Determining the structural characteristics of an object

Abstract

To provide generally a system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object that is subjected to energy application processes and provides an objective, quantitative measurement of the structural characteristics of the object.SOLUTION: A system may include a device, for example, a percussion instrument, capable of being reproducibly placed against an object undergoing such measurement for reproducible positioning. The system includes features for adjusting the energy applied to an energy application tool to compensate for orientation of the device relative to the horizontal. The system also includes a disposable feature or assembly for minimizing cross-contamination between tests. The structural characteristics as defined herein may include vibration damping capacities, acoustic damping capacities, structural integrity or structural stability.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 11a

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] [CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This Patent Cooperation Treaty international application claims the benefit of and priority to the following U.S. provisional patent applications: Serial No. 62 / 692,618, filed June 29, 2018, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT," Serial No. 62 / 687,730, filed June 20, 2018, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT," and Serial No. 62 / 612,440, filed December 30, 2017, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT," the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0002] [Field of the Invention] This application relates generally to the assessment of structural properties of an object, and more particularly to the assessment of structural features that reflect the integrity of an object using the application of controlled energy thereon. [Background technology]

[0003] When an object is subjected to an impact force, stress waves are propagated through the object. These stress waves cause deformation in the object's internal structure. As the object deforms, it acts, in part, as a shock absorber, dissipating some of the mechanical energy associated with the impact. An object's ability to dissipate mechanical energy, commonly referred to as its "damping capacity," depends on several factors, including the type of material from which the object is constructed and its structural integrity.

[0004] Instruments exist that can measure the damping of an object. One example of such an instrument is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,120,466 (the "'466 patent"). The instrument disclosed in the '466 patent provides an objective, quantitative measure of an object's damping, referred to as the loss factor 17. The energy of an elastic wave can decay relatively slowly in a material with a relatively low loss factor, while the energy of an elastic wave can decay relatively quickly in a material with a relatively high loss factor.

[0005] The damping capacity of an object is an important parameter in a wide variety of applications. For example, in dentistry, when a healthy tooth is subjected to an impact force, the mechanical energy associated with the impact is primarily dissipated by the periodontal ligament. Changes in the structure of the periodontal ligament that reduce its ability to dissipate the mechanical energy associated with the impact force, and therefore reduce the overall tooth stability, can be detected by measuring the loss modulus of the tooth. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object using a non-invasive and / or non-destructive method of measurement having a device operable by holding the device at a variable angle from horizontal and adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position during measurement. The device for determining structural characteristics of an object includes a housing having an open front end and a longitudinal axis, an energy application tool mounted within the housing and having a rest configuration and an activation configuration, a drive mechanism supported within the housing for activating the energy application tool between the rest configuration and the activation configuration to apply a set amount of energy in a horizontal orientation, and an inclinometer adapted to measure the inclination of the energy application tool relative to the horizontal. The drive mechanism varies the amount of energy applied to activate the energy application tool between the rest configuration and the activation configuration based on the inclination to at least approximate the set amount of energy at inclinations other than horizontal. The drive mechanism may include an electromagnetic coil and may vary the amount of energy applied (e.g., by changing the voltage, current, or both), the coil drive time (changing the length of time the coil is energized or activated), the coil delay time (changing the time between drive activities), the number of coil energizations (i.e., changing the number of drive pulses applied), the coil polarity, and / or combinations thereof. These factors, including varying the power, drive time, polarity, and delay time, may be managed through changing firmware settings for the power, drive time, number of drives, polarity, and drive delay of the coil energization for a desired result. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that numerous variations may be used to achieve a desired result, and that firmware may be designed to select a particular solution, or in some cases, an optimal solution.

[0007] The object can be subjected to an energy application process, and the system can be adapted to provide an objective, quantitative measurement of the object's structural characteristics after the energy application process. The systems and methods of the present invention can, for example, increase operational flexibility to accommodate reaching hard-to-reach objects, both anatomical and non-anatomical, to generate more reproducible measurements and also to better enable detection of any abnormalities that may be present in the object. The device can include a housing having an open end and a hollow interior through which passes any tool capable of applying any type of energy to the object, such as a percussion rod positioned inside the housing through which the tool can apply mechanical energy, electromagnetic energy of any frequency, sound waves, such as light, acoustic energy, etc. to the object.

[0008] For example, the system may include a device for performing an impact action on an object. The device may be positioned with a housing having an open end and a hollow interior through which energy can be applied by an energy application tool, including any tool capable of applying any type of energy, including mechanical, sonic, or electromagnetic energy, to an object. In one embodiment, a tool capable of applying mechanical energy to an object, such as a hammer, positioned inside the housing, passes through to reach the object to be measured. In another embodiment, a source of electromagnetic energy of any frequency, such as optical energy, may be positioned inside the housing, for example. In a further example, a source of sonic energy, such as an ultrasonic transducer, or any acoustic energy source may be positioned inside the housing.

[0009] The housing of the device may include a longitudinal axis, and generally, the longitudinal axis of the device may be positioned from a substantially horizontal direction so as to form an angle with the horizontal direction. The angle may, for example, be any angle, and may further vary, for example, from 0 degrees to about ±45 degrees, and further, for example, from 0 degrees to about ±30 degrees. In one embodiment, the longitudinal axis of an energy application tool positioned inside the housing is maintained in a substantially parallel relationship with the housing at all times during operation. In another example, the housing of the device may include a longitudinal axis, with the longitudinal axis of the energy application tool positioned from a substantially horizontal direction, with the tip portion of the tool substantially perpendicular to the contact surface of the object and substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing of the device, to the longitudinal axis of the energy application tool forming an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing, with the tip of the tool remaining substantially perpendicular to the contact surface of the object. In this subsequent embodiment, if the energy application tool is a mechanical tool such as a tapping rod, it may or may not include a removable tool tip that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool and housing.

[0010] In any of the embodiments described above and below, the device may include a handpiece, and the longitudinal axis of the device may be positioned at any angle with respect to the horizontal, for example, the angle may be any angle, and may further vary, for example, from 0 degrees to about + / - 45 degrees, and further for example, from 0 degrees to about + / - 30 degrees.

[0011] As described above, the energy application tool may be adapted to move from a rest position to an activated position by a drive mechanism during a measurement, and may impact the object at the activated position. Generally, the energy application tool may repeatedly impact the object during each measurement. The energy application tool itself may move if a mechanical tool is used, and physical contact with the object may occur during the impact during the measurement, or if any other tool, such as electromagnetic or sonic, is used, the energy itself may impact the object during the measurement. When these other tools are used, there may not be any physical movement of the tool between its active and passive configurations, but may be defined by that of the energy being on and off.

[0012] The device of the present invention may include an impact instrument, which may or may not include at least a portion, such as a sleeve portion extending a distance from the housing, that is reproducibly placeable in contact with the object undergoing such measurement. An energy application tool, such as a hammer, may be programmed to deliver impacts at substantially the same speed a predetermined number of times per minute, and tool deceleration information, or the object's response from the impact, is recorded or compiled for analysis by the system. In one embodiment, the device and hardware may communicate via a wired connection. In another embodiment, the device and hardware may communicate via a wireless connection.

[0013] For devices of the present invention having at least a portion that can be reproducibly placed in contact with an object, the device may be capable of more reproducible measurements, including, for example, for objects that reside in confined spaces and / or in difficult to reach locations.

[0014] In one embodiment, the energy application tool, e.g., a percussion rod, has a length in a retracted or stationary form or configuration and an extended or activated form or configuration, where the retracted form, if the energy application tool is a percussion rod, is retracted from or substantially coextensive with the open end of the housing. Movement of the energy application tool, e.g., a percussion rod, can be achieved by a drive mechanism mounted inside the housing for axially driving the percussion rod within the housing between the retracted and extended positions described above during operation. In the extended position, the free end of the percussion rod can extend or protrude from the open end of the housing. With the present invention, the device can be held at any angle from horizontal, allowing for access to hard-to-reach locations, such as inspection objects in the molar region of a patient's teeth. In another embodiment, the resting configuration can be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing, and the activated configuration can be when an energy application tool, such as a percussion rod or impact rod mounted inside the housing, swings back and forth about a pivot point on the longitudinal axis of the housing, thereby forming an acute angle with the longitudinal axis. Thus, the energy application tool oscillates from a position substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position forming an acute angle with the longitudinal axis of the housing at the pivot point. The energy application tool can be held either horizontally or in another position during measurement, have its tip positioned substantially perpendicular to the main portion of the tool, and maintain a constant length either at rest or during impact. Movement of the energy application tool, such as a percussion rod, can be achieved by a drive mechanism mounted inside the housing for driving the percussion rod from a position substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position forming an acute angle with the axis at the pivot point, with the tip oscillating up and down in sequence. Using this embodiment, measurements can be undertaken in relatively inaccessible locations, such as, for example, in the molar region of a patient's teeth.

[0015] The device's energy application process can be activated or triggered in multiple ways. In one embodiment, it can be activated via a mechanical mechanism, such as by a switch mechanism. In one aspect, a finger switch can be located in a convenient location on the device, such as a handpiece, for easy activation by the operator. In another aspect, the switch mechanism can be triggered by applying pressure to an object through a sleeve, as described above. In another embodiment, the device's energy application process can be triggered via voice control or foot control.

[0016] Typically, external switching devices such as flip switches, locking switches, or push button switches may tend to limit how an operator holds the meter when it is carried during measurement, for example, to allow the operator easy access to the switching device to turn it on and / or off, and may therefore limit the positioning of the meter on an object. To gain flexibility in positioning the meter, voice or remote control may commonly be used, but such voice or remote control may add complexity to the system. With the present invention, the same benefits of flexibility may be obtained without such remote control or additional complexity.

[0017] In one exemplary embodiment, any of the systems described above may include an instrument having a housing having a hollow interior with an open end, and an energy application tool, such as a sounding rod or impact rod, mounted within the housing for movement within the housing. The open end of the housing may have a sleeve portion disposed thereon that exists as an extension of the housing.

[0018] The sleeve portion may be open at its free end with an object-resting, pressing, or contacting portion for resting, pressing, or contacting at least a portion of the object during measurement. Contact by the sleeve portion promotes stability of the device on the object. During measurement, the force exerted by the sleeve portion on the object is controlled by the operator; for example, an appropriate force on the object may be important and may need to be monitored, since insufficient or excessive force exerted by the operator may complicate the measurement and, in some instances, even produce inaccurate results. To ensure that the appropriate contact force by the contact portion of the sleeve portion can be applied by the operator for better reproducibility, even across different operators, a sensor may be disposed inside the housing and not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool. The force exerted on the sleeve portion may generally be separate from and monitored separately from any force on the energy application tool from performing the measurement.

[0019] In one embodiment, the sleeve portion is as described immediately above.

[0020] In another embodiment, the sleeve may include a tab protruding from a portion of its end so that when the open end of the sleeve is in contact with at least a portion of the surface of the object being measured, the tab can rest on a portion of the top of the object. The tab and sleeve together aid in repeatable positioning of the device relative to the object, and therefore, the results are more reproducible than without the tab. The tab may also be adapted to be repeatedly positioned at substantially the same location on the top of the object each time. The tab may be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve so that the object-contacting sleeve portion and the object-contacting surface of the tab are substantially perpendicular to each other and rest on different surfaces of the object. The tab also helps minimize movement of the object after application of energy in any direction other than the direction of energy application. In rare cases, where the tab can mate with a stable position on, for example, a dental implant transfer abutment, a sleeve portion without the tab may be used for a lower, more stable position than on the abutment.

[0021] In further embodiments, the sleeve portion may include a tab and a component, such as a ridge, protrusion, or other feature, substantially perpendicular to the surface of the tab on the side adapted to face the surface of the object. For example, for teeth, the ridge or protrusion may fit between an adjacent tooth or other orthogonal surface, thus helping to prevent any substantial lateral or vertical movement of the tab across the surface of the object and / or further promoting repeatability. The tab may be of sufficient length or width, depending on the length or width of the top portion of the object, so that the ridge or protrusion can be properly positioned during operation. Additionally, the tab and feature may also promote more reproducible results than without the tab.

[0022] The stability of the instrument achieved by the tabs, or tabs and / or components, can minimize jerky actions by the operator, which can confound the test results; for example, any defects inherent in the bone structure or physical or industrial structure can be masked by the examiner's jerky actions. This type of defect detection is important because the location and extent of the defect can dramatically affect the stability of the implant or physical or industrial structure. Generally, when a lesion such as a crestal or apical defect is detected in an implant, for example, the presence of both crestal and apical defects impacts the implant's stability. Previously, there was no other way to gather this type of information other than through costly radiation-intensive processes. Using the present device, this type of information can be gathered, and done in an unobtrusive, non-invasive manner.

[0023] The drive mechanism may be an electromagnetic mechanism and may include an electromagnetic coil and a permanent magnet fixed to the rear end of the energy application tool, e.g., a tapping rod, by an interface, e.g., a coil mount. The coil, e.g., an electromagnetic coil, may lie axially behind the permanent magnet. The electromagnetic coil may also act directly on a metallic or conductive component, such as a ferromagnetic component. Other types of linear motors may also be used.

[0024] In general, the impact force created by an energy application tool, e.g., a mechanical energy application tool, on an object being measured can vary depending, for example, on the mass of the tool, the distance traveled by the tool, and the angle of inclination of the device or tool relative to the horizontal. For example, for a tool of a given mass, the impact force may be stronger at -45 degrees, or even, for example, at -30 degrees, than at a horizontal position because gravity may contribute to the force at the impact. Also, gravity at positive angles may work against the impact force rather than contribute to it, so the impact force may be stronger at +45 degrees, or even, for example, at +30 degrees, than at The force may be stronger in the horizontal direction. Typically, a force between 1 and 15 Newtons may be used. Because the lower end of the impact force may not be optimal, for example, by calibrating the system for exerting the optimal amount of force on the object, the device may generally be placed in contact with the object being measured in a substantially horizontal position for better results. This may somewhat limit the ability to position the device. For example, some objects being measured may be difficult to reach at the location and angle that the device may require. Therefore, in some instances, a stronger force may be used, for example, 10 to 50 Newtons may be used on the device to incorporate some flexibility in positioning the device on the object. Furthermore, within this stronger impact force range, the lower end, i.e., when placing the device at a positive angle relative to the horizontal, may be weaker than the impact force required to produce optimal measurements, while the upper end may in some instances be much stronger than desired. However, the built-in capability for stronger forces in cases where the device needs to be positioned at an angle relative to the horizontal may not be desirable in some situations, such as in dental settings, when used with delicate specimens, or to minimize damage to any specimens. For example, impact forces in the range of approximately 20-45 Newtons may need to be used to obtain better results, for example, in dental settings, with some flexibility in positioning, and such forces may be somewhat uncomfortable for the patient. The inventors of the present invention have devised a system that delivers substantially the same force on an object at various angles from the horizontal as if the device were operating horizontally. Therefore, even if the device is operating at approximately + / - 45 degrees, or even, for example, approximately + / - 30 degrees, from the horizontal, the device can still generate approximately the same amount of impact force, e.g., approximately 20-30 Newtons.

[0025] Similarly, for energy application tools that are not mechanical energy application tools, the force applied on the object may include electromagnetic energy or sound energy such as ultrasound, and the amount of energy impacting the object may depend on the strength of the energy source, the distance the energy travels, and, if the device is an energy application tool, the angle of inclination of the device relative to the surface of the object being impacted. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it can be inferred that for a given strength, the impact force of the energy source may be stronger when the impact face of the object is perpendicular to the direction of force propagation than when the impact face is at any other angle with the direction of force propagation, and the impact force may be smallest when the impact face is parallel to the direction of force propagation. Because the lower end of the impact force may not be optimal, the device may generally be placed in contact with the object being measured at a position substantially perpendicular to the object surface for better results, for example, by calibrating the system for exerting the optimal amount of force on the object. This may somewhat limit the ability to position the device. For example, some objects being measured may be difficult to reach at locations and angles that the device may require. Therefore, in some instances, a stronger force may be used, e.g., an equivalent of 10-15 Newtons may be used on the device to allow for some flexibility in positioning the device on the object. Furthermore, within this stronger impact force range, the lower end of the force range, i.e., when the device is positioned at a positive angle relative to the normal, may result in a weaker impact force than is necessary to produce optimal measurements, while the higher end may result in a stronger force than is desired in some instances. However, the ability to incorporate a stronger force in case the device needs to be positioned at an angle relative to the normal may be undesirable in some situations, e.g., in dental settings, when used with delicate specimens, or to minimize damage to the object or any specimen. For example, an equivalent impact force in a range that may be higher than about 20-45 Newtons may need to be used to obtain better results with some flexibility in positioning, e.g., in dental settings, and such forces may be somewhat uncomfortable for the patient.The inventors of the present invention have devised a system that produces substantially the same force on an object at various angles from normal to the object's surface as if the device were operating such that the direction of propagation was normal to the surface of the object. Thus, even when operating at about + / - 45 degrees, or even about + / - 30 degrees from normal to the surface of the object, the device can still produce roughly the same amount of equivalent impact force, e.g., about 20-30 Newtons.

[0026] Also, the ability to position the tool at various angles from horizontal can be advantageous for energy sources that are not of a mechanical kind, for example, sound energy such as ultrasonic, or electromagnetic, so that a vague or noisy response from one angle can be more defined or diagnosed from another angle, so that any imperfections near the surface that may affect the measurement at one angle but not another can still produce better and more complete results for the object. Also, imperfections in the surface that may complicate the measurement, for example, by distorting the response in a direction not sensed by the sensor, may become detectable if an impact is made in another direction and may be within range of the sensor.

[0027] For example, there may be an inclinometer on the device that can trigger an audible warning when the device is held toward an object and is outside its angular range of motion; for example, for a hammer, it may be set to trigger the warning when the angle is + / - approximately 45 degrees, or even + / - approximately 30 degrees, from horizontal, if necessary. At that point, the angle may substantially affect the results of the object measurement. In one embodiment, for a mechanical energy application tool, when the device is oriented so that the axis of motion is greater than approximately 45 degrees, or even greater than approximately 30 degrees, from horizontal, and the device is activated when a contact force is detected on the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object, a warning sound may be emitted by a speaker mounted on the device, such as on a printed circuit board (PCB) within the device. In another embodiment, the warning sign may be provided by a light signal, which may be a flashing light or a light of a certain color. In such a situation, if the device is a collision instrument, the collision action will not be initiated until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if a collision action is initiated when the aforementioned deviation from the range is detected, the device may not actually cease operation but may simply sound an alarm so that corrections can be made. Similar setups may be included for other types of energy application tools, and the angle may be relative to a normal to the contact surface. As described above, the systems and methods of the present invention are non-destructive and non-invasive and may include devices that can operate by holding the device at variable angles from horizontal and adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position during measurement. The system may or may not include disposable parts and / or mechanisms to facilitate repositionability. The present systems and methods for measuring structural features may minimize, or even minimise, impact on the object being measured without compromising measurement sensing and system operation. When the energy application tool is a percussion rod, the amount of impact energy may also vary depending on, for example, the length of the rod, the diameter of the rod, the weight of the rod, or the velocity of the rod prior to impact.In one embodiment, the system includes an energy application tool that is lighter and / or can move slower to minimize the force of impact on the object being measured while exhibiting, maintaining, or providing equal or better sensitivity of the measurement. In one aspect, the energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, can be made from a lighter material to minimize the weight of the handpiece and therefore minimize the impact on the object being measured. In another embodiment, the energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, can be made shorter and / or with a smaller diameter to also minimize the size of the handpiece and therefore minimize the impact on the object being measured. In a further embodiment, the system can include a drive mechanism that can lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool and therefore minimize the impact on the object being measured. For example, the drive mechanism, whether or not it is lighter and / or has a smaller length or diameter, can include a smaller drive coil to lessen the acceleration of the energy application tool, thereby minimizing the impact force on the object being moved while maintaining the sensitivity of the measurement. These embodiments may be combined with one or more of the embodiments described above and below, including lighter weight handpiece housings. The speed at which measurements are taken may also be desirable so as not to increase the initial velocity of the impact and minimize impact on the object being measured. The system may or may not have disposable parts and / or features to facilitate repositionability, as described above and below.

[0028] In any of the systems described above and below, including all exemplary embodiments with or without a drive mechanism that may include a lighter weight energy application tool, a shorter or smaller diameter energy application tool, or a smaller drive coil to reduce acceleration of the energy application tool, if a measurement is taken while a portion of the sleeve is in contact with the object, in addition to the activation mechanism, the force exerted by the operator on the object may also be important and may need to be monitored, as described above, for example, because insufficient or excessive force exerted by the operator may complicate the measurement or even produce inaccurate results. The system may or may not have disposable parts and / or mechanisms to facilitate repositionability and / or reduce shock, along with the mechanisms described below.

[0029] For example, upon activation of a mechanical energy application tool, e.g., pressing a finger switch on the device, a magnetic coil within the device propels the energy application tool, such as a hammering rod, toward the object being measured at a certain velocity and strikes or impacts the object or specimen, e.g., with an impact force, multiple times per measurement cycle. The impact force on the object can create a stress wave that travels through the energy application tool, such as a hammering rod, and a sensing device or mechanism installed within the device can measure the deceleration of the tool upon impact with the object and transmit it to the rest of the system for analysis. The system can measure an impact response, such as energy reflected from the object as a result of the application of energy, over a time interval, e.g., by hammering or applying energy, which can include creating an impact response profile, e.g., a time-energy profile or a frequency-energy profile, based on the energy reflected from the object during the time interval, and / or evaluating the impact response profile, e.g., a time-energy profile, to determine the damping capacity or other characteristics of the object. The measuring device or sensing mechanism can detect characteristics of the impact from the impact of the energy application tool with the object. Generally, a measurement device or sensing mechanism may be physically coupled to, operably coupled to, or otherwise in contact with, the energy application tool so as to detect the characteristics of the impact.

