 ns to 10 ns, 1 ns to 20 ns, 1 ns to 50 ns, 1 ns to 100 ns, 1 ns to 500 ns, 1 ns to 1 μs, 1 ns to 5 μs, 1 ns to 10 μs, 1 ns to 50 μs, 1 ns to 100 μs, 1 ns to 500 μs, 1 ns to 1 ms, 1 ns to 5 ms, 1 ns to 10 ms, 1 ns to 50 ms, 1 ns to 100 ms, 1 ns to 500 ms, 1 ns to 1 s, 1 ns to 5 s , 1ns~10s, 10ns~20ns, 10ns~50ns, 10ns~100ns, 10ns~500ns, 10ns~1μs, 10ns~5μs, 10ns~10μs, 10ns~50μs, 10n s~100μs, 10ns~500μs, 10ns~1ms, 10ns~5ms, 10ns~10ms, 10ns~50ms, 10ns~100ms, 10ns~500ms, 10ns~1s, 10ns~ 5s, 10ns~10s, 50ns~100ns, 50ns~500ns, 50ns~1μs, 50ns~5μs, 50ns~10μs, 50ns~50μs, 50ns~100μs, 50ns~500μs s, 50ns~1ms, 50ns~5ms, 50ns~10ms, 50ns~50ms, 50ns~100ms, 50ns~500ms, 50ns~1s, 50ns~5s, 50ns~10s, 100ns and having an intrinsic radiative lifetime in the range of 100ns to 500ns, 100ns to 1μs, 100ns to 5μs, 100ns to 10μs, 100ns to 50μs, 100ns to 100μs, 100ns to 500μs, 100ns to 1ms, 100ns to 5ms, 100ns to 10ms, 100ns to 50ms, 100ns to 100ms, 100ns to 500ms, 100ns to 1s, 100ns to 5s, or 100ns to 10s.

[0051] In some embodiments, the emitting species has an observed radiative lifetime (e.g., a measured emission period) of any suitable length. In certain cases, the emitting species has a relatively long observed radiative lifetime (e.g., at least 10 ns) compared to typical fluorescent dyes present in many articles or natural systems. In some cases, a relatively long observed radiative lifetime allows a single image to show the emission from the emitting species when the excitation source is turned off. In doing so, the slower emission can be observed at a time when the faster emission is no longer present. In certain cases, the emitting species has an observed radiative lifetime that can be measured using consumer-level electronic devices (e.g., smartphones, digital cameras). In some embodiments, the emitting species has an observed radiative lifetime (e.g., measured duration of emission) of at least 1 nanosecond (ns), at least 5 ns, at least 10 ns, at least 20 ns, at least 50 ns, at least 100 ns, at least 200 ns, at least 500 ns, at least 1 μs, at least 10 μs, at least 50 μs, at least 100 μs, at least 500 μs, at least 1 ms, at least 5 ms, at least 10 ms, at least 50 ms, at least 100 ms, at least 500 ms, at least 1 s, at least 2 s, at least 5 s, or at least 10 s.

[0052] In some embodiments, the emitting species has an observed radiative lifetime (e.g., a measured emission period) of 10 s or less, 5 s or less, 2 s or less, 1 s or less, 500 ms or less, 100 ms or less, 50 ms or less, 10 ms or less, 5 ms or less, 1 ms or less, 500 μs or less, 100 μs or less, 50 μs or less, 10 μs or less, 1 μs or less, 500 ns or less, 200 ns or less, 100 ns or less, 50 ns or less, 10 ns or less, 5 ns or less, or 1 ns or less. In certain cases, an emitting species with a shorter observed radiative lifetime (e.g., 1 second or less) may provide a higher average signal than an emitting species with a longer observed radiative lifetime, because the electromagnetic radiation is spread out over a shorter period of time. Furthermore, emitting species with shorter observed radiative lifetimes (e.g., 1 second or less) may advantageously allow lifetime images to be collected at a faster rate than emitting species with longer observed radiative lifetimes.

[0053] In some embodiments, the radiating species may have a wavelength of 1 ns to 10 ns, 1 ns to 20 ns, 1 ns to 50 ns, 1 ns to 100 ns, 1 ns to 500 ns, 1 ns to 1 μs, 1 ns to 5 μs, 1 ns to 10 μs, 1 ns to 50 μs, 1 ns to 100 μs, 1 ns to 500 μs, 1 ns to 1 ms, 1 ns to 5 ms, 1 ns to 10 ms, 1 ns to 50 ms, 1 ns to 100 ms, 1 ns to 500 ms, 1 ns to 1 s, 1 ns to 5 s, 1 ns to 10 s, 10 ns to 20 ns, 10 ns to 50 ns, 10 ns to 100 ns, 10 ns to 500 ns, 10 ns to 1 μs, 10 ns to 5 μs s, 10ns~10μs, 10ns~50μs, 10ns~100μs, 10ns~500μs, 10ns~1ms, 10ns~5ms, 10ns~10ms, 10ns~50ms, 10ns~100ms, 10ns~500ms, 10ns~1s, 10ns~5s, 10ns~ 10s, 50ns~100ns, 50ns~500ns, 50ns~1μs, 50ns~5μs, 50ns~10μs, 50ns~50μs, 50ns~100μs, 50ns~500μs, 50ns~1ms, 50ns~5ms, 50ns~10ms, 50ns~50ms, 5 1 00ns~1ms, 100ns~5ms, 100ns~10ms, 100ns~50ms, 100ns~100ms, 100ns~500ms, 100ns~1s, 100ns~5s, 100ns~10s, 1μs~5μs, 1μs~10μs, 1μs~50μs, 1μs~10 0μs, 1μs~500μs, 1μs~1ms, 1μs~5ms, 1μs~10ms, 1μs~50ms, 1μs~100ms, 1μs~ 500ms, 1μs~1s, 1μs~5s, 1μs~10s, 10μs~50μs, 10μs~100μs, 10μs~500μs, 10μs s~1ms, 10μs~5ms, 10μs~10ms, 10μs~50ms, 10μs~100ms, 10μs~500ms, 10μs~ 1s, 10μs~5s, 10μs~10s, 100μs~500μs, 100μs~1ms, 100μs~5ms, 100μs~10ms,and having an observed radiative lifetime (e.g., measured radiative period) in the range of 100 μs to 50 ms, 100 μs to 100 ms, 100 μs to 500 ms, 100 μs to 1 s, 100 μs to 5 s, 100 μs to 10 s, 1 ms to 5 ms, 1 ms to 10 ms, 1 ms to 50 ms, 1 ms to 100 ms, 1 ms to 500 ms, 1 ms to 1 s, 1 ms to 5 s, 1 ms to 10 s, 10 ms to 50 ms, 10 ms to 100 ms, 10 ms to 500 ms, 10 ms to 1 s, 10 ms to 5 s, 10 ms to 10 s, 100 ms to 500 ms, 100 ms to 1 s, 100 ms to 5 s, 100 ms to 10 s, 1 s to 5 s, or 1 s to 10 s.

[0054] The emitting species may emit any type of electromagnetic radiation (i.e., electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength). Suitable types of electromagnetic radiation that may be emitted by the emitting species include, but are not limited to, ultraviolet light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 10 nm to about 380 nm), visible light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 380 nm to about 740 nm), near-infrared light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 700 nm to about 800 nm), and infrared light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of about 740 nm to about 3 μm). In some embodiments, the emitting species is from 10 nm to 380 nm, 10 nm to 400 nm, 10 nm to 600 nm, 10 nm to 740 nm, 10 nm to 800 nm, 10 nm to 1 μm, 10 nm to 2 μm, 10 nm to 3 μm, 380 nm to 600 nm, 380 nm to 740 nm, 380 nm to 800 nm, 380 nm to 1 μm, 380 nm to 2 μm, 380 nm to 3 μm, 400 nm to 600 nm, 400 nm to 740 nm, 400 nm to 800 nm, 4 The laser beam is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of 00 nm to 1 μm, 400 nm to 2 μm, 400 nm to 3 μm, 600 nm to 740 nm, 600 nm to 800 nm, 600 nm to 1 μm, 600 nm to 2 μm, 600 nm to 3 μm, 700 nm to 800 nm, 740 nm to 1 μm, 740 nm to 2 μm, 740 nm to 3 μm, 800 nm to 1 μm, 800 nm to 2 μm, 800 nm to 3 μm, 1 μm to 2 μm, or 1 μm to 3 μm.

[0055] In some embodiments, the emitting species is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation having a shorter wavelength. In some cases, emitting species configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at a longer wavelength may emit electromagnetic radiation less efficiently than emitting species configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at a shorter wavelength. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, emitting species with longer wavelengths may be associated with lower energy excited states than emitting species with shorter wavelengths. Electrons occupying lower energy excited states may, in some cases, relax faster through non-radiative processes than electrons occupying higher energy excited states.

[0056] In some embodiments, the emissive species is configured to emit visible light. In certain cases, the emissive species is configured to emit substantially violet light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 450 nm), substantially blue light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 450 nm to 490 nm), substantially cyan light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 490 nm to 520 nm), substantially green light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 520 nm to 560 nm), substantially yellow light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm), substantially orange light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 590 nm to 635 nm), and / or substantially red light (e.g., light having a peak wavelength in the range of 635 nm to 700 nm). In certain cases, the emissive species is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation detectable by consumer-level electronic devices (e.g., smartphones, digital cameras).

