Apparatus and method for dispensing air treatment substances

Abstract

Disclosed herein are devices and methods for dispersing at least one air treatment substance, kits including the devices, and uses of the devices to repel and / or kill pests in indoor or outdoor areas.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to devices and methods for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, kits including the devices, and the use of the devices to repel and / or kill pests in indoor or outdoor areas. [Background technology]

[0002] Mosquito and vector-borne diseases are a global problem. Various devices have been developed to dispense air treatment substances to combat mosquitoes, including insecticides and insect repellents. Some of these devices mix the air treatment substances with candle wax so that they are released when the candle is burning. However, when mixed directly with candle wax, the heat of the flame decomposes many air treatment substances and / or they are released too quickly, making them inefficient. Furthermore, many existing devices are designed for indoor use and are not effective in larger spaces or outdoors.

[0003] Thus, there is an unmet need for lower cost, easier to use air treatment devices for releasing air treatment substances, such as insecticides or repellents, that provide a relatively long lifespan, and / or that are effective for treating larger areas or spaces, such as outdoors, with air treatment substances to combat insects. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Provided herein is an apparatus for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a heat source, a composition including the air treatment substance, and an upper section, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition, and the upper section is positioned to block or inhibit vertical flow of the at least one air treatment substance when the composition is heated.

[0005] Also provided herein is a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a top (1) and a housing (3), the housing (3) comprising: A base (11) and at least one side (12), At least one side (12) is disposed between the base (11) and the top (1), and the device has an interior space at least partially surrounded by a housing (3); The housing (3) is configured to receive a heat source (2) on or above an upper surface of the housing base (11); the device further comprises a holder (7) configured to receive a composition comprising at least one air treatment substance (4b); and The device is further configured to receive a heat source (2) and a composition (4b) such that the heat source (2) can apply heat to the composition (4b).

[0006] Also provided herein is a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a top (1) and a housing (3), the housing (3) comprising at least one side (12), At least one side (12) is disposed between the outer surface and the top (1) when the device is placed on the outer surface, and the device has an interior space at least partially surrounded by the housing (3); the device further comprises a holder (7) configured to receive a composition comprising at least one air treatment substance (4b); and The device is further configured to receive a composition (4b) such that a heat source (2) located on the exterior surface can apply heat to the composition (4b).

[0007] In one embodiment, the top (1) is fixed or removable from the housing (3). In one embodiment, the top (1) is positioned to block or inhibit the vertical flow of at least one air treatment substance from the composition (4b) received by the holder (7) when the composition (4b) is heated.

[0008] In one embodiment, the device further comprises at least one side opening (5) provided in the top (1) and / or at least one side (12) to allow or direct lateral or horizontal flow of the at least one air treatment substance through the at least one side opening (5).

[0009] In one embodiment, holder (7) is positioned between top (1) and the base or outer surface of housing (11). In one embodiment, holder (7) comprises openings or recesses (21) formed to receive and hold pods (4) comprising compositions to be placed within receptacles (4a) and receptacles (4b).

[0010] In one embodiment, the device further comprises a second holder (13) configured to receive the heat source (2). In one embodiment, the second holder (13) is located between the first holder (7) and the base (11) or above the outer surface.

[0011] In one embodiment, the device is configured to receive a heat source (2) and a composition (4b) such that the heat source (2) applies a sufficient amount of heat to the composition (4b) to produce a desired release rate of the air treatment substance.

[0012] In one embodiment, the device further comprises a heat source (2). In one embodiment, the heat source (2) comprises a candle, optionally with at least one additive, disposed in a container containing 100-150 g of wax. In one embodiment, the heat source (2) is capable of heating the composition including at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 140-220°C.

[0013] In one embodiment, the holder (7) holds a pod (4) including a container (4a) and a composition (4b) disposed within the container. In one embodiment, the composition (4b) includes at least one air treatment substance, a matrix, and optionally at least one additive. In one embodiment, the matrix includes an inert solid material, and the matrix is ​​optionally immiscible with the at least one air treatment substance that melts partially or completely above 50°C.

[0014] In one embodiment, the matrix is ​​a wax. In one embodiment, the at least one air treatment substance is at a concentration of about 0.03 to 20%, where such percentage is defined as the amount or mass of the air treatment substance divided by the amount or mass of the matrix. In one embodiment, the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of a volatile pest control active ingredient, a fragrance, a natural essential oil, a deodorizer, an allergen control ingredient, a disinfectant, and a sanitizer.

[0015] In one embodiment, the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of dimefluthrin, profluthrin, transfluthrin, furamethrin, metofluthrin, allethrin, prallethrin, fenothrin, permethrin, meperfluthrin, momfluorothrin, flumethrin, imiprothrin, and tetramethrin, or a combination thereof.

[0016] In one embodiment, composition (4b) comprises about 10 mg to 1 g of the air treating substance and about 5 g to 25 g of wax.

[0017] In one embodiment, the device further comprises a fan (10) that increases the flow of the at least one air treatment substance through at least one side opening (5) of the device.

[0018] Also provided herein is the use of the devices discussed herein to repel and / or kill pests in indoor or outdoor areas.

[0019] Also provided herein is a method for discharging at least one air treatment substance, the method comprising: (a) placing a heat source in an interior space of a device, the device comprising a top and a housing, the housing comprising at least one side, the at least one side being disposed between the top and the base or exterior surface when the device is placed upright on the exterior surface, the interior space of the device being at least partially enclosed by the housing, the device further comprising a holder configured to receive a composition comprising at least one air treatment substance, and the device further configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition; (b) placing a pod in a holder of the device, the pod including a pod container and a composition disposed within the container, the composition including at least one air treatment substance; (c) heating a composition comprising the matrix and the at least one air treatment substance with heat from a heat source to release the at least one air treatment substance into the surrounding air. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1A] 1A-1C show different views of this embodiment of a lantern-like device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, and are simplified cross-sectional views including a frame or housing for receiving a candle heat source, a holder for receiving a pod containing at least one air treatment substance, and a top or lid having side opening(s) / vent(s) for controlling the flow of the air treatment substance to the surroundings. [Figure 1B] 1A-1C show different views of this embodiment of a lantern-like device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance; FIG. 1D shows another view of the device comprising a frame or housing and a pod positioned in a holder connected to the frame or housing; [Figure 1C]1A-1C show different views of this embodiment of a lantern-like device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance: A simplified cross-sectional view of the top or lid and top of the frame or housing of the device showing the position of the top or lid relative to the frame or housing when placed on the frame or housing in a closed position to redirect the flow of air treatment substance through the side opening(s) or vent(s) in the top or lid. [Figure 1D] 1 shows different views of this embodiment of a lantern-like device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance;FIG. 2 is a top view of the lid or top of the device, showing multiple side openings or vents in the lid or top; [Figure 2A] 1 is a collection of different views of another embodiment of a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, the device having a holder for receiving a pod containing a composition having the air treatment substance, the holder being attached to the top or lid of the device. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a lantern device with the top / lid in a closed position having a candle heat source and side opening(s) / vent(s). [Figure 2B] 1 is a collection of different views of another embodiment of a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, the device having a holder for receiving a pod containing a composition having the air treatment substance, the holder being attached to the top or lid of the device. FIG. 2 is a bottom view of a lantern device showing that the top surface of the base of the housing includes a recess formed to receive a candle heat source. [Figure 2C] 1 is a collection of different views of another embodiment of a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, the device having a holder for receiving a pod containing a composition having the air treatment substance, the holder being attached to the top or lid of the device. [Figure 3A]10A-10C show different views of another embodiment of a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance. This is a perspective view of a device having a round / cylindrical frame or housing and an open area for accessing the interior of the device for removing or placing a candle heat source, the device further configured to receive a pod in a top opening or hole in the device frame or housing and a lid resting on an upper outer rim or edge of the device frame or housing, and the side(s) of the frame or housing are provided with a vent or opening above the pod placement area. [Figure 3B] 3A and 3B show different views of another embodiment of an apparatus for dispensing at least one air treatment substance; [Figure 4A] Illustrates different shapes and configurations of pods / pod containers. Illustrates different possible shapes of pods / pod containers (i.e., round, square). [Figure 4B] 1 shows different shapes and configurations of pods / pod containers. 1 shows a pod container with multiple compartments (double compartment) having subpart 1 and subpart 2. [Figure 5A] Different top / lid design possibilities are shown. All lids prevent the air treatment substance plume from flowing vertically, but different designs help direct the plume in different lateral or horizontal directions. A convex top / lid shape is shown, directing at least one air treatment substance plume laterally and upward. The shape of the lid depends on its specific characteristics, and its purpose is always to direct the plume toward the area to be protected. [Figure 5B] Different top / lid design possibilities are shown. All lids prevent the air treatment substance plume from flowing vertically, but different designs serve to direct the plume in different lateral or horizontal directions. A flat top / lid shape is shown, with at least one air treatment substance plume traversing horizontally. The shape of the lid depends on its specific characteristics, and its purpose is always to direct the plume toward the area to be protected. [Figure 5C]Different top / lid design possibilities are shown. All lids prevent the air treatment substance plume from flowing vertically, but different designs help direct the plume in different lateral or horizontal directions. A concave top / lid shape is shown that directs at least one air treatment substance plume laterally and downward. The shape of the lid depends on its specific characteristics, and its purpose is always to direct the plume toward the area to be protected. [Figure 6] 1 shows an exploded view of the device having a fan to further assist in directing the at least one air treatment substance plume, the fan can be powered or simply rotated using flame heat, the insertion of the fan increasing the air treatment substance plume velocity / area coverage. The fan is shown inserted between the top / lid and the frame or housing that includes a holder for a pod containing at least one air treatment substance. [Figure 7] 1 is a graph showing indoor efficacy testing of pods containing a composition including TFL and wax heated on a hot plate. The graph shows good efficacy when the pods containing TFL and wax are heated to 118°C to 147°C. [Figure 8] 1 is a graph showing the length of time that various pods containing transfluthrin and wax are heated to high temperatures. [Figure 9A] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of transfluthrin characterizing the release profile of transfluthrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9B] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of meperfluthrin characterizing the release profile of meperfluthrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9C] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of dimefluthrin characterizing the release profile of dimefluthrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9D] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of prallethrin characterizing the release profile of prallethrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9E] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of imiprothrin, characterizing the release profile of imiprothrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9F] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of tetramethrin characterizing the release profile of tetramethrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9G] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of flumethrin characterizing the release profile of flumethrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9H] Figure 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials.Figure 2 shows TGA measurements of Momfluorothrin characterizing the release profile of Momfluorothrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 9I] 1 shows TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurements of different air treatment materials. 2 shows TGA measurements of Metofluthrin characterizing the release profile of Metofluthrin as a function of temperature. [Figure 10] 1 is a first elevational view of one embodiment of a device according to the present disclosure, the device comprising a body, a base, and a lid. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a second elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. [Figure 12] FIG. 11 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. [Figure 13] FIG. 11 is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. [Figure 14] FIG. 1 is a top view of the device of the present disclosure with the lid removed. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus of the present disclosure. [Figure 16] 11 is a perspective view of the embodiment of the device of FIG. 10 with the panel opened. [Figure 17] FIG. 1 is a first elevational view of a second embodiment of a device including a lid, a body, and a base according to the present disclosure. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a second elevational view of the second embodiment of the device of FIG. 17. [Figure 19] FIG. 18 is a top view of a second embodiment of the device of FIG. 17. [Figure 20] FIG. 18 is a top view of the second embodiment of the device of FIG. 17 with the lid removed. [Figure 21] FIG. 18 is a first perspective view of a second embodiment of the device of FIG. 17. [Figure 22] FIG. 18 is a second perspective view of the second embodiment of the device of FIG. 17 with an open panel. [Figure 23] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pod according to the present disclosure. [Figure 24] FIG. 18 is an exploded view of the second embodiment of the present disclosure of FIG. 17. [Figure 25] FIG. 18 is a second exploded view of the second embodiment of the present disclosure of FIG. 17. [Figure 26] FIG. 10 is a first elevational view of a second embodiment of an apparatus having a heat source. [Figure 27] FIG. 10 is a second elevational view of the second embodiment of the device having a heat source. [Figure 28] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the device of the present disclosure. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 is a partial perspective view of a third embodiment of the device of FIG. 28. [Figure 30] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the device of the present disclosure. [Figure 31] FIG. 31 is a bottom exploded view of the fourth embodiment of the device of FIG. 30. [Figure 32] FIG. 31 is a top view of a pod for use with the fourth embodiment of the device of FIG. 30. [Figure 33] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of the device of the present disclosure. [Figure 34] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the device of FIG. 24. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021]

[0023] The embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings identified above. However, the embodiments described herein are merely exemplary and do not represent the full scope of the present invention, nor do they limit the scope of the present invention. It should be understood that various modifications of the present invention are possible without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

[0022] Different embodiments of the device for dispensing air treatment substances discussed herein are shown in Figures 1-6. As shown in Figure 1A, one embodiment of the device includes a top / lid (1), a housing / frame (3) having a base (11) and at least one side (12), a heat source (2) disposed on or above the top surface of the base of the housing (11), and a holder (7) configured to receive a pod (4) containing a composition (4b) including at least one air treatment substance, such that the device receives the heat source (2) and the pod (4) such that the heat source (2) can apply heat to the composition (4b) within the pod (4). The housing / frame (3) is configured to receive the heat source (2) between the holder (7) and the base of the housing (11). Various embodiments can also have one or more side openings or vents (5) to aid in dispersing the air treatment substance in a desired direction.

[0023] As seen in Figures 1-3, for example, a device according to this embodiment can include a housing or frame (3) that at least partially or completely surrounds or can enclose the heat source (2) to protect the heat source (2) from the elements, e.g., wind or air movement, minimize potential fluctuations in heating capacity, and / or for decorative or aesthetic appeal. Also seen in Figures 1-3, for example, a device according to this embodiment can include a holder (7) for receiving the pod (4) in a fixed or fixed position relative to the frame or housing (3), the heat source (2), and / or a top or lid (1) through which the heat source (2) can apply heat to the pod (4). Because heat generally rises from the heat source (2), such a position of the pod (4) and holder (7) is generally a distance above the heat source (2), and the distance between the heat source (2) and the pod (4) can affect or be used to determine the amount of heat from the heat source (2) applied to the pod (4) containing the composition. In addition to the holder (7) defining and ensuring the correct placement or positioning of the pod (4) within the device and relative to the heat source (2), the internal space, housing, or chamber of the device can also define and ensure the correct placement or positioning of the heat source (2) within the space, housing, or chamber of the device relative to the pod (4). The heat source (2) can be placed on an exterior surface on which the device also rests, or on the base (11) of the device, to support the heat source (2) in a predefined or intended position for proper heating of the pod (4). The holder can be integral with and / or connected to one or more side(s) of the frame or housing (e.g., as shown in Figures 1, 3, or 6), or integral with and / or connected to the top or lid (e.g., as shown in Figure 2). As can be seen more clearly in Figures 2B and 2C, for example, the holder can include a ring that connects to the top or lid of the device, such as via a fastener or clip as shown.However, there are many different suitable sizes and shapes of holders (depending on the size and shape of the corresponding pod), as well as many different attachment configurations (fixed or reversible) for connecting the holder to a top or lid, or frame or housing.

[0024] For example, as seen in Figures 1-3, the frame or housing (3) of the device according to this embodiment can also serve to conduct heat from the heat source (2) to the pod (4), which can then warm and melt the matrix of the composition within the pod (4). The frame or housing of the device can also increase the temperature within the interior space, enclosure, or chamber of the device to provide more effective and / or efficient heating of the pod by the heat source. The housing or frame can come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The frame or housing (3) of the device may have a continuous side having a rounded or curved shape, such as a round, circular, or oval shape, other irregularly rounded or curved shape, when viewed in horizontal cross-section when placed upright on a surface, or may have any number of sides (e.g., three or more sides, four or more sides, etc.), such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or more side portions, each having a shape such as a triangle, square, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, or any polygon, including any shape consisting of a combination of straight and / or curved side portions, when viewed in cross-section from above. For example, one embodiment of the device is shown in FIG. 3 as having a cylindrical or round or circular shape in horizontal cross-section when placed upright on a surface with one continuous side of the frame or housing (3). Other examples of devices of this embodiment are shown in Figures 1 and 2 as having a rectangular or square shape with four sides that are exactly, nearly, or approximately perpendicular to one another. Each side of the device's frame or housing can be flat, planar, curved, or twisted and can form a variety of acceptable angles with the adjacent side(s) of the device's frame or housing, depending on the overall shape of the device and the number of sides of the frame or housing.If the frame or housing of the device has a base, the base can have a shape that is the same as, similar to, or dependent on the shape of the bottom or edge of the side of the frame or housing of the device, but the base of the device can also have a different shape than the bottom or edge of the side of the frame or housing and / or can extend or protrude outward beyond the side of the device.

