Substrate Processing Equipment

Abstract

To provide an end effector that is configurable and reconfigurable to handle multiple sized substrates, curved substrates and / or warped substrates.SOLUTION: In a substrate processing apparatus, an end effector 350 has: a base 350B; one or more tines 350T1, 350T2 for holding and supporting a substrate S300; and an end effector drive section for changing a mutual distance X1 between the plurality of tines in situ. The plurality of tines are attached to and dependent on the base, at least one of which is movable with respect to the base, and the respective tines have respective substrate contacts 800A to 800D each of which contacts and supports a substrate held by the end effector between the respective substrate contacts with a substrate support sheet dimension span DS between the substrate contacts.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3A

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] [CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This application is a utility patent application that claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 385,150, filed September 8, 2016, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] [Technical field] FIELD The exemplary embodiments relate generally to substrate processing equipment and, more particularly, to handling substrates. [Background technology]

[0003] Handling substrates with a high degree of curvature, warpage, and / or size variation presents challenges for robotic substrate handling devices. Generally, each of these three substrate conditions requires a dedicated end effector geometry; for example, (1) an end effector for handling substrates of one size may not be suitable for substrates of other sizes, and (2) an end effector for handling substrates without curvature or warpage may not be suitable for handling substrates with curvature or warpage.

[0004] The location and position of the substrate within the substrate holding station also needs to be detected so that the substrate can be transferred to and from the substrate holding station by a robotic substrate handling device. Typically, a mapping device attached to the end effector, such as on the tines of the end effector, is used to map the position and orientation of the substrate at the substrate holding station, for example, where the end effector moves a substrate scanning sensor past the substrate within the substrate holding station. In another example, a stationary sensor may be used to scan the substrate within the substrate holding station to determine the position and orientation of the substrate. However, the ideal location of the substrate scanning sensor when attached to the tines of the end effector also does not facilitate ideal positioning of the tines for handling the substrate.

[0005] Furthermore, the mapping device attached to the end effector for mapping a substrate is generally required to be in close proximity to the substrate being mapped, which can be problematic when curved and / or warped substrates are being scanned or when substrates of multiple sizes / shapes are supported by the same end effector. Summary of the Invention

[0006] It would be advantageous to have an end effector solution that is configurable and reconfigurable to handle multiple sized, curved and / or warped substrates. It would also be advantageous to provide an end effector solution that is configurable and reconfigurable to provide both ideal substrate mapping sensor positions and ideal substrate handling teeth positions for the same or different sized, curved and / or warped substrates. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0007] The foregoing aspects and other features of the disclosed embodiments are explained in the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0008] [Figure 1A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1C] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1D] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1E] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1F] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1G] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 1H] 1 is a schematic illustration of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a transport arm in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a transport arm in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2C] 1 is a schematic illustration of a transport arm in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2D] 1 is a schematic illustration of a transport arm in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2E] 1 is a schematic illustration of a transport arm in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 3A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 3B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 4A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 4B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 5A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 5B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 6A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 6B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 7A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 7B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 8A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 8B]1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 8C] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 9] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 10A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 10B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 11A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 11B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 12A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 12B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 13A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 13B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 13C] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 14A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 14B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 14C] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 15A] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 15B] 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a substrate transport apparatus in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 16]FIG. 1 is a flow diagram according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 17] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 18] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 19] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] 1A-1D, there is shown a schematic diagram of a substrate processing apparatus or tool incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiments, as described further herein. While aspects of the disclosed embodiments are described below with reference to the drawings, it should be understood that aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be embodied in many forms. Furthermore, any suitable size, shape, or type of elements or materials may be used.

[0010] As described in more detail below, aspects of the disclosed embodiments provide a common end effector for handling and mapping any suitable workpiece, such as a semiconductor substrate, a discrete semiconductor device / chip, a reticle, a reticle carrier, or any other suitable tray (e.g., a Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) or JEDEC-style tray, or any other tray that holds one or more items such as discrete semiconductor devices / chips), carriers, and / or tools used in semiconductor manufacturing, all of which are collectively referred to herein as “substrates.” Aspects of the disclosed embodiments also provide for handling and mapping of curved substrates, warped substrates, and / or substrates of various sizes (e.g., 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 300 mm, 450 mm, etc.) using a common end effector (e.g., a single end effector solution), as described in more detail below. Aspects of the disclosed embodiments provide for handling of substrates with contact locations determined for each substrate depending, for example, on one or more of substrate curvature, substrate bow, and substrate size. As used herein, the term "bow" with respect to a substrate refers to the deviation of the mid-surface of the center point of a free, undamped substrate from a reference plane defined by the three corners of an equilateral triangle. The term "warp" with respect to a substrate refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum distances of the mid-surface of a free, undamped substrate from a reference plane. In one aspect, varying the end effector / substrate contact position (e.g., the substrate support sheet dimensional span between substrate contacts) allows for substrate transfer by a common end effector under conditions of constantly changing substrate type, size, and / or shape (e.g., substrates that differ in predetermined physical properties such as bow, warp, and size).

[0011] In one aspect, the imaging device provides a common sensor for imaging one or more substrates disposed on the end effector and / or at a substrate holding station or other suitable location remote from the end effector. In one aspect, the common sensor both detects the presence of a substrate on the end effector and maps substrates at a location remote from the end effector (such as at a substrate holding station). As described herein, in one aspect of the disclosed embodiment, a suitable sensor, such as a camera or other imaging device, is disposed on the substrate transport apparatus. The camera trains a controller of the substrate transport apparatus to sense substrates of different shapes, different flatness, and different sizes (e.g., by providing substrate mapping data to facilitate varying the substrate support sheet dimensional span between substrate contacts of the transport apparatus end effectors from substrate to substrate, as described herein). In one aspect, the trained controller can enable repositioning of the end effector substrate contact locations (e.g., the substrate support sheet dimensional span between substrate contacts) to handle substrates having one or more of different curvature, warpage, and sizes using the common end effector of the substrate transport apparatus.

[0012] The terms substrate and wafer are used interchangeably herein. Also, as used herein, the term substrate holding station refers to a substrate holding location within a processing module or any other suitable substrate holding location within a substrate processing apparatus, such as, for example, a load port (or a substrate cassette held thereon), a load lock, a buffer station, etc. The phrase mapping a substrate refers to determining the position, orientation, and / or physical condition (e.g., bow, warp, etc.) of each substrate at a substrate holding station in order to position an end effector relative to the substrate holding station for picking / placing the substrate thereon.

[0013] 1A and 1B, a processing device, such as a semiconductor tool station or processing device 11090, is shown in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment. While a semiconductor tool 11090 is shown in the drawings, aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any tool station or application employing a robotic manipulator. In this example, the tool 11090 is shown as a cluster tool, but aspects of the disclosed embodiment may be applied to any suitable tool station, such as the linear tool station shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D and described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,398,355, issued March 19, 2013, entitled "Linearly Distributed Semiconductor Workpiece Processing Tool," the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The tool station 11090 generally includes an atmospheric front end 11000, a vacuum load lock 11010, and a vacuum back end 11020. In other aspects, the tool station may have any suitable configuration. Each component of the front end 11000, load lock 11010, and back end 11020 may be connected to a controller 11091, which may be part of any suitable control architecture, such as, for example, a cluster architecture control. The control system may be a closed-loop controller having a master controller, a cluster controller, and autonomous remote controllers, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,904,182, issued March 8, 2011, entitled "Scalable Motion Control System," the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In other embodiments, any suitable controller and / or control system may be utilized. The controller 11091 includes any suitable memory and processor containing non-transitory program code for operating the processing equipment described herein to handle and map curved substrates, warped substrates, and / or substrates of various sizes. For example, in one embodiment, the controller 11091 includes embedded substrate placement commands.In one aspect, the substrate placement command may be a built-in pick / place command for determining a distance between a substrate and an end effector of a substrate transport apparatus, as described herein. In one aspect, the substrate placement command may be a built-in pick / place command for moving the end effector to a predetermined position and acquiring substrate mapping data to determine the position and / or status of one or more substrates at a substrate holding station. The controller is configured to determine the position of the substrate relative to the end effector and / or substrate holding station to pick and place curved, warped, and / or variously sized substrates. In one aspect, the controller is configured to receive detection signals corresponding to one or more characteristics of the end effector and / or transfer arm of the substrate transport apparatus / robot, and determine the position of the substrate relative to the end effector and / or substrate holding station to pick and place curved, warped, and / or variously sized substrates, and / or determine the position of one or more end effector tines, as described herein.

[0014] In one embodiment, the front end 11000 generally includes a load port module 11005 and a minienvironment 11060, such as, for example, an Equipment Front End Module (EFEM). The load port module 11005 may be a Box Opener / Loader Tool Standard (BOLTS) interface conforming to SEMI Standards E15.1, E47.1, E62, E19.5, or E1.9 for 300 mm load ports, front-opening or bottom-opening boxes / pods, and cassettes. In other embodiments, the load port module may be configured as a 200 mm or 450 mm wafer interface, or any other suitable substrate interface, such as, for example, larger or smaller wafers or flat panels for flat panel displays. While two load port modules 11005 are shown in FIG. 1A, in other embodiments, any suitable number of load port modules may be incorporated into the front end 11000. The load port module 11005 may be configured to receive substrate carriers or cassettes 11050 from an overhead transport system, an automated guided vehicle, a manned guided vehicle, a rail vehicle, or any other suitable transport method. The load port module 11005 may interface with the mini-environment 11060 via a load port 11040. In one aspect, the load port 11040 allows passage of substrates between the substrate cassette 11050 and the mini-environment 11060.

[0015] In one aspect, the mini-environment 11060 generally includes any suitable transfer robot 11013 incorporating one or more aspects of the embodiments described herein. In one aspect, the robot 11013 may be, for example, a track-mounted robot such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,840, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, or in other aspects, any other suitable transport robot having any suitable configuration. The mini-environment 11060 may provide a controlled clean zone for transferring substrates between multiple load port modules.