[0030] In some embodiments, the measuring device or sensing mechanism utilized in analyzing an object may include a sensor for sensing and / or measuring a response from either the object being measured or the energy application tool. In one aspect, the drive mechanism may include a sensing and / or measuring device, such as a piezoelectric force sensor or piezoelectric sensing element, mounted within the housing for coupling with an energy application tool, such as a hammer rod, and may generally produce an electrical signal or change in response to mechanical energy, such as a change in pressure on the piezoelectric sensing element. Piezoelectric wires may also be mounted within the energy application tool, for example. The measuring device may be adapted to measure, for example, the deceleration of the hammer rod upon impact with the object in motion, or any vibrations caused by the hammer rod on the specimen. The piezoelectric force sensor may detect changes in the properties of the object and objectively quantify its internal characteristics. Data transmitted by the piezoelectric force sensor may be further processed by a system program, as discussed below. In another aspect, the measuring device or sensing mechanism may also include other types of sensing elements, such as a linear variable differential transformer, adapted to sense and / or measure the displacement of an energy application tool, such as a sounding rod, before, during, and after the application of energy. A linear variable differential transformer may be a non-contact linear displacement sensor. The sensor may utilize inductive technology and therefore be capable of sensing any metallic object. Non-contact displacement measurements may also allow a computer to determine the velocity and acceleration immediately prior to impact, such that the effects of gravity may be eliminated from the results. In other aspects, the sensing and / or measuring device may be an accelerometer, a resistive pressure sensor, a strain gauge, and / or any other suitable sensor or combination of sensors that may sense the position of the energy application tool due to changes in the transformer voltage caused by the positioning of the energy application tool, which may be metallic and may otherwise affect the inductivity of the transformer. For example, an accelerometer in a device coupled to the energy application tool may measure a signal corresponding to the resulting stress waves. The data transmitted from the accelerometer is processed by a calibrated computer program that detects changes in the specimen's properties and objectively quantifies the internal properties.In general, the sensing mechanism for detecting the impact characteristic of the energy application tool may be separate from the sensing of the contact force between the object (such as through the sleeve portion) and the handpiece.

[0031] After impact with the object, the energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, decelerates as described above. The deceleration of the energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, can be measured by a measuring device or sensing mechanism, e.g., an accelerometer internal to the device. For example, an accelerometer in the device coupled to the energy application tool can be adapted to measure the deceleration of the energy application tool upon impact with the object in motion, the impact response from the object, measure vibrations caused by the impact, or measure signals corresponding to resulting stress waves. The measuring device or sensing mechanism can detect changes in the properties of the object and objectively quantify its internal features. Data transmitted by the measuring device or sensing mechanism can be processed by a system program, as described above or below.

[0032] The measurement mechanism described above may also be applicable to other than the mechanical energy application tools described above, using a similar setup of sensors, if such energy application tools perform an impact action.

[0033] An energy application tool, such as a hammer, can be programmed to repeatedly strike the object, for example, a predetermined number of times per minute at substantially the same speed, and deceleration information can be recorded or compiled for analysis by the system. In addition to helping to position the device, if it is of a material with some damping properties, it can also help to dampen any vibrations caused by the impact so as not to disturb sensitive measurements.

[0034] For electromagnetic energy, the energy application tool may be in the form of pulses or energy bursts that can be programmed to impact the object a predetermined number of times per minute, each time with substantially the same amount of energy, and the effects on the object can be recorded or compiled for analysis by the system. In some instances, repeated impacts may provide an average measurement that may better represent the actual underlying characteristics. In addition to helping position the device, if it is of a material with some damping properties, the sleeve portion may also help dampen any vibrations caused by the impacts so as not to disturb sensitive measurements.

[0035] In some embodiments, the inclinometer may include an accelerometer, such as a triaxial device that measures gravity on all three axes, X, Y, and Z. In one embodiment of the invention, a device, such as a handpiece, may include software for measuring gravity (G-force) values ​​on the Y-axis (i.e., vertical). For example, if the G-force on the Y-axis is greater than a threshold of about + / - 15 degrees, say, the handpiece may produce an audible noise such as a beep, an optical signal such as a flashing light, or a light of a certain color. If the G-force on the Y-axis is greater than a threshold of 30 degrees, the handpiece may emit a faster beep, or in the case of an optical signal such as a flashing light, it may be a faster flashing light. The accelerometer may be sampled at a period of, say, 100 ms. Five consecutive valid measurements may be required (500 ms) to trigger a threshold, and therefore a beep, flash, etc. The thresholds for both the 15-degree and 30-degree thresholds may be determined empirically.

[0036] For example, for a device without the mechanism of the present invention, if the equivalent impact force is approximately 26 Newtons at +15 degrees from horizontal during operation, the equivalent impact force may be approximately 26 Newtons at +32 degrees from horizontal, and approximately 35 Newtons at -15 degrees from horizontal. Using the present invention, all impact forces at all of the above angles may be approximately 25 Newtons, or whatever the optimal impact force programmed to produce may be. This may be accomplished, for example, by modifying the application of energy from the drive mechanism to the energy application tool to suit the angle of impact. Examples of modifying the application of energy from a drive mechanism, such as an electromagnetic coil, may include modifying the power applied to the coil (e.g., changing the voltage, current, or both), the coil drive time (changing the length of time the coil is energized or activated), the coil delay time (changing the time between drive activities), the coil energization count (i.e., changing the number of drive pulses applied), the coil polarity, and / or combinations thereof. These factors, including varying power, drive time, polarity, and delay times, can be managed through changing firmware settings for power, drive time, number of drives, polarity, and delay times for coil energization for the desired result. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that numerous variations can be used to achieve the desired result, and that firmware can be designed to select a particular solution, or in some cases, to select the optimal solution.

[0037] In some embodiments, the firmware may be adapted to only change certain settings of the drive mechanism, e.g., drive time, number of drives, polarity, and delay time, while keeping other settings constant, such as power, etc. This may be desirable because some settings may be more difficult to adjust, such as power settings, which may be relatively unadjustable due to a particular power source, such as a battery.

[0038] As described above, the system can be turned on and off without an external switch or remote control. In one embodiment, the handpiece energy application process can be actuated via a mechanical mechanism, such as by a switch mechanism. In one aspect, a finger switch can be located in a convenient location on the handpiece for easy activation by the operator. In another aspect, the switch mechanism can be actuated by applying pressure to an object through a sleeve. In another embodiment, the handpiece energy application process can be actuated via voice control or foot control.

[0039] Generally, any external switching device, such as a flip switch, rocking switch, or push button switch, may tend to limit how an operator holds the meter, for example when it is carried during measurements, in order to allow easy access by the operator to the switching device to turn it on and / or off, and therefore may limit the positioning of the meter on an object.

[0040] In one embodiment, voice or remote control may be commonly used to gain more flexibility in positioning the device, but such voice or remote control may add complexity to the system. With the present invention, the same benefits of flexibility may be obtained without such remote control or additional complexity.

[0041] In another embodiment, to gain more flexibility in positioning the apparatus, activation of the device can be controlled by an appropriate contact force between the object and a sleeve portion located at the open end of the housing, as described above and below. This appropriate contact force can also add other desired features to the system, as discussed below. The sleeve portion can be open at its free end with an object-resting, pressing, or contacting portion for resting, pressing, or contacting at least a portion of the object during measurement. The contact by the sleeve portion helps stabilize the device on the object. During measurement, the force exerted by the sleeve portion on the object is controlled by the operator, unlike the impact force of the energy application tool, which can be controlled by various factors in the system described above. For example, an appropriate force on the object can be important and need to be monitored, since insufficient or excessive force exerted by the operator can complicate the measurement and even produce inaccurate results. To ensure that the operator can apply the appropriate contact force by the contact portion of the sleeve portion for better reproducibility, even among different operators, there can be a sensor located inside the housing and not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool.

[0042] The sleeve portion may form or protrude from the front, permanent portion of the housing and may be mounted on a force-transmitting sleeve-like component or force-transmitting member that protects the energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, from damage when the sleeve portion is not present; for example, the sleeve portion may form part of a disposable assembly, as discussed below. The force-transmitting sleeve-like component may, for example, surround the energy application tool or rod; it may surround the energy application tool, be held at the front by the housing, and be mounted at the rear on the front of the electromagnetic coil. The force-transmitting sleeve-like component may be adapted to slide a small amount, thereby acting on a force sensor, e.g., a force-sensing resistor, piezoelectric sensor, strain gauge, etc., installed between the rear of the force-transmitting sleeve-like component and a relatively fixed location, such as a coil mount or a mounting bracket for a drive mechanism. The energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, may be activated and a force may be detected when the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion is pressed toward the object to be measured, e.g., a tooth. When a precise force within a certain range is detected, the instrument is turned on to begin measurement. Linear position measurement by the sensor may also be used to detect contact force.

[0043] The sensor, e.g., a force sensor, may be located anywhere within the housing and may be physically proximate to, in contact with, and / or coupled to at least a portion of the device other than the energy application tool. For example, as described above, if the open end of the sleeve portion includes an object-contacting portion, it may be physically proximate to, in contact with, and / or coupled to the housing and / or sleeve portion. In one embodiment of the invention, the sensor may include at least one strain gauge for sensing. The strain gauge may be attached or mounted to a cantilever between the device housing and the sleeve portion such that when the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion is pressed onto an object, it also deforms the cantilever, which is measured by the strain gauge and therefore provides a force measurement. In some embodiments, multiple strain gauges mounted on a single or separate cantilevers may be utilized. The cantilever may also be on a component separate from the rest of the housing or sleeve portion, e.g., on a mounting device. In another embodiment of the invention, the sensor may include a sensing pad that may be positioned between a rigid surface and a slider so that force is measured when the pad is compressed or squeezed as the slider moves toward the rigid surface. According to one embodiment, the rigid surface may be, for example, a coil interface that holds an electromagnetic coil in a drive mechanism within the device housing. The slider may be a force-transmitting sleeve-like component disposed within the housing, coupled to the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion, and adapted to slide within the housing when a force is exerted by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion on an object. In some embodiments, it may be disposed within the sleeve portion. The sliding distance may be very small, for example, on the order of about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm (in millimeters or mm), or even about 0.5 mm. The sensing pad may include a layered structure, which may be generally referred to as a "shunt-mode" FSR (force-sensing resistor), that can change resistance depending on the force applied to the pad to provide a force measurement. According to another embodiment, the force-transmitting sleeve-like component may be biased forward by a spring such that when a force is applied on an object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion, the force-transmitting sleeve-like portion may transmit the force towards the spring.According to one aspect, force sensing can be performed by a linear position sensor, which knows, for example, that if a force-transmitting sleeve-like portion is at position X, a force of Y must be applied to it (against the spring's reaction force) to move it to that position. According to another aspect, force sensing can be performed by an optical sensor for optically detecting the position of the moving portion when pressed against the spring. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the relative position of the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object can be determined by having one or more strain gauges attached at one end to the moving portion, e.g., a force-sensing sleeve-like component, and at the other end to a static element, e.g., a housing. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the device can include a piezoelectric element for directly measuring force. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a Hall effect sensor can be used to detect a change in the magnetic field when a magnet (attached to the moving element) is moving relative to the sensor's position. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a capacitive linear encoder system, such as those found in digital calipers, can be used to measure force.

[0044] The force-transmitting sleeve portion may or may not be in a single piece. If it is in a single piece, it may help to stiffen the drive mechanism, e.g., the drive train. A stiffened drive train may minimize the effects of external forces that may disrupt the path of the energy application tool, for example, if the device is shoved toward the inside of the oral cavity during measurement.

[0045] As previously mentioned, the force sensor can be disposed anywhere inside the housing, as long as it can be physically close to and / or in contact with and / or coupled to the energy application tool. In one embodiment, it can be located closer to the front of the housing toward the sleeve portion. In another embodiment, it can be located toward the rear of the housing. In a further embodiment, the force sensor can be positioned toward the center of the housing. If the force sensor is located toward the rear of the housing, this positioning can more easily stiffen the drive mechanism, as discussed above, than if the force sensor were located elsewhere. In general, regardless of where the force sensor is located, if the energy application tool is a sounding rod, the rod can penetrate the sensor and the force transmission sleeve, i.e., the sensor and / or the force transmission sleeve can surround the energy application tool.

[0046] Although the sensor is not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool in any way, it may communicate with the energy application tool and, as described above, may function as an on / off switch for the device or meter. For example, when an appropriate force is exerted on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, it may trigger an activation mechanism of the device or meter to activate movement of the energy application tool to begin measurement. Therefore, as described above, no external switch or push button is required to activate the system on and off. An indication of appropriate force may be indicated by a visible or audible signal.

[0047] In one embodiment, once the proper contact force is exerted on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, as indicated by a visible or audible signal, the meter may be turned on immediately. In another embodiment, once the proper contact force is exerted on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, as indicated by a visible or audible signal, there may be a delay before turning on the meter. In a further embodiment, once a certain pressing force between the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion and the object is detected and maintained for a certain period of time, for example, about 1 second, or further for example, about 0.5 seconds, the meter may be turned on to begin measuring. In this embodiment, a green light will illuminate the tip, and impact will begin after about 1 second, or further for example, 0.5 seconds, of maintaining force within the correct range.

[0048] For example, an appropriate force exerted by the operator on the object through the sleeve portion acts as a switch for the system. If the system does not switch on, it may be desirable to know whether it is malfunctioning or whether insufficient or excessive force is being exerted. In one embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to a visible output, such as a light. The light may be mounted in any convenient location on the device or instrument, for example, one or more LEDs mounted on the front of the device or instrument. In one aspect, multiple light systems may be included. For example, two LEDs may be used. If the force is within the correct range, a blue light may be illuminated. If excessive force is detected, the LED may turn red, and the instrument will not activate unless the pressure is reduced. In some embodiments, if the user presses too hard on the object, the light may first change to amber and then to red. If the pressure is sufficient to cause the light to turn red, the impact may not be initiated or may be aborted if already initiated. There may also be an amber LED state to warn if the user is approaching excessive pressure. At that stage, the gauge may still operate if the LED is illuminated amber. In another embodiment, no light may indicate too little force, a red light may indicate too much force, while a blue light may indicate the right amount of force. In yet another embodiment, a single light system may be included. For example, no light may signal too little force, and a red light may signal too much force. In a further embodiment, a flashing red light may indicate too much force, and no light may indicate too little force.

[0049] In another embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to an audible output. In one aspect, the audible output may include a single beep to indicate too little force and multiple beeps to indicate too much force. In another aspect, the audible output may include a beep to indicate too little force and a beep with a flashing red light to indicate too much force. In a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to an audio alarm system to warn of too much or too little force. In a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to an audio alarm system to warn of too little force and an audio alarm and flashing red light to warn of too much force.

[0050] If the force sensor functions as an on / off switch, it can also serve to monitor the application of an appropriate force by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion during measurement and / or the proper alignment of the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion toward the object during measurement. For example, an inclinometer can be present as part of the electronic control system and can be programmed to issue an audible warning if the device is outside its angular range of motion relative to a mechanical energy-applying tool, such as a hammer, and can be programmed to issue a warning if it is outside of + / - 45 degrees from horizontal, and even further, for example, outside of + / - approximately 30 degrees from horizontal. Thus, if a pressing force is detected on the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion, and the device is oriented so that the axis of motion is greater than + / - approximately 45 degrees from horizontal, and even further, for example, greater than + / - approximately 30 degrees, an audible warning can be issued by a speaker mounted on the device, such as on a printed circuit board (PCB) within the device. In such a situation, a crash action would not be initiated until the device was returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if a collision action is initiated when the above-mentioned deviation from the range is detected, the device may not actually cease operation, but may simply sound an alarm so that corrections can be made.

[0051] The energy application tool has a length for use in a rest configuration and an activated configuration. The movement can be axial along the longitudinal axis of the housing, as discussed above, or can be for oscillatory movement about the longitudinal axis of the housing.

[0052] In one embodiment, the sleeve portion can attach to and / or surround at least the length of the free end of the housing and, in its extended form, protrude a distance from the housing substantially coextensively with the end of the energy application tool, e.g., a percussion rod, when the percussion rod is moved axially. Therefore, the length of the sleeve portion in this embodiment can depend somewhat on the desired length of extension of the extended percussion rod. The free end of the sleeve can be positioned toward the object being measured. Contact on the object by the sleeve portion can aid in the stability of the device on the object, as described above. In another embodiment, the sleeve portion can be attached to the end of the housing and can be substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the housing when the energy application tool, e.g., a percussion rod, moves from being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing during operation to forming an acute angle with the longitudinal axis at the pivot. The sleeve portion can be substantially cylindrical in shape. In a further embodiment, the sleeve may be an extension of the housing and may be substantially semi-cylindrical to allow free movement of the energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, as it moves from being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing to being at an acute angle with the longitudinal axis during operation. Using this system, measurements may be undertaken in relatively inaccessible locations, such as in the molar region of a patient's teeth.

[0053] Similarly, the above may also be applicable to tools other than mechanical energy application tools, and instead of a mechanical energy application tool such as a hammer, an energy source such as electromagnetic energy or sonic energy may be present inside the housing. Instead of extending and retracting, the source may simply be turned on and off. A sleeve portion may also be present.

[0054] In another exemplary embodiment, any of the systems described above or below may also include a disposable mechanism to help eliminate or minimize contamination of the object being measured through transmission from the system or cross-contamination from a previous object being measured without interfering with the measurement or the performance of the system. The disposable mechanism may include any of those described below or as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,869,606, entitled "System and Method For Determining Structural Characteristics Of An Object," the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0055] The present invention also relates to a system and method for measuring structural characteristics of an object using a non-invasive and / or non-destructive method of measurement that includes a device operable by holding the device at a variable angle from horizontal and adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position during measurement, and an energy application tool that includes a disposable mechanism for helping to eliminate or minimize contamination of the object being measured through transmission from the system or cross-contamination from a previous object being measured without interfering with the measurement or the system's performance. The instrument includes a housing having a hollow interior with an open end, and an energy application tool, such as a percussion rod or impact rod, mounted within the housing for movement within the housing. The housing has a longitudinal axis, and the energy application tool has a length for use in a rest configuration and an activated configuration, and the longitudinal axis of the device can be positioned at any angle with the horizontal. The angle can be any angle, for example, and can vary from 0 degrees to about + / - 45 degrees, for example, and can vary from 0 degrees to about + / - 30 degrees, for example. Different embodiments of the system and method described above that do not have a disposable mechanism are also applicable here. The system provides a non-destructive measurement method with some contact with the object undergoing such measurement, without the need to wipe or autoclave an energy application tool, such as a mechanical tool, electromagnetic or sonic energy source, and at the same time, without disposal of the energy application tool and / or the housing, whatever may be contained inside the housing of the instrument. The drive mechanism described above for adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position during measurement is also applicable to this system and method.

[0056] In one exemplary embodiment, the housing has a longitudinal axis, and the energy application tool has a length for use in a rest configuration and an activated configuration if it is a mechanical energy application tool, or in an on and off configuration for other types of energy application tools. The housing includes a sleeve portion extending therefrom. The sleeve portion is open at its free end and has an object rest or contact portion for resting on, pressing against, or contacting an object immediately before or during a measurement.

[0057] The energy application tool is driven by a drive mechanism. The drive mechanism may be an electromagnetic mechanism and may include an electromagnetic coil and a permanent magnet fixed to the rear end of the energy application tool, e.g., a percussion rod. The electromagnetic coil may, for example, lie axially behind the permanent magnet. For other energy application sources, input power drives the energy application tool.

[0058] The energy application tool has a length for use in a resting configuration and an activated configuration. The movement can be axial along the longitudinal axis of the housing, as discussed above, or can be for oscillatory movement about the longitudinal axis of the housing.

[0059] The disposable mechanism may include a sleeve portion extending from and / or enveloping the open end of the housing. In one example, for a mechanical energy application tool, the sleeve portion includes a hollow interior and an open free end having an object-retaining or contacting portion for resting on, pressing against, or contacting the object at the open end during measurement. A mechanism, such as a contact mechanism, having a length and disposed toward the open end of the sleeve portion may fit snugly against the interior of the sleeve portion, for example, by friction. The contact mechanism may be, for example, a short tubular segment or ring, adapted to freely move or slide within the sleeve portion substantially along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion and may include a closed end for substantially closing the free end of the sleeve portion. The contact mechanism may be positioned between the tip of the energy application tool and the surface of the object being measured, and by freely moving or sliding, may adjust itself to various surface configurations of the object being measured. A freely moving or sliding contact mechanism may vary in size and / or otherwise be adapted to move a desired predetermined distance along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion. In some examples, for ring-shaped contact mechanisms and the like, movement stops, such as small ridges, stops, or other obstacles, may be present inside the sleeve portion to prevent sliding or movement inside the sleeve portion outside of a desired range. For example, at least a portion of the closed end may be proximate to the surface of the object and may or may not contact the surface of the object immediately prior to impact with the energy application tool on the contact mechanism. During impact with the energy application tool on the closed end of the contact mechanism, at least a portion of the outer surface of the closed end of the contact mechanism or the object contacting surface of the closed end is in intimate contact with the surface of the object. Therefore, if at least a portion of the object contacting surface of the closed end is contoured to reflect the surface of the object it is contacting, better contact with the object may be made and energy transfer from the impact with the energy application tool may not be substantially impaired. In one aspect, the closed end of the contact mechanism may include at least a portion that may have a substantially flat portion facing the object to substantially reflect the flat surface of the object. In another aspect, the closed end of the contact mechanism may include at least a portion that may be contoured to reflect the surface of the object it is contacting if the surface of the object is contoured.For example, if the surface of the object being measured includes a depression, the contact feature may include a closed end having a concave outer surface to substantially mirror the depression so as to adjust itself to maintain contact between the closed end and the object during impact. As another example, if the surface of the object includes a protrusion, the contact feature may include a closed end having a convex surface to substantially mirror the protrusion so as to maintain contact with the object during measurement. In a further aspect, the closed end may have some elasticity or may be deformable so that intimate contact with the object may be achieved during impact.

[0060] Generally, contact between the object and at least a portion of the closed end of the contact mechanism may promote stability of the device on the object despite the contact mechanism being free to move and / or may improve repeatability of measurements.

[0061] In other embodiments, the contact mechanism need not be movable. For example, the contact mechanism may be fixed to the front opening in the sleeve portion and act as an intermediary member between the object and the energy application tool during measurement so that there is no direct contact between the tip of the energy application tool and the object.

[0062] For non-movable energy application tools, there may or may not be a sliding portion, and the contact mechanism may be stationary or fixed. A non-movable but conformable contact mechanism may have the same advantages as a movable contact mechanism, as described below.

[0063] In one embodiment of the invention, the closed end of the contact mechanism may be compliant or movable and may adjust itself to the surface configuration of the object during measurement, so that the object-contacting portion of the open end of the sleeve properly contacts the object. The sensors described above, if present, detect and / or monitor that the sleeve portion provides the proper contact force on the object. An energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, repeatedly reverberates the object indirectly through the closed end of the contact mechanism during measurement.