[0057] In some cases, the emission profile of the emitting species (i.e., a plot of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species as a function of time) may be fitted to one or more functions (e.g., exponential functions). Multiple lifetimes may result from different environments around the emitting species. These environments may change due to exposure to chemicals, heat, mechanical stress, moisture, cooling, gases, light, and ionizing radiation. In certain cases, when an exciting component emits electromagnetic radiation of oscillating intensity at a constant or varying frequency, the emission from an emitting species that absorbs that electromagnetic radiation may exhibit fluctuations resulting from a complex excitation profile. In an illustrative, non-limiting example, when the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the exciting component has a sinusoidal profile with a frequency close to the emission lifetime of the emitting species, the resulting electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species (i.e., the species excited by the excitation radiation) generally has an oscillation intensity of the same frequency but phase-shifted from the excitation radiation. That is, in some cases, the oscillation intensity of the photons emitted by the emitting species may be delayed from the oscillation intensity of the photons emitted by the exciting component. In some cases, there may be distortion of the intensity of the emitted radiation from a purely sinusoidal waveform of the excitation radiation.

[0058] In some cases, waveform and delay information from the emission profile may be used to calculate or infer the radiative lifetime of the emitting species. According to certain embodiments, the emitting species may be exposed to a number of different excitation frequencies and different radiative responses may be detected. In some cases, a standard emitter with a known and invariant radiative lifetime is used to determine or infer the absolute or relative lifetime of the emitting species. In some cases, the exciting component may emit electromagnetic radiation with a complex waveform, and the emitting species that absorb the electromagnetic radiation may produce radiation with a complex modulation in intensity.

[0059] In some embodiments, the emission period (e.g., observed radiative lifetime) of an emissive species may vary based on environmental conditions, including, but not limited to, binding to or proximity to other molecules (e.g., oxygen, water, carbon monoxide, quenching molecules), temperature, pH, and radiation exposure. As an illustrative example, FIG. 5 shows optical microscope images of a thin film containing two emissive species exposed to different temperatures during image acquisition using a rolling shutter. In particular, FIG. 5 shows images of the thin film at 7°C under refrigeration (left), room temperature (middle), and 54°C under heating (right). As the temperature increases, the amount of emission attributable to the emissive species during the "off" state of the LED decreases. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, this may be due to a decrease in the lifetime of the emissive species as a result of an increase in quenching pathways.

[0060] In some embodiments, a quenching molecule or material is added to the environment of the emitting species. The quencher molecule or material may act as a dynamic and / or static quencher. In certain cases, the quenching molecule or material forms a static complex with the emitting species by binding to the emitting species or by being in constant proximity to the emitting species. In some cases, the binding or constant proximity of the quenching molecule or material to the emitting species changes at least one characteristic (e.g., wavelength, intensity, emission lifetime) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species. In some cases, the binding or constant proximity of the quenching molecule or material to the emitting species quenches the emission from the emitting species, resulting in no detection of the emission from the emitting species.

[0061] In some embodiments, the quenching molecule or material dynamically interacts with the emitting species. In some such embodiments, the dynamic interaction between the quenching molecule or material and the emitting species may be controlled by diffusion or other motion. This extra quenching rate (k Q) may reduce the observed radiative lifetime of the emitting species. In some cases, dynamic interactions between the quenching molecule or material and the emitting species change at least one characteristic (e.g., wavelength, intensity, radiative lifetime, or polarization) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitting species. In some cases, dynamic interactions between the quenching molecule or material and the emitting species quench the radiation from the emitting species, resulting in no detectable radiation from the emitting species. This may be referred to as saturated dynamic quenching because all of the quenching interactions must occur in a time faster than the lifetime of the emitting species. In an illustrative, non-limiting example, oxygen is present in the environment around the emitting species but is not bound to the emitting species. Through diffusion, oxygen molecules can come close enough to the emitting species to quench its emission (e.g., the distance between the oxygen molecules and the emitting species may be small enough that electron or energy transfer can occur). The likelihood that oxygen molecules will come close enough to the emitting species to quench its emission through diffusion may depend on factors such as the oxygen concentration and temperature in the environment. For example, a higher oxygen concentration and / or a higher temperature may increase the likelihood that oxygen molecules will quench the emitting species. Thus, in some cases, the observed emission lifetime of the emitting species may provide information about oxygen concentration and / or temperature. For example, in certain cases, the emitting species exposed to the interior of a package can be used to determine the oxygen content within the package without opening the package. In other cases, the package or capsule may contain gases or molecules that quench or prevent quenching of the emitting molecules. Opening of the package or capsule, or loss of their encapsulation, may be detected by changes in the lifetime and intensity of the emitting species.

[0062] Non-limiting examples of suitable quenching molecules are amine-containing molecules. Amines may act as kinetic or static quenchers. In some cases, amines may react as Lewis or Bronsted bases, creating static complexes that alter the color and / or intensity of the emitting species. In some cases, amines participate in electron transfer processes, resulting in kinetic quenching processes that can reduce emission lifetimes. In certain cases, amines may react with other species to create new kinetic quenchers. As an example, amines may deprotonate molecules, making them more electron-rich and enabling kinetic quenching of emitting species through diffusion and electron transfer processes. Amines are indicators of food spoilage and can enable detection of food quality without opening the package. In some cases, amines may be primary diffusion quenchers that can be modified by binding carbon dioxide to create carbamates. In some embodiments, carbon dioxide may be measured using a system containing a kinetic quencher that can be modified by binding carbon dioxide. Such systems and methods may be useful in many biological and packaging contexts.

[0063] In some cases, an emitting species may be characterized by its radiative quantum yield. Those skilled in the art will understand that radiative quantum yield refers to the ratio of the number of photons absorbed by the emitting species to the number of photons emitted by the emitting species. This ratio generally depends on the relative speed of various deactivation processes. For example, if the radiative process of the emitting species is fast compared to the non-radiative process, the radiative quantum yield is relatively high. In some cases, the radiative quantum yield may be affected by one or more intrinsic properties of the emitting species. In some cases, the radiative quantum yield may be affected by one or more extrinsic properties (e.g., properties associated with the matrix, solvent, and / or reactive molecules). In certain cases, a quenching molecule or material can quench the emitting species, which generally means that the radiative quantum yield of the emitting species is below the detection limit.

[0064] In some embodiments, at least one characteristic of the emitting species (e.g., radiative quantum yield, radiative lifetime, intensity, wavelength, polarization) changes as a function of its environment. As an illustrative, non-limiting example, an emitting species may have a higher radiative quantum yield in a hydrophobic environment than in an aqueous environment. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, this effect may be related to changes in solvation of the excited state of the emitting species, which may have a different charge distribution than the ground state. In other cases, water binding to luminescent metal ions or far-red emitting dyes can absorb energy via vibrational states and quench luminescence. In some cases, heavy water (DO) can be used to prevent these processes. As another example, aggregation of certain emitting species may increase emission intensity and / or change the observed radiative lifetime. As yet another example, binding of certain molecules to the emitting species may affect the observed radiative lifetime of the emitting species. For example, a gamma cyclodextrin molecule may exhibit a particular observed radiative lifetime when a single chromophore is bound to its cavity, but a different observed radiative lifetime when a second molecule is bound to the cavity.

[0065] The emissive species may have any suitable structure. In some embodiments, the emissive species is a chemical and / or biological species. In some cases, the emissive species is a fluorophore, a phosphor, or a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule or molecular complex.

[0066] In some embodiments, the emitting species is a TADF molecule or molecular complex. A TADF molecule or molecular complex generally refers to one or more molecules having low-spin (i.e., singlet) and high-spin (i.e., triplet) states whose spin states are sufficiently close in energy to undergo dynamic equilibrium at room temperature. In some cases, this dynamic equilibrium process involves spin-orbit coupling. In some cases, this dynamic equilibrium process results in a much slower emission than expected for a singlet state, at least in part because the triplet state acts as a reservoir for excited electrons. In some cases, a photon may be absorbed by the TADF molecule or molecular complex, initially resulting in a singlet state with a high emission rate. The singlet state may quickly equilibrate with a lower-energy triplet state with a slower emission rate. When a molecule thermally reverts to a singlet state, it may emit a photon and then be converted back to a lower-energy triplet state. As a result, electromagnetic radiation can leak from a few singlet states through fluorescence, but the rate of emission is much slower than expected for singlet states.

[0067] In some embodiments, the TADF molecule has a structure including an electron-rich region and an electron-deficient region. Examples of suitable electron-rich regions include, but are not limited to, amine groups. Examples of suitable electron-deficient regions include, but are not limited to, imine and nitrile groups. In the ground state, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) may be located in the electron-rich region, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) may be located in the electron-deficient region. To provide efficient emission, there may be a finite overlap between the half-occupied states. In some embodiments, the TADF molecule is in a twisted, non-planar state. In some embodiments, the TADF molecule is arranged such that the electron-rich region and the electron-deficient region are in a cofacial configuration (i.e., the π-electron systems of the electron-rich region and the electron-deficient region interact in a face-to-face configuration). Non-limiting examples of TADF molecules are illustrated in the following structures: [ka]

[0068] In some embodiments, the emitting species includes a TADF molecular complex formed from two or more molecules. In some cases, the TADF molecular complex includes an exciplex. An exciplex may be formed by two or more molecules, where the π-electron systems of the molecules have some degree of cofacial configuration. Forming TADF exciplexes through molecular combinations (e.g., molecular pair combinations) advantageously provides a wide variety of emission lifetimes, emission wavelengths, and responsiveness to environmental factors. In exciplexes, the efficiency of emission often depends on the dynamics of the component molecules relative to each other. For at least this reason, the rigidity of the medium and / or the presence of other molecules can substantially affect the emission rate and / or quantum yield.