[0016] The vacuum load lock 11010 may be located between and connected to the mini-environment 11060 and the back end 11020. As used herein, the term vacuum refers to the temperature at which the substrates are processed. -5 The load lock 11010 generally includes an atmospheric slot valve and a vacuum slot valve. The slot valve may provide environmental isolation employed to evacuate the load lock after loading a substrate from the atmospheric front end and maintain a vacuum within the transfer chamber when venting the lock with an inert gas such as nitrogen. In one embodiment, the load lock 11010 includes an aligner 11011 for aligning the substrate to a desired position for processing. In other embodiments, the vacuum load lock may be located in any suitable location in the processing equipment and may have any suitable configuration and / or measurement equipment.

[0017] The vacuum back end 11020 generally includes a transfer chamber 11025, one or more processing stations or modules 11030, and any suitable transfer robot or device 11014. The transfer robot 11014 may be positioned in the transfer chamber 11025 to transfer substrates between the load lock 11010 and the various processing stations 11030, as described below. The processing stations 11030 may operate on the substrate through various deposition, etching, or other types of processes to form electrical circuits or other desired structures on the substrate. Typical processes include, but are not limited to, plasma etching or other etching processes, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma deposition (PVD), implantation such as ion implantation, metrology, rapid thermal processing (RTP), dry fraction atomic layer deposition (ALD), oxidation / diffusion, nitride formation, vacuum lithography, epitaxy (EPI), wire bonder, and evaporation-based thin film processes, or other thin film processes using vacuum pressures. The processing station 11030 is connected to the transfer chamber 11025 such that substrates can pass from the transfer chamber 11025 to the processing station 11030 and vice versa. In one embodiment, the load port module 11005 and the load port 11040 are substantially directly coupled to the vacuum back end 11020, such that a cassette 11050 loaded on the load port substantially directly interfaces with the vacuum environment of the transfer chamber 11025 and / or the processing vacuum of the processing station 11030 (e.g., the processing vacuum and / or vacuum environment extends between and is common to the processing station 11030 and the cassette 11050) (e.g., in one embodiment, at least the mini-environment 11060 is omitted, and in another embodiment, the vacuum load lock 11010 is also omitted such that the cassette 11050 is evacuated similarly to the vacuum load lock 11010).

[0018] 1C , a schematic plan view of a linear substrate processing system 2010 is shown in which the tool interface section 2012 is mounted to a transport chamber module 3018 such that the tool interface section 2012 generally faces (e.g., inwardly) toward and is offset from a longitudinal axis X of the transport chamber 3018. The transport chamber module 3018 may be extended in any suitable direction by attaching other transport chamber modules 3018A, 3018I, 3018J to interfaces 2050, 2060, 2070, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,398,355, which is incorporated herein by reference. Each transport chamber module 3018, 3019A, 3018I, 3018J includes any suitable substrate transport 2080, which may include one or more aspects of embodiments described herein, for transporting substrates through the processing system 2010, for example, into and out of processing modules PM (which in one aspect are substantially similar to processing station 11030 described above). As can be appreciated, each chamber module is capable of holding an isolated or controlled atmosphere (eg, N2, clean air, vacuum).

[0019] Referring to FIG. 1D , a schematic elevation view of an exemplary processing tool 410 is shown taken along the longitudinal axis X of the linear transport chamber 416. In the disclosed embodiment shown in FIG. 1D , the tool interface section 12 may typically be connected to the transport chamber 416. In this aspect, the interface section 12 may define one end of the tool transport chamber 416. As seen in FIG. 1D , the transport chamber 416 may have another workpiece entry / exit station 412, for example, at the end opposite the interface station 12. In other aspects, other entry / exit stations may be provided for inserting / removing workpieces from the transport chamber. In one aspect, the interface section 12 and the entry / exit station 412 may enable workpieces to be loaded into and removed from the tool. In other aspects, workpieces may be loaded into and removed from the tool from one end and the other end, respectively. In one aspect, the transport chamber 416 may have one or more transfer chamber modules 18B, 18i. Each chamber module may be capable of maintaining an isolated or controlled atmosphere (e.g., N2, clean air, vacuum). As previously mentioned, the configuration / arrangement of the workpiece stations comprising the transfer chamber modules 18B, 18i, load lock modules 56A, 56B, and transfer chamber 416 shown in FIG. 1D is merely exemplary, and in other embodiments, the transfer chamber may have more or fewer modules arranged in any desired modular configuration. In the illustrated embodiment, station 412 may be a load lock. In other embodiments, a load lock module may be located between end entry / exit stations (similar to station 412), or an adjacent transfer chamber module (similar to module 18i) may be configured to operate as a load lock.

[0020] Also as mentioned above, the transport chamber modules 18B, 18i have one or more corresponding transport apparatuses 26B, 26i, which may include one or more of the aspects of the embodiments described herein disposed therein. The transport apparatuses 26B, 26i of each transport chamber module 18B, 18i may cooperate to provide a workpiece transport system linearly disposed within the transport chamber. In this embodiment, the transport apparatus 26B (substantially similar to the transport apparatuses 11013, 11014 of the cluster tool shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B) may have a typical SCARA arm configuration (although in other embodiments, the transport arm may have other desired configurations, such as, for example, a linear slide arm 214 as shown in FIG. 2B or other suitable arms having any suitable arm coupling mechanism). Suitable examples of arm coupling mechanisms are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,578,649, issued August 25, 2009; U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,487, issued August 18, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 7,946,800, issued May 24, 2011; U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,250, issued November 26, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 7,891,935, issued February 22, 2011; U.S. Pat. No. 8,419,341, issued April 16, 2013; and U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 293,717, filed November 10, 2011, entitled "Dual Arm Robot," and U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 293,717, filed September 5, 2013, entitled "Linear Vacuum Robot with Z Motion and Articulated No. 13 / 861,693, entitled "Transfer Arm," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the at least one transfer arm may be derived from a conventional SCARA (Horizontal Articulated Robot Arm) type design, including an upper arm, a band-driven forearm, and a band-constrained end effector, or a telescoping arm, or any other suitable arm design.Examples of suitable transfer arms can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 117,415, filed May 8, 2008, entitled "Substrate Transport Apparatus with Multiple Movable Arms Utilizing a Mechanical Switch Mechanism," and U.S. Patent No. 7,648,327, issued January 19, 2010, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The movement of the transfer arms may be independent of one another (e.g., each arm extends and retracts independently of the other arms), may be operated via lost motion switches, or the arms may be operably coupled in any suitable manner to share at least one common drive axis. In still other embodiments, the transfer arms may have any other desired configuration, such as a frog-leg arm 216 ( FIG. 2A ) configuration, a leap-frog arm 217 ( FIG. 2D ) configuration, a symmetric arm 218 ( FIG. 2C ) configuration, or the like. In another embodiment, referring to FIG. 2E, the transfer arm 219 includes at least first and second articulated arms 219A, 219B, each arm 219A, 219B including an end effector 219E configured to hold at least two substrates S1, S2 side by side in a common transfer plane (each substrate holding position of the end effector 219E shares a common drive for picking up and placing substrates S1, S2), and the spacing DX between the substrates S1, S2 corresponds to a fixed spacing between the side by side substrate holding positions.Suitable examples of transfer arms are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,231,297 issued May 15, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 5,180,276 issued January 19, 1993, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued October 15, 2002, U.S. Patent No. 6,224,319 issued May 1, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 5,447,409 issued September 5, 1995, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued August 15, 2009, U.S. Patent No. 6,224,319 issued May 1, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 5,447,409 issued August 15, 2009, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued May 1, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued September 1, 1995, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued August 15, 2009, U.S. Patent No. 6,224,319 issued May 1, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 6,447,409 issued August 15, 2009, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued May 1, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued September 1, 1995, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued August 15, 2009, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued May 1, 2001, U.S. Patent No. 6,464,448 issued September No. 7,578,649 issued on May 25, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,487 issued on August 18, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 7,946,800 issued on May 24, 2011; U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,250 issued on November 26, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 7,891,935 issued on February 22, 2011; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 293,717, entitled "Dual Arm Robot," filed on November 10, 2011, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 270,844, entitled "Coaxial Drive Vacuum Robot," filed on October 11, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Aspects of the disclosed embodiments, in one aspect, are incorporated into the transport arm of a linear transport shuttle, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,293,066 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,988,398, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0021] In the aspect of the disclosed embodiment shown in FIG. 1D , the arms of the transport apparatus 26B may be arranged to provide what is known as a fast-swap configuration, allowing the transport to rapidly swap wafers from a pick / place position (e.g., pick up a wafer from a substrate-holding position and immediately thereafter place the wafer in the same substrate-holding position). The transport arm 26B may have any suitable drive sections (e.g., coaxially arranged drive shafts, side-by-side drive shafts, horizontally adjacent motors, vertically stacked motors, etc.) to provide each arm with any suitable number of degrees of freedom (e.g., independent rotation about shoulder and elbow joints with Z-axis motion). As seen in FIG. 1D , in this aspect, the modules 56A, 56B, 30i may be arranged with gaps between the transfer chamber modules 18B, 18i and may define appropriate processing modules, load lock(s), buffer station(s), metrology station(s), or any other desired station(s). For example, interstitial modules such as load locks 56A, 56B, and workpiece station 30i may each have stationary workpiece supports / shelves 56S1, 56S2, 30S1, 30S2 that cooperate with a transport arm to enable transport of workpieces along the length of the transport chamber along the linear axis X of the transport chamber. As an example, workpiece(s) may be loaded into transport chamber 416 by interface section 12. The workpiece(s) may be placed on a support in load lock module 56A using transport arm 15 of the interface section. Workpiece(s) in load lock module 56A may be moved between load lock module 56A and load lock module 56 by transport arm 26B in module 18B, and may also be moved in a similar sequential manner between load lock 56 and workpiece station 30i by arm 26i (in module 18i), and between station 30i and station 412 by arm 26i in module 18i.This process may be reversed in whole or in part to move the workpiece(s) in the opposite direction. Thus, in one embodiment, workpieces may be moved in any direction along axis X and to any location along the transport chamber, and may be transferred to and from any desired module (processing or otherwise) in communication with the transport chamber. In other embodiments, interstitial transport chamber modules with static workpiece supports or shelves may not be provided between the transport chamber modules 18B, 18i. In such embodiments, the transport arms of adjacent transport chamber modules may deliver workpieces to their end effectors or directly from one transport arm to the end effector of another transport arm to move the workpieces through the transport chamber. Processing station modules may operate on substrates through various deposition, etching, or other types of processes to form electrical circuits or other desired structures on the substrates. Processing station modules may be connected to the transport chamber modules to pass substrates from the transport chamber to the processing stations, or vice versa. A suitable example of a processing tool having similar general features to the processing device shown in FIG. 1D is described in US Pat. No. 8,398,355, previously incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0022] 1E is a schematic diagram of a semiconductor tool station 11090A substantially similar to the semiconductor tool station described above. Here, the semiconductor tool station 11090A includes separate / individual in-line processing sections 11030SA, 11030SB, and 11030SC connected to a common atmospheric front end 11000. In this embodiment, at least one of the in-line processing sections 11030SA, 11030SB, and 11030SC is configured to process substrates S1, S2, and S3 having predetermined characteristics that differ from substrates processed in the other in-line processing sections 11030SA, 11030SB, and 11030SC. For example, the predetermined characteristic may be the size of the substrate. In one embodiment, and by way of example only, the in-line processing section 11030SA may be configured to process 200 mm diameter substrates, the in-line processing section 11030SB may be configured to process 150 mm substrates, and the in-line processing section 11030SC may be configured to process 300 mm substrates. As described herein, at least one of the transport apparatuses 11013, 11014 is configured to transport different sized substrates S1, S2, S3, which may be curved or warped, using a common end effector. In one embodiment, each of the load port modules 11050 is configured to hold and interface with cassettes 11050 holding different sized substrates S1, S2, S3 on a common load port module. In other embodiments, each load port module 11050 may be configured to hold a predetermined cassette corresponding to a predetermined size of substrate. Processing different sized substrates using at least one common transport apparatus 11013, 11014 may increase throughput and reduce machine downtime for a single substrate batch processing.