[0025] The base, housing, or frame and top or lid of the device according to this embodiment may comprise or be made, in whole or in part, of metal, alloy, plastic, glass ceramic, or other solid material, or a combination thereof, provided that the material is suitable for higher temperatures. The frame may further include doors, windows, or openings, and / or mesh or other porous materials that may not be considered solid. Generally, the components of the device of the present disclosure should be made of non-combustible solid materials. For device or housing / frame embodiments having a circular or round shape, the dimensions of the device and housing / frame can be described by the diameter in a horizontal plane when the device is placed upright on a surface. In some embodiments, the device or housing / frame having a round or circular shape can have a diameter in the range of about 1 cm to 30 cm, preferably in the range of about 1 cm to 20 cm, and more preferably in the range of about 3 cm to 15 cm, and / or a height in the range of about 5 cm to 30 cm, preferably in the range of about 6 cm to 25 cm, and more preferably in the range of about 7 cm to 20 cm. In some embodiments, for devices or housings / frames having a square, rectangular, or polygonal shape, the dimensions of the housing may be defined by the dimension(s) of its side. For example, the sides of a square or rectangular shaped device may have a width in the range of about 2 cm to 20 cm, preferably in the range of about 3 cm to 18 cm, more preferably in the range of about 4 cm to 16 cm, and / or a height in the range of about 5 cm to 30 cm, preferably in the range of about 6 cm to 25 cm, more preferably in the range of about 7 cm to 20 cm. The device or housing / frame may also be defined by the area dimensions (e.g., surface area) of the side(s) and / or base of the housing / frame of the device. In one embodiment, the area dimensions of the side(s) of the housing / frame are approximately 1 cm. 2 ~3000cm 2 range, preferably about 10 cm 2 ~1000cm 2 or more preferably about 20 cm 2 ~200cm 2and / or a height in the range of about 5 cm to 30 cm, or preferably about 7 cm to 20 cm. The angle between adjacent sides of the frame or housing of the device in a horizontal cross section when the device is upright on a surface may vary depending on the size and shape of the device and the number of sides. The angles between different sides of the frame or housing may be the same, similar, or nearly the same for regular polygons, or may be different for more irregular shapes.

[0026] The disclosed device can include one or more sides or at least one side. The sides of the frame or housing can form a solid support or structure, which may have one or more openings in the solid support structure or support surrounding the opening(s), with or without a mesh or porous material or structure covering or spanning the opening(s). The side solid support or structure can be transparent, translucent, opaque, or non-transparent, and can be composed of, for example, glass, metal, alloy, plastic (e.g., polycarbonate or other heat-resistant plastic), or ceramic material, or any combination thereof. As one example, the side of the device's frame or housing may include a first solid support or structure and a second solid support or structure, where the first solid support or structure includes a non-transparent material and the second solid support or structure includes a transparent, translucent, or opaque material that can function as a window or light source or provide a decorative glow, and the second solid support or structure may cover an area of ​​the side not covered by the first solid support or structure (e.g., at least around the periphery of the side). As described above, the side of the frame or housing structure may help direct heat generated from the heat source to the pod while minimizing heat loss and / or help direct the air treatment substance plume in a desired lateral direction. Figure 1A shows an example of a device with a second solid support or structure on the side that functions as a window (6), which may be made of a plastic (e.g., polycarbonate) or glass material. For example, as seen in Figure 1B, the frame or housing of the device may include multiple sides (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.) with windows (6), and / or at least one side (12) of the device may have a door (8) for accessing the interior space of the device. Instead of a door, devices according to some embodiments may have an open area in at least one side (12) of the device for accessing the interior space of the device for placing or replacing a heat source (e.g., a candle).

[0027] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the top or lid (1) of the device may be removable and rest on a housing or frame (3) (see, e.g., FIGS. 1 and 3), or may be secured to and / or be an integral part of the housing or frame (not shown). As seen in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the top or lid (3) may be shaped to generally match the size and shape of an outer rim or edge on the upper portion of the frame or housing to enclose the space above the holder (and the pod when placed in the holder). The interior space above the holder (16) may be (i) continuous with a portion (17) of the interior space below the holder that is at least partially enclosed by the housing or frame, or (ii) separated by the holder (and the pod when placed in the holder) from the interior space below the holder (and the pod when placed in the holder) that is at least partially enclosed by the housing or frame (17). The top or lid (1) can have a latching projection (18) on the bottom of the top or lid (1) to facilitate handling and assist in secure and proper placement and positioning of the top or lid (1) onto the frame or housing (3) of the device. In the embodiment of Figure 3, the latching projection (18) on the bottom of the top or lid (1) rests on an outer rim or edge on the upper part of the frame or housing. Alternatively, as shown for the embodiment of Figure 1, the latching projection on the bottom of the top or lid can rest on the holder (7) of the device, and the placement of the top or lid (1) can be determined and guided by an upward projection (19) from the holder (7) or frame / housing (3), which may be slightly undersized relative to the latching projection on the bottom of the top or lid (1) (as shown) or slightly oversized relative to the latching projection on the bottom of the top or lid (1) (not shown). Either or both of the latching projections on the top or lid (1) and / or the upward projections on the holder (7) or frame / housing (3) may be continuous or interrupted along their periphery.

[0028] 1C and 5, the top or lid (1) is positioned to block or inhibit the vertical flow of at least one air treatment substance emitted from the pod (4) received by the holder (7) when the composition within the pod is heated by the heat source (2), and helps guide the at least one air treatment substance to exit the device in one or more lateral directions relative to the ground through at least one side opening or vent (5) (as shown in FIG. 1) of the device near the top of the device's frame or housing (3) (as shown in FIG. 3). Without the top or lid (1), the air treatment substance would be emitted, especially given that it is heated, and would rise vertically through the air, resulting in little or no lateral diffusion of the air treatment substance within the surrounding space relatively close to and parallel to the ground and within spaces around or occupied by the people the device is intended to benefit or protect. By placing the top or lid on the frame or housing of the device, the air treatment substance can be directed to exit the device more laterally relative to the ground through one or more side openings or vents in the frame or housing and / or the top or lid to treat a desired space or area in the location where the device is placed and used, which may be defined as the space or area surrounding the device, or the space or area around or occupied by people that is below or mostly below a certain height from the floor or ground, for example, less than or most of 10 meters, 9 meters, 8 meters, 7 meters, 6 meters, 5 meters, 4 meters, 3 meters, 2 meters, or 1 meter above the floor or ground, for example, within or most of a height range of about 0 meters to about 10 meters, within or most of a height range of about 1 meter to about 5 meters, within or most of a height range of about 1 meter to about 3 meters, etc. The top or lid (1) can be made of any solid material, such as a material selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, polymer, ceramic, glass, or alloy, or any combination thereof.The top or lid (1) can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or design such that the top or lid (1) generally, partially, or completely covers the top of the frame or housing and can direct the flow or plume of air treatment substance in a desired lateral direction through one or more side openings or vents in the frame / housing or top of the device. The top or lid of the device can have a variety of shapes, such as round, square, or other three-dimensional shapes (or two-dimensional shapes when viewed in cross section). For example, as shown in Figures 1-3, 5, and 6, the top or lid may have a generally round or square shape. The top or lid of the device can also be described in terms of the shape of its interior or internal surface, which may include flat, convex, concave, pyramidal, conical, or other designs or shapes (see, for example, the embodiment of Figure 5). As seen in Figure 5, different shapes of the interior surface of the top or lid can provide different types of expansion. For example, a convex shape (15a) may direct the flow or plume laterally upward, a flat shape (15b) may direct the flow or plume more laterally or horizontally, and a concave shape (15c) may direct the flow or plume laterally downward. Generally, the objective is to direct the air treatment substance to flow into an area desired to be protected, which may be generally laterally or downwardly, even when the device is placed on or near the ground, to counter the tendency of the heated air treatment substance to rise upward until it cools. Thus, according to some embodiments, a flat shape (15b) or a concave shape (15c) may be the preferred contour or shape for the interior or inner surface of the top or lid of the device to help guide or direct the flow of the air treatment substance in a generally laterally direction.

[0029] In one embodiment, the top or lid can have a simple or flat design (e.g., a stainless steel plate on top of the pod), or a more "engineered" top or lid designed to not only help direct the hot plume or flow of air containing the air treatment substance, but also to diffuse or distribute the air treatment substance in a more complex manner (e.g., a lid or top with a chimney structure) that cools the plume or air flow so that the air treatment substance is less likely to rise and instead can slow or diffuse more laterally on its own (e.g., by converting the heat flow to kinetic energy or diffusing adiabatically, thereby better dispersing the air treatment substance to the desired surrounding area). More complex or engineered lid designs can be made, for example, via 3D printing, injection or molding, extrusion, or other methods known in the art.

[0030] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the device may have at least one side opening or vent (5) in the top or lid (1) (see, e.g., FIG. 1), in at least one side(s) (12) of the frame or housing (see, e.g., FIG. 3), and / or in the gap or space between the top or lid and the upper edge or rim (not shown) of the housing or frame, to direct or guide the flow of air treatment substance exiting the device in a generally lateral or horizontal direction (e.g., to create a sufficiently effective concentration of air treatment substance within a desired treatment area, within a limited distance above the ground or floor (e.g., such desired treatment area being within a range of about 0 m to about 3 m above the ground or floor)). According to some embodiments, the side opening or vent may comprise a hole, opening, or aperture, which may be present in various shapes, and which may be present on the side of the top or lid of the device, or on the side of the frame or housing. Alternatively, according to some embodiments, the side openings or vents may be formed as recesses, notches, or indentations in the exterior or upper rim or edge of the frame or housing (or its sides), or the exterior or lower rim or edge of the top or lid. For example, as seen in Figures 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, at least one side opening(s) or vent(s) (5) is typically positioned or can be positioned above and / or laterally of the placement of the pod and composition including the air treatment substance. Thus, for example, as shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, at least one side opening(s) or vent(s) may be positioned or can be positioned above and / or laterally of the holder (7) configured to receive the pod (4) including the composition including at least one air treatment substance (4b).

[0031] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a wide variety of different suitable sizes and shapes for the holder (depending on the size and shape of the corresponding pod) and many different attachment configurations (fixed or reversible) for connecting the holder to the top or lid or to the frame or housing are possible. According to one embodiment, the device holder (7) may be placed in a variety of different locations within the housing or frame (3) or top or lid (1). Because heat generally rises from the heat source (2), such locations of the pod (4) and holder (7) are generally at a distance above the heat source (2), and the distance between the heat source (2) and the pod (4) can affect or be used to determine the amount of heat from the heat source (2) applied to the composition-containing pod (4). For example, as can be seen in Figures 1-3 and 6, the holder (7) configured to receive the pod (4) is generally placed above the base of the housing (11), if present (or above the exterior surface, if the device is placed on the exterior surface), and may be placed between the top (1) and the base (11) (or exterior surface).

[0032] The holder may be integral with and / or connected to one or more side(s) of the frame or housing (e.g., as shown in Figures 1, 3, or 6) or to the top or lid (e.g., as shown in Figure 2). As seen more clearly in Figures 2B and 2C, for example, the holder may include a ring that connects to the top or lid of the device, such as via a fastener or clip as shown. Alternatively, the holder can span one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or all sides of the housing or frame, as seen in Figures 1, 3, or 6. As seen in Figures 1-3, the holder (7) may also include a plate or sheet surrounding an opening or recess (21) shaped to receive and hold a container (4a) and a pod (4) containing a composition (4b) disposed within the container. The opening or recess of the holder (21) can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or design for holding the container (4a) of the pod (4), i.e., generally round, square, or any other desired shape to fit the shape of the container (4a) of the pod (4) (see FIG. 4). For example, as shown in FIGS. 1-4, the opening or recess of the holder (21) may have a generally round or square shape. The holder (7) can be made of any solid material, such as a material selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, polymer, ceramic, glass, or alloy, or a combination thereof. The holder (and the pod when placed in the holder) (7) can separate the interior space above the holder (16) from the interior space at least partially enclosed by the housing or frame below the holder (17) (FIG. 1), or the interior space above the holder (16) can be continuous with the portion of the interior space partially enclosed by the housing or frame below the holder (17) (FIG. 2).

[0033] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the device may also include a second holder (13) configured to receive a heat source (2). (See FIG. 2.) The second holder may also have a wide variety of different suitable sizes and shapes (depending on the size and shape of the corresponding heat source) and may have many different attachment configurations (fixed or reversible) for connecting the second holder (13) to a top or lid, or more preferably, a frame or housing. As seen in FIG. 2, the second holder is generally positioned between the first holder (7) and the top surface of the base (11) (or above the exterior surface if the device is placed on an exterior surface), since heat generally rises from the heat source (2) to heat the composition within the pod (4).

[0034] The second holder (14) may be integral with and / or connected to one or more side(s) of the frame or housing (e.g., as shown in Figures 1, 2, or 3), or may be integral with and / or connected to the top or lid (not shown). The second holder may comprise a ring connected to the side(s) of the device's frame or housing (or top or lid) via fasteners, clips, or the like. Alternatively, as seen in Figure 2, the second holder can span one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or all sides of the housing or frame. As seen in Figure 2, the second holder (14) may comprise a plate or sheet surrounding an opening or recess shaped to receive and retain the heat source (2) disposed within the container. The opening or recess in the second holder (14) can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or design for holding the heat source (2) or a container that holds the heat source (13), i.e., generally circular, square, or any other desired shape that matches the shape of the heat source or container. For example, as shown in Figure 2, the opening or recess in the second holder (14) may have a generally round shape. The second holder (14) can be made of any solid material, such as a material selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, polymer, ceramic, glass, or alloy, or any combination thereof.

[0035] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure seen in Figures 1-3, 5, and 6, the device can be configured to receive a heat source (2) and a pod (4) containing a composition including at least one air treatment substance, where the heat source (2) can apply heat to the composition in the pod (4a) to a degree sufficient to release the air treatment substance into the air. In one embodiment, the heat source (2) can apply heat to the composition (4a) in a uniform manner to achieve a desired release rate of the air treatment substance.

[0036] In one embodiment, the heat source (2) can heat the composition containing at least one air treatment substance in the pod (4b) to any desired temperature to obtain a desired air treatment substance release rate based on the desired air concentration of the air treatment substance and the volume of the area to be protected. Because heat generally rises from the heat source (2), such a location of the pod (4) and holder (7) is generally a distance above the heat source (2), and the distance between the heat source (2) and the pod (4) can affect or be used to determine the amount of heat from the heat source (2) applied to the composition-containing pod (4). In one embodiment, the device can be configured so that the distance between the heat source (2) and the bottom of the pod (4) can be any distance that allows the heat source (2) to heat the composition in the pod (4) to the desired temperature and release the air treatment substance at the desired rate. In one embodiment, the device can be configured so that the heat source (2) is positioned at such a distance from the bottom of the pod (4) that the air treatment substance is not substantially decomposed by the heat of the heat source (2), particularly when the heat source is a candle, i.e., in the absence of temperature control. In one embodiment, as the wax level of the heating candle (2) decreases, the distance between the flame and the pod (4) can be increased (or vice versa), allowing the composition in the pod (4) to heat to a desired temperature and release the air treatment substance at a desired rate. In one embodiment, the distance between the heat source and the pod is about 0 mm to 100 mm, preferably about 1 mm to 80 mm, more preferably about 5 mm to 60 mm, even more preferably about 5 mm to 30 mm, and even more preferably about 5 mm to 15 mm. In one embodiment, the temperature to which the composition in the pod is heated can be any suitable temperature for releasing the air treating substance at the desired rate, i.e., about 50 to 300° C., preferably about 100 to 250° C., more preferably about 140 to 220° C., even more preferably about 150 to 190° C., and most preferably about 160 to 180° C. In one embodiment, temperatures above 200° C. are acceptable, but generally should not be sustained for too long due to the risk of decomposition / fuming of the pod wax.In one embodiment, the distance between the area configured to receive the heat source (2) and the holder (7) configured to receive the composition in the pod (4b) is adjustable or fixed.

[0037] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the heat source (2) can be powered in a variety of different ways, such as electrically, battery-powered, gas-powered, or by candle (see FIGS. 1-3). In one embodiment, the heat source (2) should ensure as uniform heating capacity as possible while also providing an aesthetically appealing appearance, i.e., creating the warm visual ambiance of a regular candle. In one embodiment, the heat source (2) can be disposable. In one embodiment, as seen in FIGS. 1-3, the heat source (2) can be a candle including at least one wick and placed within a container (13), where the heat source and container can be disposable, or where only the heat source can be disposable, and the container (13) can be secured to a frame or housing (3). The container for the heat source (13) can be made of any solid material, such as a material selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, polymer, ceramic, glass, or alloy, or any combination thereof, preferably glass, ceramic, metal, and plastic. Heat source (2) can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or design, i.e., generally round, square, or any other desired shape, to fit within the recess or opening of container (13) or second holder (14). For example, as shown in Figures 1-3, heat source (2) can have a generally round shape. In one embodiment, heat source (2) or container with heat source (13) rests on and is removable from the recess or opening of the second holder, or container (13) can be secured to the recess or opening of the second holder.