[0069] In some cases, a TADF exciplex may have a substantially longer wavelength and / or a substantially longer radiative lifetime than the component molecules. In certain cases, for example, each component molecule may be inherently fluorescent and have a relatively short radiative lifetime (e.g., on the order of nanoseconds). Once a TADF exciplex is formed, the TADF exciplex may have a longer radiative lifetime (e.g., on the order of microseconds). In some cases, forming a TADF exciplex advantageously increases the radiative lifetime by hundreds to thousands of times.

[0070] In some cases, TADF exciplexes may be formed by at least two separate molecules, allowing the molecules to first be separated by a certain distance and then interact by diffusion to form TADF exciplexes. Thus, thermal dosimeters may be developed that image materials based on their emission lifetime and wavelength. In some cases, the formation of TADF exciplexes may be induced by physical processes (e.g., breaking capsules) and / or changes in viscosity or other physical characteristics.

[0071] Non-limiting examples of pairs of molecules that exhibit TADF behavior are shown below: In these illustrative examples, the molecule with the amine is the electron-rich element and the molecule with the imine is the electron-deficient element. [ka]

[0072] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifying the substituents and scaffolds of a TADF molecule or molecular complex can alter the lifetime and wavelength of any emission. In some embodiments, a TADF molecule or molecular complex has an intrinsic radiative lifetime of at least 1 μs, at least 10 μs, at least 50 μs, at least 100 μs, at least 500 μs, or at least 1 ms. In some embodiments, a TADF molecule or molecular complex has an intrinsic radiative lifetime in the range of 1 μs to 5 μs, 1 μs to 10 μs, 1 μs to 50 μs, 1 μs to 100 μs, 1 μs to 500 μs, 1 μs to 1 ms, 10 μs to 50 μs, 10 μs to 100 μs, 10 μs to 500 μs, 10 μs to 1 ms, 100 μs to 500 μs, 100 μs to 1 ms, or 500 μs to 1 ms.

[0073] In some embodiments, a TADF molecule or molecular complex has an observed radiative lifetime (e.g., measured radiative period) of at least 1 μs, at least 10 μs, at least 50 μs, at least 100 μs, at least 500 μs, or at least 1 ms. In some embodiments, a TADF molecule or molecular complex has an observed radiative lifetime (e.g., measured radiative period) in the range of 1 μs to 5 μs, 1 μs to 10 μs, 1 μs to 50 μs, 1 μs to 100 μs, 1 μs to 500 μs, 1 μs to 1 ms, 10 μs to 50 μs, 10 μs to 100 μs, 10 μs to 500 μs, 10 μs to 1 ms, 100 μs to 500 μs, 100 μs to 1 ms, or 500 μs to 1 ms.

[0074] In some embodiments, the TADF molecule or molecular complex has a relatively high radiative quantum yield. In some embodiments, the TADF molecule or molecular complex has a radiative quantum yield of at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 0.95, at least 0.99, or about 1. In some embodiments, the TADF molecule or molecular complex has a radiative quantum yield in the range of 0.8-0.9, 0.8-0.95, 0.8-0.99, 0.8-1, 0.9-0.95, 0.9-0.99, 0.9-1, 0.95-0.99, 0.95-1, or 0.99-1.

[0075] In some embodiments, the emissive species is substantially phosphorescent. In certain embodiments, the phosphorescent emissive species comprises a heavy atom. In certain embodiments, the phosphorescent emissive species comprises an organometallic compound.

[0076] In some embodiments, the emitting species comprises a heavy atom. Examples of suitable main group heavy atoms include, but are not limited to, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus, silicon, and tin. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the heavy atom can convert the initial singlet state generated by photon absorption into a triplet state and / or increase the emission rate so that the emission lifetime is in the optimal detectable range. In some embodiments, the heavy atom may be accompanied by an organic scaffold.

[0077] In some embodiments, the emitting species comprises an organometallic or metal-organic compound. Organometallic compounds generally have a metal ion covalently bonded to one or more ligands. In some cases, the organometallic compound comprises one or more metal-carbon bonds. Non-limiting examples of suitable metals include gold, platinum, iridium, rhenium, ruthenium, and osmium. Non-limiting examples of suitable ligands include alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl, terpyridyl, porphyrin, and phthalocyanine groups. Examples of suitable organometallic compounds include, but are not limited to, rhenium carbonyl bipyridyl compounds, platinum acetylide compounds, ruthenium bipyridyl compounds, ruthenium terpyridyl compounds, platinum porphyrin compounds, and platinum phthalocyanine compounds. In some cases, organometallic compounds may be used for oxygen sensing. In certain embodiments, for example, platinum porphyrin and / or platinum phthalocyanine compounds may be used for oxygen sensing.

[0078] In some embodiments, the emissive species includes bismuth. Those skilled in the art recognize bismuth as a non-toxic heavy metal that is considered a post-transition metal element. In some embodiments, bismuth forms a phosphorescent compound with one or more ligands (e.g., pyridyl ligands). In other cases, bismuth forms a purely inorganic phosphorescent material. In certain cases, bismuth forms a biocompatible salt. In some cases, the biocompatible salt may be combined with a dye.

[0079] In some embodiments, the emitting species includes a lanthanide and / or an actinide. Lanthanides and / or actinides generally have highly constricted electronic states, often resulting in atomic-like emission profiles with narrow emission lines. In some embodiments, the lanthanides and / or actinides are complexed with a ligand (e.g., an organic ligand). In some cases, the ligand may be used to result in a different electromagnetic radiation absorption and / or emission profile. In certain cases, one or more ligands bound to the lanthanide and / or actinide act as antennas to harvest electromagnetic radiation. In some cases, the emission characteristics of lanthanide-containing emitting species may change upon binding of water. In certain cases, the effect of water may be reduced by replacing HO with heavy water (i.e., DO). In certain cases, emitting species may be prepared by binding heavy water to the lanthanide and / or actinide, and the emitting lifetime may be reduced to different degrees by exchange with water. In some cases, such a process may be used to determine whether a material has been exposed to an atmosphere containing water vapor.

[0080] In some embodiments, emitting species (e.g., phosphors) may be used to detect the presence of heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury). As an illustrative example, emitting species (e.g., lumophores) may be coated onto a piece of paper, and the coated paper may be inserted into a water sample. If heavy metals are present, they may bind to the coated paper and alter the emitting lifetime of the emitting species. The emitting lifetime of each species may be measured using lifetime imaging as described above.

[0081] In some cases, a test strip (e.g., an emitting species coated on a piece of paper) may be used to detect the molecular signature of a product. As one non-limiting example, a fragrance may be sprayed onto the test strip, creating a novel object that, when imaged for the lifetime of the emitting species, can be used to verify its identity. The molecular signature may result from selective enhancement or quenching of the emitting species and / or a change in the lifetime of the emitting species.

[0082] In some cases, electron transfer processes may be used to create materials with radiative lifetimes that can be used to encode information in or on articles. In some cases, these processes involve using electron transfer processes to create excited states.

[0083] In some embodiments, the emissive species may be used as crystals, ceramics, particles, in polymer composites, and / or housed in glass. In some embodiments, the emissive species are deposited on an object in a continuous composition, gradient, or pattern. In certain cases, the pattern may resemble a linear barcode or matrix code that can be read by a laser scanner or image analysis. In some embodiments, one or more emissive species are directly integrated into a printed image or mixed with other dyes. In certain embodiments, one or more emissive species are homogeneously deposited on a solid, surface, or solution. Those skilled in the art will recognize that emissive species can be added to a composition or deposited in a pattern with other emissive or coloring materials to create unique and complex information content.

[0084] The detected radiation may depend on the excitation method, frequency, delay, wavelength, and intensity of the emitting species present. A delay after the pulse may change the image, which may be particularly evident when multiple emitting species are spatially patterned. In some cases, all emitting species may be excited simultaneously. In some cases, certain emitting species may be selectively excited by selecting the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation used. In some cases, an article may have an inherent radiation. For example, a printed object may use a blue dye to prevent paper or fabric from appearing yellow. The radiation from these whitening agents may be shielded by printing or depositing a material on it. For example, a carbon-based ink may be deposited on white paper. Similarly, a longer-lived emitting species may be deposited on paper and then patterned by printing carbon ink on it.

[0085] In some embodiments, a second process may be performed to quench the emission. In some embodiments, the emissive material may contain an emissive species that can be read once or multiple times. For example, the second process may be initiated by a reading process that produces an irreversible change in the article containing the emissive species. This change may unfold instantly or may take some time to unfold. Such a change may be activated by photochromic molecules and / or photogeneration of acids, bases, radicals, or quenchers. In some cases, the emissive species may be configured to produce detectable radiation, but the second process may alter the material so that no detectable radiation is present upon repeated reading. In some cases, the second process may be triggered by the photochemical generation of reactive molecules, colored dyes, radicals, acids, bases, reduced or oxidized species, and / or chemical cascades. The second process may be initiated by mechanical stress, air exposure, moisture exposure, or ionizing radiation such as gamma rays or x-rays.

[0086] The abundance of different emitting species can provide many different response mechanisms for determining not only the essential identity of a material, but also its chemical state. Many of the emitting species described herein are multi-component, with bonds, associations, and / or linkages that can be modified to produce reversible or irreversible responses to light, temperature, radiation, molecules of interest, enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins, cells, bacteria, viruses, spores or other biomolecules, physical modifications, pressure, gases, oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide, pollen, environmental pollutants, particulate matter, drugs, pH, allergens, etc.