[0023] 1F is a schematic diagram of semiconductor tool station 11090B, which is substantially similar to semiconductor tool station 11090. However, in this embodiment, the processing module 11030 and load port module 11005 are configured to process substrates of different sizes as described above with respect to semiconductor tool station 11090A. In this embodiment, processing module 11030 may be configured to process substrates having different sizes, although in other embodiments, processing modules may be provided to accommodate substrates of different sizes to be processed in semiconductor tool station 11090B.

[0024] Referring to FIGS. 1G and 1H, aspects of the disclosed embodiments may be incorporated into a sorter and / or stocker. In one aspect, the sorter and / or stocker may be used to sort or store substrates (such as those described above). By way of example, FIGS. 1G and 1H show a handling apparatus 12000, substantially similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 7,699,573, issued April 20, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Here, handling apparatus 12000 may be configured to handle substrates such as reticles, or in other aspects, handling apparatus 12000 may be configured to handle any suitable substrate. The handling apparatus 12000 may be a modular apparatus having a housing 12200 for maintaining a clean indoor environment within the housing 12200. The handling apparatus 12000 includes an input / output station 12700 integrated into the housing 12200, which includes a panel 12600. Each panel 12600 belongs to a modular input / output unit 12800. One end of an opening 12900 in each panel 12600 is provided with a contour that at least approximately corresponds to the outer contour of each type of substrate (e.g., a reticle transport box) processed by the handling apparatus 12000. The opening 12900 is configured to allow substrates to be loaded into and unloaded from the handling apparatus 12000 through the opening 12900. In one embodiment, the handling apparatus 12000 also includes drawers 12170, 12160 that are components of the additional input / output unit 12800 of the station 12700. The drawers 12170, 12160 may have different structural heights and may be pulled out to accommodate larger transport boxes, e.g., capable of accommodating more than one substrate, i.e., larger transport boxes may be introduced into the handling apparatus 12000 via the drawers 12160, 12170. The handling apparatus 12000 also includes at least one transport apparatus 11014 substantially similar to those described herein. The at least one transport apparatus is configured to transport one or more substrates within the handling apparatus 12000 for sorting, storage, or other processing operations.The configuration of the handling device 12000 described herein is exemplary, and in other embodiments, the handling device may have any suitable configuration for sorting and / or storing substrates in any suitable manner.

[0025] In one aspect, the handling apparatus 12000 may be included in the semiconductor tool station of FIGS. 1A-1F described above. For example, in one aspect, the handling apparatus 12000 may be incorporated into the atmospheric front end 11000 of the semiconductor tool station / system 11090, 2010, 11090A, 11090B as a load port and / or atmospheric transfer chamber. Also, in other aspects, the handling apparatus may be incorporated into the vacuum back end 11020 of the semiconductor tool station / system 1090, 2010, 11090A, 11090B as a process module and / or transfer chamber. In one aspect, the handling apparatus 12000 may be coupled to the atmospheric front end 11000 instead of the vacuum back end 11020. As can be appreciated, the handling apparatus 12000 incorporating aspects of the disclosed embodiment can accommodate multiple substrates of different shapes and / or sizes within a common housing using a common end effector.

[0026] 3A-6B, for example, schematic diagrams comparing ideal sensor locations for mapping a substrate at a substrate holding station with ideal end effector tine locations for handling the substrate are shown. Here, an end effector 350 of any suitable substrate transport apparatus, such as those described above, includes a base 350B and one or more tines 350T1, 350T2 configured to hold and support a substrate. In one embodiment, each tine 350T1, 350T2 includes a substrate contact 800A-800D, which may be one or more vacuum backside contacts, passive edge contacts, passive backside contacts, or any other suitable substrate contacts. In one aspect, teeth 350T1, 350T2 are interchangeable in any suitable manner with other sets of teeth 350T3, 350T4 and 350T5, 350T6 as shown in Figures 14A-14C, with each set of teeth 350T1-350T6 having different predetermined characteristics, such as the type of substrate contact. For example, Figure 14A shows passive edge contacts 1400 on teeth 350T1, 350T2, Figure 14B shows passive backside contacts 1401 on teeth 350T3, 350T4, and Figure 14C shows vacuum backside contacts on teeth 350T5, 350T6. In this aspect, the end effector includes two teeth 350T1, 350T2, and in other aspects, the end effector can be a paddle end effector with movable substrate contacts in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment.

[0027] Here, each tooth 350T1, 350T2 includes one or more sensors 360A, 360B disposed thereon. In one embodiment, the sensors 360A, 360B are disposed at the distal ends of the teeth (e.g., opposite the base 350B), and the sensors 360A, 360B form a through-beam sensor with a transmitter disposed on one tooth 350T1, 350T2 and a receiver disposed on the other tooth 350T1, 350T2. The sensors 360A, 360B may be connected to any suitable controller, such as controller 11091, and configured to map the substrate as described herein, for example, using the controller 11091, to determine at least one of substrate position within the substrate holding station, substrate shape, substrate curvature, and substrate bow. The controller 11091 is configured to determine a substrate support sheet dimension span DS for each mapped substrate based on the mapping data received from the sensors 360A, 360B in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, the substrate support sheet dimension span DS depends on the substrate size, substrate shape, substrate bow, and / or substrate curvature. In one embodiment, mapping data for each substrate is registered with a controller, and the controller can change the substrate support sheet dimension span DS on the fly when the transport apparatus moves the end effector to pick up a substrate as described herein. In other embodiments, the substrate support sheet dimension span DS can be determined on the fly when the transport apparatus moves the end effector to pick up a substrate as described herein.

[0028] 3A and 3B, for purposes of illustration only, at least one 300 mm substrate S300 is shown positioned in substrate holding station 300. In this embodiment, mapping sensors 360A, 360B are positioned proximate to substrate S300 to map the position of substrate S300. Here, tines 350T1, 350T2 are separated from one another by a distance X1 to position sensors 360A, 360B in the proper spatial arrangement for mapping substrate S300. However, to handle substrate S300 at an ideal contact location for substrate S300, tines 350T1, 350T2 are separated from one another by a distance X2 that is greater than distance X1. Similarly, Figures 4A and 4B show, for purposes of illustration only, at least one 200 mm substrate S200 disposed on substrate holding station 301, where the scanning / mapping distance between tines 350T1, 350T2 is distance X3, and the substrate handling distance between tines 350T1, 350T2 is distance X4, which is greater than distance X3. Figures 5A and 5B show, for purposes of illustration only, at least one 150 mm substrate S150 disposed on substrate holding station 302, where the scanning / mapping distance between tines 350T1, 350T2 is distance X5, and the substrate handling distance between tines 350T1, 350T2 is distance X6, which is greater than distance X5. 6A and 6B show, for purposes of illustration only, at least one 100 mm substrate S100 positioned on substrate holding station 303, with the scanning / mapping distance between tines 350T1, 350T2 being a distance X7 and the substrate handling distance between tines 350T1, 350T2 being a distance X8 that is greater than distance X7. Aspects of the embodiments described herein provide for repositioning at least one of tines 350T1, 350T2 of end effector 350, whereby tines 350T1, 350T2 are spaced apart by distances X1, X3, X5, X7 to position sensors 360A, 360B at ideal scanning positions for respective substrates S300, S200, S150, S100.