[0064] In another embodiment of the invention, during measurement, the closed end of the contact mechanism may be compliant or movable and may adjust itself to the surface configuration of the object, such that the object-contacting portion of the open end of the sleeve properly contacts the object, while a portion of the closed end may extend beyond the sleeve to simultaneously contact the irregular surface of the object. The sensors described above, if present, detect and / or monitor that the sleeve portion is providing the appropriate contact force on the object. An energy application tool, e.g., a percussion rod, repeatedly percusses the object indirectly through the closed end of the contact mechanism.

[0065] The movable contact mechanism can be of any shape, so long as it fits snugly inside the sleeve portion with a closed end that substantially closes the free end of the sleeve, yet still moves or slides freely. As noted above, in embodiments where it need not be movable or slidable, the contact mechanism can be conformable. It can be constructed of any material that can be molded or cast, including polymers or filled polymer materials. For light weight, it can also be thin, yet sufficiently rigid to facilitate sliding action. In some embodiments, it can have a conformable closed end or forward portion.

[0066] The contact mechanism may also include a thin membrane at its closed end. The membrane may be attached to the rest of the contact mechanism or integrally bonded. The membrane may also be thicker in the non-movable mechanism. Whether the membrane is thick or thin does not matter, as long as the membrane is selected to have minimal impact on the operation of the energy application tool. In one aspect, the membrane may have some elasticity or deformability, as described above, for better contact between the membrane and the object upon impact with the energy application tool, but may still be able to transmit the impact force delivered to the object by the energy application tool. In another aspect, the membrane may be of any material that allows for better transmission of the impact force between it and the object.

[0067] In one embodiment, the closed end may include a polymer film that may or may not be of the same material as the rest of the contact feature, or it may be a material having substantially the same properties as the rest of the contact feature. The polymer may include any polymer material that can be molded, cast, or stretched into a thin film so as not to substantially adversely affect the measurement. In another embodiment, the closed end may include an insert-molded metal foil film. The metal may be any metallic material that can be stretched, cast, or formed into a thin film so as not to substantially adversely affect the measurement. In other embodiments, the closed end may be integral to the contact feature. For example, the contact feature may be formed from a material that can be shaped, such as by pressing a metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or other suitable metal), into a tubular or hoop structure with a closed end of a desired thickness.

[0068] In another exemplary embodiment, the housing has a longitudinal axis, the energy application tool has a length for use in a rest configuration and an activated configuration, and the longitudinal axis of the device can be positioned at any angle with respect to the horizontal. The angle can be, for example, any angle, and can further vary, for example, from 0 degrees to about + / - 45 degrees, and further, for example, from 0 degrees to about + / - 30 degrees. The housing may or may not include a sleeve portion extending therefrom and has an open end at its free end.

[0069] The energy application tool has a length for use in a rest configuration and an activated configuration. The movement can be axial along the longitudinal axis of the housing, as discussed above, or can be for oscillatory movement about the longitudinal axis of the housing.

[0070] The disposable mechanism may optionally include a cover to encase portions of the system that may come into proximity and / or contact with the object being measured without interfering with the sensitivity, repeatability, or general operation of the instrument to any substantial angle.

[0071] The disposable mechanism may be applicable to all other types of energy application tools as previously mentioned.

[0072] The cover may include a portion extending from and / or enveloping the open end of the housing or, if the sleeve portion extends from the housing, the sleeve portion. A contact mechanism having a length and disposed toward the open end of the housing or sleeve portion may be frictionally adapted to fit snugly against the interior of the housing or sleeve portion and, if present, may extend beyond the open end of the housing or sleeve portion. The contact mechanism, if present, includes a closed end for closing the free end of the housing or sleeve portion. The closed end of the contact mechanism comes between the tip of the energy application tool and the object, and a portion of the surface of the closed end of the contact mechanism comes into contact with at least a portion of the surface of the object being measured. In this exemplary embodiment, the end of the housing or sleeve portion may not come into contact with the object during measurement. The contact mechanism, if present, may be adapted to move or slide freely within the housing or sleeve portion, or may be slightly limited to a predetermined movement distance and not completely housed within the housing or sleeve portion. The contact mechanism, if present, may include a closed end for substantially closing the free end of the housing or sleeve portion. Stability of the device towards the object to be measured may be achieved by contact of at least a part of the outer surface of the closed end of the contact mechanism on at least a part of the surface of the object.

[0073] For non-movable energy application tools, sliding portions may or may not be present and the contact mechanism may be stationary or fixed, but as mentioned above, there are advantages to having movable or at least adaptable contact portions.

[0074] Here again, the contact mechanism is positioned between the tip or end of the energy application tool and the surface of the object being measured, and can adjust itself to various surface configurations of the object being measured by moving or sliding adaptively or freely. For example, at least a portion of the closed end may be in contact with the surface of the object before impact by the energy application tool on the contact mechanism. During impact by the energy application tool on the closed end of the contact mechanism, at least a portion of the outer surface or object contacting surface of the closed end remains in intimate contact with the surface of the object. Therefore, if at least a portion of the object contacting surface of the closed end can be contoured to reflect the surface of the object being contacted, better contact with the object may be made and energy transfer from the impact by the energy application tool may not be impaired. In one aspect, the closed end of the contact mechanism may include at least a portion that may have a substantially flat portion facing the object to substantially reflect the flat surface of the object. In another aspect, the closed end of the contact mechanism may include at least a portion that may be contoured to reflect the surface of the object being contacted when the surface of the object is contoured. For example, if the surface of the object being measured includes a depression, the contact mechanism may include a closed end having a concave surface to substantially mirror the depression so as to adjust itself to maintain contact between the closed end and the object during impact. As another example, if the surface of the object includes a protrusion, the contact mechanism may include a closed end having a convex surface to substantially mirror the protrusion so as to maintain contact with the object during measurement. In a further aspect, the closed end may have some elasticity or may be deformable so that intimate contact with the object may be achieved during impact.

[0075] For example, during measurement, the closed end of the contact mechanism can adjust itself to the surface configuration of the object and remain in contact with the surface of the object. An energy application tool, for example, a percussion rod, repeatedly percusses the object indirectly through the closed end of the contact mechanism.

[0076] As described above, the contact mechanism, if present, can be of any shape so long as it fits snugly against the interior of the housing or sleeve portion and still freely moves or slides a predetermined length as needed, or simply fits with a closed end that closes the free end of the housing or sleeve portion. The contact mechanism can be of any suitable length, such as a short tubular segment or ring, adapted to move or slide freely within the sleeve portion substantially along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion and include a closed end to substantially close the free end of the sleeve portion. The contact mechanism can be positioned between the tip of the energy application tool and the surface of the object being measured, and by moving or sliding freely, can adjust itself to fit various surface configurations of the object being measured. The travel distance for the contact mechanism can vary and, in some instances, can be a predetermined distance. In some instances, for ring-shaped contact mechanisms and the like, a travel stop, such as a small ridge, stop, or other obstacle, can be present within the sleeve portion to constrain the movement of the contact mechanism within the sleeve portion.

[0077] Whether the contact mechanism is movable or not and whether the membrane is thin or thick is irrelevant, as long as it is selected to have minimal effect on the operation of the energy application tool. In one aspect, the membrane may have some elasticity or deformability for better contact between the membrane and the object upon impact with the energy application tool, as described above, but may still be able to transmit the impact force delivered to the object by the energy application tool. In another aspect, the membrane may be of any material that allows for better transmission of the impact force between it and the object. It may be constructed of any material that can be molded or cast, and may include a polymer or filled polymer material. As described above, in embodiments where it may not need to be movable or slidable, the contact mechanism may be compliant. In some embodiments, it may have a compliant closed end or forward portion.

[0078] It may also be thin for light weight, yet rigid enough to facilitate sliding action. In some embodiments, it may have a conforming closed end or front portion.

[0079] The contact mechanism may include a thin membrane at its closed end so as not to substantially affect the measurement. The membrane may be attached to or integrally bonded to the rest of the contact mechanism. The membrane may be selected to have minimal effect on the operation of the energy application tool. In one aspect, the membrane may have some elasticity or deformability for better contact between the membrane and the object upon impact with the energy application tool, but may still be able to transmit the impact force delivered to the object by the energy application tool. In another aspect, the membrane may be of any material that allows for better transmission of the impact force between it and the object.

[0080] In one embodiment, the closed end may include a polymeric thin film that may or may not be of the same material as the rest of the contact feature, or it may be a material having substantially the same properties as the rest of the contact feature. The polymer may include any polymeric material that can be molded, cast, or stretched into a thin film so as not to substantially adversely affect the measurement. In another embodiment, the closed end may include an insert-molded metal foil film. The metal may be any metallic material that can be stretched, cast, or formed into a thin film so as not to substantially adversely affect the measurement. The film may also be formed to conform to the shape of the energy application tool, or vice versa, for optimal force / energy transfer. In some embodiments, the film may be constructed from stainless steel foil or sheet, e.g., stamped and / or molded. In other embodiments, the closed end may be integrated into the contact feature. For example, the contact feature may be formed from a material that can be shaped, such as by stamping a metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or other suitable metal), into a tubular or hoop structure with a closed end of a desired thickness.

[0081] For these exemplary embodiments, the force sensor described above, including all aspects of the mechanism, may or may not be present to detect and / or monitor the application of an appropriate force on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion or the closed end of the contact mechanism, and / or to activate the system to begin measuring when an appropriate force is applied.

[0082] For any of the exemplary embodiments of the device described herein that have a force sensor for detecting or monitoring the force exerted by either the object contacting surface or the contact mechanism of the sleeve portion, the force sensor may be in physical proximity to and / or contact with at least a portion of the device other than the energy application tool, for example, the sleeve portion or at least a portion of the sleeve portion if the open end of the sleeve portion includes the object contacting portion, or at least a portion of the housing if no sleeve portion is present, as previously exemplified in connection with other exemplary embodiments.

[0083] The sensor, for example, a force sensor, may be physically proximate to, and / or in contact with, and / or coupled with at least a portion of a device other than the energy application tool; for example, as described above, it may be physically proximate to, and / or in contact with, and / or coupled with the housing and / or sleeve portion when the open end of the sleeve portion includes an object contact portion. In some embodiments, the energy application tool may penetrate the force sensor. In other words, the force sensor may surround the energy application tool. The various embodiments of the sensor described above may also be applicable here.

[0084] The sensor is not physically or mechanically coupled to the energy application tool, but as described above, it may be in electronic communication with the energy application tool and may act as an on / off switch for the device or meter. For example, when an appropriate force is exerted on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, it may trigger an activation mechanism of the device or meter to activate movement of the energy application tool to begin measurement. Therefore, as described above, no external switch or push button is required to activate the system on and off. An indication of appropriate force may be indicated by a visible or audible signal.

[0085] In one embodiment, once the proper contact force is exerted on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, as indicated by a visible or audible signal, the meter may be turned on immediately. In another embodiment, once the proper contact force is exerted on the object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, as indicated by a visible or audible signal, there may be a delay before turning on the meter. In a further embodiment, once a certain pressing force between the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion and the object is detected and maintained for a certain period of time, e.g., about 0.5 seconds, the meter may be turned on to begin measuring. In this embodiment, a blue light will illuminate the tip, and impact will begin about 0.5 seconds after the force within the correct range has been maintained.

[0086] For example, an appropriate force exerted by the operator on the object through the sleeve portion acts as a switch for the system. If the system does not switch on, it may be desirable to know whether it is malfunctioning or whether insufficient or excessive force is being exerted. In one embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to a visible output, such as a light. The light may be mounted in any convenient location on the device or instrument, for example, one or more LEDs mounted on the front of the device or instrument. In one aspect, multiple light systems may be included. For example, two LEDs may be used. If the force is within the correct range, a blue light may be illuminated. If excessive force is detected, the LED may turn red, and the instrument will not activate unless the pressure is reduced. In some embodiments, if the user presses too hard on the object, the light may first change to amber and then to red. If the pressure is sufficient to cause the light to turn red, the impact may not be initiated or may be aborted if already initiated. There may also be an amber LED state to warn if the user is approaching excessive pressure. At that stage, the gauge may still operate if the LED is illuminated amber. In another embodiment, no light may indicate too little force, a red light may indicate too much force, while a blue light may indicate the right amount of force. In yet another embodiment, a single light system may be included. For example, no light may signal too little force, and a red light may signal too much force. In a further embodiment, a flashing red light may indicate too much force, and no light may indicate too little force.

[0087] In another embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to an audible output. In one aspect, the audible output may include a single beep to indicate too little force and multiple beeps to indicate too much force. In another aspect, the audible output may include a beep to indicate too little force and a beep with a flashing red light to indicate too much force. In a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to an audio alarm system to warn of too much or too little force. In a further aspect, the force measurement may be connected to an audio alarm system to warn of too little force and an audio alarm and flashing red light to warn of too much force.

[0088] If the force sensor functions as an on / off switch, it can also serve to monitor the application of an appropriate force by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion during measurement and / or the proper alignment of the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion toward the object during measurement. For example, as part of the electronic control system, an inclinometer can be present that can trigger an audible warning if the device is outside its angular range of motion relative to the percussion rod, e.g., at + / - 45 degrees from horizontal, and further, e.g., greater than + / - approximately 30 degrees. If a pressing force is detected on the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion, and the device is oriented so that the axis of motion is greater than + / - approximately 45 degrees from horizontal, and further, e.g., greater than + / - approximately 30 degrees, a warning sound can be emitted by a speaker mounted on the device, such as on a PCB within the device. In such a situation, the impact action will not be initiated until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if a collision action is initiated when the above-mentioned deviation from the range is detected, the device may not actually cease operation, but may simply sound an alarm so that corrections can be made.

[0089] The present invention further includes a disposable assembly having a sleeve portion adapted to attach or couple to a front portion of a device housing of the above-described systems and methods for non-invasive and / or non-destructive measurement having a device operable by holding the device at variable angles from horizontal and adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position during measurement. The sleeve portion may include a front end and a rear end and may include a coupling or mounting component toward its rear end for coupling or attachment to the housing. In one embodiment, the mounting or coupling component may be a friction fit onto a portion of the housing or a component inside the housing, a mating bayonet-style, tongue-and-groove style, a snap fit, a clip, an internesting pin-eye style, a latch, and other interconnection structure. In another embodiment, the mounting or coupling component of the sleeve and housing may be a custom thread-like system for better fit or compatibility.

[0090] The disposable mechanism may be a component of a system for determining structural characteristics of an object, as described in any of the exemplary embodiments above or below. The disposable mechanism may include a sleeve portion adapted to attach to a portion of a device and capable of protruding a distance from an open front end of the device housing. The sleeve portion has a hollow interior with front and rear ends and an object contact portion at the front end adapted to rest or press against at least a portion of the object using at least a portion of the object contact portion of the device. A contact mechanism is disposed within the sleeve portion and adapted to freely move or slide within the sleeve portion along a longitudinal axis. The contact mechanism has a body having a length and a substantially closed front end for substantially closing the opening of the sleeve portion to minimize direct contact between the energy application tool and the object during measurement.

[0091] In another embodiment, a disposable mechanism adapted to encase a portion of a device includes a sleeve portion having a longitudinal axis and capable of protruding a distance from a device housing, and may have a hollow interior having a front end and a rear end, and an object contact portion at the front end adapted to rest against, contact, or press against at least a portion of an object with at least a portion of the object contact portion of the device. The contact mechanism may be disposed inside the sleeve portion and adapted to freely move or slide inside the sleeve portion along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion to move an energy application tool, the contact mechanism having a body having a length and a substantially closed front end for substantially closing the open front of the sleeve portion to minimize direct contact between the energy application tool and the object during measurement.

[0092] As described above, a contact mechanism that freely slides within the sleeve portion can be disposed toward the front end of the sleeve portion of the disposable assembly. In one embodiment, the contact mechanism can be any shape, for example, it can be a short tubular segment, and it can be any dimension provided it is shorter than the length of the sleeve portion. It can include an open end and a closed end toward the front of the sleeve portion to substantially close the front end of the sleeve portion. It can be thin enough to be lightweight, yet rigid enough to facilitate sliding action. In another embodiment, the contact mechanism can include a membrane attached to a ring. The ring can slide freely within the sleeve portion, and the membrane, if present, can substantially close an opening in the housing or sleeve portion. The travel distance for a freely moving or sliding contact mechanism can vary and, in some instances, can be a predetermined distance. In some instances, for ring-shaped contact mechanisms and the like, a travel stop, such as a small ridge, stop, or other obstruction, can be present within the sleeve portion to restrict the movement of the contact mechanism within the sleeve portion.

[0093] According to one embodiment, the sleeve portion may include an object contact portion toward its front end for contacting the surface of the object to be measured. In this embodiment, the sliding ability of the contact mechanism may not include any distance restriction and may slide freely inside the sleeve portion. In this embodiment, the sleeve portion includes an object contact portion toward its front end for contacting the surface of the object to be measured.

[0094] According to another embodiment, the sleeve portion may not include an object contact portion for contacting the surface of the object during measurement. In this embodiment, the sliding distance for the contact mechanism may be predetermined so that the front end of the contact mechanism can protrude further than the sleeve portion. The contact mechanism may be a component that provides contact during measurement.

[0095] According to a further embodiment, the sleeve includes an object contacting portion towards its front end for contacting the surface of the object to be measured, and a tab extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion so that when the object contacting surface of the sleeve portion is in contact with at least a portion of the surface of the object to be measured, the tab can rest on a portion or surface of the object that is different from the surface of the object that is in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface that is in contact with the sleeve.

[0096] According to a further embodiment, the sleeve portion includes a tab extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion such that when the object contacting surface of the contact mechanism contacts at least a portion of the surface of the object to be measured, the tab can rest on a portion or surface of the object that is different from the surface of the object that is in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface that is in contact with the contact mechanism.

[0097] According to yet another embodiment, the sleeve portion can include a tab and a component, such as a ridge, protrusion, or other component, substantially perpendicular to the surface of the tab on the side adapted to face the surface of the object. For example, for a tooth, the component can fit between an adjacent tooth or other orthogonal surface, thus helping to prevent any substantial lateral movement of the tab across the surface of the object and / or further promoting repeatability. The tab can be of sufficient length or width, depending on the length or width of the top portion of the object, so that the ridge or protrusion can be properly seated during operation. In the rare instance where the tab interferes with the stable leading, as is the case with some implant transfer abutments used for implantation of implant fixtures, a flat disposable assembly can be used to reposition the sleeve portion lower onto the object to be inspected.

[0098] In some embodiments, the sleeve portion may include a tab extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve portion, and may include at least one formation (e.g., tongue and groove, groove, notch, indentation, etc.) such that when the object contacting surface of the contact mechanism contacts at least a portion of the surface of the object being measured, the tab may rest on the portion or surface of the object and may at least partially conform to a protrusion, ridge, or other raised portion of the surface of the object using at least one form.

[0099] In one embodiment, in addition to the disposable assembly having a mounting or coupling component that may be a friction fit, a mating bayonet style, a tongue and groove style, a snap fit, a clip, a nested pin and eye style, a latch, and other interconnecting structure onto at least a portion of the housing or a component within the housing, additional features may be included within the device to prevent the activation mechanism of the device from being triggered if the attached disposable assembly has not yet been used.

[0100] In another embodiment, in addition to a disposable assembly having a mounting or coupling component that can be a friction fit, a mating bayonet style, a tongue and groove style, a snap fit, a clip, a nested pin and eye style, a latch, and other interconnection structure onto at least a portion of the housing or a component within the housing, the mounting component can include components that allow a predetermined number of connections to be made by the disposable assembly to the housing or a component within the housing.

[0101] The present invention relates to yet another system and method for measuring structural characteristics in a non-destructive, non-invasive manner, and may include a device operable by holding the device at a variable angle from horizontal and adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position during measurement. The system may include a drive mechanism that can vary the travel distance of the energy application tool while maintaining the initial velocity of impact of the energy application tool on the object. For example, if the energy application tool includes a percussion tool, the distance may vary from about 2 mm to about 4 mm. Reducing the travel distance of the energy application tool, for example, from about 4 mm to about 2 mm while maintaining the same initial velocity of impact or contact, may enable faster measurements without compromising system operation. The system may or may not include various exemplary embodiments described above or below. For example, the system may or may not include disposable parts and / or mechanisms for promoting repeatability and / or reducing impact with the mechanisms described previously or below.

[0102] In this immediately above-mentioned invention, and all other embodiments of the devices described hereinabove, the device, with or without any disposable feature, for example, an impact meter, may also include a tab extending from the open end of the housing or sleeve portion such that the object contacting surface of the sleeve portion or contact mechanism described above contacts at least a portion of the surface of the object to be measured, and the tab may rest on a portion or surface of the object that is different from or substantially perpendicular to the surface of the object that contacts the sleeve or contact mechanism, as described above. The tab and sleeve or contact mechanism together aid in repeated positioning of the device relative to the object. Also, the tab may be adapted to be repeatedly positioned in substantially the same location on the surface of the object each time.

[0103] For all embodiments described herein, the component can be of any shape and size. In one aspect, for example, if the object is a tooth, the component can be short and of a thickness that is small enough to fit between adjacent teeth. In another aspect, for example, if the object is a tooth, the component can be short and shaped to fit between the top portions of adjacent teeth. In yet another aspect, for example, if the object is a tooth and the component rests against the back surface, it can be sized to cover a major portion of the back surface.

[0104] The tabs and / or tabs and components not only help facilitate repeatable positioning of the meter on an object, such as a tooth or mechanical or industrial structure, composite, or the like, but also help prevent the object, such as a tooth or mechanical or industrial structure, composite, or the like, from moving in a direction other than parallel to the direction of energy application or percussion. This helps minimize any unnecessary disturbance of the object under test and / or the foundation to which it is fixed, and / or complications that may arise from these other disturbances, thus further contributing to the sensitivity and / or accuracy of detection. The tabs or tabs and / or components are applicable whether the sleeve portion has the object-contacting portion or whether a contact mechanism provides contact to the object.

[0105] The end of the sleeve that does not have the tab protruding therefrom can be flat or substantially flat, and the portion of the tab that contacts the top of the object can also be flat or substantially flat. The tab can extend in a substantially parallel direction from the end of the sleeve. In one aspect, the tab can be integral with the sleeve for a distance before protruding from the end of the sleeve and substantially maintain the cross-sectional profile of the sleeve after protruding from the sleeve. In another aspect, the tab can protrude uniformly from the top or bottom portion of the sleeve, but have a cross-sectional profile that is substantially different from the top or bottom portion of the sleeve after protruding from the sleeve. In rare circumstances, the tab may not protrude all the way to allow for inspection at a lower position on the object.