[0087] In some embodiments, one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, fifteen or more, or twenty or more emitting species may be present (e.g., associated with the article) and / or excited by the exciting component. In some embodiments, the number of different emitting species associated with the article ranges from 1 to 2, 1 to 5, 1 to 7, 1 to 10, 1 to 15, 1 to 20, 2 to 5, 2 to 7, 2 to 10, 2 to 15, 2 to 20, 5 to 7, 5 to 10, 5 to 15, 5 to 20, 10 to 15, or 10 to 20. In some cases, information may be extracted from a subset of different emitting species by using complex excitation methods, polarization, spatial patterning, time delays, and / or secondary exposures.

[0088] FIG. 6 shows an exemplary system containing two emitting species. In the exemplary system shown in FIG. 6, one emitting species has a radiative lifetime longer than 10 ns and one emitting species has a radiative lifetime shorter than 10 ns. As shown in FIG. 6, the rolling shutter effect can be combined with a pulsed electromagnetic radiation source to resolve individual components. FIG. 6 (left) shows an optical microscope image of a vial containing two emitting species. FIG. 6 (center) shows an optical microscope image of the same vial under pulsed irradiation, imaged using a rolling shutter. As shown in FIG. 6 (center), emission from both species is observed during the "on" state, while only emission from the species with a radiative lifetime longer than 10 ns is observed during the "off" state. As can be seen from the enlarged image shown in FIG. 6 (right), the rolling shutter method overlaps the time domain with the spatial domain.

[0089] In some cases, radioactive tags (e.g., chemical tags) may be used for labeling or information encoding. In some cases, such radioactive tags (e.g., chemical tags) may rely on patterning and different colors. Emission images may be prepared and read by a multitude of possible complex and variable excitation and measurement methods. In some cases, many different image patterns may be generated by a single radioactive tag. The measured lifetime image may change dynamically based on the application or from instructions transmitted from a central source to the reading device. Complex algorithms may be assigned to a given location or time when an image is acquired. In some cases, secondary information (e.g., a one-dimensional or two-dimensional barcode on the object) may contain instructions on how to read the complex radiation lifetime image.

[0090] In some cases, a dynamic quencher can be added to the emissive material, capable of quenching selected emissive species and resulting in a specific lifetime. The emissive species and / or dynamic quencher can be incorporated into a film, bulk polymer, paste, gel, or fluid (e.g., liquid, gas). For example, one or more emissive species can be printed on a surface, and one or more dynamic quenchers can be placed in the gas phase. In some cases, the diffusion rate of the quencher can be modified by a secondary stimulus, and lifetime imaging can be used to detect the presence of the secondary stimulus. The stimulus can be chemical, thermal, photochemical, radioactive (e.g., exposure to ionizing radiation), or mechanical. The effect of the secondary stimulus can be reversible or irreversible. If reversible, the sensor can act as a real-time sensor for the secondary stimulus. Non-limiting examples of suitable secondary stimuli include the presence of water and heat. Heat is known to modify diffusion processes in materials and can alter the lifetime of the emissive species by changing the diffusion rate of the dynamic quencher. Selective excitation of a photochromic element can also be included. Electromagnetic radiation may be used to change the properties of materials and their diffusion. A secondary stimulus may also be used to increase the concentration of the kinetic quencher, thereby increasing the likelihood that the kinetic quencher will approach the emitting species. In some cases, both the kinetic quencher and the emitting species may diffuse. In other cases, only the emitting species may diffuse. The encounter between the two species is generally controlled by the diffusion rate and concentration.

[0091] The systems and methods described herein may be useful for numerous applications. For example, in some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be used for product identification, product authentication, etc. In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be used to determine characteristics of an item. In some cases, the characteristics of an item may include the identity of the item, the origin of the item, the location of the item, the authenticity (or counterfeitness) of the item, the quality of the item, the age of the item, whether the item is new or used, deterioration of the item, mishandling of the item, tampering with the item, contamination of the item, etc. Such characteristics may be useful, for example, for detecting theft, detecting illegal distribution, identifying illegal sales, identifying counterfeit products, identifying adulteration, quality control, quality assurance, tampering and tracking of items.

[0092] In some cases, an item may be associated with a radioactive tag (e.g., a chemical tag) that is difficult to reverse engineer or replicate. In a radioactive tag, multiple different emitting species may be arranged in different environments, locations, or orientations depending on how the composition is assembled. In some embodiments, the process by which the radioactive tag is assembled may be complex and may result in a unique signal. Creating a new, unique signal in a highly multidimensional processing space is much easier than replicating this signal. Thus, creating a new, unique signal is efficient, and attempts to counterfeit copies of these compositions are virtually futile. In some embodiments, the emitting species may be covalently bound and / or housed in a material that can only be broken down by strong physical, thermal, and / or chemical processes that result in the decomposition of the emitting species. This may, in some cases, prevent easy identification of the emitting species. Furthermore, the patterns created may be sufficiently complex that significant effort is required to reverse engineer or replicate the pattern. Furthermore, even if the radioactive tag can be reverse engineered or replicated, the code may be easily alterable and require matching to other product information, such as a linear bar code and / or matrix code.

[0093] One method of authenticating an item is to place a specially designed emissive seed directly within the item. The emissive seed may be embedded in plastic, ceramic, glass, gel, wax, liquid, or oil. In some cases, the emissive seed may be homogeneously distributed. In some cases, the emissive seed may be printed according to a pattern. Even in the absence of a complex pattern, considerable information is still available, given the possibility that the color and emissive lifetime of the emissive seed may vary.

[0094] Additionally, a secondary label on the container containing the product (e.g., an article) may be used to provide further instructions to a reading device (e.g., a smartphone) regarding how the reading should be performed. For example, a fluid may be analyzed by first scanning an optical linear barcode or two-dimensional matrix code on the container or packaging, and then scanning the fluid. In this manner, various codes for products can be created with minimal expense. In another representative example, a liquid, gel, paste, or solid containing a taggant may be sprayed or deposited onto a linear barcode, two-dimensional matrix code, test strip capable of producing a radiation lifetime image, or any other area of ​​the container or packaging that can recognize the presence of the taggant. In this manner, the authenticity of both the contents and its associated packaging can be easily verified.

[0095] A wide variety of emissive species may be produced from non-toxic organic or inorganic materials. These materials may be present in trace concentrations and, in the case of fragrances and cosmetics, may be applied to the skin. Alternatively, the emissive species may be part of a product coating. In the case of coated pills, tablets, or capsules, a combination of emissive species may uniquely encode the pills, tablets, or capsules while still being safe for consumption. In some cases, one or more safe materials approved for human consumption or application to the skin may be combined. For example, bismuth compounds may be used to treat digestive problems. Bismuth can be used to create compositions with food dyes to create long-lived emissive complexes.

[0096] The radioactive tag may be incorporated onto the packaging, into the packaging material itself, integrated as part of a linear barcode or matrix code, or included in an image or trademark. The linear barcode or matrix code can provide instructions to the reader on how to excite the radioactive species and where to read the code. For example, on a given package, a user may be instructed to position the reader (e.g., an image sensor) over a specific symbol or wording. Multiple codes can be placed on a single package, and the reader can be redirected only if data indicating possible counterfeiting is present. This may be the result of the optical barcode indicating that the product is not distributed in a particular region, but multiple products have been read in that area. Other suspicious codes that may be counterfeit may have been detected. Thus, the use of radioactive species may advantageously provide a low-cost method of incorporating authentication information into product packaging, which may also be used to obtain information for tracing the source of counterfeit products.

[0097] Packaging is often used to protect products from the environment, and radioactive tags may be used to determine the condition of the product. In some cases, radioactive tags may be designed to respond to specific types of stimuli. For example, when placed inside food packaging, radioactive tags may be used to determine the quality of the food. Biogenic amines produced by microbial activity may cause a change in the response (e.g., lifetime, color) of the emitting species, and the concentration of these amines is determined by the captured image. In some cases, this measurement may be determined without ever opening the package, provided that the package is transparent to the tag's excitation and read wavelengths. Similarly, in modified atmosphere packaging used for production, tags may be developed to detect levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and / or other microbial markers. Oxygen intrusion may be used to determine whether a product's seal has been breached.

[0098] In some embodiments, the radioactive tag may be used to sense the state of a gas and / or liquid. In certain embodiments where the product is a liquid, the radioactive tag may be contacted with the liquid, and specific interactions between the components of the liquid and the radioactive tag may be used to generate a unique image that is read by the emission wavelength and lifetime. In blister packaging, for example, the analyte may be incorporated into the contents of the item contained within the package and later released, or may be actively added to the headspace of the package at some point in production, whereby the resulting analyte in the headspace may interact with the radioactive tag located inside the package, affecting the emission color and lifetime of the tag. In one embodiment, this analyte-tag interaction may be reversible, such that the tag returns to its original state upon opening the package, followed by evaporation or removal of the analyte.

[0099] In some cases, the thermal history of a product may be determined by a radiometric authentication code placed in or on the packaging. This may be very useful for heat-sensitive medicines such as biologics, insulin, and vaccines. Radiometric tags may be used to determine the authenticity of products and ensure that the cold chain required to preserve their quality has been observed. In one embodiment, radiometric tags located on vials of insulin may be used to monitor the cumulative room temperature exposure time. Thermal history tags may also be useful for monitoring the quality of meat and fish, as well as wine.