[0029] Aspects of the embodiments described herein provide for repositioning of at least one of the tines 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350, whereby the tines 350T1, 350T2 are spaced apart by distances X2, X4, X6, X8 to position the tines 350T1, 350T2 at ideal substrate handling positions for the respective substrates S300, S200, S150, S100. While only 300 mm, 200 mm, 150 mm, and 100 mm substrates are illustrated in Figures 3A-6B, it should be understood that in other aspects, aspects of the disclosed embodiments provide for handling of substrates of any suitable shape and size. Aspects of the disclosed embodiments allow users of semiconductor tool stations such as those described herein to handle different materials using common equipment (e.g., a common transport apparatus having a common end effector common to multiple different sized substrates described herein) by repositioning teeth 350T1, 350T2, increasing throughput and reducing machine setup and / or downtime.

[0030] 13A and 13B, as described above, a transport apparatus (such as that described above) includes a camera 1300 disposed on the transport apparatus. In this embodiment, the camera 1300 is disposed at the base 350B of the end effector 350, although in other embodiments, the camera 1300 may be disposed on any suitable link of the transport apparatus. In still other embodiments, the camera may be disposed remotely from the transport apparatus, such as at a stationary position of a semiconductor tool station (e.g., a front-end module, a load lock, a processing module, a transfer chamber, etc.). In one embodiment, the camera 1300 is configured, e.g., with the controller 11091, to image one or more substrates on the end effector and / or at a location remote from the end effector, such as a substrate holding station. In one embodiment, the camera 1300 is configured, e.g., with the controller 11091, to detect the presence of a substrate on the end effector 350. In one embodiment, camera 1300 is configured to simultaneously map one or more substrates at one or more substrate holding stations, e.g., using controller 11091, to determine one or more of substrate position within the substrate holding station, substrate size, substrate shape, substrate curvature, and substrate bow, e.g., from a single image of the substrate at one or more substrate holding stations. Controller 11091 is configured to determine the substrate support sheet dimensional span for each mapped substrate based on the mapping data received from camera 1300 in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, the camera may be provided in place of sensors 350A, 350B, and in other embodiments, the camera may be used in conjunction with sensors 360A, 360B. As can be appreciated, substrate mapping throughput can be increased by camera 1300, for example, by capturing a single photograph of one or more substrate holding positions in situ and analyzing the mapping data while a substrate transport apparatus (such as those described above) is in motion, regardless of whether it is carrying a substrate on end effector 350.

[0031] In one embodiment, the end effector may include any suitable sensor system for mapping and / or detecting a substrate held by or in proximity to the end effector 350. For example, with reference to FIG. 13C , in one embodiment, one or more sensors 1350-1355 are mounted at fixed, known locations on the end effector 350 to sense the position / presence and / or notch orientation of the substrate S relative to the end effector 350. Data collected by the sensors 1350-1355 is communicated to, for example, a controller 11091. In one embodiment, the controller 11091 calculates the center of the substrate S and the location of its notch or flat before the substrate S is gripped by the end effector 350, in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 8,016,541, issued September 13, 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Using position data from sensors 1350-1355, the known center of end effector 130 is positioned directly below the calculated center of substrate S, and end effector 350 is raised until contacts 800A-800D at the substrate support contact locations contact substrate S to pick up substrate S.

[0032] The sensors 1350-1355 can be of any suitable type, such as capacitive, optical, acoustic, or ultrasonic sensors. As an example, if capacitive sensors are used, the capacitance increases as the sensor moves under the wafer. For each sensor, a voltage output proportional to the impedance is generated, and the detected capacitance depends on the distance from the sensor 1350-1355 to the bottom surface of the substrate S. This distance can change if the substrate S is, for example, curved, bowed, or tilted in the substrate holding station. The sensors 1350-1355 are positioned on the end effector 350 to pass under the substrate S, thereby providing the end effector-to-wafer distance for picking the substrate and for determining whether a pick-up error has occurred, as described in more detail below. In one embodiment, the sensors 1350-1355 can also be used (in addition to or instead of the camera 1300 and / or sensors 360A, 360B) to determine whether bowing, bowing, or tilting of the substrate is present and to improve system robustness.

[0033] Referring to FIG. 7A, a schematic diagram of substrates S1, S2 exhibiting curvature and / or warpage is shown. Here, the substrates are placed in a substrate holding station 700 and spaced apart from one another at a predetermined pitch P. When handling substrates S1, S2 with curvature and / or warpage, the teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 are positioned, for example, at the edge or periphery of the substrates S1, S2 (e.g., close to the periphery of the substrates S1, S2) so that the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are picked up / placed at the substrate holding station without substantially contacting other substrates. Positioning the teeth at the edge of the substrates S1, S2 prevents imposing constraints on the flatness of the substrates, which may affect substrate processing. An aspect of the disclosed embodiment provides for positioning the teeth 350T1, 350T2 in a predetermined position for each substrate S1, S2 to pick up / place the substrates S1, S2 at the substrate holding station 700. 7B, substrate handling spacings X2, X4, X6, and X8 (see FIGS. 3A-6B) between tines 350T1 and 350T2 for handling large substrates having curved and / or warped characteristics may not be provided for transporting small substrates using common end effector 350. By way of example only, substrates S1 and S2 in FIG. 7A may be 300 mm substrates, and the tines may be spaced apart by distance X2 to transport at least curved / warped substrate S1. However, distance X2 between tines 350T1 and 350T2 may interfere with substrate supports in station 710 configured to hold small substrates, e.g., 200 mm substrates S3, S4, and S5. As described above, aspects of the disclosed embodiment provide for adjustment of at least one tooth 350T1, 350T2 relative to another tooth 350T1, 350T2 to change the distance between the teeth and the substrate support sheet dimension span DS of the substrate contacts 800A-800D of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 to handle substrates S1-S5 having different curvature, bow, shape, and size characteristics using the common end effector 350.

[0034] 8A-8C, to adjust the distance between teeth 350T1, 350T2 and the substrate support sheet dimensional span between contact points 800A-800D (also referred to herein as contact locations of teeth 350T1, 350T2), teeth 350T1, 350T2 are movably mounted to base 350B of end effector 350. In one embodiment, as seen in FIG. 8A, teeth 350T1, 350T2 are pivotally mounted to base 350B of end effector 350 in any suitable manner such that teeth 350T1, 350T2 move in respective directions R1, R2 to change distance RX1 between substrate contact locations 800A, 800B and distance RX2 between substrate contact locations 800C, 800D of teeth 350T1, 350T2. In one embodiment, the tines 350T1, 350T2 are driven by any suitable drive section 850 of the end effector 350 such that the distance between the tines 350T1, 350T2 is altered in situ (e.g., at least one tine moves relative to the other tine) to vary the substrate support sheet dimensional span DS (e.g., corresponding to the distance between the tines) extending between the substrate contact points 800A-800D of the tines 850T1, 850T2. In one embodiment, the tines 350T1, 350T2 are pivotally mounted to a base 350B, and the drive section includes any suitable linear and / or rotational drive components for pivoting one or more of the tines 350T1, 350T2 relative to each other and the base 350B to adjust the distances RX1, RX2 between the substrate contact points 800A-800D of the tines 350T1, 350T2.

[0035] 8B and 8C, in one embodiment, the tines 350T1, 350T2 are mounted to a base 350B such that at least one of the tines 350T1, 350T2 is linearly movable relative to the other and relative to the base 350B in directions D1, D2. Here, the end effector 350 is shown holding a rectangular substrate SR and a circular substrate SC, but in other embodiments, the substrates may have any suitable shape / size. In this embodiment, the drive section 850 of the end effector 350 includes any suitable linear and / or rotational drive components that enable movement of one or more of the tines 350T1, 350T2. Also referring to FIG. 9, in one embodiment, the drive section 850 includes one or more suitable linear guides 900, including at least one linear guide member 900G and at least one movable member 900M that moves along the linear guide member 900G. In this embodiment, each tooth 350T1, 350T2 is attached to a respective movable member 900M for traversing in directions D1, D2 along the linear guide member 900G. In one embodiment, one or more stops 920-923 are provided to limit the linear movement of the teeth 350T1, 350T2. Although the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are described herein as both movable, in other embodiments, only a single tooth may be movable. The movable member 900M may be driven in any suitable manner to traverse the linear guide member 900G.

[0036] 10A and 10B, in one embodiment, drive section 850 of end effector 350 includes a frog-leg linkage configured to move teeth 350T1, 350T2 in directions D1, D2. For example, frog-leg linkage includes drive link 370 connected to pivot links 371A, 371B at rotation axis A1. Pivot links 371A, 371B are connected to respective driven links 372A, 372B at rotation axis A3. Pivot links 371A, 371B are pivotally mounted to base 350B at respective rotation axes A2A, A2B, and driven links 372A, 372B are coupled to respective moving members 900M. Any suitable actuator 850A of drive section 850 is connected to drive link 370 to reciprocate drive link 370 in direction D3, such that movement of drive link 370 toward teeth 350T1, 350T2 rotates pivot links 371A, 371B about axes A2A, A2B, causing axes A3 of pivot links 371A, 371B to move toward each other in directions R3, R4. Movement of axis A3 in directions R3, R4 moves the driven links toward each other, bringing teeth 350T1, 350T2 closer together and decreasing the distance DS between substrate contacts 800A-800D of teeth 350T1, 350T2. Conversely, movement of drive link 370 in direction D3 away from teeth 350T1, 350T2 rotates pivot links 371A, 371B about axes A2A, A2B, causing axes A3 of pivot links 371A, 371B to move away from each other in directions R3', R4'. Movement of axis A3 in directions R3', R4' moves the driven links away from each other, moving teeth 350T1, 350T2 further apart, increasing the spacing / distance between teeth 350T1, 350T2 and increasing the distance DS between board contacts 800A-800D of teeth 350T1, 350T2.