[0106] In one embodiment of the present invention, the tabs may have a contact surface that substantially mirrors the contours of the surface of the object that they come into contact with during use, to facilitate repeatable direct positioning of the device on the object.

[0107] In one aspect, the protruding portion of the tab may have a rectangular cross section. In another aspect, the protruding portion of the tab may have a slightly arcuate top portion. In yet another aspect, the protruding portion of the tab may conform to the contours of the surface that comes into contact with the object.

[0108] In any of the embodiments, the corners of the tabs are smooth or rounded, or substantially smooth or rounded, to avoid any infection on the object on which they may rest.

[0109] In general, the device may be useful for making any measurement where vibrations are produced on an object through the application of energy, for example, by striking with a percussion rod, etc. The advantage is that the device can be held in contact with the object during the percussion action, compared to traditional devices that do not contact.

[0110] The sleeve portion and tab and mechanism, and / or the sleeve, tab, and contact mechanism, may be made of any material having vibration-damping, sound-damping, or vibration-attenuating properties, and the sleeve may be of a length such that any vibrations traveling through the sleeve to the handpiece housing can be substantially attenuated. In one embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing adjacent to the sleeve may be made of the same material. In another embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing to which it is attached may be made of materials having similar vibration-attenuating properties. In yet another embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing to which it is attached may be made of different materials. In yet another embodiment, the sleeve and the end of the housing to which it is attached may be made of materials having different vibration-attenuating properties. In yet another embodiment, the sleeve may be made of any material having a vibration-attenuating coating on one or more surfaces thereof. In yet another embodiment, the sleeve, tab, and / or mechanism may be made of different materials having similar thermal expansion properties.

[0111] Additionally, the sleeve portion, contact mechanism, and tab, and / or the sleeve, tab, and components may be made of recyclable, compostable, or biodegradable materials, which is particularly useful in those embodiments that are to be disposed of after a single use.

[0112] As described above, the energy application tool is driven by a drive mechanism during measurement. The drive mechanism may be an electromagnetic mechanism and may include an electromagnetic coil. The drive mechanism may include a permanent magnet fixed to the rear end of the energy application tool, such as a percussion rod, and the electromagnetic coil may lie axially behind the permanent magnet. In one embodiment, when the device is a handpiece, the electromagnetic coil, together with the rear of the housing and any power supply lines, form a structural unit that can be integrally movable and connected to the remaining device by a suitable detachable connection, such as a threaded or plug-type connection. This detachable connection may facilitate cleaning, repair, and the like. In another embodiment, when the device is a handpiece, the electromagnetic coil, together with the rear of the housing and any power supply lines, form a structural unit that can be integrally movable and permanently connected to the remaining device. The energy application tool, such as a percussion rod, is mounted to the front of the housing, and the mounting mechanism for the percussion rod may include frictionless bearings. These bearings may include one or more axial openings so that adjacent chambers formed by the housing and the percussion rod communicate with each other for air exchange.

[0113] In one embodiment, the percussion rod may have a substantially constant cross-sectional configuration throughout its entire length, with the permanent magnet ensemble mounted at the end remote from the free end, as described above. The electromagnetic coil of the drive mechanism may be located behind the same end of the energy application tool, e.g., percussion rod, as the permanent magnet ensemble, resulting in a relatively small outer diameter for the housing. In this embodiment, the outer diameter of the housing may be substantially defined by the diameter of the electromagnetic coil, the cross-section of the energy application tool, e.g., percussion rod, the mounting mechanism for the percussion rod within the housing, and the thickness of the housing wall. However, the length of the tool may be designed so that the electromagnetic coil (representing the largest mass assembly) can be positioned to balance the device, e.g., the handpiece in the hand, and, if present, the battery at the rear of the device.

[0114] The device itself may be tethered to an external power supply, such as a battery, a capacitor, a transducer, a solar cell, an external power source, and / or any other suitable power source, or may be powered by a power source contained within the housing.

[0115] In one embodiment, communication between the drive mechanism or a portion of the drive mechanism, for example, an electronic control board component, and an energy application tool such as a hammer or percussion rod, may be via a conductive, insulated wire lead or line, which may be concentrically spirally wound around the hammer or percussion rod and have spring-like properties. This may also allow for minimal space requirements for wire management. The wire strands concentrically wound around the rod connect the piezoelectric sensor to the control electronics. One purpose of concentrically winding the wire is to minimize pressure on the wire from repeated back and forth movement of the rod. In some embodiments, a helical spring, which may be formed by the spirally wound wire, may help avoid or prevent looping or kinking of the wire connection.

[0116] In another embodiment, communication between the drive mechanism and the energy application tool can be transmitted wirelessly via any suitable wireless connection. In one example, an energy application tool such as a reverberation rod can be advanced by energizing an electromagnetic coil, creating a magnetic field that repels the magnet on the end of the reverberation rod. The rod is retracted by reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the electromagnetic coil. The magnet can also serve to hold the rod in its retracted position through its magnetic force on the coil's steel core when the electromagnetic coil is de-energized.

[0117] If present, the helical spring may be constructed of a stranded wire having two individual wires twisted together, or may be constructed of a coaxial wire. In its loaded state, the spring may be compressed to the extent that its prestressing force corresponds to a frictional force and opposes this frictional force during forward movement of the energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, from a retracted position to an extended position, or from a position substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position pivoted at an acute angle to said axis. The prestressing path of the spring may therefore be much larger than the stroke of the energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, so that the spring force remains substantially constant throughout the entire stroke of the reverberation rod. Any unwanted frictional forces of the mounting mechanism's bearings against the reverberation rod during forward movement may be substantially compensated by the spring.

[0118] In one embodiment, the housing may taper toward the end surrounded by the sleeve portion so that the device may have substantially uniform dimensions when the sleeve is attached. In another embodiment, the housing may have substantially uniform dimensions, with the sleeve expanding the dimensions of the end surrounding it to some extent. In a further embodiment, the sleeve itself may have a reverse taper toward its free end to increase the flat area of ​​contact with the object.

[0119] In general, the device may be useful for making any measurement where vibrations are generated through the application of energy on an object, e.g., a strike from a hammer or the like. For example, a time-vs. impact response profile may be generated. The evaluation system may include a data analyzer configured to evaluate the shape of the time-vs. impact response profile. The time-vs. impact response profile may include a time-energy, time-stress, time-force, or acceleration profile, as described above. For example, the evaluation may include counting the number of energy maxima reflected from the object after the application of energy.

[0120] Generally, structural characteristics as defined herein may include vibration damping capacity; sound damping capacity; defects, including, for example, defects inherent in the framework or materials comprising the object; cracks, microcracks, fractures, microfractures; loss of cement seal; cement failure; adhesion failure; microleakage; lesions; caries; general structural integrity or general structural stability. For anatomical objects such as tooth structures, natural teeth, natural teeth with fractures due to wear or trauma, natural teeth that have become at least partially abscessed, or natural teeth undergoing bone augmentation procedures, prosthetic dental implant structures, dental structures, orthopedic structures, or orthopedic implants, such characteristics may indicate the health of the object or the health of the underlying foundation to which the object may be fixed or attached. The integrity of the object and / or underlying foundation may relate to density or bone density, or the level of osseointegration; any inherent or other defects; or cracks, fractures, microfractures, microcracks; loss of cement seal; cement failure; adhesion failure; microleakage; lesions; or dental caries. For general objects, such as polymer composite structures including honeycomb or layered honeycomb, or metal composite structures; industrial structures including, but not limited to, airframe structures, automobiles, ships, bridges, buildings, power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures, such measurements may also relate to defects or cracks, as well as any structural integrity or structural stability, such as hairline cracks or microcracks.

[0121] Also, changes in the structure of the tooth, or any underlying structure to which a mechanical structure is attached or secured, that reduce the ability to dissipate the mechanical energy associated with the impact force and therefore, for example, reduce the overall structural stability of the tooth, can be detected by evaluation of the energy return data in comparison to an ideal, undamaged sample. Also, as mentioned above, the present invention also generally contributes to the accuracy of the detection location of defects, cracks, microcracks, fractures, microfractures, leaks, lesions, loss of cement seal; microleakage; caries; structural integrity of cement failure; adhesion failure; and general or structural stability.

[0122] As mentioned above, the device may be tethered to an external power supply or may be powered by a power source contained within the device housing. If powered by a power source within the device housing, the power source may or may not be rechargeable. If rechargeable, a base charging station may be used. The base station may be a separate, independent station, or it may be part of the system of the present invention. For an independent charging station, any existing station may be applicable. The charging mechanism may be wired or wireless. For these charging bases, in most instances, only current may be provided to charge the device. For base stations that may be part of a system, more current may be provided to charge the device.

[0123] The present invention further relates to a base station that may be part of the system of the present invention and that may be connected to a computer, e.g., a PC, via a USB cable. This connection may provide both data transfer between the PC and the base station and current for charging the device during the charging process when the device is docked. In this way, the base station may also serve as a wireless transceiver for the PC, communicating with the wireless transceiver in the device.

[0124] It may be desirable for each device to have its own charging base station, which may avoid the possibility of the wrong device communicating with the wrong base station in a multiple device environment, which may be important in any examination setting, for example, a dental office.

[0125] During system preparation just prior to performing measurements on an object, for example, before starting a patient examination session at a dental clinic, the device is docked in the charging base to pair the device with the base station as part of a usage protocol, which may be controlled by software.

[0126] For embodiments in which the device may include the disposable mechanism or assembly described above, the disposable portion is typically removed from the device before placing the device in the charging base, hi other embodiments, the disposable portion may be physically contained in the interface between the device and the base.

[0127] The present invention also relates to non-reusable, disposable assemblies or mechanisms in medical settings. As described above, disposable mechanisms or assemblies are intended to help eliminate or minimize contamination of an object undergoing measurement through transfer from the system or cross-contamination from a previous object undergoing measurement, without the need for a decontamination process before moving to a different test object. To ensure that such mechanisms or assemblies are not reused once used, disposable mechanisms or assemblies can be programmed for single-use. In one embodiment, a computer chip can be used. The chip can be present on the disposable mechanism or assembly, for example, on a PCB mounted on the back of the disposable assembly, and can help ensure that once used, the mechanism cannot be reused or reused, so that any unwanted substances cannot be transferred from one patient to another. When the disposable mechanism or assembly is coupled to a device, the chip in the assembly or mechanism can be interrogated by the device using a challenge and response system to ensure authenticity. Once authenticated, it is permanently marked as 'used.' If the used assembly or mechanism is placed back on the device, whether it is the same device or a different device, the challenge and response will fail and the device will not be able to function as intended. In another embodiment, a timeout feature may also be used to prevent reuse of the disposable assembly or mechanism after a certain coupling period. In a further embodiment, a chip may be used in conjunction with the timeout feature for added safety. In a further embodiment, the attachment mechanism of the disposable mechanism or assembly may include a part that folds or wraps so that once removed from the device, it is no longer attachable to the device.

[0128] To further facilitate ease of use of the system, better lighting of the object being measured may be provided, such as by using a light pipe or other illumination that may be used to allow better lighting of the object and enhance visualization by the user. In some embodiments, a light pipe may also be utilized to facilitate coupling between components, such as between a handpiece and a disposable mechanism.

[0129] Although so named, disposable mechanisms may be single-use or, if desired, reusable. Thus, the mechanisms may be autoclavable or sterilizable using heat or chemicals. In either disposable or reusable embodiments, various removable connections may be provided. For example, disposable mechanisms may be connected through any suitable connection, such as any threaded, friction-fit, mating bayonet-style, tongue-and-groove-type, snap-fit, clip, telescoping pin-eye style, latch connection, and other interconnection structures.

[0130] The system, as previously mentioned, may be applicable to inspecting a variety of objects, both anatomical and mechanical. For anatomical objects such as natural or restored teeth, prosthetic dental implant structures, dental structures, or orthopedic implants, measurements or inspections are generally performed while the object is stationary, unless the tooth or tooth structure is loose and some slight movement may exist. For mechanical objects, which may include, but are not limited to, polymer composite structures, including honeycomb or layered honeycomb, or metal composite structures; airframe structures, automobiles, ships, bridges, tunnels, trains, buildings, industrial structures, including, but not limited to, power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures, inspections may also be performed at a stationary location or on a moving, mobile object. Therefore, mechanical objects may be inspected while they are stationary or moving, which may provide specific insight into the object under actual operating conditions. For moving objects, such as trains, inspections may be performed across many different locations. This can generally be performed using one energy application tool across multiple points on the object to obtain an average state of the object, or can be performed using many separate tools or devices on the same point to obtain average results at the same point. As opposed to performing measurements on the same point using many energy application tools, devices or tools, e.g., an array of percussion rods that strike the object, can be positioned sequentially along the path of the moving object over a distance, for example, and by controlling the spacing between the tools or devices, it may be possible to match the speed of the moving object, e.g., a train, to the interval between energy applications on the same point of the object to obtain an average value for that point. In this example, measurements can be performed under actual operating conditions. In one embodiment, the array of devices can be a linear array, a vertical or horizontal array, or a curvilinear array. In another aspect, the array can be arranged in a two-dimensional array, flat, or curvilinear.

[0131] In embodiments where the object is large, measurements at different locations on the object, for example impacts on multiple parts of the object, may allow for a better assessment of structural properties that are more representative of the object.

[0132] The present invention additionally provides the additional capability of operating at variable angles from horizontal or vertical and adjusting the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal or vertical position during measurement, which may further facilitate generating a more complete picture of the true state of the object being measured. For example, as discussed above, while conventional methods of inspecting an object may be more easily hindered by large surface defects that can obscure other defects below the surface or other points on or near the surface, the ability of the present invention to operate at any angle may mitigate such difficulties, e.g., the risk of hinderance due to large defects overpowering smaller defects, when operating at one angle and minimize it when operating at another angle.

[0133] Also, as mentioned above, in dental applications, or in situations where contamination or cross-contamination exists, disposable features may be present on any contact or non-contact energy application tool, just as teeth remain inside the patient's oral cavity, to minimize contamination.

[0134] In general, the energy application tool can be of any type in any form or shape for applying different types of energy. For example, for inspection in a dental environment, the form or shape of the tool can be of smaller dimensions than for aircraft parts. The type of energy applied can also be varied, for example, it can be mechanical, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, or acoustic energy, as described above. With any type of energy source, it is desirable to minimize the amount of energy to produce good results, as stronger energy can potentially damage the object and is therefore undesirable.

[0135] The present invention, in some embodiments, may further include modifying the shape of the contact portion or tip of the energy application tool configured to better conform to the surface of the object being measured, whether or not there is physical contact during impact. For example, the percussion or contact surface of the tool may have a different shape, e.g., it may be flat, curved, or shaped similarly to the surface being measured.

[0136] In another embodiment, the present invention may include a kit of multiple energy application tools having variable sizes and shapes for the contact portion or surface of the energy application tools suitable for measuring larger areas of objects with varied topography.

[0137] In another embodiment, the present invention may provide a kit having an energy application tool and multiple interchangeable impact portions for the energy application tool with variable sizes and shapes of the contact portions to better fit the specimen for each type of object.

[0138] In further embodiments, the invention may include a device having an array or arrangement of energy application tools. In one aspect, the array of tools may be arranged in a linear, vertical, or horizontal direction. In another aspect, the array may also be curved. In yet another aspect, the array may be a two-dimensional array, flat, or curved.

[0139] Portions of the device and / or housing may also have an antimicrobial coating thereon that eliminates, prevents, impedes, or minimizes microbial growth, thus allowing for the minimization of high temperature autoclave processes or the use of harsh chemicals, increasing the variety and number of materials useful as substrates for the fabrication of such tools or instruments.

[0140] The present invention further includes a system for measuring structural characteristics of an object, the system comprising: a housing having a hollow interior, a longitudinal axis, and an open front; an energy application tool mounted inside the housing for applying energy to an object, the energy application tool having a resting and an activated position and applying energy through the open front of the housing to impact the object being measured; a drive mechanism supported inside the housing and coupled to the energy application tool, the drive mechanism having a sensing or measurement system adapted to repeatedly apply energy to impact the object with substantially the same amount of force whether the longitudinal axis of the device is in a substantially horizontal position or at an angle of less than about + / - 45 degrees from the horizontal position; and a computer coupled to the device for controlling the energy application tool and analyzing any data collected by the device. The system can measure an impact response to an impact response versus time profile over a period of time. In one embodiment, the impact response includes a displacement of the energy application tool. In another embodiment, the impact response includes energy reflected from the object as a result of applying energy.

[0141] Embodiments of the system used to generate the profiles may include all of the embodiments described above. Analysis of the generated profiles reveals that profiles for normal teeth differ from those for damaged teeth, and that different profiles for damaged teeth represent different types of defects, different locations of defects, number of defect sites, and even combinations thereof.

[0142] The present invention further relates to systems and methods for measuring structural characteristics of objects in a non-invasive and / or non-destructive manner. The test results can be from different objects, which may be related or unrelated. Surprisingly, the test results are not only used to predict results for objects related only to the object being tested; when analyzed and compiled, the cumulative results of the measurements can generate a model that can be used to quickly predict, using one simple test, that the type of problem exists in an unrelated object that is not discernible visually or radiographically. The model can be used to monitor the object and / or help determine appropriate corrective measures to restore it to a problem-free state.

[0143] The present invention, together with the above and other advantages, may be better understood from the following detailed description of aspects, embodiments, and examples of the invention, taken in conjunction with the description of the drawings. The following description sets forth various aspects, embodiments, and examples of the invention and numerous specific details thereof, given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many substitutions, modifications, additions, or variations may be made within the scope of the invention, and the invention includes all such substitutions, modifications, additions, or variations. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0144] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a block diagram of a device according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1a] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a handpiece with a sleeve portion according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1b] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a handpiece with a sleeve portion according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1c] 1 illustrates the end of the handpiece without the sleeve portion. [Figure 1d] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a handpiece with a sleeve portion. [Figure 1e] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a portion of a handpiece showing portions of the drive mechanism, force sensor, and piezoelectric sensing wires, with the sleeve portion not shown. [Figure 1f]1 illustrates a block diagram of a device with a substantially right-angled sleeve portion and a pivoting energy application tool. [Figure 1g] Alternative configurations of the lighting arrangement are described. [Figure 1h] The movement of the pivoting energy application tool will be described. [Figure 1i] The movement of the pivoting energy application tool will be described. [Figure 1j] The movement of the energy application tool moving in the vertical direction will be described. [Figure 1k] The movement of the energy application tool moving in the vertical direction will be described. [Figure 1l] An example of an array of energy application tools is described. [Figure 1m] An example of an array of energy application tools is described. [Figure 1n] An example of an array of energy application tools is described. [Figure 2] Explain the sleeve portion with tabs. [Figure 2a] A sleeve portion with a safety mechanism and an attachment mechanism is described. [Figure 2b] 1 illustrates a perspective cross-sectional view along the long axis of a sleeve portion with a contact mechanism. [Figure 2c] Explain the sleeve portion without the tab. [Figure 2d] The contact portion of the sleeve portion with the movable or deformable portion is described. [Figure 2e] The contact portion of the sleeve portion with the movable or deformable portion is described. [Figure 2f] A sleeve portion with tabs and enlarged contact surfaces is described. [Figure 2g] A sleeve portion with a safety mechanism, a lighting interface, and an attachment mechanism is described. [Figure 2h] FIG. 10 is a perspective cross-sectional view along the long axis of a sleeve portion with a contact mechanism and a lighting interface. [Figure 2i] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a sleeve portion with tabs having a matching configuration. [Figure 3] Contact of a sleeve portion with an irregularly surfaced object having a convex portion is described. [Figure 3a] Contact of a sleeve portion with an irregularly surfaced object having a concave portion is described. [Figure 4] The transmission of a contact force from an object to a force sensor will now be described. [Figure 4a] The transmission of a contact force from an object to a force sensor will now be described. [Figure 4b] The transmission of a contact force from an object to a force sensor will now be described. [Figure 5] A base unit for the handpiece is described. [Figure 5a] A base unit for the handpiece is described. [Figure 6] A layered force sensor is described. [Figure 7] 1 shows a flow chart for operating the handpiece to place on an object and take measurements from the object. [Figure 8] The device of the present invention is described as having a sleeve portion with tabs oriented horizontally for measuring an object. [Figure 8a] The device of the present invention is described as having a sleeve portion with tabs oriented at a positive incline for measuring an object. [Figure 8b] The device of the present invention is described as having a sleeve portion with tabs oriented at a negative incline for measuring an object. [Figure 8c] An adapter for a device for horizontal orientation in measuring an object is described. [Figure 8d] An adapter for the device is described for orientation at positive tilt in measuring objects. [Figure 8e] An adapter for a device for negative tilt orientation in measuring an object is described. [Figure 8f] The device of the present invention is described as having no tabs on the sleeve portion that is oriented horizontally when measuring an object. [Figure 8g]The device of the present invention is described as having no tabs on the sleeve portion that is oriented in the positive direction when measuring an object. [Figure 8h] The device of the present invention is described as having no tabs on the sleeve portion that is oriented in the negative direction when measuring an object. [Figure 9] The use of an array of energy application tools to measure moving objects is described. [Figure 10] The energy response from a normal and damaged object is shown. [Figure 10a] 1 shows the energy response from well-bonded and weakly bonded composites. [Figure 11] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a handpiece with a sleeve portion and rigidly connected force transmission components. [Figure 11a] 1 illustrates a block diagram of a handpiece with a sleeve portion and rigidly connected force transmission components. [Figure 11b] 1 illustrates a partial perspective view of a handpiece with rigidly connected force transmission components. [Figure 11c] 1 illustrates a partial perspective view of the interior of a handpiece with a portion of the housing removed and with rigidly connected force transmission components. [Figure 11d] 11-11c show components that are rigidly connected together in the handpiece. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0145] The detailed descriptions set forth below are intended to describe presently exemplary systems, devices, and methods provided in accordance with aspects of the present invention, and are not intended to represent the only forms in which the invention may be made or utilized. Rather, it should be understood that the same or equivalent functions and components may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0146] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In the practice or testing of the invention, any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used, and exemplary methods, devices, and materials are described herein.