[0038] In one embodiment, the heat source (2) can be any conventional candle wax, such as a wax selected from the group consisting of soybean, paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, and rapeseed / palm wax, or blends thereof, preferably a wax selected from the group consisting of soybean and paraffin, or blends thereof. The at least one wick can be made of a material selected from the group consisting of zinc wicks, paper wicks, wood wicks, RRD, and cotton, or blends thereof, preferably a zinc wick. In one embodiment, the diameter of the at least one wick can be approximately 0.2 to 10 mm, preferably approximately 0.5 to 2 mm. In one embodiment, the amount of wax in the heating candle (2) can be any amount sufficient to heat the composition in the pod (2) to the desired temperature and achieve the desired release rate of the at least one air treatment substance for the desired period of time. In one embodiment, the heating candle (2) contains 8 to 590 g of wax, preferably 100 to 150 g of wax. The candle may optionally further comprise one or more additives selected from the group consisting of fragrances, essential oils, dyes, and release enhancers, preferably citronella.

[0039] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the device is configured such that a holder (7) can hold a pod (4) containing a container (4a) and a composition (4b) disposed within the container. In one embodiment, the pod (4) can be disposable. As seen in FIGS. 1 and 3, the pod (4) can further include a cover (4c) over the composition, which can be optionally perforated or non-perforated. The cover (4c) can be present for a number of reasons, including safety reasons, i.e., to prevent spills or skin contact with the formulation. The pod container (4a) can be made of any material with good thermal conductivity, i.e., a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, steel, alloys, and copper, and preferably aluminum. In one embodiment, as seen in FIG. 4, the pod (4) and pod container can be any of a variety of different suitable sizes and shapes disposed within the holder (7), and many different attachment configurations (fixed or reversible) to the holder (7) are possible. In one embodiment, the pod container can be of any shape that can be placed within the opening or recess (21) of a holder (7) of an appropriate shape, size, and / or design to hold the pod, i.e., generally round, square, or any other desired shape that fits the shape of the pod. In one embodiment, as seen in FIGS. 1, 3, and 4, the container (4a) can have a latching projection (20) on the top of the container (4a) to facilitate handling and assist in secure and proper placement and positioning of the pod (4) in the recess or opening of the holder (21) of the device. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 3, the latching projection (20) on the top of the container (4a) rests on a rim or edge of the holder (7) that surrounds the holder's recess or opening (21). Alternatively, as shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 2B and 2C, the latching projection (20) on the top of the container (4a) can rest on a ring holder (7) that is connected to the top or lid of the device.

[0040] Furthermore, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the pod container (4c) can have two or more compartments with upwardly extending wall(s) to separate the different compartments. As seen in FIG. 4, the pod container (4c) can include two different compartments, with each compartment of the pod including a different composition, such as an air treatment substance and a matrix composition (4b) or additive(s). For example, in FIG. 4, subpart 1 (4a(1)) of the pod container (4c) can include a composition including an air treatment substance and a matrix, and subpart 2 (4a(2)) of the pod container (4c) can include a composition including another air treatment substance and a matrix, or a composition including at least one additive. In one embodiment, the pod container (4c) can include three, four, five, six, seven, eight, etc. different compartments.

[0041] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the composition (4b) in the pod (4) may include at least one air treatment agent. In one embodiment, the composition may further include a matrix and, optionally, at least one additive. In one embodiment, the at least one additive is present in an amount of about 0.1 to 4% and is selected from the group consisting of fragrances, essential oils, dyes, and release enhancers, preferably citronella essential oil, lavender essential oil, and stearin.

[0042] In embodiments, the matrix can be any inert solid material that is immiscible with and / or capable of capturing and stabilizing at least one air treatment substance, and the matrix can melt partially or completely at 50°C or higher, more preferably 70°C or higher. In one embodiment, when the pod (4) is heated by the heat source (2), the matrix can melt and allow the air treatment substance to be released into the air. The pod (4) can adjust the melting temperature of the matrix contained therein, thereby appropriately "calibrating" the release of the air treatment substance to achieve the required release rate. The matrix can include an inert material that can capture and stabilize the air treatment substance and then melt partially or completely at 50°C or higher (preferably 70°C or higher), such as wax, cellulose mat, sand core, binder resin substrate, or mixtures thereof, preferably wax. In one embodiment, the matrix can comprise any conventional wax, such as soybean, paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, rapeseed / palm wax, or a mixture thereof, preferably soybean wax, paraffin wax, or a blend thereof, more preferably soybean wax. In one embodiment, the matrix can comprise any amount of wax capable of melt-releasing the air treating substance at a desired rate for a desired period of time, i.e., 0.5 to 50 g of wax, preferably about 0.5 to 20 g of wax, more preferably about 1 to 15 g of wax.

[0043] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the at least one air treatment substance in the composition (4b) in the pod (4) can be any active ingredient that begins to vaporize when heated, typically by the heat source (2). The active ingredient can be selected from the group consisting of volatile pest control active ingredients, fragrances, natural essential oils, deodorizers, allergen control ingredients, disinfectants, and fungicides, and is preferably a pest control active ingredient. In one embodiment, the at least one air treatment substance can be selected from the group consisting of organophosphate insecticides, natural repellents such as citronella oil, natural pyrethrins and pyrethrum extracts, and synthetic pyrethroids, or combinations thereof, preferably pyrethroids. In one embodiment, the at least one air treatment substance may be selected from the group consisting of dimefluthrin, profluthrin, transfluthrin, furametrin, metofluthrin, allethrin, prallethrin, fenothrin, permethrin, meperfluthrin, monfluorothrin, flumethrin, imiprothrin, and tetramethrin, or combinations thereof. For insect control in large spaces or outdoor patios, it is preferable to use highly volatile active substances such as transfluthrin, metofluthrin, prallethrin, meperfluthrin, dimefluthrin, or monfluorothrin, or combinations thereof, or allethrin, metofluthrin, monfluorothrin, or transfluthrin, or combinations thereof.

[0044] In one embodiment, the at least one air treating substance in the composition (4b) in the pod (4) may be present in an amount depending on the desired release rate, desired durability, and its intended use (indoor vs. outdoor), e.g., 2 mg to 2 g (i.e., 600 mg in about 10 g of wax would correspond to about 6% air treating substance). For example, if a 24-hour duration of outdoor release at 25 mh / h is desired, 25 mg x 24 hours = 600 mg of air treating substance may be desired. However, if only a 10-hour duration is desired, 250 mg of air treating substance may be sufficient. In one embodiment, the desired concentration of the at least one air treating substance is about 0.01% to 75% g / g (amount of air treating substance relative to the amount of matrix), preferably about 0.03 to 20%, and more preferably about 0.04 to 10%. In one embodiment, heat source (2) can include about 120-150 g of wax, and composition (4b) can include about 1-10% of at least one air treatment substance mixed with about 3-15 g of wax, which, when heated, can provide at least 24 hours of repelling / killing of unwanted target pests. In one embodiment, the composition can include about 2 mg-2 g, preferably 10 mg-1 g, of air treatment substance mixed with about 0.5-50 g, preferably 5 g-25 g, of wax.

[0045] In one embodiment, as seen in FIG. 6 , the device can optionally further include a fan (10). The fan can be of a wide variety of suitable sizes and shapes (depending on the dimensions of the device), and many different mounting configurations (fixed or reversible) are possible for connecting the fan to either the top or lid (1) or the frame or housing (3). According to one embodiment, the fan (10) of the device can be mounted in a variety of different positions within the housing or frame (3) or the top or lid (1), and the fan also helps direct the flow of at least one air treatment substance within the pod (4) through at least one side opening / vent(s) (5). According to one embodiment, the fan (10) can be mounted on the lid or inserted between the lid (1) and the pod (4) to further aid in directing the air treatment substance plume. The fan can further improve the device and increase its protective surface by increasing the air velocity and better directing the air treatment substance plume. In one embodiment, the fan can be powered by an external energy source or thermal energy to aid in its rotation. For example, the fan can be electrically powered or powered to rotate using flame heat. In one embodiment, the fan can rotate using thermal energy, which converts thermal energy into kinetic energy, thereby reducing the plume temperature (and the tendency of the plume to travel vertically) and ensuring better dispersion and mixing of the air treatment substances into the air.

[0046] In another embodiment, and with reference to Figures 10-27, the device (100, 200) may include a base (102, 202) with a body (104, 204) extending from the base (102, 202) toward a top plate (115, 215). The top plate (115, 215), body (104, 204), and base (102, 202) together define a volume (105, 205) in which a heat source may be installed. In use, the body (104, 204) further includes one or more panels (142, 242), e.g., one, three to five, or more. The panels (142, 242) may include one or more windows (122, 222).

[0047] In one embodiment, the window (122, 222) may be attached to the panel (142, 242) and held in overlapping relationship therewith by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as one or more mounting clips (140) extending from the panel. Typically, the panel includes an inner edge (150, 250) that defines a panel opening (151, 251) through which a device user can view into the volume (105, 205).

[0048] In one embodiment, the base (102, 202) may include feet (103, 203) that together define a portal (106, 206) to allow air to flow from outside the device toward the lower plate (125, 225). The plate (125, 225) may be integral with and / or attached to the base (102, 202) by an attachment mechanism, e.g., one or more clips 128, that extend from and overlap a portion of the base (102, 202). The base (125, 225) includes a lower surface (125b) and an upper surface (125a) and defines one or more base openings (124). The one or more base openings (124, 224) provide fluid communication from the portal (106) to the volume (105).

[0049] Optionally, base (125, 225) is configured to receive or mount a heat source, for example, in embodiments, a candle or fuel cell (400) aligned with the central axis A of device (100, 200). Base (125) may be configured to define a recess (126) extending from top surface (126) into volume (105) and aligned about axis A. In this manner, the heat source may include a push-up or kick-up base that may cooperate with recess (126) to stably align the heat source about axis A and / or to prevent and / or correct misalignment about axis A. In another embodiment, base (225) may include a marked area (240) to indicate proper alignment of heat source (400) with central opening (238) along axis A.

[0050] The top plates (115, 215) overlie the bodies (104, 204) and are disposed about an axis A. The top plates (115, 215) are joined to the bodies (104, 204) by any method known to those skilled in the art, for example, by one or more clips (132), one or more welds, and / or the like. In one embodiment, the top plates (115, 215) define central openings (138, 238) disposed about the axis A such that the recesses (126) and the central openings (138) are substantially coaxially aligned and there is fluid communication from the volume (105) through the central openings (138, 238 and away from the top plates (115, 215).

[0051] In one embodiment, the top plate (115) defines one or more peripheral openings 130 such that there is fluid communication from the volume (105) through the openings (130) and away from the top plate (115, 215).

[0052] In one embodiment, the top plate (115) includes an upper surface (115a) having attached thereto a rim (136) extending from the upper surface (115a), which rim engages a mating surface of the lid in use. In a similar embodiment, the top plate (215) includes an upper surface (215a) having attached thereto one or more posts (236) having portions (236a, 236b) that together engage a mating surface of the lid.

[0053] The lid (101, 201) includes a base portion (116, 216) joined to a roof portion (113, 213). The roof portion (113, 213) generally narrows and rises inward from the base portion (116, 216) to an apex capped by a knob (120, 220). The base portion (116, 216) is attached to the top surface (115a, 215a) such that there is substantially no gap between the base portion and the top surface. In one embodiment, the base portion (116, 216) engages with the rim 136 and / or 236 to secure the lid (101, 201) on the plate (115, 215). This cooperation of the lid and plate ensures that, in use, there is substantially no fluid communication between the base plate (115, 215) and the base portion (116, 216).

[0054] In one embodiment, the base portion (116, 216) comprises a plurality of windows (118, 218) that, in use, provide fluid communication from the top surface (115a, 215a) in a direction away from the device (100, 200). In this manner, the device can create a chimney effect, allowing fluid communication, e.g., airflow and / or convection, from the portal (106), then through the base opening (124), then through the volume 105, the peripheral openings (130), and / or the central opening (138), and then through the windows (118).

[0055] In one embodiment, the body (204) may include one or more secondary openings (300) disposed between the top plate (215) and the panel (244). In this manner, the device (200) may create a chimney effect, allowing fluid communication, e.g., airflow and / or convection, from the volume 205 away from the device 200.

[0056] In one embodiment, the panel (244) may be removable or on a hinge to allow the panel (244) to swing outward. The panel (244) may be secured to the body (204) by a combination of latches (212, 212A) or a magnet (146) magnetically coupled to the pull handle (112).

[0057] In another embodiment, the heat source may be a candle or other heat source producing 25-50 watts (joules per second), or 25-40 watts, or 25-35 watts, or 25-30 watts. Such a heat source may be a paraffin oil burner (400) or a paraffin wax candle, and may be commonly known as a tea candle, tea candle burner, or tea light. In one embodiment, such tea lights may be refillable or disposable. In another embodiment, such tea lights may be known as a fuel cell or tea light fuel cell.

[0058] In one embodiment, referring to Figures 26 and 27, the fuel cell (400) is mounted below the central opening (238) along axis A. Generally, the distance (404) from the top of the wick (402) to the plate (215) is about 5.2 cm to about 5.8 cm, or about 5.3 cm to about 5.7 cm, or about 5.4 cm to about 5.6 cm, or about 5.5 cm. In another embodiment, the distance (406) from the top of the flame (422) to the backside of the pod (266a) when lit is about 2 cm to about 4 cm, or about 2.5 cm to about 3.8 cm, or about 2.8 cm to about 3.8 cm, or about 3.0 cm to about 3.8 cm, or about 3.40 cm to about 3.60 cm, or about 3.5 cm.

[0059] The pod may be a single molded article (260) or a combination of molded articles (250, 260). In one embodiment, the pod (260) may be filled with a composition according to the present disclosure such that the bottom (266) is filled up to the top of the bevel (264). The peripheral area (262) includes a lower surface (262A) that covers the insulator (234) in use such that the surface (266A) is aligned with the opening (238). Thus, the pod (260) may be removably secured to the opening (238).

[0060] The pod may comprise two sections, for example (250) and (260). Section (250) is capable of receiving a composition according to the present disclosure. In use, section (252) may cover peripheral area (262) so that sections (250) and (260) are aligned and form a space that prevents the user from coming into contact with the hot wax or hot composition when heated. Opening (258) allows air handling surfaces to escape. And thus, referring to FIG. 24, the pod section may be placed in alignment with opening (238).

[0061] In an alternative embodiment, sections 250 and 260 may be nested, i.e., the concave portions of the sections may be in direct overlapping relationship, and in this way, referring to Figure 34, the pod section may be placed in alignment with opening (238).

[0062] In one embodiment, the pod may comprise two hemispherical portions 252a and 262a.

[0063] In another embodiment, a kit is provided that includes the device, a heat source, and a composition. In another embodiment, a kit is provided that includes the device and a heat source. In another embodiment, a kit is provided that includes the device and a composition. In another embodiment, a kit is provided that includes a heat source and a composition. In another embodiment, a composition is provided in pod and / or kit form.

[0064] In another embodiment, there is provided the use of the device or kit for repelling arthropods, preferably mosquitoes.

[0065] In another embodiment, the device or kit may include an amount of the composition that has an evaporation and dissipation time commensurate with the amount of fuel in the heat source. For example, in one embodiment, the tea lights and pods, when in use, will last for about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, or about 12 hours, or about 13 hours, or about 14 hours, or about 15 hours, or about 16 hours, or about 17 hours, or about 18 hours, or about 19 hours, or about 20 hours, or about 21 hours, or about 22 hours, or about 24 hours, or about 25 hours, or about 26 hours, or about 27 hours, or about 28 hours, or about 29 hours, or about 30 hours, or about 31 hours, or about 32 hours, or about 33 hours, or about 34 hours, or about 35 hours, or about 36 hours, or about 37 hours, or about 38 hours, or about 39 hours, or about 40 hours, or about 41 hours, or about 42 hours, or about 43 hours, or about 44 hours, or about 45 hours, or about 46 hours, or about 47 hours, or about 48 hours, about 49 hours, or about 50 hours, or about 51 hours, or about 52 hours, or about 53 hours, or about 54 hours, about 55 hours, about 56 hours, about 57 hours, about 58 hours, about 59 hours, about 60 hours, about 61 hours, about 62 hours, about 63 hours, about 64 hours, about 65 hours, about 66 hours, about 67 hours, about 68 hours, about 69 hours, about 70 hours, about 71 hours, or about 72 hours.

[0066] In one embodiment, the device or kit can provide effective repellency for about 60% to about 100% of the time of use, or about 70% to about 100% of the time of use, or about 80% to about 100% of the time of use, or about 90% to about 100% of the time of use.

[0067] In one embodiment, a method of protecting a subject in need of protection from stinging insects, such as mosquitoes, is included, comprising energizing or illuminating a heat source of a kit comprising a device, a heat source, and a composition comprising an effective amount of a stinging insect repellent, where the heat source is positioned to provide protection for a predetermined period of time.

[0068] In one embodiment, the method may be used to provide protection from insect bites within a radius of about 1 m to about 10 m, or about 0 m to about 8 m, or about 0 m to about 7 m, or about 0 m to about 6 m, or about 0 m to about 5 m, or about 0 m to about 4 m, or about 0 m to about 3 m, or about 0 m to about 2 m, or about 0 m to about 1 m from the device.

