Heating devices and boilers

Abstract

To provide a heat generating device that can homogenize the temperature of a heat generating body, and a boiler.SOLUTION: A heat generating device 11 comprises; a heat generating container 15 into which hydrogen-based gas including hydrogen is introduced; a heat generating body 14 provided inside the heat generating container 15, and for generating heat by occluding and releasing the hydrogen; a first heat removal path 16 through which a first heat removal fluid to be heated by the heat generating body 14 flows; and a second heat removal path 17 through which a second heat removal fluid flows in a direction opposite to a direction in which the first heat removal fluid flows. A boiler 10 comprises the heat generating device 11. Water is supplied as the first heat removal fluid to the first heat removal path 16, the water is heated by the heat generating body 14, and steam or hot water is discharged from the first heat removal path 16.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to a heating device and a boiler. [Background technology]

[0002] In boilers, configurations are known that allow for efficient heat recovery, such as arranging water tubes spirally around a heat source (see, for example, Patent Document 1), or arranging multiple water tubes in a ring around a heat source (see, for example, Patent Document 2).

[0003] Patent Document 1 describes a heating element cell using a hydrogen-absorbing metal or hydrogen-absorbing alloy as a heat source, and generates more heat than the input energy of the heater by heating the heating element cell. The water flow is unidirectional, from the bottom to the top of the boiler.

[0004] Patent Document 2 describes a system in which a flame burner is used as a heat source, and the water pipe consists of an inner water pipe and an outer water pipe, with the inner and outer water pipes connected by upper and lower headers. By circulating water or steam upward from the lower header to the upper header through the inner and outer water pipes, the heat received by the water pipe from the flame burner is dispersed. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent No. 6795129 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 3-70901 [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0006] Patent Document 1 describes the need to vary the excess heat quantity of the heating element cell (load fluctuation) when a steam volume increase or decrease signal is received from the boiler. When attempting to adjust the excess heat quantity of the heating element cell in accordance with the load fluctuation, the following problems arise. Specifically, the temperature of the heating element cell may decrease on the water tube inlet side (bottom of the boiler), creating a region where no excess heat is generated. This lack of excess heat in the heating element cell can result in insufficient heating of the water flowing from the bottom to the top of the boiler, making it impossible to generate steam. Furthermore, extremely high temperatures may occur in the heating element cell on the water tube outlet side (top of the boiler), potentially damaging the heating element cell. Even when applying a configuration that disperses the heat received by the water tube, as described in Patent Document 2, localized temperature decreases or increases in the heating element cell still occur.

[0007] Therefore, the present invention aims to provide a heating device and boiler that can achieve uniform temperature distribution of the heating element. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] The heat-generating device according to the present invention comprises a heat-generating container into which a hydrogen-containing hydrogen-based gas is introduced; a heat-generating element provided inside the heat-generating container and generating heat by the absorption and release of the hydrogen; a first heat-removing path through which a first heat-removing fluid heated by the heat-generating element flows; and a second heat-removing path through which a second heat-removing fluid flows in a direction opposite to the direction in which the first heat-removing fluid flows.

[0009] The boiler according to the present invention is a boiler equipped with the above-described heating device, wherein water is supplied as the first heat removal fluid to the first heat removal path, the water is heated by the heating element, and steam or hot water is discharged from the first heat removal path. [Effects of the Invention]

[0010] According to the present invention, the temperature of the heating element can be made uniform by having the first heat-removing fluid and the second heat-removing fluid flow in opposing directions. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0011] [Figure 1] It is a schematic diagram of the boiler of the first embodiment. [Figure 2] It is an explanatory diagram for explaining the structures of the first heat extraction path and the second heat extraction path of the first embodiment. [Figure 3] It is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the heating element. [Figure 4] It is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the multilayer film. [Figure 5] It is an explanatory diagram for explaining the generation of excess heat. [Figure 6] It is an explanatory diagram for explaining the heating element of the first modification example having the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer. [Figure 7] It is an explanatory diagram for explaining the heating element of the second modification example having the first layer, the second layer, the third layer, and the fourth layer. [Figure 8] It is a schematic diagram of the boiler of the second embodiment. [Figure 9] It is an explanatory diagram for explaining the structures of the first heat extraction path and the second heat extraction path of the second embodiment.

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0012] [First Embodiment] As shown in FIG. 1, the boiler 10 includes a heating device 11, a water path 12, and a control unit (not shown). The boiler 10 heats the water flowing through the water path 12 with the heat generated by the heating device 11 to generate steam or hot water. The boiler 10 is used not only for applications that supply steam but also for applications that supply hot water such as a water heater. That is, the "boiler" in the present application includes a water heater.