[0147] All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, designs or methodologies described therein that might be used in connection with the presently described invention. Publications listed or discussed above, below, or throughout this text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

[0148] The present invention relates to systems and methods for measuring structural characteristics of an object using non-invasive and / or non-destructive methods of measurement. The object can be subjected to an energy application process, and the system is adapted to provide an objective, quantitative measurement of the object's structural characteristics after the energy application process. The systems and methods of the present invention can adjust the energy application process to simulate a substantially horizontal position and to change the object to a variable angle from horizontal during measurement, increasing operational flexibility, for example, to accommodate reaching hard-to-reach objects, to generate more reproducible measurements, and to better detect any abnormalities that may be present in the object. The systems and methods can include devices, such as impact instruments, having at least a portion that can be reproducibly placed in contact with the object undergoing such measurement for more reproducible measurements, including for objects in confined spaces and / or difficult-to-reach locations. As noted above, the systems and methods of the present invention are non-destructive. This is applicable to systems that may or may not have disposable parts and / or mechanisms to facilitate repositionability. As described above, the device can be part of a system including computerized hardware and instrumentation software that can be programmed to activate, input, and track the device's actions and responses to determine structural characteristics of an object. The hardware can include a computer for controlling the device and analyzing any collected data, such as the deceleration of an energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, upon impact with the object. Typically, the device and hardware can communicate via wired connections, wireless connections, and / or combinations thereof. Upon activation, the energy application tool, e.g., a hammer rod, extends toward the object at a certain velocity, and a measuring device, e.g., a piezoelectric force sensor, attached to the device can measure the deceleration of the hammer rod upon impact with the object and transmit it to the rest of the system for analysis. In one aspect, the hammer rod can be programmed to repeatedly strike the object, e.g., at substantially the same velocity, a predetermined number of times per second or minute, and the deceleration information is recorded or compiled for analysis by the system.In some embodiments, the object may be struck four times per second.

[0149] Generally, the object may receive an energy application process provided via a device, e.g., a handpiece, that forms part of a computerized system capable of collecting and analyzing any data imbued by the object. As described above, the systems and methods of the present invention may be used to determine many different structural characteristics, including vibration damping, sound damping, and the structural integrity or stability of both the mechanical and anatomical object and any base to which it may be fixed. For anatomical objects such as natural or restored teeth, prosthetic dental implant structures, dental structures, or orthopedic implants, examples of structural characteristics as defined herein may include vibration damping, sound damping, or structural stability, and may be indicative of the health of the object. The health of the object may also be related to structural integrity, such as the level of bone density or osseointegration described above; defects or cracks; and for general objects, such measurements may also be related to their structural integrity, such as defects or cracks, also described above. For physical structures such as airplanes, automobiles, ships, bridges, buildings, or other similar physical structures, or damping materials suitable for aiding in the construction of such structures, examples of structural characteristics as defined herein may include vibration damping capacity, sound damping capacity, or structural stability, and may indicate the soundness of the structural integrity of the object.

[0150] The present invention provides efficient and repeatable measurements of the structural characteristics of objects described above and / or below.

[0151] The instrument of the present invention may be used for such purposes, for example, to predict the compatibility of materials with anatomical objects before construction, and may be useful after construction to detect loss of cement seal, cement failure, adhesion failure, microleakage, dental caries, etc., as described above. The present invention is also useful for distinguishing between defects inherent in the materials comprising a structure or object and cracks or fractures, as discussed above, that result from trauma or wear or repeated loading. Defects inherent in the material construct or physical structure of bone or an implant may include, for example, bone lesions, implant constructs, or similar defects in polymers, polymer composites or alloys, any type of ceramic, or metal composites or alloys. Measurements of various other applications useful for measuring the damping properties, including, but not limited to, natural or restored teeth, dental implant constructs, orthopedic implant constructs, as well as the inspection of airframe structures, composite structures, industrial materials, or the integrity of medical implants, are particularly beneficial in locations where access is difficult or where a liquid couplant is not available. Structural integrity such as loose screws, cracks in teeth and bones and bone gaps, delaminated repairs, and damage to integrated circuit materials may also be measured. However, the above list is not intended to be exhaustive.

[0152] In one aspect of the invention, a system may include an instrument housing an energy application tool for generating an applied force on an object, such as through physical impact, collision, or repeated percussion impacts, and a sensing mechanism for detecting characteristics of the resulting applied force, such as, for example, deceleration of the energy application tool upon impact, energy back-propagated from the impact, physical deformation of the energy application tool, and / or any other suitable characteristic or combination thereof.

[0153] In an exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in the block diagrams of FIGS. 1 and 11a and the exploded views of FIGS. 1d and 11, the instrument may include a handpiece 100 having a housing 102 that houses an energy application tool and a sensing mechanism. Generally, the handpiece may be referred to as a handheld device, but may also include any other suitable form for a desired application, such as, without limitation, a mounted device or a tool / mechanical / robotically controlled articulated device. The handpiece 100 may also be referred to interchangeably herein as, for example, a device or an instrument. In some embodiments, the energy application tool 110 as described may be mounted within the housing 102 for axial movement in a direction A toward the object, and such axial movement may be achieved via a drive mechanism 140. The drive mechanism 140 may generally be a linear motor or actuator, such as an electromagnetic mechanism, that may affect the axial position of the energy application tool 110, such as by generating a magnetic field that interacts with at least a portion of the energy application tool 110 to control its position, velocity, and / or acceleration through magnetic interaction. For example, as illustrated in the exploded view of FIG. 1e, an electromagnetic coil at least partially disposed near the energy application tool 110 can be energized to advance the energy application tool 110 toward the object to be measured, as illustrated with the electromagnetic coil 140 being secured by wrapping 140b. The electromagnetic coil can also be alternately energized to retract the energy application tool 110, for example, to prepare for a subsequent impact. Other elements, such as repulsive magnetic elements, can also be included, such as to facilitate repositioning of the energy application tool 110 after propelling via the electromagnetic coil. A sensing mechanism, such as sensing mechanism 111, can then be used to measure the force or energy of the energy application tool 110, generally separate from external forces, such as the contact force of the handpiece 100 toward the object, which can typically be detected by a separate sensor, such as force sensor 143, as discussed in more detail below. The drive mechanism 140 and / or other portions of the instrument may generally be powered by a power source, as shown with power source 146, which may be a battery, a capacitor, a solar cell, a transducer, a connection to an external power source, and / or any suitable combination.To power the handpiece 100 or to charge an internal power source such as power source 146, an external connection to a power source such as power interface 147 of FIG. 1 may be provided, which may include, for example, power contacts 113a as in FIGS. 1c and 1d for direct conductive charging, or power interface 147 may utilize wireless charging such as inductive charging.

[0154] In some other embodiments, as illustrated in the block diagram of the handpiece 100 in FIG. 1f, the energy application tool 110 may be utilized to move substantially in a direction A, which may be perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the housing 102. As illustrated, the energy application tool 110 may be substantially L-shaped, for example, to accommodate interaction with the drive mechanism 140 and protrude in the direction A, which is substantially perpendicular to the axis of the housing 102. As illustrated in one example, the drive mechanism 140 may act on the energy application tool 110 to swing the pivot 110a and move the tip in the direction A. The drive mechanism 140 may utilize an alternating magnetic element, for example, that may act on the energy application tool 110 to move it alternately in two directions, such as up and down. In another example, as shown with bend 110b, the bend portion of the L-shaped energy application tool 110 may include a bendable and / or deformable structure such that a linear force applied by drive mechanism 140 can push the energy application tool 110 at the distal end in direction A by imparting forward motion around bend 110b. For example, bend 110b may include braided, segmented, spring-like, and / or otherwise bendable segments that can also impart motion and / or force around the bend. In general, the shape of the L-shaped energy application tool 110 may generally include other angles other than 90 degrees, such as between about + / - 45 degrees from rear portion 110d. In some embodiments, the energy application tool 110 may also include multiple portions, such as portions 110c and 110d, that may be separable, such that portion 110c can be detached and disposed of between uses or patients, for example, to help prevent cross-contamination. Generally, the separable portions may include an interface for combining them for use in measurements such that they function as a single energy application tool 110, as described below.

[0155] In some embodiments, the L-shaped energy application tool 110 may be swung about the pivot 110a, such as by using an external force applied from the drive mechanism 140, as shown in FIGS. 1h and 1i. For example, the drive mechanism 140 may apply alternating forces to the energy application tool 110 to cause it to sway about the pivot 110a, such as by using an applied force D from the application portion 140d to the rear portion 110d to cause a swaying motion in direction A' away from the target object, as shown in FIG. 1h, or by using an applied force E from the application portion 140c to the rear portion 110d to cause a swaying motion in direction A'' toward the target object so that the energy application tool 110 is driven in direction A, as shown in FIG. 1i. Forces D and E may be applied by any suitable method, such as by applying a magnetic force on the energy application tool 110, which may include a magnetic or metallic element that may respond to the application of force from the drive mechanism 140. In general, the shape and arc of the rocking motions A′ and A″ can be designed so that the energy application tool 110 impacts the target object in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the target object, as shown in FIG. 1i with rocking motion A″ around bend 110b in a substantially vertical orientation in bend 110c. To rest the device 100 for a subsequent measurement, portion 140d can apply a return force D, as shown in FIG. 1h, to cause rocking motion A′ to return the energy application tool 110 to a recovery or rest state. In general, the interior of device 100 can be adapted to allow rocking motions A′ and A″ without interfering with the energy application tool 110.

[0156] In some embodiments, the L-shaped energy application tool 110 can be moved using an external force applied from the drive mechanism 140, as shown in FIGS. 1k and 1l. For example, the drive mechanism 140 can apply alternating forces to the energy application tool 110 to move it between a restoring or resting state, such as using an applied force E from the application portion 140c to the rear portion 110d to pull the energy application tool 110 away from the target object, as shown in FIG. 1l, or using an applied force D from the application portion 140d to the rear portion 110d to move the energy application tool 110 toward the target object so that it is driven in direction A, as shown in FIG. 1k. Forces D and E can be applied by any suitable method, such as by applying a magnetic force on the energy application tool 110, which can include a magnetic or metallic element that can respond to the application of force from the drive mechanism 140. In general, the energy application tool 110 can be guided or constrained to move substantially only in a desired direction, such as using guide pins, rails, grooves, or any suitable mechanism. To rest the device 100 for subsequent measurements, the portion 140c may apply a restoring force E as shown in FIG. 11 to restore or return the energy application tool 110 to a resting state.

[0157] In some exemplary embodiments, the energy application tool 110 may generally include a sounding rod or impact rod, as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 1d, 1e, and 1l, along with a straight rod-type energy application tool 110. Generally, a portion of the energy application tool 110 may be designed for the release of a desired amount of energy into an object, such as via impact, and / or for carrying return energy for measurement. The energy application tool 110 may further be designed to interact with the drive mechanism 140, such as by including metallic, magnetic (e.g., ferromagnetic), conductive, and / or other desired portions or components that can be manipulated by magnetic fields and magnetic forces. The energy application tool 110 may also be designed to reduce its overall mass or density, such as for easier propulsion by the drive mechanism 140 and / or to control the force of impact on the object.

[0158] To facilitate movement of the energy application tool 110, such as a sounding rod or impact rod, a support or bearing is utilized that allows the energy application tool 110 to slide freely axially but is constrained from moving away from the axial direction, as shown in Figures 1d and 1e and with the sliding retainer 112b in Figure 11.

[0159] In general, the impact force created by the energy application tool 110 on the object being measured can vary depending on the mass of the energy application tool 110, the distance traveled upon contact with the object from its initial position, and the angle of inclination of the device or energy application tool 110 relative to the horizontal.

[0160] In some examples, for a given mass of the energy application tool 110, and other similar factors, the impact force may be stronger at a negative tilt from the horizontal, as illustrated with the device 100 of Figures 8b and 8h (with and without the tab 124 on the sleeve portion 120, respectively), than at a horizontal impact force, as illustrated with the device 100 of Figures 8 and 8f (with and without the tab 124 on the sleeve portion 120, respectively), because gravity may contribute to the force on impact. The increase in force contribution from gravity may generally increase with the angle of negative tilt until the device 100 reaches a vertical orientation with the energy application tool 110 positioned downward. In another example, the impact force may be weaker with a positive tilt of the device 100 as shown in Figures 8a and 8g (with and without tab 124 on sleeve portion 120, respectively) because gravity at a positive angle acts against rather than contributing to the impact force.

[0161] An equivalent force between 1 and 15 Newtons may be used to apply energy to an object using the energy application tool 110. Because the lower end of the impact force may not be optimal, the device 100 may generally be placed in contact with the object being measured in a substantially horizontal position for better results, e.g., by calibrating the system for exerting the optimal amount of force on the object. This may somewhat limit the ability to position the device 100. For example, some objects being measured may be difficult to reach due to locations, such as the position of a human tooth, and the angles that the device 100 may require. Therefore, in some instances, a larger equivalent force, e.g., 10 to 50 Newtons, may be used on the device 100 to incorporate some flexibility in positioning the device 100 on the object. Furthermore, within this higher impact force range, the lower end may be weaker than necessary to produce optimal measurements when device 100 is positioned at a positive angle relative to the horizontal, as shown in FIGS. 8a and 8g, while the upper end may be much stronger than desired in some instances, such as in the positions illustrated in FIGS. 8b and 8h. However, the built-in capability for higher forces in cases where device 100 needs to be positioned at an angle relative to the horizontal may be undesirable in some situations, such as when used in a dental setting. For example, equivalent impact forces of between about 20 and 45 Newtons may need to be used with a human tooth or other object, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 8, 8a, 8b, 8f, 8g, and 8h, to obtain better results with some flexibility in positioning, and such forces may be somewhat uncomfortable for the patient.

[0162] In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the system can be utilized to produce substantially the same impact force on an object at various angles from horizontal as if device 100 were operating in a horizontal orientation. Thus, whether device 100 is operating between about + / - 45 degrees, or even, for example, about + / - 30 degrees, device 100 can generate roughly the same amount of equivalent impact force, for example, about 20-30 Newtons.

[0163] In some embodiments, device 100 may use different adapters or sets of mechanisms to set specific angles between energy application tool 110 and object 90, such as to enable a highly repeatable and / or consistent angle for measurements, such as to create an average data set. FIGS. 8c, 8d, and 8e illustrate different embodiments of sleeve portion 120 having angled mechanisms to change the angle of energy emission from energy application tool 110, such as approximately perpendicular to object 90 in FIG. 8c, a positive angle (e.g., 45 degrees or less) relative to object 90 as in FIG. 8d, or a negative angle (e.g., −45 degrees or greater) relative to object 90 as in FIG. 8e. Adapters or sets of mechanisms, such as sleeve portion 120, may be interchanged when measuring object 90, for example, to perform measurements at different angles to create a more complete data set or a data set with greater variation in measurement location.

[0164] There may be an inclinometer on or within the device 100, such as associated with the energy application tool 110, which may activate an audible warning when the device 100 is held toward an object and is outside of its angular range of operation; for example, for a percussion rod, it may activate the warning when it is more than about + / - 45 degrees from horizontal, and even more than about + / - 30 degrees, at which point the angle may substantially affect the outcome of the object's measurement.

[0165] In one embodiment, device 100 is oriented so that the axis of motion is greater than about 45 degrees from the horizontal, for example, greater than about 30 degrees, and when device 100 is activated when a contact force is detected on the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object, it may result in an audible warning emitted by a speaker mounted on the device, such as a printed circuit board (PCB) 108 within device 100, as shown in FIGS. 1d and 1i. In another embodiment, the warning sign may be provided by a light signal, which may be a flashing light or a certain color of light, which may be emitted from a light source, such as light source H4a, or through sleeve portion 120 with light conveyed through light pipe 114, as shown in FIG. 4. In such a situation, if device 100 is a collision instrument, a collision action will not be initiated until device 100 is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if a collision action is initiated when the above-mentioned deviation from the range is detected, device 100 may not actually stop operation but may simply sound an alarm so that corrections can be made.

[0166] In some embodiments, the inclinometer may include an accelerometer, such as a three-axis, two-axis, or one-axis device that measures gravity on all three axes, X, Y, and Z. In one embodiment of the invention, a device 100, such as a handpiece, may include software for determining a value of gravity (G-force) on the Y-axis (i.e., vertical) from input provided by the inclinometer. For example, if the G-force on the Y-axis is greater than a threshold of about + / - 15 degrees, say, the handpiece may produce an audible noise such as a beep, an optical signal such as a flashing light, or a light of a certain color. If the G-force on the Y-axis is greater than a threshold of 30 degrees, the handpiece may emit a faster beep, or in the case of an optical signal such as a flashing light, it may be a faster flashing light. The accelerometer may be sampled at a period of, say, 100 ms. Five consecutive valid measurements may be required (500 ms) to trigger a threshold, and therefore a beep, flash, etc. The thresholds for both the 15-degree and 30-degree thresholds may be determined empirically.

[0167] For example, for a device 100 without the inventive mechanism, if the impact force is approximately 26 Newtons at +15 degrees from horizontal during measurement, the impact force will be approximately 32 Newtons at horizontal, and at -15 degrees from horizontal, the impact force will be approximately 35 Newtons. Using the inventive mechanism, all impact forces at all of the above angles can be approximately 25 Newtons, or whatever the optimal impact force is programmed to provide. This can be accomplished, for example, by modifying the application of energy from the drive mechanism 140 to the energy application tool 110 to suit the angle of impact. Examples of modifying the application of energy from a drive mechanism 140, such as an electromagnetic coil as illustrated in FIG. 4, can include changing the power (e.g., voltage, current, or both) applied to the coil, the coil drive time (the length of time the coil is energized or activated), the coil delay time (the time between drive activities), the coil energization count (i.e., the number of drive pulses applied), the coil polarity, and / or combinations thereof. This variation in power, drive time, polarity, and delay time can be managed through changing firmware settings for power, drive time, number of drives, polarity, and delay time of coil energization for the desired result. Generally, changing the power supplied to the coil can change the strength of the magnetic field it generates, with stronger fields generally imparting more energy to the energy application tool 110 and weaker fields imparting less. Changing the coil drive time can generally affect the energy application tool 110, with longer durations imparting more total energy and shorter durations imparting less. Changing the coil delay time can generally change the rate of acceleration of the energy application tool 110. Changing the number of coil energizations (drives) can affect this by increasing the total amount of energy applied with stronger drives and decreasing the total amount of energy applied with weaker drives. Changing the polarity generally applies motion of the energy application tool 110 in the opposite direction, therefore, drives of the opposite polarity can slow the energy application tool 110.Without being bound to any particular theory, numerous variations may be used to achieve the desired result, and firmware may be designed to select a particular solution, or in some cases, to select the optimal solution.

[0168] In some embodiments, the firmware may be adapted to only change certain settings of the drive mechanism, e.g., drive time, number of drives, polarity, and delay time, while keeping other settings constant, such as power, etc. This may be desirable because some settings may be more difficult to adjust, such as power settings that may generally only produce output power at a given level and may require more extensive components or circuitry to make them adjustable, or may be relatively unadjustable due to a particular power source, such as a battery.

[0169] In other embodiments, the energy application tool 110 may include other forms of energy application, such as, for example, the application of electromagnetic energy, the application of sound or acoustic energy, and / or any other suitable form of energy application that may produce a measurable return signal. For example, acoustic or sonic energy may be applied, such as through a sound transducer (e.g., an ultrasonic transducer, a speaker, or other acoustic element). In some embodiments, the energy application tool 110 may also serve as both the energy application and the return signal detection, such as using an ultrasonic transducer.

[0170] In some embodiments, the handpiece or device 100 may use multiple energy application tools 110, such as in an array. FIGS. 11, 1m, and 1n illustrate examples of arrays 170 of energy application tools 110, such as a linear array in FIG. 11, a curved or arcuate array in FIG. 1m, and a conformal surface array in FIG. 1n. Arrays of energy application tools 110 may be utilized to interrogate larger areas or volumes for measurement, or may be used to interrogate areas from multiple locations or angles. In some embodiments, arrays may also be utilized in a temporally controlled manner to perform phased array measurements. For example, arrays of energy application tools 110 may be actuated at different times to create phase effects, such as through constructive interference patterns using ultrasound, to direct energy to specific locations without moving the energy application tools 110. In embodiments where the object is large, measurements at different locations on the object, such as impacting multiple portions of the object, may enable a better assessment of structural characteristics that are more representative of the object.

[0171] In exemplary embodiments, the handpiece 100 may further house a sensing mechanism 111 for detecting characteristics of an impact from the impact of the energy application tool 110 with an object. Generally, the sensing mechanism 111 may be physically coupled, operably coupled, or otherwise in contact with the energy application tool 110 so as to detect characteristics of the impact. In some embodiments, the sensing mechanism 111 may include a piezoelectric sensing element, which may generally produce an electrical signal or change in response to mechanical energy that may be utilized to analyze the object, such as a change in pressure on the piezoelectric sensing element. As shown with the sensing mechanism 111 inserted in FIG. 1e, a piezoelectric wire may be mounted, for example, in the energy application tool 100. The sensing mechanism 111 may include other types of sensing elements, such as a linear variable differential transformer, an accelerometer, a resistive pressure sensor, a strain gauge, and / or any other suitable type of sensor or combination of sensors, which may be metallic and may detect the position of the energy application tool 110 due to a change in the voltage of a transformer due to the position of the energy application tool 110, which may otherwise affect the inductivity of the transformer. In general, the location of the sensing mechanism 111, or a portion thereof, can be determined for optimal detection of the desired characteristic. For example, a piezoelectric sensing element can generally be positioned as close as practical to the point of impact, such as near the tip that impacts the object, so that a greater amount of physical deformation of the energy application tool 110 can be detected. The sensing mechanism 111 can be adapted to measure the deceleration of the energy application tool 110 upon impact with the object in motion, or any vibrations resulting from the impact. The sensing mechanism 111 can detect changes in the object's properties and objectively quantify its internal characteristics. Data transmitted by the sensing mechanism 111 can be processed by a system program, as further discussed below. The sensing mechanism 111 can be deployed in or near any suitable portion of the energy application tool 110, such as near the end that contacts the object, as shown in FIGS. 1, 1f, 1h-1k. The detection mechanism 111 may be installed further back, such as near or immediately after the bend 110b of the energy application tool 110 where the bend portion 110c transitions into the rear portion 110d in an L-shaped energy application tool 110, as shown in Figures 1f, 1h to 1k, etc.1, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1h, 1i, 1j, 1k, 4a, 4b, 1l, 11a, 11b, and 11c, which may generally be utilized to sense the contact force of the hand piece 100 toward an object rather than detecting the force on the energy application tool 110. The force sensor 143 may include any suitable sensor for measuring the force resulting from the user's contact of the hand piece 100 toward an object, such as, for example, a piezoelectric sensor, a force-sensing resistor (e.g., a shunt-mode FSR), one or more strain gauges (e.g., mounted on a cantilever that bends in response to an applied force), a linear position sensor (e.g., an optical position sensor, magnetic field, or other capable of detecting a change in position of a component that compresses toward a spring or other element where the change in linear position corresponds to an applied force), and / or any other suitable type of force sensor.