[0069] In one embodiment, the method comprises: 2 ~approx. 50m 2 , or about 10 m 2 ~about 40m 2 , or about 10 m 2 ~about 30m 2 may be used to protect objects within an area of

[0070] In one embodiment, where the fuel cell is an oil burner, e.g., a paraffin oil burner, the length of the wick submerged in the oil may be provided as a function of the height of the container containing the oil. With reference to Figures 26 and 27, the wick (420) and height (430) may have a ratio of 1:1 to 1:1.5, or 1:1 to 1.3, or 1:1 to 1.3, or 1:1 to 1.5 to 1.

[0071] In embodiments, the length of the wick around the surface of the oil burner is about 5 mm, or about 6 mm, or about 7 mm, or about 8 mm, or about 9 mm, or about 10 mm, or about 11 mm, or about 12 mm, or about 13 mm, or about 14 mm, or about 15 mm, or about 16 mm, or about 17 mm, or about 18 mm, or about 19 mm, or about 20 mm, or about 21 mm, or about 22 mm, or about 23 mm, or about 24 mm, or about 25 mm, or about 26 mm, or about 27 mm, or about 28 mm, or about 29 mm, or about 31 mm, or about 32 mm, or about 33 mm, or about 34 mm, or about 35 mm, or about 36 mm, or about 37 mm, or about 38 mm, or about 39 mm, or about 40 mm.

[0072] In an embodiment, referring to Figures 28-31, an apparatus (500) is included that includes a base (504) and at least one wall (502), and a grate (510), e.g., a grate including concentric elements disposed on a support (520). A lid (506) is supported by at least one support (514) extending from an upper edge (508) of the body (502). A heater or heat source (518) may be suspended from the grate (510), and a pod (520) may be disposed on the heat source (518). A blower (not shown) may draw air through the opening (516), pass through the space below the heater (518), and direct the air and air treatment substance between the lid (506) and the upper edge (508).

[0073] In one embodiment, an apparatus (600) is provided having a wall (604) attached to a base (605) and a lid (602) overlapping an open space defined by the base (605) and the wall (604). A door (612) is removably attached to a bottom (606) below the base (604) and includes a central box (609) with a heater (608) electrically connected to the base (605). A pod (610) is attached to the heater (608), and when the door is aligned with the bottom (606), a fan (not shown) draws air through the space defined by the heater (605) and the pod (604), and the heater distributes the air treatment substance. Such air passes through one or more windows (620).

[0074] In an alternative embodiment of device 600, device 700 may include walls 704 and a top 710. A window 720 may allow for the evacuation of air.

[0075] Also provided herein is a method for distributing at least one air treatment substance laterally into the air to repel and / or kill at least one target pest, the method comprising: - heating a composition (4b) comprising at least one air treatment substance using a heat source (2) to an optimal operating temperature that results in a desired release rate of the at least one air treatment substance; - directing the air treatment substance in a manner that allows lateral or horizontal flow but not vertical flow (Figs. 1C and 5).

[0076] In one embodiment, composition (4b) may further comprise a matrix and optionally an additive. In one embodiment, at least one additive in composition (4b) may be selected from the group consisting of fragrances, essential oils, dyes, and release enhancers, in an amount of about 0.1 to 4%, i.e., citronella essential oil, lavender essential oil, and stearin.

[0077] In one embodiment, a method for dispersing at least one air treatment substance into air can utilize the apparatus discussed herein to heat a composition (4b) within a pod (4) disposed within a holder (7) with a heat source (2) to an optimal operating temperature to achieve a desired release rate of the air treatment substance. In one embodiment, the optimal operating temperature of the pod (4) can be an optimal matrix melting temperature that results in the desired air treatment substance release rate and avoids loss of the air treatment substance as a result of combustion or decomposition.

[0078] In one embodiment, the optimum pod operating temperature is: (a) selecting a desired air treatment substance for use within the pod (4); (b) determining a desired air concentration (μg / m) of the air treatment substance based on at least one desired air treatment substance and the target pest(s); 3 ) to determine (c) Calculate the desired air treatment substance release rate based on the required air concentration and the volume to be protected: Desired air treatment substance release rate = desired air concentration of air treatment substance x volume to be protected; (d) conducting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements on the air treatment materials as seen in Figures 9A-I; (e) determining the optimum pod operating temperature for obtaining a desired air treatment substance release rate based on TGA measurements, which may be defined and calculated accordingly.

[0079] In one embodiment, the distance between the heat source (2) and the pod (4) can be any distance that allows the pod to reach an optimal pod operating temperature when heated, for example, about 1 mm to 100 mm. In one embodiment, to reach the optimal pod operating temperature, the heat source (2) can heat the pod to reach the optimal pod operating temperature, i.e., a temperature of about 50 to 300°C, preferably about 100 to 250°C, more preferably about 140 to 220°C, and even more preferably about 150 to 190°C. In one embodiment, the distance between the heat source (2) and the composition (4b) is adjustable.

[0080] The at least one air treatment substance in the pod (4) can be dispersed indoors or outdoors. The amount of air treatment substance in the dispersed pod can be adjusted to achieve the same effectiveness (i.e., the same air concentration / m 3 Indoor and outdoor rates will be different, as outdoor emission rates would need to be much higher than indoor emission rates to ensure a 100% RH (see Tables 1 and 2 below). [Table 1] JPEG0007824949000002.jpg150170 [Table 2]

[0081] One exemplary embodiment involves dispersing transfluthrin outdoors, with the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod (4) being 5-15% transfluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired transfluthrin release rate being 10-50 mg / h. Another embodiment involves dispersing metofluthrin outdoors, with the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod being 0.01-10% metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired metofluthrin release rate being 5-50 mg / h. Another embodiment involves dispersing allethrin outdoors, with the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod (4) being 10-25% metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired metofluthrin release rate being 0.1-0.3 g / h.

[0082] An exemplary embodiment involves dispersing transfluthrin indoors, with the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod (4) being 0.5-5% transfluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired transfluthrin release rate being 0.055-2.7 mg / h. Another embodiment involves dispersing metofluthrin indoors, with the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod (4) being 0.01-10% metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired metofluthrin release rate being 0.01-15 mg / h. Another embodiment involves dispersing allethrin outdoors, with the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod (4) being 10-25% metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired metofluthrin release rate being 1-30 mg / h.

[0083] In one embodiment, the desired repelling or killing rate of the at least one target pest can be at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% for at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, or 60 hours for outdoor use, or at least 50, 100, 200, 250, 400, 500, 600, 750, 900, or 1000 hours for indoor use. In one embodiment, the at least one target pest can be any pest that can cause irritation to mammals, such as insects like mosquitoes.

[0084] Also provided herein are kits further comprising 1 to 15, or 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 disposable pods, and 1 to 15, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 disposable heat sources.

[0085] Also provided herein is the use of the devices discussed herein to repel and / or kill pests in indoor or outdoor areas. In one embodiment, the pests are mosquitoes.

[0086] Also provided herein is a composition (4b) comprising a matrix and at least one air treatment substance, wherein the matrix is ​​an inert solid material immiscible with the at least one air treatment substance and capable of at least partially melting above 50°C, preferably above 70°C. In one embodiment, the matrix comprises 0.5 to 50 g of wax, and the at least one air treatment substance is present at a concentration of about 0.01% to 75% g / g. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one additive. Also disclosed herein is a device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a heat source (2) and a composition (4b) as discussed herein, wherein the device is configured such that the heat source (2) can apply heat to the composition (4b). In one embodiment, the device further comprises a top (1) and a housing (3). Also disclosed is a pod (4) comprising a container (4a) and a composition (4b) as discussed herein disposed within the container. In one embodiment, the composition of the pod (4b) further comprises at least one additive.

[0087] definition The term "about" refers to a range of plus or minus 10% of the value, unless the context of this disclosure indicates otherwise or contradicts such an interpretation. For example, "about 5" means 4.5 to 5.5. For example, in a list of numerical values ​​such as "about 49, about 50, about 55," "about 50" refers to less than half the interval between the preceding and following numerical values, for example, a range from greater than 49.5 to less than 52.5.

[0088] Where a range of values ​​is provided in this disclosure, each intervening value between the upper and lower limits of that range, and any other stated or intervening value within that stated range, is intended to be encompassed within the disclosure. For example, if a range of 1 hour to 8 hours is recited, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, and 7 hours are also intended to be expressly disclosed. [Example]

[0089] Example 1 - Problems with incorporating active ingredients directly into candles: Experiments conducted in developing an insecticide / transfluthrin (TFL) candle for outdoor use involved adding TFL directly to the wax. Initial TFL loading calculations (for adding TFL directly to the wax) based on both technical data from a candle database (a database compiling technical information covering different types of commercially available candles) and the required TFL release rate (mg / h-h) led to desired amounts of TFL loaded into the candle of 0.02-0.5%. The resulting concentrations were in a range such that wax consumption (g / h) was strongly dependent on the candle design (i.e., single-wick vs. multi-wick candles).

[0090] Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were performed on the TFL technical (release profile measurements were performed isothermally (55°C) and at a constant temperature ramp rate (3 K / min)) and found that the release kinetics at "normal" candle melting temperatures (50-70°C) did not allow for sufficient TFL release to achieve the expected efficacy, and that TFL release was not linear. Similarly, it was determined that the onset of TFL release was approximately 100°C, with much higher release rates occurring at higher temperatures. The calculated estimated ideal temperature for TFL for outdoor use from the TGA measurements would be approximately 150°C.

[0091] The second problem discovered with too low a wax melt temperature was TFL decomposition. The decomposition is due to the fact that the TFL does not evaporate quickly enough and most of the amount of TFL in the wax is consumed by the flame (as is wax). Therefore, it was determined that adding TFL directly to the wax / candle would not be practical.

[0092] Example 2 - Testing storage stability of different types of wax: Storage stability (2 weeks at 54°C and 72 hours at 70°C) and TFL release rate measurements after a 1-hour burn test were performed on two types of wax: soy and paraffin, loaded with 1% TFL. These tests were performed using an aging oven and HPLC.

[0093] Both waxes showed excellent stability in the solid state: when aged for two weeks at 54°C (below the melting point of the wax), both waxes lost 0% and remained solid. However, soy wax was found to have better stability at higher temperatures: at 70°C for 72 hours, the TFL loss was 2.3% when loaded onto soy wax compared to 13.5% for paraffin. In these aged test samples using approximately 12.5g of the mixture, a slightly higher release was found for the paraffin wax.

[0094] Example 3 - Pod Concept and Testing Different Temperatures for Heating the Pod The first directional validity test (Parts I-III) was conducted in the laboratory with and without a flame: Flame = TFL mixed into the wax of a single-wick candle. The wick is lit as a "normal" candle, generating heat to melt the wax in the hopes of releasing enough TFL. Flameless = TFL mixed into the wax, then poured into a "pod." For these tests, a heating plate was used to melt the wax to the expected temperature.

[0095] Part I - Testing the TFL Incorporated Candle vs. Pod Concept Semi-field (greenhouse) efficacy tests. 1.4% TFL was incorporated into approximately 12 g of soy wax to form a candle, and the candle wick was lit. The wax was melted at "normal" temperatures (around 60-70°C) (flame test). The first test was conducted using only one candle, and the second test was conducted with three candles (to mimic a three-wick candle and triple the release versus a single candle). 125 mosquitoes were released, and three traps (to confirm repulsion) were used, plus one cage with mosquitoes near the candle to confirm mortality. No real efficacy was observed with these soy candles: mortality and repulsion were not demonstrated.

[0096] The results of this experiment led to two hypotheses: either the TFL was burned by the flame and / or the TFL did not spread properly inside the room (traveling vertically in a straight line). Therefore, it was decided to repeat the semi-field test with a higher TFL load (5%), to test without a flame (by using a hot plate), to check mortality only indoors, and / or to prepare larger candles.

[0097] The next test was also a semi-field efficacy test. 1% and 5% TFL were incorporated into approximately 12g of soy wax, and 1% TFL was also incorporated into approximately 12g of paraffin wax to form candles. All candles also contained 1% citronella. The candle wicks were lit (flame test), approximately at the melting temperature of "normal" wax (approximately 60-70°C). No efficacy was observed with the soy candles, regardless of the TFL concentration. A 50% reduction in captured mosquitoes was observed with 1% TFL in paraffin.

[0098] The next set of experiments were simple indoor tests. In the first experiment, a candle incorporating 1% TFL was heated (without a flame) using a hot plate to the "normal" wax melting temperature (approximately 60-70°C), and caged mosquitoes were placed 1' (foot) above the candle. Almost immediately after placing the mosquitoes on the candle, 100% mortality was observed. The same indoor test was repeated by lighting the candle instead of using a hot plate to heat it: no mortality was observed. This confirmed that when TFL-incorporated candles are lit, the flame consumes and / or decomposes most of the TFL.

[0099] Part II - Testing the pod concept at lower temperatures Semi-field test. 5% TFL + 5% citronella was incorporated into approximately 12g of soy wax in a candle. The candle was heated using a hot plate (no flame) at a temperature setting of 70°C. Two cages were placed with mosquitoes inside, one 1' away from the system and two 3' away (not directly above). Very little mortality was observed: only one cage, placed 1' away, had 5 dead mosquitoes out of 25 found. No mortality was observed in the other cages.

[0100] At the end of the above test, the candle (still melted) was placed inside a cardboard box (24" x 20" x 24") along with one cage of mosquitoes. The box was closed. All mosquitoes were observed to be dead in <30 minutes.

[0101] These tests confirmed that TFL could be released and efficacy could be achieved, but not sufficiently effective for large-scale semi-field greenhouse testing. The issue was whether TFL release was insufficient and / or whether TFL diffusion was an issue. Next, wax melt temperature rise (e.g., initial findings from TGA measurements) was tested.

[0102] Part III - Testing the effectiveness of different temperatures for heating the pods One indoor test was conducted using 5% TFL + 5% citronella incorporated into approximately 12g of soy wax. The mosquito cage was placed 15' away from the candle. Using a hot plate, the candle was heated to a higher temperature (over 100°C, exact temperature not recorded). All mosquitoes were observed to be killed. This confirmed that the melting temperature is important.

[0103] The following indoor tests were conducted using two different waxes (soy and paraffin, approximately 12g) loaded with 4% TFL. A hot plate was used to melt the candle (flameless test), and three temperatures were tested (approximately 120°C, 130°C, and 145°C). Six cages containing mosquitoes were placed at the same height as the candle, at distances of 1', 3', and 6' in two opposite directions from it. Mosquito knockdown was monitored after 1 hour, and mortality after 24 hours. Excellent results were obtained, see Figure 7. The higher temperatures tested demonstrated greater efficacy for both knockdown and mortality for both soy and paraffin wax. - Mortality rates were very similar for both waxes: Approximately 70% at a melting temperature of approximately 120°C 90% at a temperature of approximately 130°C, and 100% was observed at a temperature of approximately 145°C. -About knockdown: At 145°C and 133°C, nearly 100% and 95% were observed for the respective waxes. At 120°C, paraffin reached over 90% and soybean reached less than 60%. The release rate was also measured to confirm that the release was not linear (e.g., TGA measurement). From 120°C to 145°C, a more than four-fold increase in release was observed. This confirmed that higher temperatures yielded the best results. 145°C was the new target temperature for the next test.

[0104] Similar tests were repeated with 2% TFL instead of 4% TFL, using a hot plate to heat the candles to the same three temperatures (approximately 120°C, 130°C, and 145°C). Knockdown was recorded every 10 minutes, and mortality at 2, 4, and 24 hours. - Approximately 120°C: Knockdown began at 30-40 minutes for paraffin and 50 minutes for soybean. Then, after 20 minutes, both reached >80-90% Kd. Both showed nearly 100% mortality at 2 hours, followed by some recovery at 4 and 24 hours. -Kd of approximately 130C:Kd began at 40 minutes and reached nearly 100% after 60 minutes for soybean, and was slightly faster for paraffin. For both waxes, 100% Mo was observed, with very low recovery (5-10%) at 24 hours. -Approximately 145C:Kd began at 30 minutes and reached nearly 100% after 50-60 minutes for paraffin and slightly faster for soy. 100% Mo was observed for both waxes at 2, 4, and 24 hours. This test, with a more regular record of efficacy (Kd and Mo), made it possible to confirm the need to reach higher temperatures in order to obtain faster and better efficacy. There was no significant difference between the two waxes in terms of efficacy.

[0105] Similar tests were performed indoors using a 2% TFL candle in soy wax heated only to 140° C. by a hot plate. Similar results were obtained with excellent efficacy (100% kd at 50 minutes and 100% Mo at 2, 4, and 24 hours).

[0106] New semi-field tests were conducted using the same candles (2% TFL in approximately 12 g of soy wax heated to 140°C on a hot plate) as above, with mosquitoes in cages placed 1', 3', 7', 5', and 10' away from the candles. First test: One candle and a fan were used to improve TFL plume diffusion during the first hour of the test. Second test: Three candles (no fan). Kd controls were performed every 15 minutes. Test 1: 20-40% of the kd was observed only in the cage 10' away from the candle after 45 minutes, and 100% of the kd was observed in the cage above the candle after 75 minutes. Nearly 0% of the kd was observed in the other cages. -Test 2: Similar results were observed, but reached 100% in the cage above the candle after 150 minutes. With these settings and formulations (2% TFL melted in approximately 12g soy wax at 140C), excellent efficacy was achieved indoors, but efficacy outdoors was very limited. Fans helped improve efficacy. The question remains how to improve release rate and diffusion of the active ingredient in open spaces.