[0037] 11A and 11B, in one embodiment, drive section 850 of end effector 350 includes a drive linkage having drive link 370' and driven links 372A', 372B'. Drive link 370' is connected to any suitable actuator 850A in a manner similar to that for movement in direction D3. Each driven link 372A', 372B' is connected at one end to drive link 370' about axis A4 and at the other end to a respective movable member 900M about axis A5. Here, movement of drive link 370' in direction D3 toward teeth 350T1, 350T2 causes movable member 900M to move away from each other in directions D1 and D2, moving teeth 350T1, 350T2 further apart, increasing the spacing between teeth 350T1, 350T2 and increasing distance DS between board contacts 800A-800D of teeth 350T1, 350T2. Movement of drive link 370' in direction D3 away from teeth 350T1, 350T2 causes movable members 900M to move toward each other in directions D1 and D2, bringing teeth 350T1, 350T2 closer together and decreasing distance DS between board contacts 800A-800D of teeth 350T1, 350T2.

[0038] 12A and 12B, the drive section 850 of the end effector 350 includes a ball screw drive. The ball screw drive includes a threaded member 1201 attached to the base 350B of the end effector 350. The threaded member 1201 includes a drive portion 1200 that connects the threaded member 1201 to any suitable actuator 850A via any suitable transmission 1200T (belt, band, cable, gear, etc.), which when driven, rotates the drive portion 1200 (and thus the threaded member 1201) about the longitudinal axis of the threaded member 1201. The driven members 1202, 1203 are attached to the screw member 1201, and the driven members 1202, 1203 are coupled to and rotationally fixed to their respective movable members 900M so that when the screw member 1201 rotates, the driven members move along the screw member 1201 in directions D1, D2, increasing or decreasing the distance between the teeth 350T1, 350T2 and increasing or decreasing the distance DS between the substrate contacts 800A-800D of the teeth 850T1, 850T2.

[0039] 8A-12B show exemplary drive section 850 configurations, it should be understood that in other embodiments, drive section 850 of end effector 350 may have any suitable configuration for increasing or decreasing the distance between teeth 350T1, 350T2, and thus increasing or decreasing the distance between substrate contact points of teeth 350T1, 350T2.

[0040] During operation, the controller 11091 is configured, for example, in one embodiment, to vary the distance between the teeth 350T1, 350T2, and thus the substrate support sheet dimension span DS extending between the substrate contacts 800A-800D of the teeth 350T1, 350T2, on-the-fly during movement of the substrate transport apparatus. In one embodiment, the distance DS can be varied from substrate to substrate within the same or different batches of substrates to compensate for one or more predetermined characteristics of the individual substrates, including the amount of substrate curvature, the amount of substrate warpage (where the curvature and warpage define the flatness of the substrate), the shape of the substrate, and the size of the substrate (e.g., the diameter of a circular substrate, the length / width of a rectangular substrate, etc.). As can be appreciated, the curvature or warpage of a substrate can affect the size of the substrate, and a curved and / or warped substrate may have a smaller size than a corresponding nominal size substrate (e.g., a 300 mm curved and / or warped wafer may have a diameter / size smaller than 300 mm). As one example, the distance DS may vary from substrate to substrate for multiple substrates arranged in a common stack (e.g., the substrates have a common nominal diameter that varies within a predetermined tolerance depending on the curvature and / or bow of the substrates). In another example, the distance DS may vary between substrates arranged in different stacks such that the substrates in one stack have a predetermined common nominal diameter and the substrates in another different stack have a different predetermined common nominal diameter (e.g., one stack includes 300 mm substrates while another stack includes 200 mm substrates).

[0041] For example, referring also to FIG. 17, in one embodiment, the controller 11091 can move the substrate transport and end effector 350 toward the substrate holding station to pick up a substrate (FIG. 17, block 1700). During or simultaneously with the movement to the substrate holding station (e.g., in situ during a common movement of the transport apparatus), for example, the camera 1300 and / or sensors 360A, 360B provide mapping data to the controller 11091 for one or more substrates positioned at the substrate holding position (FIG. 17, block 1710). If sensors 360A, 360B are employed for mapping, the controller adjusts the teeth 350T1, 350T2 to the mapping positions shown in, for example, FIGS. 3A, 4A, 5A, and 6A, where the nominal size of the substrate at the substrate holding station has been provided to the controller 11091 in advance. The mapping data is provided to a controller 11091 during movement of the transport apparatus to the substrate holding station (e.g., in situ during common movement of the transport apparatus), and the controller 11091 determines a substrate support sheet dimensional span for one or more substrates at the substrate holding station ( FIG. 17 , block 1720). The controller 11091 moves the tines 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 in situ during common movement to adjust the spacing between the tines so that the distance DS between the substrate contacts 800A-800D of the tines 350T1, 350T2 corresponds to (e.g., substantially matches) the determined substrate support sheet dimensional span for the substrate to be picked up ( FIG. 17 , block 1730).

[0042] 9, movement of teeth 350T1, 350T2 between two positions (e.g., defining at least two different substrate support sheet dimensional spans) is controlled, for example, by mechanical stops 920, 921, 922, 923 of end effector 350, which movement is effected by end effector end drive section 850, which may be under the control of controller 11091. In one embodiment, stops 920, 921, 922, 923 are located at opposite ends of movement of teeth 350T1, 350T2 to provide two different substrate support sheet dimensional spans.

[0043] In one embodiment, the movement of the tines 350T1, 350T2 may be controlled in any suitable manner, such as by the controller 11091, to have a variable / reconfigurable substrate support sheet dimensional span D, where the distance D comprises, for example, two or more different ranges of substrate support sheet dimensional span positions at which the tines 350T1, 350T2 engage the substrate. In one embodiment, referring again to FIGS. 3A-6B , the tines 350T1, 350T2 have common substrate contacts 800A-800F, each of which engages the substrate at a respective one of the substrate support sheet dimensional span positions. For example, when substrates of substantially similar size are placed in a stack, the common substrate contact engages each substrate in the stack as each substrate S is picked up. In one embodiment, the common substrate contact (see also contacts 800E, 800F) engages different substrates, such as when the substrates have different sizes and the tines 350T1, 350T2 are placed at respective substrate support sheet dimensional span positions for the different sized substrates.

[0044] 15A and 15B, in one embodiment, a range of different substrate support sheet dimensional span positions is achieved by using a controller 11091 to determine the positions of the tines 350T1, 350T2 relative to each other and / or the base (such as a reference feature on the base 350B, where in one embodiment the reference feature is a known centerline CL of the base 350B). In part, the end effector 350 includes any suitable sensor system for tracking / determining the positions of the tines 350T1, 350T2. While both tines 350T1, 350T2 are described as being movable, it should be understood that, as noted above, in some embodiments, only a single tine may be movable. In one embodiment, the sensor system includes any suitable sensor 1500, such as a capacitive, inductive, optical, etc., that interacts with each tine 350T1, 350T2 in any suitable manner to sense the position of each tine 350T1, 350T2. As can be appreciated, if the movements of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are coupled via a ball screw, frog leg, or other linkage described above, with a single driver moving both teeth, a single sensor may be provided to sense the position of one tooth 350T1, 350T2, since the location of the other tooth 350T1, 350T2 is automatically known based on the coupled movements and the predetermined, known relationship between the teeth 350T1, 350T2. In some embodiments, the movements of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are independent. For example, the teeth 350T1, 350T2 may move at different speeds at different times and / or to positions that are not symmetrical about the centerline of the end effector 350. If the movements of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are independent, a sensor may be provided for each independently moving tooth.

[0045] In one embodiment, one or more of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 includes a sensor track 1510 that forms one or more of an absolute encoder 1510A and an incremental encoder 1510N. A sensor 1500 is disposed on the end effector 350 and, using a controller 11091, senses the sensor track 1510 to determine the position of one or more of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 relative to each other or relative to a known position of the end effector, such as the centerline CL of the end effector 350. Determining the position of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 using the sensor track 1510 allows positioning of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 anywhere along their range of motion such that the substrate contacts 800A-800D of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are located at predetermined substrate engaging positions that correspond to the substrate support sheet dimensional span positions determined for any given substrate.

[0046] In one embodiment, one or more teeth 350T1, 350T2 include one or more flags 1520 that interact with the sensor 1500 to determine, using the controller 11091, the position of the one or more teeth 350T1, 350T2. In one embodiment, the one or more flags 1520 may be arranged to form one or more absolute and incremental encoders so that the position of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 can be adjusted over the range of movement of the teeth 350T1, 350T2. In other embodiments, the flags may be positioned at predetermined locations corresponding to predetermined substrate support sheet dimensional span positions of the end effector. In one embodiment, each flag 1520 may be individually identifiable such that position determination of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 can be made by sensing only one flag 1520. In other embodiments, the controller 11091 may be configured to "count" (e.g., additively or subtractively) the number of flags detected to continuously determine the locations of the teeth 350T1, 350T2.

[0047] In one embodiment, the flag 1520 and / or sensor track 1510 may, for example, use the controller 11091 to provide fault recovery for the transport apparatus end effector 350 in the event of a power loss or emergency stop without substantial human / operator intervention within the semiconductor tool station. For example, in one embodiment, the positions of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 determined using the flag 1520 and / or sensor track 1510 are registered in the memory of the controller 11091 upon power loss, and when power is restored, the controller 11091 retrieves the positions of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 (as they were located before the power loss) from the memory. If the last known positions of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 are registered with the controller 11091, then when power is restored, automatic initialization of the end effector can be disabled such that the end effector continues to operate based on the registered positions of the teeth 350T1, 350T2.

[0048] In one embodiment, when power is restored to the transport apparatus and automatic initialization is provided, the absolute encoder (e.g., provided by the sensor track 1510 or flag 1520) described above can provide the position of the teeth 350T1, 350T2 when power is restored. In one embodiment, when the absolute encoder is provided by the flag 1520, the flag 1520 can include n flags, each flag corresponding to a predetermined substrate support sheet dimensional span position of the teeth 350T1, 350T2. For example, flag 0 corresponds to the open position of the teeth, flag 1 corresponds to a first substrate support sheet dimensional span position, flag 2 corresponds to a second substrate support sheet dimensional span position, and flag n corresponds to the nth substrate support sheet dimensional span position.