[0172] In some embodiments, communication between the drive mechanism 140 or portions of the drive mechanism, such as the energy application tool 110, the sensing mechanism 111, or the electronics assembly 144, may be via leads or strands of conductive, insulated wire that may be concentrically spiraled around the percussion rod and have spring-like properties. This may also allow for minimal space requirements for wire management. For example, strands of wire that are concentrically wound around the energy application tool 110 may be utilized to carry signals to and from the sensing mechanism 111. One purpose of concentrically winding the wire is to minimize stress on the wire from repeated back-and-forth movement of the energy application tool 110. In some embodiments, a helical spring, which may be formed by the spirally wound wire, may help avoid or prevent looping or kinking of the wire connections.

[0173] In another embodiment, communication between the drive mechanism 140 and the energy application tool 110 may be transmitted wirelessly via any suitable wireless connection. In one example, the energy application tool 110, such as a percussion rod, may be advanced by energizing an electromagnetic coil to create a magnetic field that repels the magnet on the end of the energy application tool 110, e.g., the percussion rod. The rod is retracted by reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the electromagnetic coil. The magnet may also serve to hold the rod in its retracted position through its magnetic attraction to the coil's steel core when the electromagnetic coil is de-energized.

[0174] If present, the helical spring may be constructed of a stranded wire having two individual wires twisted together, or may be constructed of a coaxial wire. In its loaded state, the spring may be compressed to the extent that its prestressing force corresponds to a frictional force and counters this frictional force during forward movement of the energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, from a retracted position to an extended position, or from a position substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing to a position pivoted at an acute angle to said axis. The prestressing path of the spring may therefore be much larger than the stroke of the energy application tool, e.g., a reverberation rod, so that the spring force remains substantially constant throughout the entire stroke of the reverberation rod. Unwanted frictional forces of the mounting mechanism's bearings against the reverberation rod during forward movement may also be substantially compensated by the spring.

[0175] Handpiece 100 may include mechanisms such as an electronics assembly 144 that may generally control drive mechanism 140 and may also store, process, and / or transmit data from sensing mechanism 111. Electronics assembly 144 may include wired or wireless transmission mechanisms for relaying data to a computer or other device for analysis or observation, for example. In some embodiments, electronics assembly 144 may interface with an external device, such as via electronics contacts 113 in FIG. 1c, to transmit data.

[0176] 1d and 1e, the sensing mechanism 111 may be connected to the electronics assembly in a wired manner, such as through a wired connection carried within a conduit 111a, which may be flexible to accommodate movement of the energy application tool 110. The conduit 111a may also provide protection for the wired connection from movement of components within the handpiece 100, such as the energy application tool 110.

[0177] As mentioned above, handpiece 100 may be tethered to an external power supply or may be powered by a power source contained within housing 102, such as power source 146. If powered by a power source internal to housing 102, power source 146 may or may not be rechargeable. If rechargeable, a base charging station may be used.

[0178] 5 and 5a illustrate a base station 200 including a handpiece receptacle 202 for receiving a handpiece 100. The base station 200 may be a separate, independent station, or it may be part of the system of the present invention. For a separate charging station, any existing station may be applicable. The charging mechanism may be wired or wireless. For these charging bases, only current may be provided for charging the device. For base stations that may be part of a system, more current may be provided for charging the device.

[0179] The present invention further relates to a base station that may be part of the system of the present invention and that may be connected to a computer, for example, a PC, via a USB cable. This connection may provide both data transfer between the PC and the base station and current for charging the device during the charging process when the device is docked. In this way, the base station may also serve as a wireless transceiver for the PC, communicating with the wireless transceiver in the device.

[0180] 5 illustrates an example of a base station 200 with base electronics contacts 206 that contact and transfer data through corresponding contacts on the handpiece 100, such as electronics contacts 113. The base station 200 may also provide charging to the handpiece, such as through base power contacts 208, which may charge by contact with corresponding features on the handpiece 100, such as power contact 113a.

[0181] It may be desirable for each device to be associated with its own charging base station. This may avoid the possibility of the wrong device communicating with the wrong base station in a multiple device environment. This may be important in any examination setting, such as a dental office. For example, each handpiece 100 may have an associated base station 200.

[0182] During system preparation immediately prior to performing measurements on an object, for example, prior to beginning a patient examination session at a dental clinic, the handpiece 100 may be docked to the base station 200 to pair the device with the base station 200 as part of a usage protocol. The usage protocol may be software controlled. Pairing may also be achieved by placing the base station 200 and handpiece 100 in a pairing mode, such as via the control 204 and / or programming button 144a as shown in FIGS. 1d, 5, and 5a.

[0183] For embodiments in which the device may include a disposable feature or assembly as described above, such as sleeve 120, the disposable portion is typically removed from the device before placing the device in base station 200. In other embodiments, the disposable portion may be physically contained within the interface between the device and base station 200.

[0184] In some exemplary embodiments, the handpiece 100 may include a housing 102 having a hollow interior with an open end, as illustrated in Figures 1a, 1b, and 1c, along with the housing 102, an applicator end 102a with an opening 102c, and a distal end 102b. Generally, the energy application tool 110, or at least a portion thereof, may emerge from an opening in the housing 102, as shown in Figure 1c with the opening 102c. The housing 102 may also include an operating mechanism, such as a gripping mechanism 103, as described. The housing 102 may also include other mechanisms, such as a battery access cover 104, for accessing internal portions.

[0185] The housing 102 may include multiple sections or parts, as shown in Figures 1d and 11 with upper and lower housing clamshells 102d, 102e, a front end cap 105, and a base end cap 106. Generally, the components of the handpiece 100 may be arranged within the housing 102 such that they are substantially axially aligned with the energy application tool 110 forming at approximately the center of the formation with the other components arranged concentrically.

[0186] The front end cap 105 may include openings for portions of the device to emerge, such as opening 102c, to allow the energy application tool 110 and / or its associated components to emerge.

[0187] In another aspect of the invention, the system may include mechanisms for promoting stable, consistent, and / or repeatable positioning of the energy application tool 110 relative to the object being measured, which may be done in a manner that reduces cross-contamination or other cleaning issues.

[0188] In some exemplary embodiments, a sleeve portion, such as those discussed above and / or below, may be present or positioned near the portion of the energy application tool 110 that contacts and / or impacts an object, and may include being utilized in conjunction with the hand piece 100 and associated components discussed above. FIGS. 1, 1a, 1b, 1d, and 11 illustrate a sleeve 120 disposed near the applicator end 102a of the housing 102. In some embodiments, a sleeve portion, such as the sleeve 120, may be integrated into the hand piece 100 or mounted to the hand piece 100 in a permanent or semi-permanent manner, such as for multiple uses. The sleeve portion may also be a removable and / or disposable piece that can be replaced, such as between different patients and / or procedures, to help reduce cross-contamination or other cleaning issues, such as the need to clean / sterilize portions of the system that contact the patient.

[0189] FIGS. 2, 2a, 2b, and 2c illustrate an embodiment of a sleeve 120 that is a separable piece from the rest of the handpiece 100. The sleeve 120 may generally be coupled to the handpiece 100 or a portion thereof through any suitable connection, such as any threaded, friction-fit, bayonet-style, tongue-and-groove, snap-fit, clip, telescoping pin-and-eye, latching connection, and other interconnection structures. Any of the above-described connections may be secure or removable. For example, the interconnection assembly may be configured to removably connect to a handle and sleeve portion, or may be located on the end of a handle housing, e.g., a handheld device, where the connection occurs. FIGS. 1b and 2a illustrate a clip 125 on the sleeve 120 that may clip onto a portion of the handpiece 100, such as the sleeve mount 112a of FIGS. 1c, 1d, and 1l. In one embodiment of the invention, a sleeve portion such as sleeve portion 120 may be a non-reusable, disposable assembly or mechanism in a medical setting, such as a dental office or the like. As described above, the disposable assembly or mechanism is intended to help eliminate or minimize contamination of the object being measured through transfer from the system or cross-contamination from a previous object being measured, without the need to perform a decontamination process before moving to a different test object. To ensure that such a mechanism or assembly is not reused once used, the disposable mechanism or assembly may be programmed for single use. In some embodiments, a computer chip may be used. The chip may be present on the disposable mechanism or assembly, for example, on a PCB mounted on the back of the disposable assembly, and may help ensure that the mechanism or assembly is non-reusable or not reused once used, so that any unwanted substances cannot be transferred from one patient to another.1 and 2a illustrate a device coupled to sleeve 120 that may be used to interface with the electronics of handpiece 100, such as via electronics interface 142, which may utilize contact pins such as electronics contacts 113 of FIG. 1c, or other types of electronics interfaces, such as radio frequency identification (RFID), near field communication (NFC), Bluetooth, and / or any other type of interface.

[0190] The electronics interface 142 may include a PCB, as illustrated in Figures 1d and 1l using a sleeve-mount PCB 108 and its retainer 107. Electronics contacts 113, if utilized, may emerge from the housing 102 through openings in the front end cap 105. Signals and / or power may be communicated from the electronics assembly 144, such as through a wire connection, as shown in Figure 1l using connector wires 108a.

[0191] When a disposable feature or assembly is coupled to a device, the chip within the assembly or mechanism can be interrogated by the device using a challenge and response system to ensure authenticity. Once authenticated, it is permanently marked as 'used.' If a used assembly or mechanism is placed back on a device, whether it is the same device or a different device, the challenge and response will fail and the device will not be able to function as intended. In another embodiment, a timeout feature can also be used to prevent reuse of the disposable assembly or mechanism after a certain coupling period. In a further embodiment, a chip can be used in conjunction with a timeout feature for added security. In a further embodiment, the attachment mechanism of the disposable feature or assembly can include a portion that folds or wraps so that once removed from the device, it is no longer attachable to the device. For example, the chip 125 of FIG. 2a can be adapted to fold when the sleeve 120 is removed.

[0192] According to another embodiment, a sleeve portion, such as sleeve 120, may be a limited reusable disposable assembly or mechanism in a medical setting, such as a dental office or the like. For example, the disposable mechanism or assembly may also be autoclavable a limited number of times.

[0193] Generally, the sleeve 120 may protrude a distance from the applicator end 102a of the housing 120 during measurement, substantially coextensive with the end of the energy application tool 110, and may extend to at least the extended or propelled state of the energy application tool 110, as discussed above. Thus, the length of the sleeve portion 120 may depend on the length of protrusion of the extended energy application tool 110.

[0194] In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1f, the sleeve portion can be attached to or at the end of the housing 102 and can be substantially perpendicular to the housing 102 when the energy application tool 110, e.g., a retort rod, moves during operation from substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing 102 to forming an acute angle at the pivot 110a. The sleeve portion can be substantially cylindrical in shape. In further embodiments, the sleeve can be an extension of the housing and can be substantially semi-cylindrical to allow free movement of the energy application tool, e.g., a retort rod, when the retort rod moves during operation from substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing to forming an acute angle with the longitudinal axis. Using this system, measurements can be undertaken in relatively inaccessible locations, such as within the molar region of a patient's tooth.

[0195] The sleeve 120 may generally include an object contacting portion 123 that can be utilized to rest or press against the surface of an object, such as to stabilize and / or facilitate repeated positioning of the handpiece 100 against the object during measurement. The sleeve portion may be substantially cylindrical and / or conical in shape with a hollow interior, as shown using a sleeve hollow portion 128 with a base portion 127 having an opening 126 through which the energy application tool 110 can enter. The object contacting portion 123 may generally form an opening through which the energy application tool 110 can access the object. The size of the opening may be variable, such as to provide a larger platform for resting against the object, as shown using a smaller opening formed in the object contacting portion 123 in FIG. 2f, or to provide a larger opening that can conform to more varied object surfaces, as shown using varied surfaces in FIGS. 3 and 3a.

[0196] In some embodiments, the opening of the object contacting portion 123 may further include a mechanism, e.g., a contact mechanism, for contacting the object on the exterior surface with the energy application tool 110 on the interior surface, so as to prevent direct contact between the energy application tool 110 and the object. This may be desirable to help prevent any contaminants or other cleaning concerns from transferring between the object and the energy application tool 110 by providing a barrier. For example, this may allow repeated use of the energy application tool 110 without cleaning / sterilizing / cleaning, for example, between different patients. The mechanism may be a contact mechanism 121, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 1-1b and 2, 2b, and 2c. In general, the contact mechanism 121 may be flexible, deformable, and / or otherwise adapted to transmit force between the energy application tool 110 and the object during measurement with minimal interference, attenuation, or other undesirable effects.

[0197] In some exemplary embodiments, the contact mechanism 121 may be a separate component from the rest of the sleeve 120, as illustrated with the contact mechanism 121 in FIGS. 2b, 2d, and 2e. It may be desirable for the separate contact mechanism 121 to be able to move at least semi-independently from the rest of the sleeve 120, for example, as discussed further below. The separate contact mechanism 121 may be slidably and / or otherwise movably disposed within the sleeve 120, as illustrated in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 2b, with the contact tubular portion 121a being able to rest within the sleeve 120, such as by using a semi-friction fit that is partially retained but still able to move. The contact tubular portion 121a may also include features that may interact with corresponding features of the sleeve 120, such as to provide a limited range of motion, as illustrated with the slot 121c and stop tab 120a. In other embodiments, the contact mechanism 121 may be constrained by stops, ridges, bumps, or other obstructions to prevent movement beyond a desired range along the longitudinal axis of the sleeve 120, as illustrated with travel stops 120b, 120c in FIG. 2h.

[0198] In some embodiments, the contact mechanism 121 may include a thin membrane portion that may be thin, deformable, and / or shaped to produce minimal impact on the transmission of force therethrough. FIG. 2d illustrates an embodiment of a contact mechanism having a movable contact portion 121a that may include a thin membrane or other layer, such as a thin plastic film or metal foil, that is free to move and / or deform, as shown with a separate contact portion 121b. In some other embodiments, such as FIG. 2e, the contact mechanism 121 may be formed using an integral portion that may deform, bend, and / or otherwise transmit the force of the energy application tool 110, such as using a soft plastic to form the contact mechanism 121 with a deformable contact portion 121b'. The movable contact portion 121a may also be shaped to conform to the shape of the energy application tool 110, or vice versa, for optimal transmission of force / energy. In some exemplary embodiments, the movable contact portion 121 a may be constructed from a metal foil, e.g., a stainless steel foil or sheet, and may be, for example, pressed and / or formed to fit the edge of the energy application tool 110, e.g., having a hemispherical shape, etc. Some metal foils or sheets, such as stainless steel and similar materials, may be desirable due to, for example, their high strength characteristics, such as hardness or rigidity, ease of casting / forming, attenuation of transmitted energy or force therethrough, desirable properties for medical or dental applications, and / or their commonality or low cost. For example, a thin stainless steel foil or sheet, e.g., about 0.1 mm thick, may be utilized.

[0199] In other embodiments, the closed end of contact mechanism 121 may be integral to contact mechanism 121. For example, contact mechanism 121 may be formed from a material that can be formed, such as by pressing, a metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or other suitable metal) into a tubular or hoop structure with a closed end of a desired thickness. For example, contact mechanism 121 may take the shape of a thimble or cup, with the closed end being of a thickness that provides a deformable or flexible characteristic.

[0200] For example, suitable polymeric materials for the membrane of the contact mechanism may include any polymer that has one or more of the following properties, including, for example, low coefficient of friction, high damping capacity, absorbency, biodegradability, hydrolysis, transparency, translucency, and non-conductivity.

[0201] For example, metallic materials suitable for foil or sheet, such as stainless steel and similar metallic materials, may be austenitic and may be work hardened, electropolished, and annealed before being formed into the desired shape or superplastically formed into the desired shape.

[0202] In some embodiments, the contact features 121 can be utilized to help create consistent contact of the energy application tool 110 with the surface of the object, such as a surface having irregular or variable surface features. For example, Figures 3 and 3a illustrate the use of the handpiece 100 with an object 90 having a non-flat surface feature, such as an object 90 having a convex contact surface 95 in Figure 3 and another object 90 having a concave contact surface 96 in Figure 3a. The object contact surface 123 that rests on the contact surface 94 of the object 90 can be near the irregular or variable surface feature that can provide a contact point for the energy application tool 110 either before or after the plane of the object contact portion 123, as illustrated with the convex contact surface 95 protruding behind the plane in Figure 3 and the concave contact surface 96 remaining in front of the plane in Figure 3a. With the contact mechanism 121 movable relative to the object contact surface 123, it may move to provide contact with the convex contact surface 95 and / or may remain in a non-extended or retracted position C, as shown in FIG. 3. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 3a, the movable contact mechanism 121 may move to an extended position D to provide contact with the concave contact surface 96. During measurement, the energy application tool 110 may make an initial impact that may force the contact mechanism 121 into an appropriate position depending on the shape of the contact surface 94, and may remain substantially in that position, or may adjust to a different position upon subsequent impacts or positioning of the handpiece 100. In general, the contact or impact of the energy application tool 110 may be controlled to not deform or damage the object 90, but rather to apply energy through appropriately matched contact as described.

[0203] In some exemplary embodiments, the sleeve 120 may include features for additional stability, such as providing stability substantially perpendicular or orthogonal to the direction A of the energy application tool 110. Figures 1a, 1b, and 2-2b illustrate a sleeve portion having a tab 124 protruding from the sleeve 120 near the object contacting portion 123 such that when the object contacting portion 123 is in contact with the surface of the object being measured, the tab 124 may rest on a top portion of the object, as shown in Figures 3 and 3a with the tab 124 resting on the vertical surface 92 and the object contacting portion 123 resting on the contact surface 94 of the object 90. Thus, the tab 124 and the object contacting portion 123 together may aid in repeatable positioning of the handpiece 100 relative to the object 90, and for better reproducibility, the object contacting portion 123 may be positioned at substantially the same distance from the top of the object in the vertical surface 92 during subsequent measurements. As mentioned above, although the anatomical structures are illustrated in Figures 3 and 3a using human teeth, object 90 may include any anatomical structure or physical or industrial structure.

[0204] In any of the embodiments, the corners of tab 124 may be smooth or rounded, or may be substantially smooth or rounded, to avoid any infection on object 90 upon which they may rest. In other embodiments, the corners do not necessarily have to be rounded, but tab 124 may be smooth. In any of the embodiments, tab 124 may rest on a portion or surface of object 90 to be measured when object contacting portion 123 contacts the portion of the surface of object 90, and tab 124 may include at least one formation (e.g., tongue and groove, groove, notch, indentation, etc.) such that it at least partially conforms to a protrusion, ridge, or other raised portion of the object's surface using at least one formation, such as using formation 124a illustrated as a tongue and groove in FIG. 2i.

[0205] Generally, it may be desirable for sleeve 120, or portions thereof, to be sufficiently rigid so that it can be consistently attached to handpiece 100 and not collapse during use. If multiple uses are contemplated, sleeve 120 may generally be constructed to withstand multiple sterilization procedures, such as by autoclaving, as needed, unless a disposable cover is used, as discussed below. In other embodiments, if used, sleeve 120 may be disposable if not present with a disposable cover, and therefore may be constructed of any material that can be formed into sleeve 120. Examples of suitable materials may include, but are not limited to, polymers that can be molded, thermoformed, or cast, for example. Suitable polymers include polyethylene; polypropylene; polybutylene; polystyrene; polyester; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); acrylic polymers; polyvinyl chloride; acetal polymers such as polyoxymethylene or Delrin (available from DuPont); natural or synthetic rubber; polyetherimide or other high temperature polymers such as ULTEM®, polymer alloys such as Xenoy®, a composite of polycarbonate and polybutylene terephthalate, and Lexan® plastic, a copolymer of polycarbonate and isophthalic acid terephthalate-resorcinol resin (all available from GE Plastics); aromatic hydrocarbons Examples of suitable materials include liquid crystal polymers such as aromatic polyesters or aromatic polyesteramides containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxycarboxylic acids (e.g., hydroxybenzoates (hard monomers) and hydroxynaphthoates (flexible monomers)), aromatic hydroxylamines, and aromatic diamines (e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,242,063, 6,274,242, 6,643,552, and 6,797,198, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference), polyesterimide anhydrides having terminal or side anhydride groups (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,730,377, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference), or combinations thereof. Some of these materials are recyclable or can be made to be recyclable.Compostable or biodegradable materials can also be used, including any biodegradable or compostable polyester, such as polylactic acid (including L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid) and polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyhydroxyvaleric / hydroxybutyrate (PHBV) (copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid (3-hydroxyvaleric acid)) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymers, and polyester / urethane resins. Some non-compostable or non-biodegradable materials can also be made compostable or biodegradable by the addition of certain additives, such as D2W® (supplied by Symphony Environmental, Borehamwood, UK) and TDPA® (manufactured by EPI Environmental Products, Inc., British Columbia, Canada).

[0206] Polymer composites may also be used, such as engineered prepregs or composites that are polymers filled with pigments, carbon particles, silicon dioxide, glass fibers, or mixtures thereof. For example, a blend of polycarbonate and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) may be used for sleeve 120. Further, for example, carbon fiber and / or glass fiber reinforced plastics may also be used.

[0207] Synthetic rubbers, for example, may be elastomeric materials and may include, but are not limited to, various copolymers or block copolymers available from Kraton (Kratons®); polymers such as styrene butadiene rubber or styrene isoprene rubber, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber, and nitrile (acrylonitrile butadiene) rubber.

[0208] In some embodiments, sleeve 120 may also be made from metal and / or ceramic materials that may be further coated and / or treated with suitable materials, such as polymers or composites as described above. For example, metal and / or ceramic materials that can substantially dampen / absorb / reflect vibrations may be utilized. Viscoelastic and / or other coatings may also be used to prevent vibrations and / or other mechanical energy from being transferred to the metal and / or ceramic components of sleeve 120.

[0209] In one embodiment, titanium and titanium alloys such as nickel titanium may be used for the sleeve 120 or components / portions thereof.