[0107] The next experiment was conducted using the same candle (approximately 12g of soy wax incorporating 2% TFL, heated on a hot plate (no flame)). Instead of kd and Mo, a semi-field test was conducted to confirm repellency. 200 mosquitoes were released into a room and the number captured in a CO2 trap placed 24 inches away from the candle was counted. Three candles were used simultaneously. With this configuration, 93.3% of the released mosquitoes were captured without candles, while with three candles, 14.2% were captured, with many mosquitoes dying on the floor. This test session demonstrated that free-flying mosquitoes (vs. caged mosquitoes) were more susceptible to the tested product, which could provide significantly better repellency in open spaces. This again raised the issue of the diffusion / exposure of the active ingredient to mosquitoes.

[0108] Conclusions from the above tests: - "Pod mode" (wax melted by external heat source / flameless) allows the system to reach a much better effectiveness than "candle mode" -The higher the melting temperature, the better -There is no significant difference in effectiveness between soy and paraffin wax -The tested configuration is capable of giving good performance indoors -The configuration tested does not perform well enough for outdoor use

[0109] Example 4 - "Insert" Testing While the pod setup demonstrated significantly higher performance (kill and repel) compared to a regular candle TFL, tests were conducted on the TFL candle to find a means to transfer some of the energy generated by the flame to the wax in order to increase the wax temperature and continuously increase the TFL release rate to the required level. Aluminum "inserts" of various lengths and sizes were placed in the wax near the flame. This resulted in an increase in the temperature of the inserts, but did not result in a significant increase in the wax temperature, and it was difficult to properly position and maintain the inserts.

[0110] Example 5 - Simple Lid Test Another test focused on TFL plume diffusion using a simple lid. A "regular" candle was used, consisting of three wicks with a 2% TFL loading and soy wax, with a total candle weight of approximately 800g. A zinc-wick wick was used to increase the wax's melting temperature. The maximum wax temperature was 88°C (thus, the zinc-wick wick is estimated to be approximately 10-15°C warmer than the regular wick). The candle burn rate was approximately 15g / h of wax. The lid used was an 8" x 8" square, made of simple materials (stainless steel and brick) and placed approximately 7.25" above the candle. The test was conducted indoors. Six cages containing 20 mosquitoes were placed 1', 3', and 6.5' away from the candle. The kd was monitored every 15 minutes. No lid: Kd started after 1.5 hours (less than 20%), increased to about 80% after 15 minutes, and reached 100% after 2 hours. Stainless steel lid (non-porous): First test: After 1 hour, the lid was placed on the candle. After 1.5 hours, 100% kd was reached, showing a slight improvement over the no-lid case. Second test: Lid placed on candle from start. 100% kd was reached after 1 hour (previous check after 30 minutes showed 0% kd, so kd must have occurred somewhere between 30 minutes and 1 hour). Brick lid (porous - placed at start): The lid was placed on the candle from the beginning and allowed to stand for 15-30 minutes longer than without the lid. 80% of the kd was reached after 1 hour and 15 minutes. This confirms that the use of a lid, even a very simple one, improves the horizontal spread of the TFL and has a faster onset of efficacy. The theoretical TFL emission (which we know is not the case without decomposition; calculation based on candle weight loss and TFL concentration) is 350-430 mg / h, which is much higher compared to the theoretical target.

[0111] Example 6 - Testing different pod materials using candles instead of heating plates Another test performed tested the ability to heat pods using a candle (against a heating plate) and checked the achievable wax melt temperature based on the type and size of the pod container. Aluminum tealight, ceramic, and stainless steel (pod) containers were tested. All tests were performed with approximately 11g of wax in the pod (no TFL). Two distances (from the heating candle flame to the bottom of the pod container) were tested: 1.25" and 2". Single- and triple-wick heating candles were used. Wax melt temperatures were measured between 110°C and 240°C. Results: Aluminum provided the best heat transfer to reach the highest melting temperature, while the ceramic vessel showed the lowest melting temperature (logical, since it has the lowest heat transfer), followed by stainless steel. The temperature difference between the two measured distances was approximately 60°C. Conclusion: Candles can be used as a heat source instead of a heating plate. The melting temperature of the wax varies greatly depending on the distance from the flame and the material used for the pod container. Aluminum is preferred from the standpoint of heat transfer.

[0112] Example 7 - Testing the Candle vs. Pod Concept with TFL (Different Temperature / Fan / Lid) Testing was conducted over an 8-month period in the lab: all indoor testing. A total of 41 experiments were conducted with both evaluations: -Candles with TFL in the candle wax (all tested samples were large candles with approximately 800 grams of wax, three zinc wicks, and different TFL loads) (with flame) -Pod concept: A "regular 3 wick" candle is used (no flame) to heat the pod (a pod contains approximately 10-12g of wax and 200mg of TFL). The test was conducted indoors in a large building (24.5' long x 24.5' wide x 10' high). Caged mosquitoes were placed in four different orientations and at varying heights and distances from the candle (including a cage above the candle). 67 cages, each containing 20 mosquitoes, were used, allowing for a good assessment of the spatial diffusion of the active ingredient and its associated efficacy. Knockdown was assessed every 15 minutes up to 60 minutes, with mortality checks performed after 2, 4, and 24 hours.

[0113] result Cohort A - Examples 40-41: Testing of commercially available TFL candles - 0.5% TFL was incorporated into single wick candles. Results were very poor, with very few reaching 40% Kd or Mo, and only a few cages on the candles reaching >70% efficacy. Cohort B - Tests were conducted with varying amounts of TFL incorporated into candles (with flame) with candle melting temperatures ranging from approximately 70-80°C: This cohort showed little efficacy. Only the cage above the candle reached 100% efficacy in 15-30 minutes. However, some improvement was observed when a means of dispersing the TFL plume (i.e., a fan) was provided. Experiments 1-3: A 0.5% TFL candle (with flame) was used. After 30 minutes, 100% efficacy was achieved above the candle. Very low knockdown (Kd): Few cages (fewer than 5) reached 70% or higher Kd at 60 minutes. Very low mortality (Mo): Few cages (0 cages in Experiments 2 and 3, approximately 30 cages in Experiment 1) measured 70% or higher Mo. - Experiment 4: A 1% TFL candle (with flame) was used. After 30 minutes, 100% efficacy was observed on the candle. Kd and Mo were very low (only 3 cages reached 85-100%), all others remained below 30-40% (many had 0% efficacy). - Experiment 5: Used a 0.5% TFL candle (with flame). 100% efficacy on the candle after 15 minutes. Kd started at 60 minutes (almost none before that), with most cages having Kd > 70%. Mo was quite good (more than half of the cages > 70%). Experiments 6-7: 0.5% TFL candle (with flame) was used. After 30 minutes, 100% efficacy was observed on the candle. Kd began to increase at 60 minutes (although it was rare before that), but only a few cages reached Kd > 70%. The same was true for Mo. - Experiments 8-12: Experiments 9-11 used 0.5% TFL candles, and Experiments 8 and 12 used 1% TFL candles. Results were similar to Experiments 6-7. Examples 16-19: 0.5% and 1% candles (with flame) were used. No significant improvement was observed compared to Experiments 1-12. There was some variability within each repetition, but none were sufficient to achieve the target. Examples 20-21: A 0.5% TFL candle (with flame) was used, with a simple fan added above the candle. The only difference between Replicates 20 and 21 was the fan design. However, in both cases, the fan was a simple one made from aluminum foil that was rotated using heat from the candle (the first was commercially available, the second was hand-operated). A 100% Kd was still observed in the cages above the candle. Efficacy began after 30 minutes, reached over 70% in most cages by 45 minutes, and was near 100% by 60 minutes. Mortality was near 100% in most cages after 2, 4, and 24 hours. ○This showed that a means of dispersing the TFL plume (in this case a fan) would clearly improve the situation. Cohort C: Pods containing approximately 2% TFL in approximately 10-12g of soy wax (flameless) were heated to different temperatures on a hot plate or candle, with and without a lid. This group showed superior efficacy at higher temperatures, with improved results from a lid. Examples 13-15: 2% TFL pods were heated on a hotplate to temperatures ranging from approximately 150-190° C. The results were also very poor, with only the cage above the pod reaching 100% Kd in 15 minutes. Examples 22-23: 2% TFL pods were heated to higher temperatures (140-150°C) on a hot plate. As a result, kd was 100% in all cages after 30 minutes, and Mo was 100% in all cages throughout the entire test period (one cage reached 100% in 15 minutes). Examples 24-25: 2% TFL pods were heated with a three-wick candle to the melting temperature of the pod wax, between 160 and 130°C (temperature decreased over the test period). Results were similar to replicates 22 / 23, but more cages had kd within 15 minutes, resulting in superior efficacy. - Examples 26-27: Same as Examples 24 / 25 + lid (simple stainless steel lid placed on top of pod). Slight improvement with more cages at 100% Kd and Mo at 15 minutes. Examples 28-39: Similar to Experiments 26 / 27, but using aged pods at the following pre-burn times: 6 hours, 18 hours, 30 hours, 40 hours, 50 hours, and up to 60 hours (two replicates per aging run): still showed excellent results, on par with replicates 22 / 27. Onset was 15-30 minutes. Conclusion: -Pod Concept showed much better results and met expectations (100% efficacy in a very short time) -The pods (2% TFL, 10-12g soy wax) performed very well up to 60 hours of use. -The melting temperature of the wax was important, with around 150°C being a good target. -Using a candle to heat the pod worked well, even though the temperature varied over time. -The simple lid improved plume dispersion for the TFL (although it was a bit difficult to assess the exact improvement as all results were excellent). -Fans significantly improve TFL plume dispersion

[0114] Example 8 - Repelling Testing of Pod / Lid / Device Prototypes in Semi-Field Tests A four-month semi-field test was conducted in a 30' x 60' outdoor greenhouse to test the mosquito repellent performance. A total of 33 experiments were conducted. Testing began with a prototype of the device.

[0115] Protocol: At one end of the greenhouse, three CO2 traps were placed 120 degrees apart, the same distance as the test specimens, with a candle placed in the center. The radius of this "trap circle" was varied to check for different coverage / protected areas (radii of 6', 7.5', and 8.4', corresponding to protected areas of 8.5 x 8.5', 10.5 x 10.5', and 12 x 12', respectively, according to the protocol). Yellow fever mosquitoes were used: 450 mosquitoes were released during the pre-treatment phase, and 200 mosquitoes were released before the post-treatment phase. Releases were conducted at the other end of the greenhouse. Repulsion was calculated by comparing captured mosquitoes with and without the specimen. In some experiments, a heated candle was used to heat pods containing approximately 10-12g of soy wax incorporating different TFL concentrations to a target melting temperature of 150°C (without a flame). In other experiments, a three-wick candle incorporating TFL was used (with a flame).

[0116] First Test Period - Pod invention confirmed to be capable of repelling over 75%. Test radius did not significantly affect results. Pods containing 2% TFL in approximately 10-12g of soy wax (from fresh (i.e. unused) pods to pods aged for 3.5 hours) were tested over a 7.5' radius of protection. An average of 86% repelled insects. -The same pods were tested at a 6' radius (aging from 3.5 to 8.5 hours). An average of 83% repelled insects. Fresh pods were tested with approximately 10-12g of soy wax mixed with 1% TFL at a 6' radius of protection. Average repelling rates were 32%. Pods containing 2% TFL in approximately 10-12g of soy wax were tested in a 6' radius, all fresh (four experiments: two regular pods (approximately 38mm diameter, 14-16mm height), two larger pods (approximately 54mm diameter, same height), and only the size of the container was varied). An average of 84% repelling was achieved. No difference was observed between the regular and larger containers.

[0117] Second test period - 3D printed lids (which redirect the TFL plume in different ways) were evaluated for both TFL Candles and TFL Pods. Different 3D printed lid shapes resulted in different vent sizes for releasing the active ingredient plume (depending on the distance the lid was raised). While both demonstrated good repelling, the distance the lid was raised raised questions about the size of the vent required for proper release of the TFL. Experiment 1: A large (approximately 800g soy wax) 3-wick 1% TFL candle was tested with a cap on top and a 6' radius of protection. 87% repelled. Experiment 2: The same lid was placed on top of a pod containing 2% TFL (heated on a hot plate) and tested at a 6' radius of protection. 72% repelled the ants. -Test 3: Same as Test 2, but with lid raised 3 / 4"; 77% repulsion. -Test 4: Protection radius was 8.4', same as Test 1. Approximately 56% repelling was achieved.

[0118] Third Test Period - Different design prototypes of the device were tested (all prototypes based on the same concept of a lidded pod heated by a candle). The prototypes had metal plates used to adjust the pod's position relative to the heating candle and spacers to adjust the size of the vent between the lid and frame. The various device prototypes tested were made of metal, plastic, and ceramic and had square, round, and hexagonal structures. The selected designs tested all had excellent repelling properties, with no significant effect on performance. Experiment 1: A fresh pod (without flame) containing approximately 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL was tested at a protective radius of 8.4'. The pod was inserted into a prototype "square lantern" with a glass window (see Figures 1a-c). 78% repelling was achieved. - Experiment 2: Fresh pods (without flame) containing approximately 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL incorporated were tested at a protective radius of 8.4'. The pods were inserted into a prototype "square lantern" with no windows. A 60% repelling effect was obtained. - Experiment 3: Pods (without flame) containing approximately 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL incorporated were tested at an 8.4' radius of protection. The pods were inserted into a windowless "round lantern" prototype. The pods were aged for 1.75 hours. A 65% repelling rate was achieved. - Experiment 4: Pods (without flame) containing approximately 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL incorporated were tested at a protection radius of 8.4'. The pods were inserted into the "mini ceramic" prototype (see Figures 3a-b). The pods were aged for 1.75 hours. A 74% repelling rate was achieved. - Experiment 5: Pods (without flame) containing approximately 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL incorporated were tested at a protection radius of 8.4'. The pods were inserted into a prototype "large ceramic lantern" (see Figures 3a-b). The pods were aged for 3.75 hours. A 78% repelling rate was achieved.

[0119] Test Period 4 - Further testing of the prototype was carried out using either a more aged pod or slight adjustments to the design. Experiments 6-7 focused on the less repellent citronella candle (with flame): -Test 6: 3% citronella candle (flamed) tested in 8.4' radius. Candle not inside structure. 35% repelling. - Experiment 7: 3% citronella wax (no flame) (melted on a hot plate) was tested at a radius of 8.4'. No wax was included in either structure. A 44% repulsion was obtained. Experiments 1-4 showed lower than expected repulsion, which may be related to the test period or mosquito activity. These results were not suggestive and the experiments were repeated. Experiments 5 and 8-10 were repeated with more promising results in improved repulsion: Experiment 5: Fresh pods (without flame) containing 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL were tested at an 8.4' radius. The pods were placed in a prototype "square lantern" with a glass window (see Figures 1a-c). 81% repelling was achieved. Experiment 8: Fresh pods (without flame) containing 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL were tested at an 8.4' radius. The pods were placed in a prototype "square lantern" with a glass window (see Figures 1a-c). 80% repelling was achieved. - Experiment 9: Pods (without flame) containing 10g of soy wax and 2% TFL incorporated were tested at an 8.4' radius. The pods were placed inside a "square lantern" prototype with a glass window (perforated similarly to Experiments 2 and 3). The pods were allowed to age for 1.5 hours. 59% repelling was achieved. - Experiment 10: Fresh pods (without flame) containing 10g soy wax and 2% TFL incorporated were tested at an 8.4' radius. The pods were placed in a prototype "square lantern" with a glass window and the lid raised 1 / 8". 80% repelling was achieved. Conclusion: -Pod aging affected repelling. - Citronella candles are not very effective, even in high concentrations (only up to 3% is available on the market). - The air circulation between the heating candle area and the pod area was not improved. It would have been better to separate the two areas. Also, more accurate monitoring of the test conditions was required.

[0120] Example 9 - Effect of initial load and temperature on release of TFL TGA test sessions were conducted on samples from pods containing different amounts of TFL incorporated into pure soy wax: 1) 1% TFL mixed with approximately 10-12g of soy wax, and 2) 3% TFL mixed with approximately 10-12g of soy wax. The pods were heated to three different temperatures: 120°C, 140°C, and 160°C. The objective was to gain insight into the effect of initial loading and the effect of temperature on emission. The results confirmed the initial results regarding the nonlinearity of the TFL emission (about 10 times higher emission between 120 and 160 °C). It was also discovered that working at 160 °C instead of 150 °C was even better. The effect of the initial load was small: the emission at 3% was 1.5 times higher than at 1%.

[0121] Example 10 - Greenhouse test using heated candles to check efficacy of TFL / wax amount All directional tests were conducted in a greenhouse over a two-month period. We used an in-house protocol (two CO2 traps placed 5' and 15' apart) to measure repelling (the number of mosquitoes captured out of 150 released). A cage containing 20 mosquitoes was placed near the specimen and tested to check for kd and M (kd was checked from the start until 120 minutes, and M was checked every 15 minutes for up to 24 hours). When possible, we also checked for mosquito carcasses found in the greenhouse (for reference, as mosquito carcasses may not be easily found). Additional monitoring equipment was added to properly monitor and record the wax melting temperature. A heating candle was used to warm the pods. For all tests, the pods were placed inside a square lantern (see Figure 1a-c). The TFL release rate was controlled by checking the TFL content before and after the test session.