[0100] A combination of radiation-encoded tags, optical linear barcodes or matrix codes, holograms, embossed codes, waveguide codes, and smartphone readers or similar interconnected devices may be used to obtain time, location, and authentication data. This data may be captured locally using a device application and periodically transmitted to a central location, or may be transmitted continuously using a tolerance band. In some cases, manufacturers and / or retailers may be able to use this information to monitor where their products are located and, more importantly, where counterfeit products are entering the supply or distribution chain.

[0101] In some embodiments, the radiative tag is optically anisotropic. In certain embodiments, one or more radiative species of the radiative tag may emit electromagnetic radiation in one direction at a first set of wavelengths and radiative lifetimes and in a second direction at a second set of wavelengths and radiative lifetimes. In some cases, this anisotropy may be achieved by mechanical methods (e.g., blow molding, melt flow, extrusion, rubber, embossing, solvent flow, stretching) when the radiative species is a polymer or embedded in a polymer. In certain embodiments, the radiative species may be part of a liquid crystal or dissolved in the liquid crystal. Alignment of the radiative species within the liquid crystal may be achieved by mechanical methods, optical methods, photochemical reactions, and / or application of electric and / or magnetic fields. In certain cases, circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation may be generated. In some cases, these alignments may be maintained and persist in the radiative tag indefinitely or until other conditions that cause loss of alignment are applied. In certain cases, an anisotropic optical material may be disposed around and / or on the radiative species, thereby generating a polarized image. In some cases, adding polarization and optical anisotropy features to the radiative tag may advantageously introduce additional complexity and provide more options for encoding information. In some cases, increasing temperature can reduce optical alignment in the material. In some such cases, changes in the radiative lifetime image resulting from changes in the alignment of the material can be used to obtain information about the thermal history of the object.

[0102] In some embodiments, pills, tablets, and capsules may be placed in blister packs. Typically, one side of the package is hemispherical and transparent to allow the product to be viewed, and the backing, often foil, is flat, allowing the product to be removed by tearing it. These packages may contain an atmosphere that provides a specific lifetime for the radioactive tag. The atmosphere may contain a gas, such as carbon dioxide, which may interact with amines or other species in the radioactive material, resulting in a unique lifetime. This may provide a unique optical signature for the product. In some cases, damage to the product by breaking the seal may also be detected. In certain embodiments, the atmosphere may be nitrogen or argon, and the radioactive tag may change its lifetime in the presence of oxygen, which may leach into the package if the seal is broken. In some cases, the atmosphere may contain heavy water, which can be replaced by water if the seal is broken.

[0103] In some embodiments, the emitting species and / or emitting tag may be combined with a recognition entity, such as RNA, DNA, PNA, chimeric nucleic acid, molecular beacon, antibody, aptamer, lectin, protein, engineered protein, enzyme, intercalator, etc., to produce an assay (e.g., diagnostic assay, immunoassay). In some cases, the assay may be used for point-of-care, on-site, and / or at-home diagnostic uses. In some embodiments, the assay may be based on high-throughput screening (HTS), time-resolved FRET, and / or time-resolved fluorescence quenching technologies. In certain cases, the assay may be combined with other diagnostic, sensing, and / or signal / analyte amplification technologies, including, but not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), isothermal amplification, gene editing technologies, etc. In certain cases, the assay may be combined with high-throughput array technologies, including, but not limited to, DNA microarrays, protein microarrays, biofunction chip devices, etc. In some cases, the assays may be used to test environmental samples (e.g., water, soil, mold, paint) and / or biological samples (e.g., blood, sweat, mucus, urine, feces). In some cases, these assays may be incorporated into wearable sensors designed to monitor pH, sweat rate / loss, and concentrations of analytes (e.g., glucose, lactate, chloride, electrolytes, metabolites, small molecules). In some cases, the systems and methods described herein may be fabricated into assays (e.g., diagnostic assays) for monitoring analytes indicative of disease states such as bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, renal failure, or cancer. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other assays are possible.

[0104] In some embodiments, radioactive sprays, aerosols, liquids, particles, etc. may be used to verify the presence or absence of allergens in food and beverage samples.

[0105] In some embodiments, radiating solids, liquids, particles, aerosols, gels, pastes, etc. may be widely dispensed and remotely monitored to verify the presence or absence of analytes such as explosives, chemical agents, biological agents, toxic chemicals, heavy metals, narcotics, radiation, etc. Additionally, the aforementioned rolling shutter effect may provide distance information for ranging applications.

[0106] In another embodiment, radioactive tags capable of detecting analytes such as explosives, chemical agents, biological agents, toxic chemicals, heavy metals, narcotics, radiation, etc. may be deployed on autonomous air, land, and sea vehicles for remote monitoring.

[0107] In another embodiment, the radioactive tag may be used in an identification friend or foe system.

[0108] In another embodiment, the radioactive tag may be used on a security badge or identification card.

[0109] In another embodiment, radioactive tags may be used on currency.

[0110] In some embodiments, the emitting species (eg, chemical and / or biological species) described herein may be associated with point-of-care, field or at-home diagnostic kits or related methods.

[0111] In some embodiments, one or more emissive species may be incorporated into solutions that are drop-cast, spin-coated, or sprayed onto various substrates. In some embodiments, the emissive species may be incorporated into thin films.

[0112] In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be used to detect (e.g., characterize) an article due to, for example, exposure to extreme temperatures, changes in moisture and / or humidity, exposure to light and / or chemical reactants. For example, in some such embodiments, one or more chemical and / or biological species may have time-dependent emission and / or reflection behavior that changes with exposure to different temperatures, moisture, humidity, light, and / or reaction with specific chemicals. In other cases, chemical and / or biological species may be used as timers to ensure the quality of materials. For example, if a change in a species' characteristic is induced by exposure to gamma radiation, ethylene oxide, oxygen, or other sterilizing agents as part of a sterilization process, the emitting species can be used to indicate how much time has passed since the exposure and / or process. Similarly, the methods and systems described herein may be used to identify (e.g., characterize) the physical opening of packaging surrounding an article and its exposure to the ambient atmosphere.

[0113] In some embodiments, as described herein, changes in the emission profile (e.g., amount, rate) of an emitting species under a particular set(s) of conditions (e.g., as identified in a single image) correspond to one or more characteristics of the article or the species itself. That is, in some embodiments, one or more characteristics of the article may be identified based on the emission and / or reflectance profile of one or more chemical and / or biological species (e.g., chemical and / or biological species pre-added to the article).

[0114] In some embodiments, a seed may be applied to an article and a record may be made of characteristics of the article that are associated with the seed. For example, in some embodiments, the identity of an article may be confirmed when a particular radiation pattern is detected by an imaging system.

[0115] In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be combined with one or more additional identification components. For example, in some embodiments, a second identification component different from the chemical and / or biological species may be present. For example, in some embodiments, the species may further be associated with a one-dimensional or multidimensional optical barcode. Based on the teachings herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to select an additional identification component for use with the methods and systems described herein. In some embodiments, the article is associated with a species and a second identification component, such as an optical barcode, a hologram, RFID, and / or additional chemical and / or biological markers. Non-limiting examples of additional chemical and / or biological markers that may be used in conjunction with the systems described herein include, but are not limited to, colorimetric dyes, fluorescent dyes, IR dyes, watermarks, nanoparticles, nanorods, quantum dots, antibodies, proteins, nucleic acids, and combinations thereof.

[0116] As used herein, the term "associated with" generally means held in close proximity; for example, a chemical tag associated with an article may be adjacent to the surface of the article. As used herein, when an emitting species is referred to as "adjacent" a surface, the emitting species may be directly adjacent to (e.g., touching) the surface, or one or more intervening components (e.g., labels) may also be present. A chemical tag "directly adjacent" to a surface means that no intervening component(s) are present. In some embodiments, the chemical and / or biological species is adjacent to the surface of the article. In some embodiments, the emitting species is directly adjacent to the surface of the article. In some embodiments, the emitting species is incorporated into the article (e.g., present within at least a portion of the bulk of the article, but if the chemical and / or biological species is not added to the article, then it is not essentially present in the article itself or is not present in an amount desirable for implementing the systems and / or methods described herein).

[0117] In some embodiments, the emitting species passively emits electromagnetic radiation, while in some embodiments, the emitting species does not emit electromagnetic radiation but may be stimulated (e.g., induced) to emit and / or reflect electromagnetic radiation that may be detected (e.g., in a single image generated, e.g., using a rolling shutter, etc.).

[0118] In some embodiments, stimulating (e.g., triggering) the species produces radiation and / or changes the lifetime of the radiation, which in some embodiments identifies a characteristic of the species and / or article.

[0119] In some embodiments, a characteristic of an article may be determined by detecting a first (time-dependent) emission by one or more species under a first set of conditions and detecting a second (time-dependent) emission by the one or more species under a second set of conditions different from the first set of conditions, where a change between the first emission and the second emission identifies a characteristic of the article.

[0120] As described above and herein, a characteristic of the emission of one or more species (e.g., the lifetime of the emission) may be identified by acquiring a single image of the emission using a rolling shutter mechanism and an image sensor, such that a first portion of the image corresponds to a first period of time after the onset of the emission and a second portion of the image corresponds to a second period of time after the same onset of the emission.

[0121] In some embodiments, a single pulse of electromagnetic radiation may be used to stimulate the species.