[0210] In a further aspect of the invention, the system may include a mechanism to facilitate reliable and repeatable measurements from an object, such as by detecting the contact pressure of the handpiece 100 toward the object. Because contact by the sleeve portion helps stabilize the handpiece on the object during measurements, the force exerted on the object by the energy application tool and any characteristics measured may be affected by the force the operator applies to the handpiece to hold it in position toward the object. For example, the proper amount of contact force on the object may be important and may need to be monitored, since insufficient or excessive force applied by the operator may complicate measurements or even produce inaccurate results. To facilitate monitoring that the proper contact force is applied by the operator for better reproducibility, even across different operators, a sensor may be deployed within the handpiece to measure such contact force, which generally need not be physically or electrically coupled to the energy application tool 110. In general, it may be desirable to isolate the energy application tool 110 from other parts of the system, such as the portion of the handpiece 100 that contacts the object (in addition to the energy application tool 110 itself), so that there is no or minimal interference with the application of energy or measurements taken.

[0211] In exemplary embodiments, a sensor may be deployed in a manner that measures the force exerted on an object by an operator through contact with the handpiece 100. For example, the sensor may be positioned between the object and the handpiece. The sensor may also be positioned to receive conducted or transmitted force from a portion of the handpiece that contacts the object. The sensor may also be positioned between the handpiece and the operator in a manner that is capable of capturing the applied force. In some embodiments, an internal force sensor may be utilized that may rely on the transmission or transfer of normal force from contact with an object through a portion of the handpiece 100.

[0212] 1, 1d, 1e, 11, and 11a illustrate an arrangement in which contact of a portion of hand piece 100, such as sleeve portion 120, can push force transmitting member 130, such as a force transmitting sleeve or sleeve-like component, (e.g., through contact at contact point 129 shown in FIGS. 2b and 4), which can then exert a force by pushing onto force sensor 143 in direction B. Force sensor 143 can include any suitable sensor for measuring the force resulting from a user's contact of hand piece 100 towards an object, such as, for example, a piezoelectric sensor, a force-sensing resistor (e.g., a shunt-mode FSR), one or more strain gauges (e.g., mounted on a cantilever that bends in response to an applied force), a linear position sensor (e.g., an optical position sensor, magnetic field, or other capable of detecting a change in position of a component that compresses towards a spring or other element, where the change in linear position corresponds to an applied force), and / or any other suitable type of force sensor. The force sensor 143 may also be in the form of a ring that surrounds the energy application tool 110 as described (such as to maintain separation of the energy application tool 110 from the contact force measured by the force sensor 143), and may take any suitable shape or form, such as a flat sensing pad, or an ellipse, polygon, or other shape that may be positioned within the handpiece 100 to sense the contact force. In the exploded views of Figures 1d, 1e, and 1l, the force sensor 143 is, for example, sandwiched between a relatively stationary component. As illustrated in Figures 1d and 1e, the force sensor 143 may be sandwiched between a drive mechanism interface member 141, which is itself rigidly mounted to the drive mechanism 140 as discussed further below, and the components that transmit force to the force sensor 143, as shown with the sleeve 120 (if present), transmission sleeve 112, and sleeve mount 112a / force transmission member 130 stack, which may pass through an opening in a portion of the housing, as shown with the front end cap 105 and / or the sleeve mount PCB 108 and its retainer 107.The force sensor 143 may be held in a relatively fixed position, for example, by mounting it on a rigid portion of the hand piece 100, such as the drive mechanism interface member 141, which may be coupled to the drive mechanism 140 and / or to the housing 102 of the hand piece 100, so that it is in a fixed position relative to the operator. The force sensor 143 may then detect a load resulting from contact with the object 90 as it is urged toward the relatively fixed portion, such as the drive mechanism interface member 141. In general, it may be understood that there may or may not be intervening components or portions between the contacting object and the force sensor 143, so long as a complete conduction / transmission path for the force is maintained during operation.

[0213] As illustrated in the exploded view of FIG. 11 and the block diagram of FIG. 11a, force sensor 143 may alternatively be sandwiched between drive mechanism 140 and mounting bracket 148, which is itself rigidly mounted to the body of handpiece 100 and the components transmitting force to force sensor 143 as shown by means of sleeve 120 (if present), transmission sleeve 112, and stack of sleeve mount 112a / force transmitting member 130 (which is itself rigidly mounted to drive mechanism 140), which may pass through openings in some of the housing as shown by means of front end cap 105 and / or sleeve mount PCB 108 and its retainer 107. The force sensor 143 may include any suitable sensor for measuring the force resulting from a user's contact of the hand piece 100 toward an object, such as, for example, a piezoelectric sensor, a force-sensing resistor (e.g., a shunt-mode FSR), one or more strain gauges (e.g., mounted on a cantilever that bends in response to an applied force), a linear position sensor (e.g., an optical position sensor, magnetic field, or other capable of detecting a change in position of a component that compresses toward a spring or other element, where the change in linear position corresponds to an applied force), and / or any other suitable type of force sensor. The force sensor 143 may also take any suitable shape or form, such as, for example, a flat sensing pad that may be in the form of a ring surrounding the energy application tool 110 as described (e.g., to maintain separation of the energy application tool 110 from the contact force measured by the force sensor 143), or an elliptical, polygonal, or other shape that may be positioned within the hand piece 100 to sense the contact force. The force is then transmitted through drive mechanism 140 to force sensor 143 as it is urged towards mounting bracket 148. This arrangement may be desirable, for example, to reduce bending or slippage of components such as drive mechanism 140 and energy application tool 110 because these components are rigidly connected to one another at bending fulcrums that typically reside outside of these components (i.e., between components 150 and 152 in FIG. 11 d as opposed to between drive mechanism 140 and force transmission member 130 as in FIG. 1 d).Without being bound by any particular theory, such potential bending or slippage may be undesirable when using the hand piece 100 at other than the normal angle relative to the surface of the object, for example, as illustrated in Figures 8a, 8b, 8g, and 8h toward the object 90. Increasing the stiffness of the connection between the drive mechanism 140 and the energy application tool 110 may help reduce any changes in the transmission of energy from the drive mechanism 140 and hand piece 100 when the hand piece is subjected to bending or uneven loading when pressed toward the object 90, such as when pressing the hand piece 100 toward the object 90 at an angle.

[0214] In some embodiments, as illustrated in Figures 1c and 1e, a force transmission or transmission member such as that shown with force transmission member 130 and transmission sleeve 112 in Figure 1e that can be used to contact an object can be utilized without sleeve 120.

[0215] In embodiments of the system that use a sleeve portion, sleeve portion 120 may be mounted on force transmitting member 130, such as on sleeve mount 112a, which may be coupled to or form part of force transmitting member 130 and may extend out of housing 102 through opening 102a. Force from contact with the object may then be transmitted as described in Figures 4, 4a, 4b, and 11b and 11c. As will be explained, the normal force E from holding the sleeve portion 120 against the object may cause the sleeve 120 to be pushed towards the transmission sleeve 112, which may be part of or coupled to the force transmitting member 130, which may then exert a force in direction B on the force sensor 143, which may be biased towards a rigid and / or relatively fixed portion of the handpiece 100, such as a drive mechanism interface member 141, which may be mounted to the drive mechanism 140, which itself may be mounted to the housing 102, such as via a drive mount 140a as illustrated in FIG. 4a, or via a drive mount 140a as illustrated in FIG. 11b when sandwiched between the drive mechanism 140 and a mounting bracket 148, which may be mounted to the housing 102.

[0216] In some embodiments, portions of the handpiece 100 may be rigid and / or movable relative to relatively fixed portions. This may be desirable to facilitate the transfer of force from contact with an object to the force sensor and to provide physically perceptible feedback to the operator of the resulting contact force.

[0217] In some embodiments, multiple components may be utilized to form the force transmission member 130 for ease of manufacturing the assembly, reproducibility of parts, etc. For example, as described, the force transmission member 130 may include separate parts of the transmission sleeve 112, a sleeve mount 112a, and a force transmission base portion 130b that may be attached to or at least contact to provide force transmission at transmission member contact(s) 130a, etc.

[0218] 4 and 4a, force transmitting member 130 and parts mechanically coupled thereto, such as sleeve portion 120, transmitting sleeve 112, sleeve mount 112a, and force transmitting base portion 130b, may be movable, such as in direction B, relative to relatively fixed parts, such as force sensor 143, drive mechanism interface member 141, drive mechanism 140, and housing 102. A biasing member, such as force sensor biasing portion 143a, may further be provided between force transmitting member 130 and force sensor 143, for example, to evenly distribute the force on force sensor 143 and / or to serve as a return bias, such as via a bias or leaf spring or resilient cushion, to return force transmitting member 130 to its original position along direction B when contact with the object ceases. Generally, the movement of the component transmitting the force to the force sensor 143 (e.g., component 151 in front of component 153 behind force sensor 143 and drive mechanism 140, as illustrated in FIG. 4b, but not including the energy application tool 110 that is not directly coupled to component 151 and does not move in direction B in response to the contact force), such as the sliding distance caused by the contact force, may be very small, for example, from about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, and in a further example, may be on the order of about 0.5 mm.

[0219] 11b and 11c, force transmission member 130 and its mechanically coupled parts, transmission sleeve 112, sleeve mount 112a, and drive mechanism 140 may be movable, such as in direction B, relative to relatively fixed parts, such as force sensor 143, mounting bracket 148, and housing 102. A biasing member, such as force sensor biasing portion 143a, may further be provided between drive mechanism 140 and force sensor 143, for example, to evenly distribute the force on force sensor 143 and / or to serve as a return bias to return drive mechanism 140 to its original position along direction B when contact with the object ceases, such as via a bias or leaf spring or resilient cushion. Generally, the movement of the component transmitting the force to the force sensor 143 (e.g., component 150 as illustrated in FIG. 11d, but not including the energy application tool 110 that is not directly coupled to component 150 and does not move in direction B in response to the contact force), such as the sliding distance caused by the contact force, may be very small, for example, from about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, and in a further example, may be on the order of about 0.5 mm.

[0220] In embodiments having electrical contact between the sleeve portion 120 and the hand piece 100, such as where the safety mechanism 122 interacts with the electronics contact 113, movement between the sleeve 120 and the hand piece 100 can be compensated for by using a spring pin and / or arranging the electrical contact so that contact is maintained throughout any movement of the sleeve 120 while being mounted on the hand piece 100, such as by placement on a parallel surface or on a movable part, such as the sleeve mount 112a.

[0221] The sleeve portion 120 also forms a permanent part on the front of the housing 102 and may be mounted on a force transmission member 130 that protects the energy application tool 110, e.g., a tapping rod, from damage when the sleeve portion is not present, e.g., the sleeve portion forms part of a disposable assembly, as discussed above and / or below.

[0222] In some embodiments, as discussed above, the sleeve 120 and / or energy application tool 110 may be deployed substantially perpendicular to the housing 102, as illustrated in FIG. 1f. A holding force toward the object may then act in direction B as described, and the sleeve 120, etc. may press in direction B toward the force transmission member 130 onto the force sensor 143, which may be mounted and / or positioned toward a relatively fixed position, such as toward the housing 102 as described.

[0223] When an object-contacting portion of a sleeve portion, such as contact portion 121 of sleeve 120, is pressed toward the object to be measured, e.g., a tooth, the energy application tool 110, e.g., a percussion rod, may be enabled or actuated, and a force within a certain range may be detected. If the correct force is detected, the handpiece 100 is turned on or enabled to begin the measurement.

[0224] For example, with dental procedures on human teeth, a suitable contact force may be from about 3 N to about 10 N, and as a further example, from about 5 N to about 8 N. Generally, force sensor 143 may read the actual contact force, or may read a transmitted, conducted, or transmitted force that is different from the actual contact force, which may be interpreted or related to the actual contact force by handpiece 100, such as with electronics assembly 144. The contact force measurement may be further corrected, such as for the orientation of handpiece 100 in a gravitational field, using input from an accelerometer or other suitable device for detecting orientation, such as described in FIGS. 1 and 11a using orientation sensor 145.

[0225] The sensor, e.g., force sensor 143, may be physically proximate to and / or in contact with and / or coupled to at least a portion of the handpiece 100 other than the energy application tool 110, e.g., in the case where the open end of the sleeve portion 120 may include the object-contacting portion 123, as described above, it may be physically proximate to and / or in contact with and / or coupled to the sleeve portion 120. In one embodiment of the invention, the sensor may include at least one strain gauge for sensing. The strain gauge may be attached or mounted to a cantilever between the device housing and the sleeve portion such that when the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion is pressed onto an object, it also deforms the cantilever, which is measured by the strain gauge and thus provides a force measurement. In some embodiments, multiple strain gauges mounted on a single or separate cantilevers may be utilized. The cantilever may also be on a component separate from, e.g., the housing or the rest of the sleeve portion, e.g., on the device on which it is mounted. According to one aspect, force sensing can be performed by a linear position sensor, which knows, for example, that if a force-transmitting sleeve-like portion is at position X, a force of Y must be applied to it (against the spring's reaction force) to move it to that position. According to another aspect, force sensing can be performed by an optical sensor for optically detecting the position of the moving portion when pressed against the spring. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the relative position of the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion on the object can be determined by having one or more strain gauges attached at one end to the moving portion, e.g., a force-sensing sleeve-like component, and at the other end to a static element, e.g., a housing. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the device can include a piezoelectric element for directly measuring force. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a Hall effect sensor can be used to detect a change in the magnetic field when a magnet (attached to the moving element) is moving relative to the sensor's position. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a capacitive linear encoder system, such as those found in digital calipers, can be used to measure force.

[0226] The sensing pad may include a layered structure, which may be referred to as a "shunt-mode" FSR (force-sensing resistor), that can change resistance depending on the force applied to the pad to provide a force measurement. FSRs are typically composed of a conductive polymer that changes resistance in a predictable manner following the application of force to its surface. The sensing film of an FSR typically includes both conductive and non-conductive particles suspended in a matrix. Applying a force to the surface of the FSR causes the particles to contact the conductive electrodes, changing the resistance of the FSR. FSRs may be desirable for their small size, typically less than 0.5 mm thick, low cost, and good impact resistance.

[0227] FIG. 6 illustrates one example of a layered force sensor 143, which may include a base layer 143h upon which are printed or otherwise deposited conductive traces 143c having two conductive paths joined by an FSR layer 143e on an FSR substrate 143f to create a conductive path regulated by the resistance of the FSR layer 143e. Pressure applied to the FSR layer 143e, such as in direction B, from the force-transmitting member 130 may modify its resistance, such as by decreasing with applied pressure. An adhesive layer, such as adhesive layer 143d, and a mounted adhesive 143g may also be included to bond the layers to one another and / or to provide adhesion to a substrate, such as the drive mechanism interface member 141. The force sensor 143 may generally include a connector, such as the flexible connector 143b shown in FIGS. 1d and 1e, for connecting to an interface on the electronics assembly 144, such as by extending a connection to the conductive paths in the conductive traces 143c.

[0228] Piezoelectric sensors that convert pressure exerted on the force sensor 143 into a change in an electrical characteristic, such as a voltage across a piezoelectric element, may also be utilized.

[0229] Strain gauges or other similar elements may also be included on other biasing members such as leaf springs or force sensor biases 143a.

[0230] In some exemplary embodiments, the force sensor may be in electronic communication with the energy application tool 110 and may act as an on / off switch or activation switch for the handpiece 100. For example, when an appropriate force is exerted on an object by the object-contacting portion of the sleeve, it may trigger an activation mechanism of the meter to activate movement of the energy application tool 110 to begin a measurement. Thus, as described above, no external switch or push button is required to activate the system on and off. An indication of appropriate force may be indicated by a visible or audible signal.

[0231] In some embodiments, as illustrated using the flowchart of FIG. 7 , contact (300) of the handpiece 100 with an object 90, such as the sleeve portion 120, may transmit (301) a contact force, such as a normal force E, from the contact to a force sensor 143. The force sensor 143 may measure the contact force or transmitted force and produce a change in a signal or characteristic, such as resistance or voltage (302). The change in signal or characteristic may then be relayed (303) to a control mechanism, such as in the electronics assembly 144. The control mechanism may then determine (304) whether the contact force is within an acceptable range, e.g., 5-8 Newtons. If the force is within the range, the control mechanism may operate (305) the energy application tool 110 and / or output a signal to the user that the contact force is acceptable (306). If the contact force is outside the acceptable range, the control mechanism may output (307) a signal to the user to change the pressure and / or disable or maintain the energy application tool 110 (308). If acceptable, the control mechanism may also automatically start the energy application tool 110 and perform the measurement 309. The control mechanism may then be reset for a new measurement.

[0232] In some embodiments, once an appropriate contact force is exerted on the object by the contact portion 121 (or sleeve 120 or other portion of the handpiece 100, as appropriate), as indicated by a visible or audible signal, the energy application tool 110 may be immediately turned on. FIG. 1c illustrates an operator signal, as shown using a light source 114, which may provide a signal to the operator about the contact force. In some embodiments, as described above, once an appropriate contact force is exerted on the object, as indicated by a visible or audible signal, there may be a delay before activating the energy application tool 110. In further embodiments, once a constant pressure on the object is detected and maintained for a period of time, for example, about 0.5 seconds, the meter may be turned on to begin measurements.

[0233] In some embodiments, the force measurement may be connected to a visible output, such as a light emitter. The light emitter may be mounted in any convenient location on the instrument, for example, one or more LEDs may be mounted on the front of the instrument, as shown with light source 114. For example, multiple light systems may be included. For example, two LEDs may be used, such as blue for an acceptable contact force and red for an unacceptable contact force.

[0234] In some embodiments, light from light source 114, which may be transparent or translucent, illuminates sleeve 120 to indicate acceptable or unacceptable contact force.

[0235] The appropriate force exerted by the operator on the object acts as a switch for the system. If the system does not switch on, it may be desirable to know whether it is malfunctioning or whether insufficient or excessive force is being exerted. In some embodiments, if the user presses too hard on the object, the light may first change to amber and then to red, as indicated via output from light source 114. If the pressure is sufficient to cause the light to change to red, the collision may not be initiated or may be aborted if already initiated. There may also be an amber LED state that warns if the user approaches excessive pressure. At that stage, the gauge may still operate if the LED is lit amber. In another example, the light may not indicate too little force, a red light may indicate too much force, while a blue light may indicate the right amount of force. In yet another example, a single light system may be included. For example, the light may not signal too little force, and a red light may signal too much force. In a further example, a flashing red light may indicate too much force, and no light may indicate too little force. The LEDs may be mounted on the surface of handpiece 100, or they may be inside housing 102, and the light may be transmitted through a light pipe or fiber optic channel that may be on the surface of housing 102, such as light source 114 shown as a light pipe in Figures 1d and 11. In some examples, light pipe 114 may be inside handpiece 100 or attached to handpiece 100, such as being inside or attached to holder 107' in Figure 1g, which may be the alternative holder 107 in Figure 1d.

[0236] In some embodiments, the light pipe 114 may extend into the sleeve portion 120, such as to better deliver light toward an object and / or to better illuminate the sleeve portion 120 for the user's perception. FIGS. 4, 4a, and 11b illustrate a light pipe 114 extending from the hand piece 100 to deliver light from the light source 114a into the sleeve portion 120, as shown by extending into a slot 125a in the sleeve portion 120. Light emitted from the light pipe 114 may then illuminate the sleeve portion 120, which may be adapted in a manner readily observable by a user, such as by including a light-diffusing material, additives, and / or by physical treatments, such as frosting and / or other suitable treatments, to diffuse the light toward the object. The light pipe 114 may also be utilized to provide additional alignment, connection, and / or fixation between the sleeve portion 120 and the hand piece 100, such as by fitting into the slot 125a of the sleeve portion 120. For example, the use of one or more light pipes 114 that fit into slots 125a can help provide resistance to rotation about the longitudinal axis due to the fit between the light pipes 114 and the slots 125a (e.g., by a close fit or a friction fit).

[0237] In another embodiment, the force measurement may be connected to an audible output. In one example, the audible output may include a single beep to indicate too little force and multiple beeps to indicate too much force. In another example, the audible output may include a beep to indicate too little force and a beep with a flashing red light to indicate too much force, such as via light source 114 or as discussed above using an internal light source. In a further example, the force measurement may be connected to an audio alarm system to alert to too much or too little force. In a further example, the force measurement may be connected to an audio alarm system to alert to too little force and an audio alarm and flashing red light to alert to too much force.

[0238] The handpiece 100 may also include a reset button, such as shown in Figures 1d and 11 with reset control 144b, to reset the handpiece 100, such as to retry placement with the appropriate force after an initial incorrect placement. The reset button 144b may activate an appropriate control on the electronics assembly 144 to place the handpiece 100 in an updated state.

[0239] If the force sensor functions as an on / off switch, it can also serve to monitor the application of the appropriate force on the object during measurement and / or the proper positioning of the handpiece 100 toward the object during measurement. An inclinometer, such as that shown using the orientation sensor 145 in FIGS. 1 and 11a, can be present as part of the electronic control system, for example, and can trigger an audible warning if the device is outside its angular range of motion relative to the percussion rod, which can be + / - 30 degrees from horizontal. If a pressing force is detected on the object-contacting portion of the sleeve portion, and the device is oriented so that the axis of motion is greater than 30 degrees from horizontal, a warning sound can be emitted by a speaker mounted on the device, such as on a PCB within the device. In such a situation, the impact action will not be initiated until the device is returned to an acceptable angle. In some instances, if the impact action is not initiated when the above-mentioned deviation from the range is detected, the device may not actually stop operation but may simply sound an alarm so that corrections can be made.

[0240] Common implementations of tilt sensors and inclinometers include, but are not limited to, accelerometer, liquid capacitive, electrolytic, bubble-in-liquid, and pendulum-type systems. Traditional spirit levels and pendulum-based electronic level instruments are typically constrained by a single axis and a narrow tilt measurement range. However, many precision leveling, angle measurement, alignment, and surface flatness profiling tasks essentially involve two-dimensional plane angles rather than two independent orthogonal single-axis objects. Two-axis or three-axis inclinometers are typically constructed using microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) tilt sensors that simultaneously provide two-dimensional angular readouts of a plane tangent to the Earth's reference plane.

[0241] MEMS tilt sensors typically use an accelerometer for functionality. Conceptually, the accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring when the accelerometer experiences an acceleration and the mass is displaced to the point where the spring can accelerate the mass at the same rate as the case. The displacement is then measured to give the acceleration. In commercial devices, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, and / or capacitive components can commonly be used to convert mechanical motion into an electrical signal. Piezoelectric accelerometers rely on piezoelectric ceramics (e.g., lead zirconate titanate) or single crystals (e.g., quartz, tourmaline). They typically offer desirable features for applications, such as higher frequency ranges, low package weights, and high temperature ranges. Piezoresistive accelerometers are typically desirable for high shock applications. Capacitive accelerometers typically use micromachined silicon sensing elements; their performance is superior in the low frequency range, and they can be operated in an automatic control mode to achieve high stability and linearity. Today's accelerometers are often miniature MEMS devices containing a cantilever with a proof mass. Damping arises from residual gas sealed within the device. Under the influence of an external accelerometer, the proof mass deflects from its neutral position. This deflection can be measured using analog or digital methods.