[0049] 13C, 15A, 15B, and 16, the end effector 350 and controller 11091 are configured to provide a feedback loop for repositioning the end effector 350 and teeth 350T1, 350T2 when a substrate mis-pick is detected. The controller 11091 positions the end effector 350 at a predetermined location in the substrate holding station and adjusts teeth 350T1, 350T2, as described above, so that the substrate support sheet dimensional span DS position of the end effector 350 substantially matches the substrate support sheet dimensional span of the substrate to be picked. The controller 11091 then moves the end effector 350 a predetermined amount to pick up the substrate (FIG. 16, block 1600). In one embodiment, one or more of the sensors 1350-1355 and / or camera 1300 send a substrate detection signal to the controller 11091 indicating whether a substrate is present on the end effector 350 (FIG. 16, block 1610). In one embodiment, the capacitance or inductance of the sensors 1350-1355 or an image from the camera 1300 may indicate the distance between the sensors 1350-1355 (and thus the substrate contacts 800A-800D) and the substrate. If the presence of a substrate is detected on the end effector, the substrate is picked up (FIG. 16, block 1630), and the substrate position on the end effector is confirmed in any suitable manner, such as using the sensors 1350-1355 and / or camera 1300 (FIG. 16, block 1640).

[0050] If the presence of a substrate is not detected on the end effector 350, the controller performs incremental movement of the tines 350T1, 350T2 to adjust the substrate support sheet dimensional span DS position of the end effector 350 ( FIG. 16 , block 1620). In one aspect, the adjustment of the substrate support sheet dimensional span DS position is performed by the flag 1520 and / or the sensor track 1510, where the absolute, incremental, or continuous scale provided by the flag 1520 and / or the sensor track 1510 provides feedback to the control regarding the position of the tines 350T1, 350T2. The incremental movement of the tines 350T1, 350T2 may be any suitable predetermined distance. As can be appreciated, incremental movement of teeth 350T1, 350T2 may occur after the end effector is retracted from the substrate holding station and / or after the end effector is returned to its pick-up position (e.g., to provide clearance between teeth 350T1, 350T2 and the substrate within the substrate holding station). The end effector 350 is repositioned to pick up a substrate (FIG. 16, block 1600), and a substrate presence determination is made after the pick-up attempt to determine whether a substrate is present on the end effector 350 (FIG. 16, block 1610). If a substrate is present, the substrate is picked up and its position is confirmed (FIG. 16, blocks 1630, 1640). If the presence of a substrate is not detected, blocks 1600-1620 are repeated for a predetermined range of movement of teeth 350T1, 350T2 or until the presence of a substrate is detected in block 1610. In one aspect, if the teeth move over a predetermined range and the presence of a substrate is not detected, an error occurs and the controller 11091 performs a remapping of the substrate holding station to determine the cause of the pick-up error and / or to update the mapping data for the substrate in the substrate holding station.

[0051] 1E, 1F, and 3A-6B described herein, the controller and end effector 350 are configured to vary the distances X1-X8 between the teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350, and thus the distance DS of the substrate contacts 800A, 800C of one tooth 350T1 relative to the substrate contacts 800B, 800D of the other tooth 350T2, based on one or more predetermined characteristics (e.g., size, curvature, bow, etc.) of the substrate being transported. As seen in FIGS. 1E and 1F, the semiconductor tool stations 11090A, 11090B are configured to process substrates of different sizes. For example, substrate S2 has a predetermined nominal size, substrate S1 has a size smaller than the predetermined nominal size of substrate S2, and substrate S3 has a size larger than the predetermined nominal size of substrate S2. In one embodiment, the substrate transport apparatuses 11013, 11014 each include an end effector 350, while in other embodiments, the substrate transport apparatuses disposed within chamber 11010 of FIG. 1E may not include adjustable end effectors 350, such as when a single size substrate is processed in each of the processing modules 11030SA-11030SC.

[0052] In one aspect, referring to the substrate transport apparatus 11013 and FIG. 18 for illustrative purposes, the controller 11091 moves the transport apparatus 11013 to, for example, the substrate holding station 11050S2, where the substrate at the substrate holding station 11050S2 is mapped and the substrate support sheet dimension span of the substrate is determined in situ as described above ( FIG. 18 , block 1800). The teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 are adjusted in situ as described above ( FIG. 18 , block 1810). The substrate S2 is picked up from the substrate holding station 11050S2 and transported to, for example, a predetermined one of the load lock / transfer chambers 11010 ( FIG. 18 , block 1820). In one embodiment, after placing the substrate S2, the controller moves the transport apparatus 11013 to, for example, the substrate holding station 11050S1, where the substrate at the substrate holding station 11050S1 is mapped and the substrate support sheet dimension span of the substrate is determined in situ as described above (FIG. 18, block 1800). The teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 are adjusted in situ as described above (FIG. 18, block 1810). The substrate S1 is picked up from the substrate holding station 11050S1 and transported to, for example, a predetermined one of the load lock / transfer chambers 11010 (FIG. 18, block 1820). In one embodiment, after placing the substrate S1, the controller moves the transport apparatus 11013 to, for example, the substrate holding station 11050S3, where the substrate at the substrate holding station 11050S3 is mapped and the substrate support sheet dimension span of the substrate is determined in situ as described above (FIG. 18, block 1800). The teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 are adjusted in situ as described above (FIG. 18, block 1810). The substrate S3 is picked up from the substrate holding station 11050S3 and transported to, for example, a predetermined one of the load lock / transfer chambers 11010 (FIG. 18, block 1820).

[0053] In one aspect, referring to the substrate transport apparatus 11013 and FIG. 19 for illustrative purposes, the controller 11091 moves the transport apparatus 11013 to, for example, the substrate holding station 11050S2 to position the common end effector 350 at the substrate holding station 11050S2 configured to receive / hold a first type of substrate (FIG. 19, block 1900). As described above, the substrate at the substrate holding station 11050S2 is mapped and the substrate support sheet dimension span of the substrate is determined in situ. The teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 are adjusted in situ as described above so that the substrate S2 is picked up from the substrate holding station 11050S2 using the common end effector 350 (FIG. 19, block 1910) and transported to and placed at a substrate holding station configured to receive the first type of substrate, such as, for example, a predetermined one of the load lock / transfer chambers 11010. In one embodiment, after placing the substrate S2, the controller moves the transport apparatus 11013 to, for example, the substrate holding station 11050S1 to position the common end effector 350 at the substrate holding station 11050S1 configured to receive / hold a second type of substrate (FIG. 19, block 1930). Here, the substrate at the substrate holding station 11050S1 is mapped, and the substrate support sheet dimension span of the substrate is determined in situ as described above. The teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 are adjusted in situ as described above. The substrate S1 is picked up from the substrate holding station 11050S1 using the common end effector 350 and transported to, for example, a substrate holding station configured to receive a second type of substrate, such as a predetermined one of the load lock / transfer chambers 11010 (FIG. 19, block 1940), and placed there (FIG. 19, block 1950). In one embodiment, after placing the substrate S1, the controller moves the transport device 11013, for example, to the substrate holding station 11050S3 to position the common end effector at the substrate holding station 11050S3 configured to receive / hold a third type of substrate (Figure 19, block 1960).Here, the substrate in substrate holding station 11050S3 is mapped, and the substrate support sheet dimensional span of the substrate is determined in situ as described above. The teeth 350T1, 350T2 of end effector 350 are adjusted in situ as described above. Substrate S3 is picked up from substrate holding station 11050S3 using common end effector 350 and transported to a substrate holding station configured to receive a third type of substrate, such as a predetermined one of load lock / transfer chambers 11010 ( FIG. 19 , block 1970), and placed therein ( FIG. 19 , block 1980).

[0054] As can be appreciated, substrates S1-S3 of different sizes can be picked up for transport to and from process module 11030 in any suitable order. In one aspect, remapping of substrate holding stations (such as substrate cassettes positioned on load port 11050) can be omitted if the substrate holding stations are pre-mapped such that predetermined characteristics of the substrates at that substrate holding station are determined by controller 11091.

[0055] In one embodiment, the substrate transport apparatus 11014 picks up different substrates S1-S3 from a common substrate holding station, such as the load lock 11010 of FIG. 1F , and the teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the end effector 350 of the transport apparatus 11014 are adjusted based on substrate data previously determined by transporting substrates S1-S3 using the transport apparatus 11013 and recorded in the controller 11091. In one embodiment, the previously determined substrate data may be verified by the transport apparatus 11014 when picking up the substrates S1-S3 from the substrate holding station 11010, so that further adjustments may be made, if necessary, for the teeth 350T1, 350T2 of the transport apparatus 11014. In yet other embodiments, substrate data (e.g., predetermined characteristics including size, curvature, and bow) may be determined for each pick performed by each transport apparatus 11013, 11014.

[0056] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment a substrate processing apparatus includes:

[0057] The frame and

[0058] at least one substrate transport arm connected to the frame, the at least one substrate transport arm having at least one end effector, each end effector comprising:

[0059] a base configured to couple with each substrate transport arm;

[0060] first and second substrate support tines attached to and depending from the base, at least one of the first and second substrate support tines being movable relative to the base, each of the first and second substrate support tines having a respective substrate contact point configured to contact and support a substrate held by the end effector between the respective contact points of the first and second substrate support tines at a substrate support sheet dimension span between the respective substrate contact points of the first and second substrate support tines;

[0061] and an end effector drive section configured to vary in situ a mutual distance between the first and second substrate support teeth to vary a substrate support sheet dimension span between substrate contact points of the first and second substrate support teeth from a first substrate support sheet dimension span to a different second substrate support sheet dimension span.

[0062] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes at least one substrate sensor disposed on the at least one substrate transport arm, the at least one substrate sensor configured to determine the substrate support sheet dimension span on-site.