[0122] In some embodiments, multiple pulses of electromagnetic radiation may be used to stimulate the species. In certain cases, multiple pulses of electromagnetic radiation may be useful for repeated authentication of an article. In some embodiments, the emitting species may be stimulated for a specific period of time so that the intensity, lifetime, and / or color of the signal generated by the image sensor in response to the radiation can be monitored over time. In some such embodiments, the emission profile of the species may be used to determine characteristics of the article (e.g., authenticity, freshness, whether the item has been used, etc.). In some embodiments, multiple pulses of electromagnetic radiation of one or more chemical and / or biological species may be used to generate complex distinguishable signals, for example, such that the time domain of the distinguishable signal corresponds to a characteristic of the article (e.g., identity, authenticity, etc.).

[0123] In general, any stimulus that produces a detectable emission (and / or reflection) of electromagnetic radiation from a chemical and / or biological species may be used with the systems and methods described herein.

[0124] In some embodiments, the methods and systems described herein may utilize the sequential emission of two or more radiation profiles to identify one or more characteristics of an article.

[0125] In some cases, it may be desirable to have a species that is excitable for months or even years. In some embodiments, electromagnetic radiation produced in response to an applied reactant, light, radiation, or mechanochemical stimulus may be used.

[0126] In some embodiments, the image sensor is positioned proximate to an article suspected of containing chemical and / or biological species. In some embodiments, when the chemical and / or biological species are excited to generate radiation, the image sensor may be configured to generate a single image of the radiation. In some such embodiments, the single image may correspond to one or more features of the article.

[0127] In some embodiments, the chemical and / or biological species may undergo a reaction (e.g., that can be detected using the systems and methods described herein) in the presence of the analyte. For example, the interaction between the chemical and / or biological species and the analyte may include the formation of bonds such as covalent bonds (e.g., carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, oxygen-silicon, sulfur-sulfur, phosphorus-nitrogen, carbon-nitrogen, metal-oxygen, or other covalent bonds), ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds (e.g., between, for example, hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, thiol, and / or similar functional groups), coordinate bonds (e.g., complexation or chelation between a metal ion and a monodentate or polydentate ligand), etc. The interaction may also include van der Waals interactions. In one embodiment, the interaction includes forming a covalent bond with the analyte. In some cases, the interaction between the species and the analyte may include a reaction such as a charge transfer reaction. In some other embodiments, the species may undergo a chemical or physical transformation in response to a change in the surrounding environment (e.g., a change in temperature) to generate an emission profile (e.g., a pattern) determinable from an image sensor. The determinable signal may, in some cases, be persistent or decrease over time.

[0128] Chemical and / or biological species may also interact with the analyte through binding events between pairs of biological molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, hormones, etc. Specific examples are antibody / peptide pairs, antibody / antigen pairs, antibody fragment / antigen pairs, antibody / antigen fragment pairs, antibody fragment / antigen fragment pairs, antibody / hapten pairs, enzyme / substrate pairs, enzyme / inhibitor pairs, enzyme / cofactor pairs, protein / substrate pairs, nucleic acid / nucleic acid pairs, protein / nucleic acid pairs, peptide / peptide pairs, protein / protein pairs, small molecule / protein pairs, glutathione / GST pairs, anti-GFP / GFP fusion protein pairs, Myc / Max pairs, maltose / maltose binding protein pairs, carbohydrate / protein pairs, carbohydrate derivative / protein pairs, metal binding tag / metal / chelate, peptide tag / metal ion-metal chelate Examples of suitable species include peptide / NTA pairs, lectin / carbohydrate pairs, receptor / hormone pairs, receptor / effector pairs, complementary nucleic acid / nucleic acid pairs, ligand / cell surface receptor pairs, virus / ligand pairs, protein A / antibody pairs, protein G / antibody pairs, protein L / antibody pairs, Fc receptor / antibody pairs, biotin / avidin pairs, biotin / streptavidin pairs, drug / target pairs, zinc finger / nucleic acid pairs, small molecule / peptide pairs, small molecule / protein pairs, small molecule / target pairs, carbohydrate / protein pairs, e.g., maltose / MBP (maltose binding protein), small molecule / target pairs, or metal ion / chelator pairs. Specific non-limiting examples of species include peptides, proteins, DNA, RNA, and PNAs.

[0129] As used herein, an "analyte" or "chemical compound" may be any chemical, biochemical, or biological entity (e.g., a molecule) to be analyzed. The analyte may be in the gas phase, liquid phase, or solid phase. In some embodiments, the analyte is a gas-phase analyte. In some cases, the analyte may be in the form of electromagnetic radiation. In some cases, the analyte may be an airborne particle. In some cases, the device may be selected to have high specificity for the analyte, such as a chemical, biological, or explosive sensor. In some embodiments, the analyte includes a functional group capable of interacting with at least a portion (e.g., a species) of the device. In some cases, the device may determine changes in pH, moisture, temperature, etc., of the surrounding medium. The analyte may be a chemical species such as an explosive (e.g., TNT), a toxin, or a chemical warfare agent. In certain examples, the analyte is a chemical warfare agent (e.g., sarin gas) or an analog of a chemical warfare agent (e.g., dimethyl methylphosphonate, DMMP).

[0130] In some embodiments, the chemical compound (i.e., the analyte) may be an aromatic species, including optionally substituted aryl and / or optionally substituted heteroaryl species, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene. In some embodiments, the analyte may be an amine-containing species, such as ammonia. In some embodiments, the analyte may be a nitrile-containing species, such as acetonitrile. In some embodiments, the analyte may be an oxygen-containing species, such as an alcohol, ketone, ester, carboxylate, aldehyde, species containing other carbonyl groups, ethers, etc. In some embodiments, the analyte may be a ketone, ester, ether, or aldehyde-containing species, such as cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, THF, or hexanal. In some embodiments, the analyte is a phosphorus-containing analyte, such as DMMP. In some embodiments, the analyte may be a nitro-containing species, such as nitromethane or TNT. Other examples of analytes include alcohols, olefins, nitric oxide, thiols, thioesters, etc.

[0131] In some cases, a sensor can determine a change in a condition or set of conditions of the surrounding medium. As used herein, a change in a "condition" or "set of conditions" may include, for example, a change to a particular temperature, pH, solvent, chemical agent, type of atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen, argon, oxygen, etc.), electromagnetic radiation, etc. In some cases, a set of conditions may include a change in temperature of the environment in which the sensor is placed. For example, a sensor may include a component (e.g., a binding site) that undergoes a chemical or physical change in response to a change in temperature to generate a determinable signal from the sensor.

[0132] Other embodiments suitable for use in the context of the embodiments described herein include International Patent Application No. PCT / US2009 / 001396, filed March 4, 2009, entitled "Devices and Methods for Determination of Species Including Chemical Warfare Agents"; International Patent Application No. PCT / US2009 / 006512, filed December 11, 2009, entitled "High Charge Density Structures, Including Carbon-Based Nanostructures and Applications Thereof"; U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 474,415, filed May 29, 2009, entitled "Field Emission Devices Including Nanotubes or Other Nanoscale Articles"; and International Patent Application No. PCT / US2011 / 051610, filed October 6, 2010, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Determining No. PCT / US2010 / 055395, filed November 4, 2010, entitled "Nanostructured Devices including Analyte Detectors, and Related Methods"; International Patent Application No. PCT / US2011 / 053899, filed September 29, 2011, entitled "COMPOSITIONS, METHODS, AND SYSTEMS COMPRISING POLY(THIOPHENES); International Patent Application No. PCT / US2011 / 025863, filed February 23, 2011, entitled "Charged Polymers and Their Uses in Electronic Devices"; and International Patent Application No. PCT / US2015 / 039971, filed July 10, 2015, entitled "FORMULATIONS FOR ENHANCED CHEMIRESISTIVE SENSING," which applications are incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes.

[0133] In an exemplary embodiment, a system is provided that includes an excitation component configured to excite a chemical or biological species such that radiation produced by the chemical or biological species produces a detectable signal; an image sensor configured to sense the detectable signal, wherein the detectable signal comprises a time-dependent radiation signal; and electronic hardware components configured to convert the collected radiation into a single image, wherein the single image comprises the time-dependent radiation signal.

[0134] In another exemplary embodiment, a method is provided for identifying a change in a chemical or biological species over a period of time, the method including: stimulating a species such that the species produces a detectable radiation having a lifetime greater than 10 nanoseconds; acquiring a single image of the detectable radiation using an image sensor, wherein a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first period of time after stimulation of the species and a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second period of time after stimulation of the species that is different from the first period of time; and determining the change in the chemical or biological species based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image.

[0135] In another exemplary embodiment, a method is provided for identifying a characteristic of a chemical or biological species, the method including: stimulating the species such that the species produces detectable radiation having a lifetime greater than 10 nanoseconds; acquiring a single image of the detectable radiation using an image sensor, wherein a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first period of time after stimulation of the species and a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second period of time after stimulation of the species that is different from the first period of time; and determining a characteristic of the species based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image.

[0136] In yet another exemplary embodiment, a method is provided for identifying a characteristic of an article, the method including the steps of positioning an image sensor in proximity to an article suspected of containing a chemical tag; stimulating the article so that the chemical tag, if present, produces detectable radiation; acquiring a single image of the detectable radiation using the image sensor, wherein a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first period of time after stimulation of the analyte and a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second period of time after stimulation of the analyte that is different from the first period of time; and determining a characteristic of the article based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image.