[0122] Phase 1 - Established efficacy and potential variability. Experiments 1-3. Fresh pods containing 2% TFL incorporated into 10g soy wax were tested. The use of heating candles varied widely, so they were heated between approximately 155-205°C. An average of 90% Mo was obtained. Kd took a long time to develop (only 4kd in 105 minutes of testing). Average mosquitoes caught: 3.7 in the 5' trap and 18 in the 15' trap. Thus, there is a high degree of variability in TFL emissions, ranging from approximately 10 to approximately 45 mg / h, which is consistent with the efficacy results: higher emissions correspond to higher efficacy. These variations are related to variations in pod temperature (caused by the heating candle). Therefore, optimizing the heating candle and its relative positioning to the pod is ideal to minimize variations in melting temperature.

[0123] Phase 2 - The effect of wax amount (3g vs. 10g soy wax) on efficacy was tested. Experiments 4-6: Fresh pods: 3g soy wax, 2% TFL incorporated. They were heated to higher temperatures than expected, approximately 200°C. Average MoI was 47%. Average mosquito catches: 9 in the 5' trap and 33 in the 15' trap. TFL release rates ranged from approximately 18 to approximately 35 mg / h. One experiment showed surprising results, with only 4 and 2 mosquitoes caught in the 5' and 15' traps, respectively. And 100% kd and 100% MoI were achieved in 60 minutes (no previous researchers had achieved such efficacy). Therefore, the highest efficacy was clearly associated with the highest TFL release rate (35 mg / h, highest pod temperature).

[0124] Phase 3: Effect of TFL content in 10 g of waxy soybean pods heated to 145°C Four experiments were conducted: two incorporating 1% TFL (which were repeated after inconsistent results the first time), one incorporating 3% TFL, and one incorporating 5% TFL. All with fresh pods. At -5%, just one mosquito caught in the 5' trap gave 100% kd in 30 minutes. 100% Mo in 24 hours (the highest result of all tests). At -3%, 6 and 4 mosquitoes were captured in the 5' trap and 15' trap, respectively, reaching 90% kd in 75 minutes and 100% Mo in 24 hours. At -1%, 22 and 57 mosquitoes were captured in the 5' trap and 15' trap, respectively, reaching 50% kd in 120 minutes and 85% Mo in 24 hours. Thus, the efficacy of the 5% TFL pods was just over 3% and 1%. At 145°C, very different release rates of 62 mg / h and 12 mg / h, respectively, were observed. 25 mg / h was the defined target. Therefore, the wax melting temperature became important, and even temperatures higher than 140–150°C could improve results (see Figure 8, which shows the temperature profile of the pod wax: the first experiment corresponds to Pod G, the second experiment to Pod G(2), the third experiment to Pod H, and the fourth experiment to Pod I (hence, G = 1% TFL pod, H = 3% TFL pod, and I = 5% TFL pod)). The wax's maximum melting temperature was approximately 180°C, at which point it began to decompose and produce smoke. Higher loadings resulted in higher releases and greater efficacy. The wax load had no significant effect between 3 and 10 g.

[0125] Example 11 - Determining optimal operating range and durability in an outdoor greenhouse The next stage of testing narrowed down the final formulation, focusing on sustainability in an outdoor greenhouse (similar setup and protocol to the previous session):

[0126] Determining Optimal Operating Range / Aged Pods The following experiments were performed: five runs (three with fresh pods and two with pods aged for five hours) with 2% TFL incorporated into 10g soy wax. Mixed results were obtained due to differences in wax melting temperatures. Three runs reached temperatures above 200°C. While these produced excellent results (kd reached 100% in 15 minutes, Mo was over 90%), the wax decomposed (smoked and turned black) due to the high temperature. This confirmed the optimal wax melt temperature profile: 210°C > wax pod temperature > 140°C, preferably 190°C > wax pod temperature > 150°C, and more preferably 180°C > wax pod temperature > 160°C. Temperature peaks (above 200°C) are acceptable (when lighting the candle) but should not last too long (due to the risk of pod wax decomposition and smoke). Conclusion: -The optimum operating range for wax melting temperature is 160~180℃. -Two replicates using aged pods still showed good repelling, but lower kd / Mo. In one embodiment, the pod operating temperature may be about 140°C to about 180°C, or about 150°C to about 170°C, or about 160°C to about 180°C, or about 140°C to about 160°C, or about 155°C to about 165°C, or about 160°C.

[0127] Duration: Based on the results obtained (release rate required to achieve the expected efficacy), a target duration of 24 hours was set. Durability is a balance between wax amount / pod TFL load / wax melting temperature and the design of the heating candle. Based on this, calculations were made for a pod design for outdoor use with a 6% TFL load in a 10g soy wax pod (600mg TFL content), corresponding to a release rate of 25mg / h over 24 hours. Even at 6%, the TFL was homogeneously mixed into the wax and was stable. For indoor use, 3g of soy wax per pod may be sufficient. The TFL concentration depends on the expected duration (e.g., a 72mg TFL content ensures a minimum 24-hour duration indoors; this corresponds to 2.5% in a 3g pod and 0.75% in a 10g pod).

[0128] Example 12 - Fine-tuning the formulation in semi-field testing (stabilizing temperature and confirming outdoor repelling) The final optimization step focused on temperature stabilization and outdoor repellency. Formulation fine-tuning testing took place over a four-month period, resulting in 103 experiments. All tests were conducted in a semi-field setting outdoors in a 30' x 60' greenhouse (similar setup / protocol to that used in Example 8). All tests were conducted in a square lantern (see Figures 1a-c) with a radius of 8.4' (corresponding to a 12' x 12' protected area). Most experiments were performed simultaneously in "triple packs": four greenhouses were used—one as a "control" and three for testing. This allowed for more accurate interpretation of results (especially in the presence of variability in mosquito activity).

[0129] Results: Different heating candle types were used in experiments 1-42, which resulted in temporal variations in the wax melting temperature, resulting in mixed results in some experiments. After experiment 42 (to the end), the candle with the highest heating stability was selected. Experiments 1-22: Tests were conducted using pods containing 2%, 3%, and 6% TFL incorporated into 10g of soy wax. Tests were conducted from fresh to 24-hour duration. An average repellent of 75% (US EPA limit) was achieved. The 2% and 3% TFL pods showed a decrease in efficacy, especially after aging (no significant difference for fresh pods). Only the 6% TFL pods consistently achieved the desired repellent above 75%, even up to 24 hours of testing. This confirmed that a 6% TFL load was necessary to achieve the expected efficacy. All subsequent experiments were based on the 6% TFL pods. Experiments 23-28: Fresh and 10.5 hour aged 6% TFL pods. Mixed results were obtained. Had to adjust with heating candles. - Experiments 29-34: Fresh and 22.5 hour aged 6% TFL pods. All fresh pods achieved >75% repulsion, but only 1 of 3 22.5 hour aged pods did so. - Experiments 35-49: Fresh pods, pods aged for 10.5 hours, and pods aged for 22.5 hours, all containing 6% TFL. On average, the fresh pods achieved just under 75% repelling (but mosquito activity seemed to be lower here). All experiments (6 total) with the 10.5 hour pods achieved greater than 75% repelling, while the 22.5 hour pods achieved 35% repelling. Experiment 50-55: Fresh pods containing 6% TFL and pods aged for 10.5 hours. All fresh pods achieved greater than 75% TFL, while the aged pods showed mixed results. Experiments 56-64: Fresh pods containing 6% TFL, pods aged for 16.5 hours, and pods aged for 22.5 hours were used. The average repulsion was 80% fresh, 76% at 16.5 hours, and 39% at 22.5 hours. These showed that long-term retention was difficult, so in the next experiment, the aging time was changed to check when the efficacy decreased. Experiments 65-70: Pods aged for 16.5 hours and 18.5 hours with a TFL of 6% were used. The 16.5 hour aging period resulted in an average of 79% repulsion, while the 22.5 hour aging period resulted in an average of 62% repulsion. - Experiments 71-73: Fresh pods were used (to check mosquito activity). The average repelling rate was 69%, which led to the conclusion that mosquito activity was too low. Therefore, in the next experiment, the time before melting was extended to 1 hour. - Tests 74-79: Pods aged for 22.5 hours were used. Average repelling was 81% for the first three tests and 37% for the last three tests. - Experiments 80-91: Fresh pods and pods aged for 22.5 hours were used. On average, fresh pods achieved 82% repulsion, while aged pods achieved 80% repulsion. Conclusion: All designs and settings were finalized to achieve 24 hours of duration (=test with pods aged for 22.5 hours). -Final session of 13 repetitions in an increased 15x15' protected area: Experiments 92-98: Fresh pods were used. An average of 84% repelled the insects. Experiments 99-104: Pods aged for 33.5 hours. 50% repelled.

[0130] Experiment 13 - Outdoor field test for repelling Outdoor field tests were conducted at two different locations where mosquito pressure was sufficiently high according to US EPA standards (minimum 60 captures per hour). Both sites followed the US EPA's screening test protocol (using a 15x15' protected area). Testing was similar to semi-field testing, except that local mosquitoes were captured (no releases or greenhouses). Fresh pods containing 6% TFL incorporated into approximately 10g of soy wax, pods aged for 16.5 hours (equivalent to 18 hours of use), and pods aged for 22.5 hours (equivalent to 24 hours of use) were tested.

[0131] Points 1 and 2 all tested had greater than 75% rejection (even over 88% rejection). This test validated the performance level of this device.

[0132] Therefore, outdoors (15x15' protection), it is preferred that about 6% TFL be incorporated into about 10g of soy wax pod to achieve 24 hour protection.

[0133] Example 14 - Use of TGA measurements to derive optimal temperatures for heating TFL pods Transfluthrin (TFL) has a low vapor pressure (see Table 3 below), which means that release can occur at room temperature without the need for energy use. However, this release is quite low and provides only a very limited level of protection, not sufficient to protect large outdoor areas (greater than 10 x 10', 12 x 12', 15 x 15'). [Table 3]

[0134] For TFLs used outdoors in a 15x15' protected area, the US EPA repellent efficacy test protocol estimates that a discharge rate of approximately 25mg / h is required to achieve the required minimum of 75% repellency (from the formula above). Higher discharge rates will improve performance, but 25mg / h appears to be a good balance between the minimum required and the associated costs. For TFLs used indoors (typically according to globally accepted kill protocols), a discharge rate of approximately 30m 3 In a room with this level, 3mg / h or less will be sufficient.

[0135] TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) of the TFL was performed, which allows characterization of the release profile of the active ingredient as a function of temperature, see Figure 9A. Such measurements on the TFL demonstrated the following: -The release of the active ingredient is not linear. Below 100-110°C, there is almost no release, and thereafter the release appears to become faster at higher temperatures. - The melting temperature of candle wax depends mainly on the type of wax used, but typical wax melting temperatures range from 50-80°C. Therefore, TFL emissions are quite low within the "typical candle wax melting temperature" range, making it impossible to achieve the required release rate (which is why TFLs incorporated directly into candles are primarily burned before being released). In this temperature range, emissions above 2-3 mg / h are almost impossible (considering the potential TFL load on the candle and the size of the candle), far below the 20-25 mg / h required for outdoor use. - Based on TGA measurements, it can be seen that the pod temperature needs to be higher than 130-140°C to reach the desired release rate of 25 mg / h of TFL.

[0136] As can be seen from the TGA measurements (Figures 10A and 10B) of a 15 mg flake of transfluthrin technical measured at a temperature ramp of 3 K / min (under continuous N flow), the onset of evaporation is approximately 100 °C, with complete evaporation occurring at 255 °C (before the typical flame temperature). Thus, at a candle melting temperature of 55 °C, under these TGA conditions, the TGA evaporation rate is (15 mg * The release rate was less than 0.02 / 10 h = 0.03 mg / h, which is much lower than the desired release rate of 25 mg / h.

[0137] Such measurements were performed using 15 mg of TFL technical. While it may be possible to increase the amount released by increasing the amount of TFL, this would be impractical for consumer product design (safety / cost). Consequently, if TFL were loaded into the wax in a "traditional" candle design, it would be burned off in large quantities before being released. - Example: A tealight candle containing approximately 12g of wax lasts for approximately 4 hours, and approximately 100mg of TFL is required to reach the expected efficacy (4 hours duration x 25mg of TFL released per hour).

[0138] By scaling up the results obtained from the TGA measurements, it is estimated that only 0.2 mg of 100 mg would be released, i.e., more than 99% would be consumed and burned by the flame.

[0139] Another method of incorporating TFL was attempted, which involved only having a portion of the wax (the portion not in contact with the wick / flame) containing TFL. However, the entire surface was melted and all portions were mixed together at the same time, resulting in the same problems (burning, lack of release, etc.). Therefore, it was determined that incorporating TFL into the wax for use as a "regular candle" was not practical to achieve the desired TFL release rate.

[0140] However, by using the apparatus contemplated herein in the claimed design and positioning (i.e., having a holder adapted to receive a pod containing a composition including at least one air treatment substance), the pod temperature could be heated above 130-140° C. and below 170-190° C. (at such temperatures, the wax begins to decompose and smoke is generated). TGA measurements could then be performed to estimate the optimum pod operating temperature, which could be reached by using the apparatus described herein.