[0063] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment at least one substrate sensor is attached to each of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0064] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes at least one substrate sensor, the at least one substrate sensor including a camera mounted to the base and configured to image the one or more substrates at the substrate holding station.

[0065] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the at least one substrate sensor is configured to determine one or more substrate properties for each substrate at the substrate holding station.

[0066] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the at least one substrate sensor is configured to perform a determination of a substrate support sheet dimension span during mapping of the at least one substrate at the substrate holding station and prior to a pick-up operation of the at least one substrate transport arm.

[0067] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines include vacuum backside contacts.

[0068] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines include passive edge contacts.

[0069] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines include passive backside contacts.

[0070] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes third and fourth substrate support teeth having predetermined characteristics different from the first and second substrate support teeth, the first and second substrate support teeth being detachably coupled to the base so as to be interchangeable with the third and fourth substrate support teeth.

[0071] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the predetermined characteristic includes different substrate contacts.

[0072] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the first and second substrate support tines are pivotally mounted to the base.

[0073] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes a linear slide that movably couples at least one of the first and second substrate support tines to the base.

[0074] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes a frog-leg drive linkage coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0075] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes at least one drive link coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth.

[0076] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes a ball screw drive coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0077] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate processing apparatus further includes at least one stop member disposed on the base and configured to limit movement of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth.

[0078] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate processing apparatus further includes a controller coupled to the at least one substrate transport arm, the controller comprising:

[0079] Picking up and moving the substrate transport arm,

[0080] Adjusting the substrate support sheet size span to pick up substrates of nominal size larger than the given substrate size; and

[0081] adjusting the substrate support sheet size span to pick up a substrate having a nominal size smaller than the predetermined substrate size.

[0082] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes a controller connected to the at least one substrate transport arm and configured to move at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth and change the substrate support sheet dimension span.

[0083] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the end effector drive section includes an encoder configured to determine a position of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

[0084] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the end effector drive section includes one or more flags configured to determine a position of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

[0085] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes at least one substrate detection sensor and a controller connected to the at least one substrate detection sensor, the controller configured to repeatedly move at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to the other of the first and second substrate support teeth in response to a null substrate detection signal from the at least one substrate detection sensor during the pick-up operation.

[0086] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the distance between the first and second substrate support teeth is variable to vary the substrate support sheet dimension span so that the substrate support sheet dimension span ranges between a minimum substrate support sheet dimension span and a maximum substrate support sheet dimension span, and so that at least one end effector picks up substrates having diameters in the range of 100 mm to 450 mm, and curved or warped substrates, using first and second substrate support teeth that are common to each pick-up.

[0087] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment a substrate processing apparatus includes:

[0088] The frame and

[0089] at least one substrate transport arm connected to the frame, the at least one substrate transport arm having at least one end effector, each end effector comprising:

[0090] a base configured to couple with each substrate transport arm;

[0091] a gripper attached to a base and having first and second substrate support teeth depending from the base, at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth being movable relative to the base, each of the first and second substrate support teeth having a respective substrate contact point configured to support a substrate held by the end effector between the respective substrate contact points of the first and second substrate support teeth at a substrate support sheet dimensional span between each of the first and second substrate support teeth, the gripper having more than one different substrate support sheet dimensional span common to the first and second substrate support teeth;

[0092] at least one substrate sensor connected to the base and configured to determine a substrate support sheet dimensional span between the first and second substrate support teeth from more than one different substrate support sheet dimensional span of the gripper, wherein the determination of the substrate support sheet dimensional span occurs with only one movement of the at least one substrate transport arm to pick up and grip a substrate at the substrate holding station;

[0093] and an end effector drive section configured to vary in situ a mutual distance between the first and second substrate support teeth based on the determined substrate support sheet dimensional span.

[0094] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the determination of the substrate support sheet dimension span is performed by the transport arm movement to pick up the substrate from the substrate holding station, simultaneously with the transport arm movement.

[0095] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment at least one substrate sensor is attached to each of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0096] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the at least one substrate sensor includes a camera mounted to the base and configured to image the one or more substrates at the substrate holding station.

[0097] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the at least one substrate sensor is configured to determine one or more substrate properties for each substrate at the substrate holding station.

[0098] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the at least one substrate sensor is configured to perform a determination of a substrate support sheet dimension span during mapping of the at least one substrate at the substrate holding station and prior to a pick-up operation of the at least one substrate transport arm.

[0099] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines include vacuum backside contacts.

[0100] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines include passive edge contacts.

[0101] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines include passive backside contacts.

[0102] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes third and fourth substrate support teeth having predetermined characteristics different from the first and second substrate support teeth, the first and second substrate support teeth being detachably coupled to the base so as to be interchangeable with the third and fourth substrate support teeth.

[0103] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the predetermined characteristic includes different substrate contacts.

[0104] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the first and second substrate support tines are pivotally mounted to the base.

[0105] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes a linear slide that movably couples at least one of the first and second substrate support tines to the base.

[0106] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes a frog-leg drive linkage coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0107] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes at least one drive link coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0108] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the end effector drive section includes a ball screw drive coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the first and second substrate support tines.

[0109] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes at least one stop member disposed on the base and configured to limit movement of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth.

[0110] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment the substrate processing apparatus further includes a controller coupled to the at least one substrate transport arm, the controller comprising:

[0111] Picking up and moving the substrate transport arm,

[0112] adjusting a mutual substrate support sheet size span between the first and second substrate support teeth to pick up a substrate having a nominal size larger than the predetermined substrate size; and

[0113] adjusting a mutual substrate support sheet size span between the first and second substrate support teeth to pick up substrates having a nominal size smaller than the predetermined substrate size.

[0114] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes a controller coupled to the at least one substrate transport arm and configured to move at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to one another.

[0115] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the end effector drive section includes an encoder configured to determine a position of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

[0116] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the end effector drive section includes one or more flags configured to determine a position of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

[0117] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes at least one substrate detection sensor and a controller connected to the at least one substrate detection sensor, the controller configured to repeatedly move at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to the other of the first and second substrate support teeth in response to a null substrate detection signal from the at least one substrate detection sensor during the pick-up operation.

[0118] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate processing apparatus further includes a controller configured to calculate and determine a substrate support sheet dimension span based on a signal from the at least one substrate sensor, and adjust the first and second substrate support teeth so that the distance between the respective substrate contact points of the first and second substrate support teeth is substantially identical to the determined substrate support sheet dimension span.

[0119] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the distance between the first and second substrate support teeth is variable to vary the substrate support sheet dimension span so that the substrate support sheet dimension span ranges between a minimum substrate support sheet dimension span and a maximum substrate support sheet dimension span, and so that at least one end effector picks up substrates having diameters in the range of 100 mm to 450 mm and curved or warped substrates using first and second substrate support teeth that are common to each pick-up.

[0120] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment a method for substrate processing comprises:

[0121] transporting a substrate having a first size using a common end effector of a substrate transport arm having a variable gripping configuration;

[0122] and transporting a substrate having a second size different from the first size using the common end effector.

[0123] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the first size is a nominal substrate dimension that is equal to or greater than a predetermined substrate dimension, and the variable gripping configuration of the common end effector is configured to pick up and transport substrates having the nominal substrate dimension, and further configured to use the common end effector to pick up substrates of the nominal substrate dimension from a substrate holding station configured for substrates of the first size and place substrates of the nominal substrate dimension to a substrate holding station configured for substrates of the first size.

[0124] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the second size is another nominal substrate size that is smaller than the predetermined substrate size, and the method further includes using the common end effector to place the substrate of the second size into a different substrate holding station configured to accept substrates of the other nominal substrate size but not substrates of the first size.

[0125] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the method further includes varying in situ a distance between the first and second substrate support teeth of the variable gripping configuration and varying a substrate support sheet dimension span between substrate contact points of the first and second substrate support teeth from a first substrate support sheet dimension span to a different second substrate support sheet dimension span.

[0126] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the method further includes determining a substrate support sheet dimension span of the substrates during mapping of the one or more substrates at the substrate holding station prior to picking up the one or more substrates from the substrate holding station.

[0127] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the method further includes determining a substrate support sheet dimension span for the substrate in accordance with an operation of the substrate transport arm to pick up and grip the substrate from the substrate holding station.

[0128] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the substrate support sheet dimensional span is determined at least in part by the movement of the substrate transport arm to pick up and grip the substrate from the substrate holding station.

[0129] It should be understood that the foregoing description is merely illustrative of aspects of the disclosed embodiments. Various alternatives and modifications may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the aspects of the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, aspects of the disclosed embodiments are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, the mere fact that different features are recited in mutually different dependent or independent claims does not indicate that a combination of these features cannot be used to advantage, as such combinations are within the scope of the inventive aspects.

Claims

1. a frame arranged to hold a substrate container having a respective stack of substrates therein; a substrate transport arm connected to the frame, the substrate transport arm having an end effector, the end effector comprising: a base configured to couple to the substrate transport arm; adjustable substrate support tines attached to and dependent from the base, the adjustable substrate support tines having substrate contacts configured to contact and support a substrate held by the end effector with each substrate contact of the adjustable substrate support tines at a substrate support sheet span dimension between the respective substrate contacts; a substrate transport arm having an end effector drive section configured to adjust a mutual distance between the adjustable substrate support teeth to a selected substrate support sheet span dimension based on the determination of the warp or bow for a selected substrate of the respective stacked substrates, move the end effector to a position within the substrate container directly below the selected substrate of the stacked substrates, lift and support the selected substrate of the stacked substrates with the end effector by moving the end effector upward, and re-move the selected substrate of the stacked substrates from the substrate container; A substrate processing apparatus comprising:

2. 10. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a camera positioned to view the stacked substrates through a side opening of the substrate container and capture a side profile of each of the stacked substrates, the image of the side profile of each of the stacked substrates providing a determination of an amount of warpage or bowing for the selected one of the stacked substrates.

3. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the camera is disposed on the substrate transport arm, the camera configured to determine the substrate support sheet span dimension in situ.

4. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the camera is attached to each of the adjustable substrate support tines.

5. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the camera mapping of the stacked substrates to determine the warpage or bowing of each of the stacked substrates is performed in part by imaging edges of the substrates.

6. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the camera is configured to determine one or more substrate characteristics for each of the stacked substrates.

7. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the camera is configured to determine the substrate support sheet span dimension during mapping of the stacked substrates and prior to a pick-up operation of the substrate transport arm.

8. 2. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the adjustable substrate support tines are removably coupled to the base so as to be interchangeable with other adjustable substrate support tines, the other adjustable substrate support tines having predetermined characteristics different from the adjustable substrate support tines.

9. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the different predetermined characteristics include different substrate contact points.

10. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the adjustable substrate support tines are pivotally mounted to the base.

11. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the end effector drive section includes a linear slide movably coupling at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines to the base.

12. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the end effector drive section further comprises a drive link coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines.

13. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the end effector drive section further comprises a ball screw drive coupled to the linear slide for moving at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines.

14. a controller connected to the substrate transport arm; The controller Picking up and moving the substrate transport arm, adjusting the substrate support sheet span dimension to pick up substrates of nominal dimensions larger than the given substrate dimension; and adjusting the substrate support sheet span dimension to pick up substrates of nominal dimensions smaller than the predetermined substrate dimension; The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1 , configured to perform one or more of the following:

15. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a controller connected to the substrate transport arm and configured to move at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines to change the substrate support sheet span dimension.

16. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the end effector drive section includes an encoder configured to determine a position of at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

17. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the end effector drive section includes one or more flags configured to determine a position of at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

18. 3. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 2, further comprising: a camera and a controller connected to the camera, the controller configured to repeatedly move at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines relative to another of the adjustable substrate support tines in response to a null substrate detection signal from the camera during a pick operation.

19. 2. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the distance between the adjustable substrate support teeth is changed to change the substrate support sheet span dimension so that the substrate support sheet span dimension is in a range between a minimum substrate support sheet span dimension and a maximum substrate support sheet span dimension, and so that the end effector picks up substrates having diameters in the range of 100 mm to 450 mm and curved or warped substrates using the adjustable substrate support teeth that are common to each pick-up.

20. a frame arranged to hold a substrate container having a respective stack of substrates therein; a substrate transport arm connected to the frame, the substrate transport arm having an end effector, the end effector comprising: a base configured to couple to the substrate transport arm; a gripper having adjustable substrate support tines attached to the base, each of the adjustable substrate support tines having a substrate contact configured to contact and support a substrate held by the end effector with a substrate support sheet span dimension between the respective substrate contacts of the adjustable substrate support tines; a substrate transport arm having an end effector drive section configured to adjust a mutual distance between the adjustable substrate support teeth to a selected substrate support sheet span dimension based on the determination of the bow or curvature for a selected substrate of each of the stacked substrates, move the end effector to a position within the substrate container directly below the selected substrate of the stacked substrates, lift and support the selected substrate of the stacked substrates with the end effector by moving the end effector upward, and re-move the selected substrate of the stacked substrates from the substrate container; A substrate processing apparatus comprising:

21. 21. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20, further comprising a camera positioned to view the stacked substrates through a side opening of the substrate container and capture a side profile of each of the stacked substrates, the image of the side profile of each of the stacked substrates providing a determination of an amount of warpage or bowing for the selected one of the stacked substrates.

22. 21. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20, wherein the substrate support sheet span dimension determination is performed in situ by a transport arm movement to pick up a substrate from a substrate holding station, simultaneously with the transport arm movement.

23. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the camera is slaved to the end effector.

24. 22. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the camera is configured to map the stack of substrates, in part, by imaging edges of the substrates, to determine the warpage or bowing of each of the stack of substrates.

25. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the camera is configured to determine one or more substrate characteristics for each of the stacked substrates.

26. 26. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 25, wherein the camera is configured to determine the substrate support sheet span dimension during mapping of the stacked substrates and prior to a pick operation of the substrate transport arm.

27. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the substrate contacts of each of the adjustable substrate support tines include at least one of a vacuum backside contact, a passive edge contact, and a passive backside contact.

28. 21. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20, wherein the adjustable substrate support tines are removably coupled to the base so as to be interchangeable with other adjustable substrate support tines, the other adjustable substrate support tines having different predetermined characteristics than the adjustable substrate support tines.

29. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 28 , wherein the different predetermined characteristics include different substrate contact points.

30. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the adjustable substrate support tines are pivotally mounted to the base.

31. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the end effector drive section includes a linear slide that movably couples at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines to the base.

32. a controller connected to the substrate transport arm; The controller Picking up and moving the substrate transport arm, adjusting a mutual substrate support sheet span dimension between the adjustable substrate support tines to pick up substrates of a nominal size larger than a predetermined substrate size; and adjusting a mutual substrate support sheet span dimension between said adjustable substrate support tines to pick up substrates of a nominal size smaller than a predetermined substrate size; The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20 configured to perform one or more of the following:

33. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the end effector drive section includes one or more flags configured to determine a position of at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines relative to a predetermined position of the end effector.

34. 22. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a camera and a controller connected to the camera, the controller configured to repeatedly move at least one of the adjustable substrate support tines relative to another of the adjustable substrate support tines in response to a null substrate detection signal from the camera during a pick operation.

35. 22. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 21, further comprising a controller configured to calculate and determine the substrate support sheet span dimension based on the signal from the camera, and adjust the adjustable substrate support tines so that the distance between the respective substrate contact points of the adjustable substrate support tines is substantially the same as the determined substrate support sheet span dimension.

36. 21. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 20, wherein the distance between the adjustable substrate support teeth is changed to change the substrate support sheet span dimension so that the substrate support sheet span dimension is in a range between a minimum substrate support sheet span dimension and a maximum substrate support sheet span dimension, and so that the end effector picks up substrates having diameters in the range of 100 mm to 450 mm and curved or warped substrates using the adjustable substrate support teeth that are common to each pick-up.

37. 1. A method for substrate processing, comprising: A substrate processing apparatus is provided, comprising: a frame arranged to hold a substrate container having a respective stack of substrates therein; a substrate transport arm connected to the frame, the substrate transport arm having an end effector, the end effector comprising: a base configured to couple to the substrate transport arm; a gripper having first and second substrate support teeth attached to the base, at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth being movable relative to the base, each of the first and second substrate support teeth having a substrate contact, the substrate contacts configured to contact and support a substrate held by the end effector with a substrate support sheet span dimension between the respective substrate contacts; a substrate transport arm having and providing a substrate processing apparatus having: using an end effector drive section to change a mutual distance between the first and second substrate support teeth to a selected substrate support sheet span dimension based on determining one or more amounts of bow and curvature of a selected substrate from each of the stacked substrates; moving the end effector to a position within the substrate container directly below the selected substrate from the stacked substrates; lifting and supporting the selected substrate from the stacked substrates by the end effector by moving the end effector upward; and re-moving the selected substrate from the substrate container. A method comprising:

38. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising: determining the amount of one or more of the warpage and curvature for the selected one of the stacked substrates using a camera positioned to view the stacked substrates through a side opening of the substrate container and capture a side profile of the each stacked substrate.

39. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the substrate support sheet span dimension determination is performed in situ by a transport arm movement to pick up the substrate from a substrate holding station, simultaneously with the transport arm movement.

40. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the camera is slaved to the end effector.

41. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the camera mapping of the stacked substrates to determine one or more of the warp and bow of each of the stacked substrates is performed in part by imaging edges of the substrates.

42. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising using the camera to determine one or more substrate characteristics for each of the stacked substrates.

43. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising using the camera to determine the substrate support sheet span dimension during mapping of the stacked substrates and prior to a pick operation of the substrate transport arm.

44. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the respective substrate contacts of the first and second substrate support tines comprise at least one of a vacuum backside contact, a passive edge contact, and a passive backside contact.

45. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising providing third and fourth substrate support teeth having predetermined characteristics different from the first and second substrate support teeth, the first and second substrate support teeth being detachably coupled to the base so as to be interchangeable with the third and fourth substrate support teeth.

46. 46. ​​The method of claim 45, wherein the different predetermined characteristics include different substrate contacts.

47. The method of claim 37 , wherein the first and second substrate support tines are pivotally mounted to the base.

48. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the end effector drive section comprises a linear slide movably coupling at least one of the first and second substrate support tines to the base.

49. a controller connected to the substrate transport arm; Using the controller, Picking up and moving the substrate transport arm, adjusting the substrate support sheet span dimension relative to one another between the first and second substrate support teeth to pick up a substrate having a nominal size greater than a predetermined substrate size; and adjusting the substrate support sheet span dimension relative to one another between the first and second substrate support teeth to pick up substrates having a nominal size smaller than a predetermined substrate size; 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising performing one or more of:

50. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising determining a position of at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to a predetermined position of the end effector using one or more flags of the end effector drive section.

51. 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising using the camera and a controller connected to the camera to repeatedly move at least one of the first and second substrate support teeth relative to the other of the first and second substrate support teeth in response to a null substrate detection signal from the camera during a pick-up operation.

52. 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising using a controller to calculate and determine the substrate support sheet span dimension based on the signal from the camera, and adjusting the first and second substrate support teeth so that the distance between the respective substrate contact points of the first and second substrate support teeth is substantially the same as the determined substrate support sheet span dimension.

53. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the mutual distance between the first and second substrate support teeth is changed to change the substrate support sheet span dimension so that the substrate support sheet span dimension is in a range between a minimum substrate support sheet span dimension and a maximum substrate support sheet span dimension, and so that the end effector picks up substrates having diameters in the range of 100 mm to 450 mm and curved or warped substrates using the first and second substrate support teeth that are common to each pick-up.

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