[0137] In an exemplary embodiment, a method for detecting the presence of a stimulus is provided, the method including the steps of exposing an article including a chemical tag to a set of conditions including the stimulus, wherein the chemical tag undergoes a chemical and / or biological reaction in the presence of the stimulus; positioning an image sensor in proximity to the article; acquiring a single image of a portion of the article including the chemical tag using the image sensor, wherein a first portion of the single image corresponds to a first period of time after exposure of the article and a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second period of time after exposure of the article that is different from the first period of time; and determining a characteristic of the article based on a difference between the first and second portions of the single image.

[0138] In another exemplary embodiment, a system configured to identify a characteristic of an item is provided, the system including: a chemical tag associated with the item, the chemical tag capable of emitting detectable radiation having an excited state lifetime longer than 10 nanoseconds under a set of conditions; an image sensor configured to collect the radiation produced by the chemical tag; electronic hardware components configured to convert the collected radiation into a single image; and a source configured to stimulate the chemical tag under the set of conditions, wherein the single image includes a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being acquired at a different time from the first portion after stimulation of the chemical tag by the source, and wherein a difference between a characteristic of the first portion and the second portion is associated with the characteristic of the item.

[0139] In yet another exemplary embodiment, a system configured to identify a characteristic of a chemical tag is provided, the system including: a chemical tag capable of emitting detectable radiation having an excited-state lifetime longer than 10 nanoseconds under a set of conditions; an image sensor configured to collect the radiation generated by the chemical tag; electronic hardware components configured to convert the collected radiation into a single image; and a source configured to stimulate the chemical tag, wherein the single image includes a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being acquired at a different time from the first portion after stimulation of the chemical tag by the source, and a difference between the characteristics of the first portion and the second portion being associated with a characteristic of the chemical tag. In other cases, the image may be generated by combining a third, fourth, fifth, and sixth portion with the first and second portions. The number of portions may be even greater and is related to the desired level of complexity required for the application at hand. Furthermore, in a given reading of an item, only a subset of the potential emitting species may be read as a result of their selective excitation, physical location, orientation, environment, lifetime, etc. When reading an item multiple times, different methods may be used for each successive reading.

[0140] In some exemplary embodiments, the stimulus comprises electromagnetic radiation provided as a single pulse, a periodic pulse, a series of pulses, a continuously varying intensity, or a combination thereof.

[0141] In some exemplary embodiments, the stimulus comprises electromagnetic radiation of a discrete wavelength range that excites selected emitting species.

[0142] In some exemplary embodiments, the stimulus is provided by a smartphone or camera flash, modulated by a shutter, refractive material, optical module, mirror, or light valve, and / or provided by fluorescent or LED light.

[0143] In some exemplary embodiments, features are extracted from analysis of multiple images taken with different excitations and / or from collecting one or more images at different angles, distances, or orientations.

[0144] In some exemplary embodiments, the seeds are associated with a packaging component.

[0145] In some exemplary embodiments, the species undergoes a chemical and / or biological response upon stimulation of the species.

[0146] In some exemplary embodiments, exposure to the analyte results in a change in the intensity of the emitting species and / or a change in the lifetime of species having a lifetime greater than 10 nanoseconds.

[0147] In some exemplary embodiments, the second stimulus results in a loss of radiation of one or more emitting species contained in the object or a shielding of the first stimulus.

[0148] In some exemplary embodiments, the second stimulus comprises the occurrence of a color or a change in absorption and / or emission.

[0149] In some exemplary embodiments, different combinations of the first, second and further stimuli may result in changes in the image acquired over 100 nanoseconds to 100 milliseconds.

[0150] In some exemplary embodiments, the chemical tag undergoes a chemical and / or biological reaction upon stimulation of the article, and / or stimulation of the article includes causing a chemical and / or biological reaction of the chemical tag.

[0151] In some exemplary embodiments, the chemical tag comprises at least one emissive dye having an excited state lifetime longer than 10 nanoseconds.

[0152] In some exemplary embodiments, a rolling shutter component is associated with the image sensor.

[0153] In some exemplary embodiments, the chemical tag produces a detectable emission in the presence of a stimulus that has an excited state lifetime of greater than 10 nanoseconds. Further Exemplary Embodiments

[0154] The following embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments described herein are possible.

[0155] 1. A device capable of exciting an object and reading the pattern produced by emitted and / or reflected electromagnetic radiation, in which at least one emitting species produces a signal that varies during the reading of the pattern.

[0156] a. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the excitation is generated by one or more bursts of electromagnetic radiation that excite all of the emitting species.

[0157] b. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the excitation is achieved by pulsed and / or modulated electromagnetic radiation.

[0158] c. The device of embodiment 1, wherein excitation is achieved by a flash lamp, an LED, and / or a fluorescent lamp.

[0159] d. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the excitation method is controlled by an optical shutter, a light valve, an optical modulator, a refractive material, or a mirror.

[0160] e. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the excitation is at different wavelengths that can independently excite different emitting species.

[0161] f. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the one or more images are collected using different delays from the burst of electromagnetic radiation or modulation of the electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths.

[0162] g. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the excitation is varied through the reading of the pattern.

[0163] h. A device as described in embodiment 1 having integrated excitation and image capture components.

[0164] i. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the excitation and image capture components are separate.

[0165] j. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the device incorporates a CMOS imaging device.

[0166] k. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the device is a smartphone.

[0167] l. A device as described in embodiment 1, wherein the method of excitation and object reading can be dynamically changed while the device is performing measurements.

[0168] m. The device of embodiment 1, wherein instructions for excitation and image reading are provided by another optical image, software, or wireless communication from an external source.

[0169] n. The device of embodiment 1, wherein the device is capable of inducing non-optical excitation of at least one emissive component by electrical, mechanical, particle, or chemical stimulation.

[0170] 2. An article comprising one or more emissive species (e.g., dyes) having an excited state lifetime longer than 10 nanoseconds.

[0171] a. The article of embodiment 2, wherein the coating of the article bears information that identifies the identity and / or status of the product associated with the article.

[0172] b. The article of embodiment 2, which is a pill, capsule coating, or physical packaging for a product.

[0173] c. The article of embodiment 2, wherein a portion of the article comprises a barcode or matrix code.

[0174] d. The article of embodiment 2, wherein information regarding how the article is to be read is encoded.

[0175] e. The article of embodiment 2, wherein the emissive dyes having a lifetime greater than 10 nanoseconds respond to their environment to reveal information about the status of the product.

[0176] f. The article of embodiment 2, wherein the emitted signal having a lifetime greater than 10 nanoseconds is created, altered, or enhanced in response to its environment or exposure history.

[0177] g. The article of embodiment 2, wherein the emission signal is produced by an inorganic phosphor.

[0178] h. The article of embodiment 2, wherein the radiative signal is produced by an inorganic / organic composition.

[0179] i. The article of embodiment 2, comprising an emissive material containing bismuth.

[0180] j. The article of embodiment 2, comprising an emissive material containing iridium, platinum, rhenium, gold, or copper.

[0181] k. The article of embodiment 2, comprising an emissive material containing a lanthanide or actinide metal.

[0182] m. The article of embodiment 2, comprising an emissive material containing bromide, iodide, sulfur, selenium, telluride, phosphorous, antimony, tin, lead, mercury, or cadmium.

[0183] n. The article of embodiment 2, comprising an emissive material that exhibits thermally activated delayed emission.

[0184] o. The article of embodiment 2, comprising an emissive material that can diffuse and change its location in the article.

[0185] p. The article of embodiment 2, which is a liquid.

[0186] q. The article of embodiment 2, which is a gel.

[0187] r. The article of embodiment 2, which is a composite of a solid, a liquid, and / or a gel.

[0188] s. The article of embodiment 2 having optical structures that focus or guide light.

[0189] u. The article of embodiment 2 containing a hologram.

[0190] v. The article of embodiment 2, containing a bar code or matrix code.

[0191] y. The article of embodiment 2 produced by the combination of a starting test specimen that results in a radiative response after application of the material of interest to the test specimen.

[0192] z. The article of embodiment 2 having optical structures that produce directional emission or polarization of emitted light.

[0193] While multiple embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those skilled in the art will readily envision various other means and / or structures for performing the functions and / or obtaining the results and / or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each such variation and / or modification is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are intended to be exemplary, and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend on the specific application or applications for which the teachings of the present invention are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Accordingly, the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only, and it should be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and / or method described herein. Furthermore, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits and / or methods is included within the scope of the present invention, unless such features, systems, articles, materials, kits and / or methods are mutually inconsistent. The indefinite articles "a" and "an," as used in the specification and claims, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean "at least one."

[0194] The term "and / or," as used in the specification and claims, should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjunctively combined, i.e., elements that are conjunctive in some cases and disjunctive in other cases. Other elements, whether related or unrelated to the elements specifically identified in the "and / or" clause, may optionally be present, unless clearly indicated to the contrary. Thus, as a non-limiting example, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as "comprising," a reference to "A and / or B" can refer, in one embodiment, to A without B (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B without A (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements), etc.