[0141] Specific Embodiments The following specific embodiments are disclosed. The list of embodiments should not be considered limiting: 1. An apparatus for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising: a top and a housing, the housing comprising a base and at least one side, the at least one side being disposed between the base and the top, the apparatus having an interior space at least partially enclosed by the housing, the housing configured to receive a heat source on or above an upper surface of the base of the housing, the apparatus further comprising a holder configured to receive a composition comprising at least one air treatment substance, and the apparatus further configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition. 2. An apparatus for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising: a base having a top and a housing, the housing comprising a heat source; at least one side portion, the at least one side portion being disposed between the base and the top portion, the device having an interior space at least partially enclosed by the housing, the device further comprising a holder configured to receive a composition comprising at least one air treatment substance; and The apparatus is further configured to receive the composition such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition. 3. An apparatus for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising: a top surface and a housing, said housing comprising at least one side portion, said at least one side portion being disposed between said exterior surface and said top portion when said apparatus is placed on said exterior surface, said apparatus having an interior space at least partially enclosed by said housing, said apparatus further comprising a holder configured to receive a composition comprising at least one air treatment substance, and said apparatus further configured to receive said composition such that a heat source placed on said exterior surface can apply heat to said composition. 4. The device of any of embodiments 1, 2, or 3, wherein the interior space of the device is at least partially enclosed by the housing and the top. 5. The device of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the holder is above the base of the housing. 6. The device of embodiment 3, wherein the holder is above the outer surface when the device is placed on the outer surface. 7. The device of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the housing is configured to receive the heat source between the holder and the base of the housing. 8. The device of any of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the holder is positioned between the top of the housing and the base. 9. The device of embodiment 3, wherein the holder is positioned between the top and the outer surface when the device is placed on the outer surface. 10. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the at least one side comprises a door or opening for accessing the interior space of the device. 11. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the housing has at least two sides. 12. The device of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the housing has at least four sides. 13. The device of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the top is fixed to the housing. 14. The device of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the top is removable from the housing. 15. The device of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the top is positioned to block or inhibit vertical flow of the at least one air treatment substance from the composition received by the holder when the composition is heated. 16. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, further comprising at least one side opening in the top and / or at least one side, which allows or directs lateral or horizontal flow of the at least one air treatment substance through the at least one side opening. 17. The device of embodiment 16, wherein the top portion comprises the at least one side opening. 18. The device of embodiment 16, wherein the at least one side of the housing comprises the at least one side opening. 19. The device of any of embodiments 16-18, wherein the at least one side opening is located or positioned above and / or laterally of the holder configured to receive the composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance. 20. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the holder is connected to one or more sides of the housing. 21. A device described in any one of embodiments 1-19, wherein the holder spans between one or more sides of the housing. 22. A device described in any one of embodiments 1-19, wherein the holder spans two or more sides of the housing. 23. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the holder is connected to the upper portion. 24. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the holder has an opening or recess formed to receive and hold a container and a pod containing the composition disposed within the container. 25. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the holder comprises a plate or sheet surrounding the opening or recess. 26. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the opening or recess in the holder is round, square, or other shape. 27. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the holder is a metal, plastic, or ceramic material. 28. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1-2, further comprising a second holder suspended above the upper surface of the base and configured to receive the heat source. 29. The device of embodiment 3, further comprising a second holder suspended above the outer surface when the device is placed on the outer surface and configured to receive the heat source. 30. The device of embodiment 28, wherein the second holder is positioned between the first holder and the base of the housing. 31. The device of embodiment 29, wherein the second holder is positioned between the first holder and the outer surface when the device is placed on the outer surface. 32. A device described in any of embodiments 28-31, wherein the second holder is connected to one or more sides of the housing. 33. An apparatus according to any one of embodiments 28-32, wherein the second holder comprises an opening or recess configured to receive and hold the heat source. 34. The device of embodiment 33, wherein the second holder further comprises a plate or sheet surrounding the opening or recess. 35. The device of embodiment 33, wherein the opening or recess in the second holder is circular, square, or any other desired shape. 36. An apparatus according to any one of embodiments 28 to 35, wherein the second holder is made of a metal, plastic, or ceramic material. 37. The apparatus of any one of embodiments 1 to 36, further comprising the heat source. 38. An apparatus as described in any of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the top surface of the base of the housing comprises a recess shaped to receive the heat source. 39. The device of any one of embodiments 1-38, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the heat source adds a sufficient amount of heat to the composition to release the air treatment substance into the surrounding air. 40. The device of any one of embodiments 1-39, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the heat source adds a sufficient amount of heat to the composition to produce a desired release rate of the air treatment substance. 41. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 0 mm to about 100 mm. 42. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 1 mm to about 80 mm. 43. An apparatus according to any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is within the range of about 5 mm to about 80 mm. 44. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is within the range of about 10 mm to about 80 mm. 45. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is within a range of approximately 5 to 15 mm. 46. ​​An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is within the range of about 20 mm to about 60 mm. 47. The apparatus of any one of embodiments 39-46, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 50-300°C. 48. The apparatus of any one of embodiments 39-46, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 100-250°C. 49. The apparatus of any one of embodiments 39-46, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 140°C to about 220°C. 50. The apparatus of any one of embodiments 39-46, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 150°C to about 190°C. 51. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 1 to 50, wherein the distance between the area configured to receive the heat source and the holder is adjustable. 52. The apparatus of any one of embodiments 1-51, wherein the heat source is disposed within a heating vessel. 53. The apparatus of embodiment 52, wherein the heating vessel is made of a material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, metal, and plastic. 54. A device described in any one of embodiments 1-53, wherein the heat source is disposable. 55. The device of any one of embodiments 1-54, wherein the heat source is electric, battery-powered, gas-powered, or a candle. 56. The device of any one of embodiments 1-55, wherein the heat source is a candle including at least one wick. 57. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the candle comprises a wax selected from the group consisting of soy, paraffin, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, and rapeseed / palm wax, or any combination thereof. 58. The device of embodiment 56, wherein the candle is made of wax selected from the group consisting of soy and paraffin, or a combination thereof. 59. A device described in any of embodiments 56 to 58, wherein the at least one core is made of a material selected from the group consisting of zinc core, paper core, CD, HTTP, LX, wood, RRD, and cotton, or a combination thereof. 60. A device described in any one of embodiments 56 to 58, wherein the core is made of a zinc core. 61. A device described in any of embodiments 56 to 60, wherein the diameter of the at least one core is in the range of about 0.2 to about 10 mm. 62. A device described in any of embodiments 56 to 60, wherein the diameter of the at least one core is in the range of about 0.5 to about 2 mm. 63. The device of any one of embodiments 56-62, wherein the candle comprises 8 to 590 g of wax. 64. The device of any one of embodiments 56-62, wherein the candle comprises 100-150 g of wax. 65. A device described in any of embodiments 56 to 64, wherein the candle further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of fragrances, essential oils, release enhancers, dyes, or titanium dioxide (TiO2). 66. The device of any one of embodiments 56-64, wherein the candle further comprises citronella. 67. The device of embodiment 24, wherein the pod is disposable. 68. The device of embodiment 67, wherein the pod further comprises a cover over the composition. 69. An apparatus according to any of embodiments 67-68, wherein the pod container is or comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, steel, alloys, and copper. 70. The device of any one of embodiments 67-68, wherein the pod container is aluminum. 71. A device described in any of embodiments 67-70, wherein the pod is round, square, or other shape. 72. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 71, wherein the composition comprises the at least one air treatment substance, a matrix, and optionally at least one additive, the matrix comprising an inert solid material, and the matrix optionally being immiscible with the at least one air treatment substance. 73. The device of embodiment 72, wherein the matrix partially or completely melts above 50°C, above 60°C, above 70°C, above 80°C, above 90°C, or above 100°C. 74. The device described in embodiments 72-73, wherein the composition comprises at least one additive, and the at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of fragrances, citronella oil, dyes, essential oils, lavender oil, stearin, and release enhancers, optionally in an amount of about 0.1-4%. 75. A device according to any of embodiments 67-74, wherein the pod container comprises at least two different compartments. 76. The device of embodiment 75, wherein each compartment of the pod container contains either (i) the at least one air treatment substance and the matrix, or (ii) the at least one additive. 77. The device of any of embodiments 72-76, wherein the matrix comprises a wax, a cellulose mat, a sand core, or a binder resin substrate, or a mixture thereof. 78. A device described in any of embodiments 72-76, wherein the matrix comprises a wax. 79. A device described in any of embodiments 72-76, wherein the matrix comprises a wax made from soy, paraffin, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, rapeseed / palm wax, or a combination thereof. 81. A device described in any of embodiments 72-76, wherein the matrix comprises a wax made from soy wax, paraffin wax, or a blend thereof. 82. The device of any one of embodiments 72-76, wherein the matrix comprises soy wax. 83. A device according to any of embodiments 72-82, wherein the matrix is ​​capable of at least partially melting above 50°C and / or comprises 0.5 to 50 g of wax. 84. The device of embodiment 83, wherein the matrix comprises about 0.5 g to 20 g of wax. 85. The device of embodiment 83, wherein the matrix comprises about 1 g to 15 g of wax. 86. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of a volatile pest control active ingredient, a fragrance, a natural essential oil, a deodorizer, an allergen control ingredient, a disinfectant, and a sanitizer. 87. The device of any one of embodiments 1-85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is a pest control active ingredient. 88. A device described in any one of embodiments 1-85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of organophosphate insecticides, natural repellents, citronella oil, natural pyrethrins, pyrethrum extracts, and synthetic pyrethroids, or combinations thereof. 89. A device according to any one of embodiments 1-85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is a pyrethroid. 90. The device of any one of embodiments 1-85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of dimefluthrin, profluthrin, transfluthrin, furamethrin, metofluthrin, allethrin, prallethrin, fenothrin, permethrin, meperfluthrin, momfluorotrin, flumethrin, imiprothrin, and tetramethrin, or a combination thereof. 91. The device of any one of embodiments 1-85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of transfluthrin, metofluthrin, prallethrin, meperfluthrin, dimefluthrin, and momfluorothrin, or a combination thereof. 92. An apparatus according to any one of embodiments 1-85, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is allethrin, metofluthrin, or transfluthrin, or a combination thereof. 93. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 92, wherein the composition comprises a matrix and the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance in the composition is about 0.01% to 75%, such percentage being defined as the amount or mass of the air treatment substance divided by the amount or mass of the matrix. 94. The device of any one of embodiments 1-93, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance is about 0.03-20%. 95. The device of any of embodiments 1-93, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance is about 0.04-10%. 96. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 95, wherein the composition further comprises a matrix comprising wax, and the composition comprises between about 2 mg and 2 g of the air treatment substance and between about 0.5 g and 50 g of the wax. 97. The device of any of embodiments 96, wherein the composition comprises between about 10 mg and 1 g of the air treatment substance and between about 5 g and 25 g of the wax. 98. An apparatus as described in embodiments 16 to 97, wherein the at least one air treatment substance flows out of the apparatus through the at least one side opening into a desired treatment area surrounding the apparatus, and such desired treatment area is within approximately 0 to 3 meters above ground level. 99. An apparatus according to any one of embodiments 1-98, further comprising a fan, the fan increasing the amount of the at least one air treatment substance flowing through the at least one side opening of the apparatus. 100. The device of any one of embodiments 1-99, wherein the top is made of a material selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, polymer, glass, ceramic, and alloy. 101. The device of any one of embodiments 1-99, wherein the top is made of a material selected from metal, plastic, and ceramic. 102. A device described in any of embodiments 1-101, wherein the inner surface of the top is flat, convex, or concave, and / or the top of the device is round, square, or any other simple or complex shape. 103. The device of any of embodiments 1-101, wherein the inner surface of the upper portion is convex and / or has a round or square shape. 104. An apparatus according to any of embodiments 1-103, wherein the holder and / or the second holder comprises a metal, plastic, or ceramic material. 105. The device of any one of embodiments 1-104, wherein the at least one side comprises a mesh structure. 106. The device of any one of embodiments 1-104, wherein the at least one side comprises a wall structure. 107. The device of embodiment 106, wherein the one wall structure comprises a material selected from the group consisting of metal, alloy, polycarbonate, ceramic, glass, and plastic, or a combination thereof. 108. The device of any one of embodiments 1-107, wherein the at least one side comprises a door or a window. 109. A device described in any of embodiments 1-108, wherein the housing has a cylindrical shape or a shape defined by 4 to 8 sides. 110. The device of any one of embodiments 1-109, wherein the housing comprises a metal, plastic, glass, or ceramic material. 111. A device described in any of embodiments 1-110, wherein the housing has a rectangular, square, polygonal, round, or circular shape. 112. A method of using the device of any of embodiments 1-111, wherein the composition disposed in the holder is heated with the heat source to effect release of the air treatment substance, thereby releasing the at least one air treatment substance into the surrounding air to repel and / or kill at least one target pest. 113. The method of embodiment 112, wherein the composition is heated to a target temperature or range of temperatures to cause a desired release rate of the air treatment substance from the composition into the ambient air. 114. A method for discharging at least one air treatment substance, comprising: (a) placing a heat source in an interior space of a device, the device comprising a top and a housing, the housing comprising at least one side, the at least one side being disposed between the top and a base, the interior space of the device being at least partially enclosed by the housing, the device further comprising a holder configured to receive a composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance, the device further configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition; (b) heating the composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance with heat from the heat source to cause release of the at least one air treatment substance into the surrounding air. 115.(c) further comprising placing a pod in the holder of the device, the pod including a pod container and a composition disposed within the container, the composition including the at least one air treatment substance; 115. The method of embodiment 114, wherein step (c) is carried out before, during, or after step (a) but before step (b). 116. The method of embodiment 114, wherein the device further comprises a pod within the holder of the device, the pod containing the composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance. 117. A method for discharging at least one air treatment substance, comprising: (a) placing a pod in a holder of a device, the pod comprising a pod container and a composition disposed within the container, the composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance; the device comprising a top and a housing, the housing comprising at least one side, the at least one side disposed between the top and the exterior surface when the device is placed upright on the exterior surface; the housing configured to receive a heat source on or above the top surface of the base of the housing, an interior space of the device at least partially enclosed by the housing, the device further configured to receive the heat source and the pod such that the heat source can apply heat to the pod; (b) heating the composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance with heat from the heat source to cause release of the at least one air treatment substance into the surrounding air. 118. The method of embodiment 114, wherein step (a) comprises placing the heat source on or above the top surface of the base of the housing. 119. The method of embodiment 117, wherein step (a) comprises placing the heat source on or above the exterior surface. 120. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the device further comprises a second holder positioned between the holder and the outer surface when the device is placed upright on the outer surface, and step (a) comprises placing the heat source in the second holder of the device. 121. The method of embodiment 114, wherein the second holder is positioned between the holder and the base of the housing, and step (a) comprises placing the heat source within the second holder of the device. 122. The method of any of embodiments 114-121, wherein the interior space of the device is at least partially enclosed by the housing and the top. 123. The method of any of embodiments 114, wherein the holder is above the base of the housing. 124. The method of embodiment 114, wherein the housing is configured to receive the heat source between the holder and the base of the housing. 125. The method of embodiment 114, wherein the holder is positioned between the top and the base of the housing. 126. The method of embodiment 117, wherein when the device is placed on the outer surface, the holder is positioned above the outer surface and / or between the top and the outer surface. 127. The method of any of embodiments 112-126, wherein the composition is heated to a temperature within a temperature range that melts the matrix of the composition and enables the release of the air treatment substance, but does not cause significant decomposition of the air treatment substance. 128. The method of any of embodiments 112-127, wherein the at least one side comprises a door or opening for accessing the interior space of the device. 129. The method of any one of embodiments 112-127, wherein the housing comprises at least two sides. 130. The method of any of embodiments 112-127, wherein the housing comprises at least four sides. 131. The method of any of embodiments 112-130, wherein the top is fixed to the housing. 132. The method of any one of embodiments 112-131, wherein the top is removable from the housing. 133. The method of any of embodiments 112-132, wherein the upper portion is positioned to block or inhibit vertical flow of the at least one air treatment substance from the composition received by the holder when the composition is heated. 134. The method of any of embodiments 112-133, further comprising at least one side opening in the top and / or at least one side, which allows or directs lateral or horizontal flow of the at least one air treatment substance through the at least one side opening. 135. The method of embodiment 134, wherein the top portion includes the at least one side opening. 136. The method of embodiment 134, wherein the at least one side of the housing comprises the at least one side opening. 137. The method of any of embodiments 134-136, wherein the at least one side opening is located or positioned above and / or laterally to the holder configured to receive the composition comprising the at least one air treatment substance. 138. The method of any of embodiments 114-137, wherein the holder is connected to one or more sides of the housing. 139. The method of any one of embodiments 114-137, wherein the holder spans between one or more sides of the housing. 140. The method of any one of embodiments 114-137, wherein the holder spans two or more sides of the housing. 141. The method of any one of embodiments 114-137, wherein the holder is connected to the upper portion. 142. The method of any of embodiments 114-141, wherein the holder comprises an opening or recess formed to receive and hold a container and a pod containing the composition disposed within the container. 143. The method of embodiment 142, wherein the holder comprises a plate or sheet surrounding the opening or recess. 144. The method of embodiment 142, wherein the opening or recess in the holder is round, square, or other shape. 145. The method of any one of embodiments 114-144, wherein the holder is a metal, plastic, or ceramic material. 146. The method of embodiment 114, further comprising a second holder suspended above the top surface of the base and configured to receive the heat source. 147. The method of embodiment 117, further comprising a second holder suspended above the exterior surface when the device is placed on the exterior surface and configured to receive the heat source. 148. The method according to embodiment 146, wherein the second holder is positioned between the first holder and the base of the housing. 149. The method of embodiment 147, wherein the second holder is positioned between the first holder and the outer surface when the device is placed on the outer surface. 150. The method of any of embodiments 146-149, wherein the second holder is connected to one or more sides of the housing. 160. The method of any of embodiments 146-150, wherein the second holder comprises an opening configured to receive and hold the heat source. 161. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the second holder further comprises a plate or sheet surrounding the opening or recess. 162. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the opening or recess in the second holder is round, square, or any other desired shape. 163. The method of any of embodiments 146-162, wherein the second holder is a metal, plastic, or ceramic material. 164. The method of any one of embodiments 114-164, further comprising the heat source. 165. The method of embodiment 114, wherein the top surface of the base of the housing comprises a recess formed to receive the heat source. 166. The method of any of embodiments 114-165, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 0 mm to about 100 mm. 167. The method of any of embodiments 114-165, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 1 mm to about 80 mm. 168. The method of any of embodiments 114-165, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 5 mm to about 80 mm. 169. The method of any of embodiments 114-165, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 10 mm to about 80 mm. 170. The method of any of embodiments 114-165, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 20 mm to about 80 mm. 171. The method of any of embodiments 114-165, wherein the device is configured to receive the heat source and the composition such that the distance between the heat source and the composition is in the range of about 20 mm to about 60 mm. 172. The method of any of embodiments 114-171, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 50-300°C. 173. The method of any of embodiments 114-171, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 100-250°C. 174. The method of any one of embodiments 114-171, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of from about 140°C to about 220°C. 175. The method of any one of embodiments 114-171, wherein the heat source heats the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 150°C to about 190°C. 176. The method of any of embodiments 114-175, wherein the distance between the area configured to receive the heat source and the holder is adjustable. 177. The method of any one of embodiments 114-176, wherein the heat source is disposed in a heating vessel. 178. The method of embodiment 177, wherein the heating vessel is made of a material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, metal, and plastic. 179. The method of any one of embodiments 114-178, wherein the heat source is disposable. 180. The method of any one of embodiments 114-179, wherein the heat source is electric, battery-powered, gas-powered, or a candle. 181. The method of any one of embodiments 114-180, wherein the heat source is a candle comprising at least one wick. 182. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the candle comprises a wax selected from the group consisting of soy, paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, and rapeseed / palm wax, or any combination thereof. 183. The method of embodiment 181, wherein the candle is made of a wax selected from the group consisting of soy and paraffin, or a combination thereof. 184. The method of any of embodiments 181-183, wherein the at least one core is made of a material selected from the group consisting of zinc core, paper core, CD, HTTP, LX, wood, RRD, and cotton, or a combination thereof. 185. The method of any one of embodiments 181-184, wherein the core is made of a zinc core. 186. The method of any of embodiments 181-185, wherein the diameter of the at least one core is in the range of about 0.2 to about 10 mm. 187. The method of any of embodiments 181-185, wherein the diameter of the at least one core is in the range of about 0.5 to about 2 mm. 188. The method of any one of embodiments 181-187, wherein the candle comprises 8 to 590 g of wax. 189. The method of any one of embodiments 181-187, wherein the candle comprises 100-150 g of wax. 190. The method of any of embodiments 181-187, wherein the candle further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of fragrances, essential oils, release enhancers, dyes, or titanium dioxide (TiO2). 191. The method of any one of embodiments 181-190, wherein the candle further comprises citronella. 192. The method of embodiment 152, wherein the pod is disposable. 193. The method of embodiment 192, wherein the pod further comprises a cover over the composition. 194. The method of any of embodiments 192-193, wherein the pod container is or comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, steel, alloys, and copper. 195. The method of any of embodiments 192-193, wherein the pod container is aluminum. 196. The method of any of embodiments 192-195, wherein the pods are round, square, or other shapes. 197. The method of any of embodiments 114-196, wherein the composition comprises at least one air treatment substance, a matrix, and optionally at least one additive, wherein the matrix comprises an inert solid material, and wherein the matrix is ​​optionally immiscible with the at least one air treatment substance. 198. The method of embodiment 197, wherein the matrix partially or completely melts above 50°C, above 60°C, above 70°C, above 80°C, above 90°C, or above 100°C. 199. The method of embodiment 197, wherein the composition comprises at least one additive, and the at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of fragrances, citronella oil, dyes, essential oils, lavender oil, stearin, and release enhancers, optionally in an amount of about 0.1 to 4%. 200. The method of any of embodiments 194-199, wherein the pod container comprises at least two different compartments. 201. The method of embodiment 200, wherein each compartment of the pod container comprises (i) the at least one air treatment substance and the matrix, or (ii) the at least one additive. 202. The method of any of embodiments 197-201, wherein the matrix comprises a wax, a cellulose mat, a sand core, or a binder resin substrate, or a mixture thereof. 203. The method of any of embodiments 197-201, wherein the matrix comprises a wax. 204. The method of any of embodiments 197-201, wherein the matrix comprises a wax made from soy, paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, rapeseed / palm wax, or a combination thereof. 205. The method of any of embodiments 197-201, wherein the matrix comprises a wax made from soy wax, paraffin wax, or a blend thereof. 206. The method of any one of embodiments 197-201, wherein the matrix comprises soy wax. 207. The method of any of embodiments 197-206, wherein the matrix is ​​capable of at least partially melting above 50°C and / or comprises 0.5 to 50 g of wax. 208. The method of embodiment 197, wherein the matrix comprises about 0.5 to 20 g of wax. 209. The method of embodiment 197, wherein the matrix comprises about 1 g to 15 g of wax. 210. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of a volatile pest control active ingredient, a fragrance, a natural essential oil, a deodorizer, an allergen control ingredient, a disinfectant, and a sanitizer. 211. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is a pest control active ingredient. 212. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of organophosphate insecticides, natural repellents, citronella oil, natural pyrethrins, pyrethrum extracts, and synthetic pyrethroids, or combinations thereof. 213. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is a pyrethroid. 214. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of dimefluthrin, profluthrin, transfluthrin, furamethrin, metofluthrin, allethrin, prallethrin, fenothrin, permethrin, meperfluthrin, momfluorotrin, flumethrin, imiprothrin, and tetramethrin, or a combination thereof. 215. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of transfluthrin, metofluthrin, prallethrin, meperfluthrin, dimefluthrin, and momfluorothrin, or a combination thereof. 216. The method of any of embodiments 114-209, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is allethrin, metofluthrin, or transfluthrin, or a combination thereof. 217. The method of any of embodiments 114-216, wherein the composition comprises a matrix and the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance in the composition is from about 0.01% to about 75%, such percentage being defined as the amount or mass of the air treatment substance divided by the amount or mass of the matrix. 218. The method of any of embodiments 114-217, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance is about 0.03-20%. 219. The method of any of embodiments 114-217, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance is about 0.04-10%. 220. The method of any of embodiments 114-217, wherein the composition further comprises a matrix comprising a wax, and the composition comprises about 2 mg to 2 g of the air treatment substance and about 0.5 g to 50 g of the wax. 221. The method of any of embodiments 114-217, wherein the composition comprises about 10 mg to 1 g of the air treatment substance and about 5 g to 25 g of the wax. 222. The method of any of embodiments 114-221, wherein the at least one air treatment substance flows out of the device through the at least one side opening into a desired treatment area surrounding the device, such desired treatment area being within about 0-3 meters above ground level. 223. The method of any of embodiments 114-222, further comprising a fan, the fan increasing the amount of the at least one air treatment substance flowing through the at least one side opening of the device. 224. The method of any of embodiments 114-223, wherein the top is made of a material selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, polymer, glass, ceramic, and alloy. 225. The method of any of embodiments 114-223, wherein the top is made of a material selected from metal, plastic, and ceramic. 226. The method of any of embodiments 114-225, wherein the inner surface of the upper portion is flat, convex, or concave, and / or the upper portion of the device is round, square, or any other simple or complex shape. 227. The method of any of embodiments 114-225, wherein the inner surface of the upper portion is convex and / or has a round or square shape. 228. The method of any of embodiments 114-227, wherein the holder and / or the second holder comprises a metal, plastic, or ceramic material. 229. The method of any one of embodiments 114-228, wherein the at least one side comprises a mesh structure. 230. The method of any of embodiments 114-228, wherein the at least one side comprises a wall structure. 231. The method of embodiment 230, wherein the one wall structure comprises a material selected from the group consisting of metal, alloy, polycarbonate, ceramic, glass, and plastic, or a combination thereof. 232. The method of any of embodiments 114-231, wherein the at least one side comprises a door or a window. 233. The method of any of embodiments 114-232, wherein the housing has a cylindrical shape or a shape defined by 4 to 8 sides. 234. The method of any one of embodiments 114-233, wherein the housing comprises a metal, plastic, glass, or ceramic material. 235. The method of any of embodiments 114-234, wherein the housing has a rectangular, square, polygonal, round, or circular shape. 236. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing the at least one air treatment substance indoors or outdoors. 237. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing transfluthrin outdoors, wherein the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod is 5-15% transfluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired transfluthrin release rate is 10-50 mg / h. 238. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing Metofluthrin outdoors, wherein the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod is 0.01 to 10% Metofluthrin in 2 to 15 g of wax, and the desired Metofluthrin release rate is 5 to 50 mg / h. 239. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing allethrin outdoors, wherein the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod is 10-25% Metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired Metofluthrin release rate is 0.1-0.3 g / h. 240. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing transfluthrin indoors, wherein the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod is 0.5-5% concentration of transfluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired transfluthrin release rate is 0.055-2.7 mg / h. 241. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing Metofluthrin indoors, wherein the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod is 0.01-10% Metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired Metofluthrin release rate is 0.01-1 mg / h. 242. The method of any of embodiments 114-235, comprising dispersing allethrin outdoors, wherein the relative concentration of the formulation in the pod is 10-25% Metofluthrin in 2-15 g of wax, and the desired Metofluthrin release rate is 1-30 mg / h. 243. The method of any of embodiments 114-242, wherein the repelling or killing rate of at least one target pest is 75%. 244. The method of any of embodiments 114-243, wherein the at least one target pest is repelled or killed 75% for at least 60 hours when used outdoors and at least 1000 hours when used indoors. 245. The method of any of embodiments 114-243, wherein the at least one target pest is repelled or killed 75% of the time for at least 30 hours when used outdoors. 246. The method of any of embodiments 114-243, wherein the at least one target pest is repelled or killed 75% of the time for at least 24 hours when used outdoors. 247. The method of any of embodiments 114-245, wherein the at least one target pest is a mosquito. 248. A method for determining a desired air concentration of an air treatment substance for a target pest(s): (a) determining a desired air treatment substance release rate = desired air treatment substance concentration x volume to be protected; (d) performing a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement of the air treatment substance; (e) determining an optimal pod operating temperature for obtaining a desired air treatment substance emission rate based on said TGA measurements; 249. A kit comprising a device according to any one of embodiments 1 to 111, 1 to 5 disposable pods, and 1 to 5 disposable heat sources. 250. Use of a device according to any of embodiments 1 to 111 for repelling and / or killing pests in indoor or outdoor areas. 251. Use of a device according to any of embodiments 1 to 111 for repelling and / or killing mosquitoes in indoor or outdoor areas. 252. A composition comprising a matrix and at least one air treatment substance, wherein the matrix comprises an inert solid material capable of at least partially melting at 50°C or higher and releasing the air treatment substance into the surrounding air. 253. The composition of embodiment 252, wherein the matrix partially or completely melts above 60°C, above 70°C, above 80°C, above 90°C, or above 100°C. 254. The method of any of embodiments 252-253, wherein the inert solid material is immiscible with the at least one air treatment substance. 255. The composition of any of embodiments 252-254, further comprising at least one additive. 256. The composition of embodiment 255, wherein the at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of fragrances, citronella oil, dyes, essential oils, lavender oil, stearin, and release enhancers, optionally in an amount of about 0.1 to 4%. 257. The composition of any of embodiments 252-256, wherein the matrix comprises a wax, a cellulose mat, a sand core, or a binder resin substrate, or a mixture thereof. 258. The composition of any of embodiments 252-257, wherein the matrix comprises a wax. 259. The composition of any of embodiments 252-257, wherein the matrix comprises a wax made from soy, paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, gel, beeswax, rapeseed / palm wax, or a combination thereof. 260. The composition of any of embodiments 252-257, wherein the matrix comprises a wax made from soy wax, paraffin wax, or a blend thereof. 261. The composition of any of embodiments 252-257, wherein the matrix comprises soy wax. 262. The composition of any of embodiments 252-261, wherein the matrix comprises 0.5 to 50 g of wax. 263. The composition of any of embodiments 252-261, wherein the matrix comprises about 0.5 g to 20 g of wax. 264. The composition of embodiments 252-261, wherein the matrix comprises about 1 g to 15 g of wax. 265. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of a volatile pest control active ingredient, a fragrance, a natural essential oil, a deodorizer, an allergen control ingredient, a disinfectant, and a sanitizer. 266. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is a pest control active ingredient. 267. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of organophosphate insecticides, natural repellents, citronella oil, natural pyrethrins, pyrethrum extracts, and synthetic pyrethroids, or combinations thereof. 268. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is a pyrethroid. 269. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of dimefluthrin, profluthrin, transfluthrin, furamethrin, metofluthrin, allethrin, prallethrin, fenothrin, permethrin, meperfluthrin, momfluorotrin, flumethrin, imiprothrin, and tetramethrin, or a combination thereof. 270. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of transfluthrin, metofluthrin, prallethrin, meperfluthrin, dimefluthrin, and momfluorothrin, or a combination thereof. 271. The composition of any of embodiments 252-264, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is allethrin, metofluthrin, or transfluthrin, or a combination thereof. 272. The composition of any of embodiments 252-271, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance in the composition is from about 0.01% to about 75%, such percentage being defined as the amount or mass of the air treatment substance divided by the amount or mass of the matrix. 273. The composition of any of embodiments 252-272, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance is about 0.03-20%. 274. The composition of any of embodiments 252-272, wherein the concentration of the at least one air treatment substance is about 0.04-10%. 275. The composition of any of embodiments 252-274, wherein the composition comprises a matrix containing wax, and the composition comprises about 2 mg to 2 g of the air treatment substance and about 0.5 g to 50 g of the wax. 276. The composition of any of embodiments 252-274, wherein the composition comprises about 10 mg to 1 g of the air treatment substance and about 5 g to 25 g of the wax. 277. An apparatus for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a heat source and the composition of any of embodiments 252-276, wherein the apparatus is configured such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition. 278. The device of embodiment 277, further comprising an upper portion and a housing. 280. A pod comprising a container and the composition of embodiment 252 disposed within the container. 281. The pod of embodiment 280, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additive.