[0242] In one example of the use of an orientation sensor 145 in the form of a three-axis accelerometer mounted on the electronics assembly 144, the handpiece 100 was held towards an object at an angle between a 30 degree downward tilt and an upward tilt, and the value returned from the accelerometer was utilized to create a change in activation of the drive mechanism 140.

[0243] The table below shows the values ​​returned from the accelerometer for the three axes for the following tilt down / tilt up:

[0244] [Table 1]

[0245] The values ​​were used to create a programmed set of instructions to vary activation of the drive mechanism 140 when utilizing the energy application tool 110 at different inclines to help uniform the applied force to approximately 25 N. In one example, the drive mechanism was energized for 22 seconds with an 11 millisecond delay before retracting (fixed timing), resulting in the measured applied forces from the energy application tool 110 at the different inclines in the following table: Using the programmed set of instructions for the different inclines, the energization time and delay time of the drive mechanism 140 were varied, resulting in the following measured applied forces from the energy application tool 110:

[0246] [Table 2]

[0247] The measured forces indicate that the programmed set of instructions produced force values ​​much closer to the target force of 25 N than using the fixed timing of the first train. Varying the activation of the drive mechanism 140 based on the tilt determined by the orientation sensor 145 can therefore be utilized to produce a more consistent applied force from the energy application tool 110 based on the angle of the measured tilt.

[0248] Portions of the device and / or housing may also have antimicrobial coatings coated thereon that eliminate, prevent, hinder, or minimize microbial growth, thus allowing for the minimization of high temperature autoclave processes or the use of harsh chemicals, increasing the variety and number of materials useful as substrates for the fabrication of such tools or instruments.

[0249] Furthermore, the instrument may be useful for facilitating the selection of materials, such as mechanically or biometrically compatible materials, used in the construction and / or selection of anatomical structures, e.g., implant materials. For normal, healthy teeth, the impact energy generated by chewing is attenuated by the periodontal ligament at the interface between healthy bone and natural teeth. However, when natural teeth are replaced with implants due to injury or disease, the ligament is usually lost, and the implant may transmit impact forces directly to bone. Several materials, such as composite, gold, and zirconia, used to fabricate implant abutments have been shown to be effective in numerous studies. While studies have demonstrated the residual strength of implant restorations after abutment construction using composite resin, gold, or zirconia abutments, no such academic research has been conducted to measure the dynamic response of the abutment materials to loading. The instrument of the present invention may be used for such purposes and may be useful for predicting fit or compatibility prior to implantation or for selecting appropriate materials to protect natural teeth adjacent to the implant. Therefore, material selection can minimize the difference between implants and natural teeth in response to impact.

[0250] Additionally, the instrument may be useful in facilitating the selection of materials, such as mechanical or chemical durability or compatibility materials used in the construction and / or selection of materials for any industrial structure, including, but not limited to, airplanes, automobiles, ships, bridges, buildings, power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures, or vibration-damping materials suitable for facilitating the construction of such structures. The instrument of the present invention may be used for such purposes and may be useful in predicting the suitability of materials before construction, in addition to detecting cracks, fractures, microcracks, cement failures, adhesive failures, or defect locations after construction.

[0251] The present invention is also useful for distinguishing between inherent defects in the materials that make up a structure or object and cracks or fractures, etc., as discussed above, that result from trauma or wear or repeated loading. Inherent defects in the material construct or physical structure of bone or an implant can include, for example, bone lesions, polymers, polymer composites or alloys, or similar defects during the construction or manufacture of metal composite or alloy implants.

[0252] The stability of the instrument due to the sleeve portion or contact mechanism and / or tab or tabs and / or components can also minimize jerky actions that can confound the test results; for example, any defects inherent in the bone structure or physical or industrial structure can be drowned out by the jerky actions of the examiner. This type of defect detection is important because the location and extent of the defect can dramatically affect the stability of the implant or physical or industrial structure. Generally, when a lesion such as a crestal or apical defect is detected in an implant, for example, the presence of both crestal and apical defects will affect the implant's stability. Previously, there was no other way to collect this type of information other than through expensive radiation-intensive processes. Using the present invention, this type of information can be collected, and done in an unobtrusive manner.

[0253] The present invention further relates to a system and method for measuring structural features that minimizes, even insignificantly impacts, the object being measured without compromising the detection of the measurement and the operation of the system. In one embodiment, the system includes an energy application tool 110 that is lighter and / or moves slower to minimize the force of impact on the object being measured while still providing or maintaining good sensitivity of the measurement for weaker impact forces without compromising the detection of the measurement. In one aspect, the energy application tool 110, e.g., a hammer rod, can be made from a lighter material to minimize the weight of the handpiece if the device is a handpiece. In another embodiment, the energy application tool 110, e.g., a hammer rod, can be made shorter and / or with a smaller diameter to also minimize the size of the handpiece. For example, the tool 110 can be made from a material including titanium, or the tool can be a hollow shell, e.g., filled with lead. In a further embodiment, the system can include a drive mechanism that can reduce the acceleration of the energy application tool. For example, the drive mechanism may include a smaller drive coil to reduce the impact force on the object during movement, while maintaining the acceleration of the energy application tool and the sensitivity of the measurement, whether or not it is lightweight and / or smaller in length or diameter. These embodiments may be combined with one or more of the embodiments described above, including a lighter handpiece housing. The speed at which measurements are made may also desirably not increase the initial velocity of impact, to minimize impact on the object being measured. The present invention relates to yet another system and method for measuring structural features having a drive mechanism that can reduce the travel distance of the energy application tool 110, for example, from about 4 mm to about 2 mm, while maintaining the same initial velocity at contact, thus enabling faster measurements without compromising system operation. The system may or may not include disposable parts and / or mechanisms to promote repeatability and / or reduce impact with the mechanism, as described above.

[0254] In general, the present invention also represents a new form of precision in risk assessment of dental health or the structural integrity of physical structures and an opportunity to diagnose in new ways. The present invention provides for the management of kinetic energy to the specimen, load and displacement rates that can be determined by the specimen, deceleration measured upon impact, and analysis of dynamic mechanical response for more accurate prediction of cracks, fractures, microcracks; microfractures; loss of cement seal; cement failure; adhesion failure; microleakage; lesions; caries; general structural integrity; general structural stability or defect location.

[0255] Additionally, multiple indicators of structural integrity such as LC (loss coefficient) and ERG (energy return graph) may be possible along with critical directional impact loads. The system provides a convenient and easy way to provide buccal loads, and other load directions such as lingual direction are possible to examine the structural properties mentioned above.

[0256] Buccal loads are typically important, for example, as many dangerous types of loads are caused by teeth. Generally, vertical loads induce relatively low stresses in teeth. However, active and / or inactive movements produce lateral loads as a result of lateral jaw movement and the inclined geometry of the occlusal surfaces of teeth and restorations. These lateral loads can induce much higher stress concentrations on the outer and inner surfaces, as well as under the margins. Therefore, using the system of the present invention, such testing can be easily performed. In short, the system is not only adapted for the detection of structural stability, integrity, cracks, etc. of prosthetic dental implant structures, dental structures, orthopedic structures, or orthopedic implants, but also for use in actual construction and replacement processes through testing under stresses that may be encountered after implantation or restoration.

[0257] Natural loads are typically pulsed (as opposed to, e.g., sinusoidal). Muscular, cardiovascular, actuation, movement, clenching / grinding, etc., can all produce pulsed loads, for example. Impact loads can be used to measure viscoelastic properties and detect damage in structures.

[0258] As mentioned above, the present invention also has application in detecting internal damage such as fractures, microfractures, delaminations, etc. in composite structures and other engineered materials that may be used in both anatomical and non-anatomical structures. Composites are generally more susceptible to damage propagation than unreinforced materials, especially when they are under stresses that reach the tensile strength of the material. The present invention is useful for detecting damage through non-destructive testing in composite materials and structures resulting therefrom.

[0259] As previously mentioned, the present invention may be applicable to inspection on a variety of objects, both anatomical and non-anatomical. For anatomical objects, such as natural or restored teeth, prosthetic dental implant structures, dental structures, or orthopedic implants, measurements or inspections are typically performed while the object is in place. For mechanical objects, which may include, but are not limited to, polymer composite structures, including honeycomb or layered honeycomb, or metal composite structures; airframe structures, automobiles, ships, bridges, tunnels, trains, buildings, industrial structures, including, but not limited to, power generation facilities, arch structures, or other similar physical structures, inspections may also be performed on moving objects while in motion.

[0260] 9 illustrates the use of an array 170 of energy application tools 110 positioned along the path of a moving object, shown as a train 90 moving in a direction F. Generally, the energy application tools 110 may be positioned at known intervals along the path of the moving object, such as by stanchions 171 as described, to enable energy release onto the moving object, such as the train 90, at desired locations for measurement. Generally, multiple energy application tools 110 may be actuated in a temporally controlled manner, such as in a sequence that resolves the velocity of the moving object such that each actuates the release of energy to substantially the same location, or in coincidence with the release of energy onto the moving object at different locations, or a combination thereof, to enable multiple measurements of the same location as the moving object passes. Thus, mechanical objects may be subjected to inspection while they are stationary or moving, which may provide specific insight into the objects under actual operating conditions. This may be performed using one energy application tool 110 across multiple points on the object 90 to obtain an average state of the object, or may be performed on the same point using many separate energy application tools 110 or devices 100 to obtain an average result over the same point. In this example, measurements may be performed under actual operating conditions.

[0261] For example, mechanical energy associated with an impact toward a natural tooth is primarily dissipated by, for example, the periodontal ligament. More specifically, when a tooth is impacted, stress waves are transmitted through the tooth into the periodontal ligament, which functions to connect the tooth to the underlying bone. As it deforms, the periodontal ligament acts as a shock absorber, dissipating significant energy associated with the impact. This damping process advantageously reduces the resulting impact force transmitted to the surrounding bone. In contrast, dental implant prostheses often lack any mechanism for dissipating a sufficient amount of mechanical energy, for example, due to the nature of the materials used. Therefore, mechanical energy tends to pass from the implant structure to the underlying bone with relatively little damping. This difference in behavior can be particularly significant for people who habitually grind / clench their teeth, as the mechanical behavior imposes relatively large impact forces on the teeth. For a physical structure, whether or not damping materials are incorporated into the structure, the mechanical energy associated with an impact directed toward the structure may produce a different response in the presence of cracks, microcracks, fractures, microfractures, delaminations, defects, or any structural instability than for a structure without cracks, microcracks, fractures, microfractures, delaminations, defects, or any structural instability.

[0262] The relative extent to which a material dissipates elastic mechanical energy can be characterized using the loss factor, as previously discussed. Loss factor values ​​can be determined for any of the objects mentioned above, including natural teeth, as well as for a wide variety of implant-supported superstructures, such as superstructures made from resin matrix composites, gold alloys, porcelain fused to gold laminates, lithium disilicate, zirconia, all-ceramic restorations, or any other material suitable for use in the oral cavity. Implant-supported structures typically dissipate mechanical energy less than their natural tooth counterparts. However, the ability of an implant to dissipate mechanical energy depends on the level of osseointegration around the implant; poor osseointegration between the implant and the surrounding bone can result in abnormally high levels of energy dissipation. Thus, energy dissipation initially increases after implant placement, for example, due to bone remolding, but then generally decreases as osseointegration progresses. Ultimately, the energy dissipation (damping) capacity of the implant becomes constant as the osseointegration process progresses. As mentioned above, for normal, healthy teeth, the impact energy generated by chewing is attenuated by the periodontal ligament at the interface between healthy bone and the natural tooth. When a natural tooth is damaged or diseased, it is lost and replaced with an implant without the ligament. In most cases, successfully integrated implants lack any ligament. Under these conditions, the implant can transmit impact forces directly to the bone. To compensate for this loss, the use of certain composites, such as zirconia, to fabricate implant abutments has been shown to be effective in many studies. The instrument of the present invention can serve to facilitate the fabrication or construction and / or selection of materials for anatomical structures, such as implants. Measuring the dynamic response of abutment materials to load can be used for such purposes and can be useful for predicting the suitability of restorative materials for implants before implantation or restoration.

[0263] For example, the computer handling the input from the handpiece 100 may further include memory registers so that the time versus impact response, e.g., the amount of energy reflected from the object 90 at several points over different time periods, may be recorded. In such an embodiment, the energy returned from the object 90 may be plotted as a function of time on a display attached to the computer. This configuration allows a user to view and analyze the time-energy profile of the energy reflected from the object 90.

[0264] In addition to generating a time-energy profile, other analyses may be performed on the signal returned from the sensing mechanism 111, such as a piezoelectric force sensor. For example, by integrating the force applied to the energy application tool 110, such as a hammer, with respect to the displacement of the object 90, the amount of work associated with the impact may be assessed. The force applied to the energy application tool 110, such as a hammer, during impact with the object 90 may be measured using the sensing mechanism 111, such as a piezoelectric force sensor. After impact, the amount of work depends at least in part on the amount of defects present in the object 90. Specifically, defects in the object 90 may dissipate the kinetic energy of the energy application tool 110 when it impacts the object 90, thereby reducing the amount of elastic energy available to be returned to the hammer.

[0265] In one embodiment, a comparison of the amount of elastic energy returned to the percussion rod and the total work associated with the impact can be used to determine the amount and nature of structural defects present in object 90. In another embodiment, a Gaussian or other mathematically derived peak can be fitted to the measured impact response, such as energy, stress, or force data. The residual or average error can be used to determine how closely the measured data represents object 90 without defects.

[0266] 10 shows an example of the shape of a time-energy profile generated over time versus collision response, e.g., a tooth. For a normal tooth, a smooth, bell-shaped curve is generated, as shown. For an abnormal tooth, a curve with a different shape is generated, e.g., an asymmetric profile or a multi-peak profile, as shown. While the profile shown relates to a tooth, the profile can be generalized to any other object mentioned above, whether anatomical, industrial, or physical.

[0267] Because buccal loading is a more dangerous type of stress induced, the ability to correlate test results with the actual response at the time of implantation is another aspect of the present invention. Generally, occlusal clenching induces relatively low stresses, while work and / or nonwork movements can induce much higher stresses, which can generate the highest stress concentrations on the inner surface and below the cemento-enamel margin. Therefore, using the system of the present invention can help select the best design of materials or constructs in or for implants or natural teeth. This can also be applied to non-anatomical systems. Furthermore, this testing of the structure can continue throughout the life of the structure without any disassembly or destructive process to monitor in situ structural integrity over time.

[0268] Non-anatomical physical testing can be performed in a manner similar to that used for dental structures, such as non-destructive testing of bonds in composite laminates. Bonding composite structures together using adhesives offers many advantages over other joining methods. These advantages include load distribution over a large bonded area, weight reduction, the ability to bond dissimilar materials, higher stiffness and toughness over the bonded area, and often lower manufacturing costs. However, one of the limitations of using adhesives is the inability to non-destructively determine whether the assembled adhesive joint will meet the structural requirements using other methods, which generally leads to a conservative design approach and the application of fasteners throughout the bond to ensure bond integrity. The systems and methods of the present invention have the ability to non-destructively detect 'light touch' adhesive bonds where the adhesive shear strength is low due to contamination on the bonding surface, or improper handling, mixing, or curing of the adhesive, or from a lack of surface preparation of the molding surface where, for example, fluorocarbons, silicones, or plasticizers may be introduced from the manufacturing process. These contaminants tend to reduce the contact angle between the adhesive and the bonded surfaces, resulting in a reduction in shear strength. As a result, the bond formed may be unable to support loads when both substrates would essentially 'touch' each other. The present invention provides a nondestructive test for detecting defects in composite structures. For example, the present invention can be used to compare two composite laminates, one bonded following a lack of surface preparation technique, while the other was bonded using standard practice. In an actual experiment, two pre-cured carbon fiber / epoxy matrix laminates, 305 mm x 305 mm x 1.59 mm (12 in x 12 in x 0.0625 in), were bonded together with an epoxy film adhesive supported at 121°C (250°F) cure. One specimen had a release agent applied to a central 152 mm x 152 mm (6 in x 6 in) area of ​​the laminate, simulating a 'touch' bond, while the other bonded laminate did not have any release agent applied. To ensure the release agent created an adhesive defect, it was baked onto the laminate surface before bonding.Using an energy application tool 110 such as a hammer, the results shown in Figure 10a show that a lightly bonded (weakly bonded) sample has a different response curve than a well-bonded curve. In bonded structures, the present invention may also be able to detect differences in adhesive thickness. Because adhesives are generally viscoelastic materials, the thicker the layer of adhesive, the more damped it is and therefore the different response it will have.

[0269] As mentioned above, the present invention offers ease and speed of application and can be used to detect and evaluate in a non-destructive way microleakage, gross recurrent caries, loose abutments / buildups, caries in the abutment space, gross caries even if the tooth is not restorable, near pulp exposure, cracks in the enamel and dentin, fractures in the internal alloy or any biomechanical incompatibility and defects that create movements within the structure, etc. This also applies to the industrial or physical structures mentioned above.

[0270] While the invention has been described with reference to specific aspects, embodiments, and examples thereof, these are illustrative only and do not limit the invention. The description herein of illustrated embodiments of the invention, including the description in the Abstract and Summary of the Invention, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed herein (in particular, the inclusion of any particular embodiment, feature, or function in the Abstract or Summary of the Invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to such embodiment, feature, or function). Rather, the description is intended to describe the illustrated embodiments, features, and functions to provide those skilled in the art with context for understanding the invention, without limiting the invention to any particularly described embodiment, feature, or function, including such embodiment, feature, or function described in the Abstract or Summary of the Invention. Specific embodiments and examples of the invention have been described herein for illustrative purposes only; as those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate, various equivalent modifications are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention. As indicated, in light of the foregoing description of illustrative embodiments of the invention, these modifications can be made to the invention and should be included within the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, while the invention has been described herein with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various modifications and substitutions are contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and that in some instances some features of the embodiments of the invention may be employed without the corresponding use of other features as described without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit of the invention.

[0271] References throughout this specification to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," or "a specific embodiment," or similar terminology mean that a particular feature, structure, or feature described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment, and need not necessarily be present in all embodiments. Thus, individual appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment," "in an embodiment," or "a specific embodiment," or similar terminology in various places throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, particular features, structures, or features of any particular embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner with one or more other embodiments. It should be understood that other variations and modifications of the embodiments described and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and should be considered as part of the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0272] In the description herein, numerous specific details are provided, such as example components and / or methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other devices, systems, assemblies, methods, components, materials, and / or parts. In other instances, well-known structures, components, systems, materials, or operations have not been shown or described in particular detail to avoid obscuring aspects of embodiments of the invention. While the invention may be described using specific embodiments, this does not limit the invention to any particular embodiment, and one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional embodiments are readily apparent and are part of the present invention.

[0273] As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comrising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a list of elements includes a process, product, item, or apparatus, but is not necessarily limited to those elements, and may also include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, product, item, or apparatus.

[0274] Furthermore, as used herein, the term "or" generally contemplates "and / or" unless otherwise indicated. For example, condition A or B satisfies any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent), A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present), or both A and B are true (or present). As used herein, including in the claims that follow, terms preceded by "a" or "an" (and "the" when the antecedent is "a" or "an") include both the singular and the plural of such terms, unless clearly indicated otherwise in the claim (i.e., unless the reference to "a" or "an" clearly indicates only the singular or only the plural). Also, as used in this description, the meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on," unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Claims

1. 1. A device for determining a structural characteristic of an object, comprising: a housing having an open front end and a longitudinal axis; an energy application tool adapted to move axially within the housing between a retracted position and an extended position, the energy application tool being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing; a drive mechanism including an electromagnetic coil mounted and supported within the housing at a fixed position relative to the housing concentrically around the energy application tool, the drive mechanism adapted to activate the energy application tool between the retracted position and the extended position to apply an amount of energy that impacts the object at the extended position; an inclinometer adapted to measure the inclination of the longitudinal axis of the housing relative to the horizontal and to provide an input to the drive mechanism; the drive mechanism, in response to the tilt input, varies at least one parameter of energization of the electromagnetic coil by selecting an energization time from a plurality of different predetermined energization times corresponding to the tilt input while keeping power from a battery constant so as to achieve a uniform programmed impact force applied to the object by the energy application tool before activating the energy application tool between the retracted position and the extended position.

2. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the input from the inclinometer is used by software to determine whether the tilt of the longitudinal axis of the housing is within approximately + / - 45 degrees from horizontal.

3. 3. The device of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a disposable mechanism that encases a portion of the device to minimize contact between the device and the object during use.

4. 4. The device of claim 1, further comprising a sleeve portion extending from the open front end of the housing, the sleeve portion having an object contacting portion at its free open end, the sleeve portion adapted to contact at least a portion of the object with at least a portion of the object contacting portion at the free open end.

5. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the input from the inclinometer is used by software to determine whether the tilt of the longitudinal axis of the housing is within about + / - 30 degrees from horizontal.

6. The device of claim 4 or 5, further comprising a sensor adapted to sense a contact force when the object contacting portion of the sleeve portion presses on the object.

7. A device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the drive mechanism includes a pre-programmed set of instructions for selecting the energisation time of the electromagnetic coil.

8. The device of claim 6 , further comprising a sensing mechanism adapted to measure an energy value from the energy application tool resulting from the impact of the object.

9. 1. A system for measuring a structural characteristic of an object, comprising: a housing having a hollow interior, a longitudinal axis, and an open front; an energy application tool adapted to move axially within the housing between a retracted position and an extended position, the energy application tool being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing; a drive mechanism mounted and supported within the housing and including components coupled to perform operations to apply energy to the energy application tool; an inclinometer adapted to measure the inclination of the longitudinal axis of the housing relative to horizontal and to provide an input of the inclination of the device to the drive mechanism; the device, at least one computer coupled to said device for controlling said drive mechanisms in an integrated manner and for analyzing any data collected by said device; Including, the computer is adapted to use the input from the inclinometer to select from a plurality of predetermined energization times of the drive mechanism for applying energy to the energy application tool so that the energy application tool generates a programmed impact force on the object at different tilt values.

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