[0195] As used in this specification and the claims, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and / or" as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or" or "and / or" should be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., including at least one, but also more than one, of a number of elements or list of elements, and optionally additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as "only one of" or "exactly one of," or when used in the claims, "consisting of" refers to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number of elements or list of elements. In general, when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as "either," "one of," "only one of," or "exactly one of," the term "or" used herein should be interpreted as indicating only exclusive alternatives (i.e., "one or the other, but not both"). When used in the claims, "consisting essentially of" has its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[0196] As used in this specification and claims, the phrase "at least one" in connection with a list of one or more elements should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but does not necessarily include at least one of each and every element specifically listed in the list of elements, nor does it exclude any combination of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows for elements other than those specifically identified in the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to the elements specifically identified, may optionally be present. Thus, as a non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or equivalently, "at least one of A or B" or equivalently, "at least one of A and / or B") can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one A, optionally including more than one, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one B, optionally including more than one, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one A, optionally including more than one, and at least one B, optionally including more than one, with other elements present (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[0197] In the claims and the foregoing specification, all transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," "involving," "holding," and the like, are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including, but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

[0198] For example, any terms used herein relating to the shape, orientation, alignment, and / or geometric relationships between one or more articles, structures, forces, fields, flows, directions / trajectories, and / or subcomponents thereof and / or combinations thereof and / or any other tangible or intangible elements not listed above amenable to characterization by such terms, unless otherwise defined or indicated, are not to be understood as requiring absolute conformance to the mathematical definition of such terms, but rather as indicating conformance to the mathematical definition of such terms to the extent possible that the subject matter can be characterized as most closely related to such subject matter as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of such terms relating to shape, orientation, and / or geometric relationships include, but are not limited to, shape, e.g., round, square, gomboc, circular / circular, rectangular / rectangular, triangular / triangle, cylindrical / cylindrical, elliptical / elliptical, poly(n)gonal / poly(n)gonal, etc.; angular orientation, e.g., perpendicular, orthogonal, parallel, longitudinal, horizontal, co-linear, etc.; contour and / or trajectory, e.g., planar / planar, co-planar, hemispherical, quasi-hemispherical, These terms include terms describing lines / linear, hyperbolic, parabolic, flat, curved, rectilinear, arcuate, sinusoidal, tangent / tangential, etc.; directions, e.g., north, south, east, west, etc.; surface and / or bulk material properties, and / or spatial / temporal resolution and / or distribution, e.g., smooth, reflective, transparent, clear, opaque, rigid, impermeable, uniform (uniformly), inert, non-wettable, insoluble, steady, unchanging, constant, homogeneous, etc.; and many others that will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art. As an example, a workpiece described herein as a "square" does not require that such an article be perfectly planar or straight and have faces or sides that intersect at exactly 90-degree angles (indeed, such an article may exist only as a mathematical abstraction), but rather the shape of such an article should be interpreted as approximating a mathematically defined "square" to the extent that is typically achievable and achievable with respect to the recited fabrication techniques, as understood or specifically described by one of ordinary skill in the art.As another example, two or more fabrications described herein as "aligning" does not require that such articles have perfectly aligned faces or edges (indeed, such articles may exist only as a mathematical abstraction), but rather the arrangement of such articles should be construed as approximating the mathematically defined "alignment" to the extent that is typically achievable and achieved for the recited fabrication techniques as understood or specifically described by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Claims

1. an excitation component configured to excite an emissive species on the surface of the article such that the emissive species produces detectable non-steady-state radiation during an emission period, the emission period being at least 10 nanoseconds; an image sensor including an array of pixels configured to detect at least a portion of the detectable non-steady-state radiation; and electronic hardware components configured to generate a single image of the surface including a first portion of the surface corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion of the surface corresponding to a second portion of the emission period; the image sensor includes a rolling shutter; the rolling shutter of the image sensor is configured to sequentially read a first row or a first column of pixels of the array of pixels and a second row or a second column of pixels of the array of pixels in response to detecting the detectable non-steady-state radiation; a first portion of the surface of the single image corresponds to a first portion of detectable non-steady-state radiation captured at a first row or a first column of pixels; A system wherein a second portion of the surface of the single image corresponds to a second portion of detectable non-steady-state radiation captured at a second row or a second column of pixels.

2. 1. A system configured to identify a characteristic of an article, comprising: a chemical tag associated with the item, the chemical tag including an emitting species, the emitting species producing detectable non-steady-state radiation during an emission period, the emission period being at least 10 nanoseconds; an excitation component configured to excite the emitting species such that the detectable non-steady-state emission is produced, the non-steady-state emission varying over an image capture period; an image sensor including an array of pixels configured to detect the detectable non-steady-state radiation; and electronic hardware components configured to convert the detectable radiation into a single image of the chemical tag; the single image of the chemical tag includes a first portion corresponding to a first portion of the emission period and a second portion corresponding to a second portion of the emission period; a difference between the property of the first portion and the property of the second portion being associated with a characteristic of the article; the image sensor includes a rolling shutter; the rolling shutter of the image sensor is configured to sequentially read a first row or a first column of pixels of the array of pixels and a second row or a second column of pixels of the array of pixels in response to detecting the detectable non-steady-state radiation; a first portion of the single image corresponding to a first portion of detectable non-steady-state radiation captured at a first row or a first column of pixels; A system, wherein a second portion of the single image corresponds to a second portion of the detectable non-steady-state radiation captured at a second row or a second column of pixels.

3. a) the emitting species is a chemical and / or biological species; b) the surface comprises a plurality of emissive species; and / or The system of claim 1 , wherein c) at least two of said plurality of emitting species are chemical and / or biological species.

4. The radiating species is a) comprising one or more thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) molecules or molecular complexes; b) containing an inorganic phosphor; and / or c) containing bromine, iodine, sulfur, selenium, telluride, phosphorus, tin, lead, mercury and / or cadmium; and / or d) containing bismuth, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold or copper; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, comprising e) a lanthanide or an actinide.

5. the excitation component a) includes optical shutters, light valves, optical modulators, dynamic refractive materials, rotating elements that periodically block electromagnetic radiation, and / or movable mirrors; and / or b) a source of electromagnetic radiation, said source of electromagnetic radiation comprising: i) configured to emit substantially white light; and / or ii) includes LED, OLED, fluorescent, and / or incandescent bulbs; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, comprising: iii) a flash lamp.

6. the excitation component a) configured to excite said radiative species by electrical, mechanical, chemical, particle or thermal stimulation; and / or b) configured to expose the radiating species to non-steady-state electromagnetic radiation; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein c) it is configured to excite a plurality of emitting species.

7. The image sensor a) includes a CMOS sensor, a charge-coupled device or a photodiode; and / or b) configured to detect at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by said emitting species; and / or c) The system according to claim 1 or 2, which is integrated into a smartphone.

8. The single image is a) further comprising a third portion corresponding to a third portion of said emission period; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: b) subsequent portions corresponding to a plurality of other portions of the emission period.

9. the first portion of the emission period, a) different from the second portion of the emission period; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein b) at least partially overlaps with the second portion of the emission period.

10. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the excitation component and the image sensor are integrated into a single component or are separate.

11. said electronic hardware components comprising: a) generating said single image comprising more than two image portions corresponding to the emission of electromagnetic radiation by said emitting species at more than two respective times; and / or 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to generate a plurality of images, each image comprising at least a first image portion corresponding to the emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emitting species at at least a first time point, and a second image portion corresponding to the emission of electromagnetic radiation by the emitting species at at least a second time point.

12. a) further comprising a second chemical tag; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: b) a second identifiable component, further comprising an optical barcode, a hologram, a watermark, an RFID, an invisible ink, a dye, a colorimetric marker, a fluorescent marker, a nanoparticle, a nanorod, a quantum dot, an antibody, a protein, a nucleic acid, or a combination thereof.

13. a) at least one characteristic of the detectable radiation changes over the image capture period; and / or b) said characteristics of the article and / or chemical tag are associated with the presence of chemical agents, biological agents, explosives, toxic chemicals, heavy metals, narcotics, xenobiotics and / or radioactive sources; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein c) the characteristic of the item is the authenticity of the item.

14. a) the emitting species is associated with the pill, capsule, or product packaging; and / or b) the article comprises a coating, the coating comprising the emissive species; and / or c) the emitting species is associated with a point-of-care, on-site or at-home diagnostic kit or method; and / or 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein d) one or more components are in wireless communication with a component that provides instructions for excitation of the emitting species and / or detection of the detectable radiation.

15. 1. A method for identifying a characteristic of an article, comprising: positioning an image sensor in proximity to an article suspected of containing a radioactive tag; If present, stimulating the article so that the radioactive tag produces detectable non-steady-state radiation; acquiring a single image of the article using the image sensor, the image sensor comprising an array of pixels; a first portion of the single image of the article corresponds to a first time period after stimulation of the article; a second portion of the single image of the article corresponding to a second time period after stimulation of the article that is different from the first time period; the image sensor includes a rolling shutter; the rolling shutter of the image sensor is configured to sequentially read a first row or a first column of pixels of the array of pixels and a second row or a second column of pixels of the array of pixels; a first portion of the single image corresponding to a first portion of detectable non-steady-state radiation captured at a first row or a first column of pixels; a second portion of the single image corresponding to a second portion of the detectable non-steady-state radiation captured at a second row or a second column of pixels; and determining the characteristic of the article based on a difference between the first portion of the single image and the second portion of the single image; A method comprising:

16. The radioactive tag, a) comprises at least one emissive dye with an excited state lifetime longer than 10 nanoseconds; and / or 16. The method of claim 15, wherein b) in the presence of said stimulus, said device produces detectable radiation having an excited state lifetime of greater than 10 nanoseconds.

17. i) the radiating species is located on an interior surface of the article; or ii) the emitting species is located on an exterior surface of the article; or iii) the emissive species is incorporated into a film adjacent the surface of the article.

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