Claims

1. A device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a top (1) and a housing (3), said housing (3) comprising: A base (11), at least one side (12); the at least one side (12) is disposed between the base (11) and the top (1), and the device has an interior space at least partially surrounded by the housing (3) and the top plate; the housing (3) is configured to receive a heat source (2) on or above an upper surface of the base (11) of the housing; the device further comprises a holder (7) configured to receive a composition (4b) comprising at least one air treatment substance; and The device is configured so that the heat source (2) can apply heat to the composition (4b), further configured to receive said heat source (2) and said composition (4b); The top (1) is fixed or detachable to the housing (3) and is positioned to block or inhibit the vertical flow of at least one air treatment substance from the composition (4b) received by the holder (7) when the composition (4b) is heated; and the top plate is disposed between the top and the housing and is configured to align the holder and the heat source; Device.

2. A device for dispensing at least one air treatment substance, comprising a top (1) and a housing (3), said housing (3) comprising at least one side (12), the at least one side portion (12) is disposed between the outer surface and the top plate (1) when the device is placed on the outer surface, and the device has an interior space at least partially surrounded by the housing (3) and the top plate; the device further comprises a holder (7) configured to receive a composition (4b) comprising at least one air treatment substance; and the device is further configured to receive the composition (4b) such that a heat source (2) placed on the exterior surface can apply heat to the composition (4b); The top (1) is fixed or detachable to the housing (3) and is positioned to block or inhibit the vertical flow of at least one air treatment substance from the composition (4b) received by the holder (7) when the composition (4b) is heated; and the top plate is disposed between the top and the housing and is configured to align the holder and the heat source; Device.

3. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the upper part (1) has a convex shape in which the flow of the at least one air treatment substance is directed laterally and upwards, or a concave shape in which the flow of the at least one air treatment substance is directed laterally and downwards.

4. 4. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising at least one side opening (5) in the top (1) and / or the at least one side (12) that allows or directs a lateral or horizontal flow of the at least one air treatment substance through the at least one side opening (5).

5. 5. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the holder (7) is installed between the top (1) and the base (11) of the housing according to claim 1 or the outer surface according to claim 2, and comprises an opening or recess (21) formed to receive and hold a container (4a) and a pod (4) containing the composition (4b) to be placed in the container.

6. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising a further holder (13) configured to receive the heat source (2) and located between the holder (7) and the base (11) according to claim 1 or above the outer surface according to claim 2.

7. 7. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the heat source (2) and the composition (4b) such that the heat source (2) adds a sufficient amount of heat to the composition (4b) to produce a desired release rate of the air treatment substance.

8. 8. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a heat source (2), the heat source (2) comprising a candle, optionally with at least one additive, disposed in a container containing 100 to 150 g of wax, and capable of heating the composition comprising at least one air treatment substance to a temperature of about 140 to 220°C.

9. the holder (7) holds the pod (4) containing the container (4a) and the composition (4b) disposed within the container; said composition (4b) comprising said at least one air treatment substance, a matrix, and optionally at least one additive; and the matrix comprises an inert solid material, the matrix being optionally immiscible with the at least one air treatment substance that melts partially or completely above 50°C; 6. The apparatus of claim 5.

10. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the matrix is ​​a wax, the at least one air treatment substance is at a concentration of about 0.03 to 20%, such percentage being defined as the amount or mass of the air treatment substance divided by the amount or mass of the matrix, and the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of a volatile pest control active ingredient, a fragrance, a natural essential oil, a deodorizer, an allergen control ingredient, a disinfectant, and a sanitizer.

11. 11. The device of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the at least one air treatment substance is selected from the group consisting of dimefluthrin, profluthrin, transfluthrin, furamethrin, metofluthrin, allethrin, prallethrin, fenothrin, permethrin, meperfluthrin, momfluorothrin, flumethrin, imiprothrin, and tetramethrin, or combinations thereof.

12. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition (4b) comprises between about 10 mg and 1 g of the air treatment substance and between about 5 g and 25 g of wax.

13. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a fan (10), said fan (10) increasing the amount of said at least one air treatment substance flowing through said at least one side opening (5) of said apparatus.

14. Use of a device according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for repelling and / or killing pests in indoor or outdoor areas.

15. 1. A method for releasing at least one air treatment substance, comprising: (a) placing a heat source within the interior space of the device; the device comprises a top and a housing, the housing having at least one side, the at least one side being disposed between the top and a base or the exterior surface when the device is placed upright on the exterior surface, the interior space of the device being at least partially enclosed by the housing, the device further comprising a holder configured to receive a composition including the at least one air treatment substance, and the device is further configured to receive a heat source and the composition such that the heat source can apply heat to the composition, the top being fixable or detachable to the housing and positioned to block or inhibit vertical flow of at least one air treatment substance from the composition received by the holder when the composition is heated, the device further comprising a plate configured to align the holder and the heat source, (b) placing a pod in the holder of the device; the pod includes a pod container and a composition disposed within the pod container, the composition including the at least one air treatment substance; (c) heating a composition comprising a matrix and the at least one air treatment substance with heat from the heat source to release the at least one air treatment substance into the surrounding air; The method.

16. A kit comprising the device of any one of claims 1 to 14, the heat source, and the composition.

17. 17. The kit of claim 16, comprising the device and the heat source.

18. 18. The kit of claim 16 or 17, comprising the device and the composition.

19. The kit according to any one of claims 16 to 18, comprising the heat source and the composition.

20. Use of a device according to any one of claims 1 to 14 for repelling arthropods.

21. Use of the kit according to any one of claims 16 to 18 for repelling arthropods.

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