[0013] The heating device 11 includes a heating element 14, a heating container 15, a first heat extraction path 16, a second heat extraction path 17, a hydrogen flow line 18, and a temperature control unit (not shown). The heating element 14 is provided inside the heating container 15 and generates heat by absorbing and releasing hydrogen. The heating element 14 is heated by a heater of the temperature control unit described later. The heating element 14 generates heat (hereinafter referred to as excess heat) that is higher than the heating temperature of the heater by absorbing and releasing hydrogen. In this example, the heating element 14 is formed in a bottomed cylindrical shape. The heating element 14 is attached to the upper bottom portion 22 of the heating container 15 described later. The detailed configuration of the heating element 14 will be described later using another drawing.

[0014] A hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen is introduced into the heating container 15. The heating container 15 is a hollow container that houses the heating element 14 inside. The heating container 15 has a cylindrical side wall portion 21, an upper bottom portion 22 provided at the upper end of the side wall portion 21, and a lower bottom portion 23 provided at the lower end of the side wall portion 21. The heating container 15 is a sealed container in which the opening at the upper end of the side wall portion 21 is closed by the upper bottom portion 22, and the opening at the lower end of the side wall portion 21 is closed by the lower bottom portion 23. The side wall portion 21 is formed in a cylindrical shape in this embodiment, but is not limited thereto, and may be formed, for example, in an elliptical cylindrical shape or a rectangular cylindrical shape. In FIG. 1, the axial direction of the heating container 15 (side wall portion 21) is parallel to the vertical direction of the paper surface.

[0015] The heating container 15 has a first chamber 25 and a second chamber 26 partitioned by the heating element 14 inside. The first chamber 25 is formed by the surface (outer surface), which is one surface of the heating element 14, and the inner surface of the heating container 15. The first chamber 25 is connected to an introduction line 30 of the hydrogen flow line 18 described later. A hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the first chamber 25 from the introduction line 30. The second chamber 26 is formed by the back surface (inner surface), which is the other surface of the heating element 14. The second chamber 26 is connected to a lead-out line 31 of the hydrogen flow line 18 described later. The hydrogen-based gas in the second chamber 26 is led out to the lead-out line 31.

[0016] The first chamber 25 is pressurized by the introduction of a hydrogen-based gas. The second chamber 26 is depressurized by the release of the hydrogen-based gas. As a result, the hydrogen pressure in the first chamber 25 is higher than the hydrogen pressure in the second chamber 26. The hydrogen pressure in the first chamber 25 is, for example, 100 [kPa]. The hydrogen pressure in the second chamber 26 is, for example, 1 × 10⁻⁶ -4 The pressure is set to be less than or equal to [Pa]. The second chamber 26 may be in a vacuum state. Thus, the hydrogen pressure in the first chamber 25 and the second chamber 26 are different. For this reason, the inside of the heating vessel 15 is in a state where a pressure difference exists on both sides of the heating element 14.

[0017] When a pressure difference occurs on both sides of the heating element 14, hydrogen molecules contained in the hydrogen-based gas are adsorbed on the surface (outer surface), which is the side of the heating element 14 that is on the high-pressure side, and these hydrogen molecules dissociate into two hydrogen atoms. The dissociated hydrogen atoms penetrate into the interior of the heating element 14. In other words, hydrogen is absorbed into the heating element 14. The hydrogen atoms diffuse and pass through the interior of the heating element 14. On the other side of the heating element 14 that is on the low-pressure side, which is the inner surface, the hydrogen atoms that have passed through the heating element 14 recombine and are released as hydrogen molecules. In other words, hydrogen is released from the heating element 14.

[0018] In this way, the heating element 14 allows hydrogen to permeate from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side. "Permeation" means that hydrogen is absorbed on one side of the heating element and released from the other side. As will be explained in more detail later, the heating element 14 generates heat by absorbing hydrogen and also by releasing hydrogen. Therefore, the heating element 14 generates heat through the permeation of hydrogen. In the following explanation, "hydrogen permeation" of the heating element may be referred to as "hydrogen-based gas permeation."

[0019] Inside the first chamber 25, there is a pressure sensor (not shown) that detects the pressure inside the first chamber 25. Inside the second chamber 26, there is a pressure sensor (not shown) that detects the pressure inside the second chamber 26. Each pressure sensor in the first chamber 25 and the second chamber 26 is electrically connected to a control unit (not shown) and outputs a signal corresponding to the detected pressure to the control unit.

[0020] The first heat removal path 16 has one end connected to the steam inlet 40a of the separator 40 (described later) and the other end connected to the water outlet 40c of the separator 40. A water supply tank 38 is also connected to the other end of the first heat removal path 16. The first heat removal fluid flows through the first heat removal path 16. The first heat removal fluid is either liquid water or vaporized water (steam).

[0021] The second heat removal path 17 has one end and the other end connected to the high-temperature inlet 27a side of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 of the first heat removal path 16. The connection point between one end of the second heat removal path 17 and the first heat removal path 16 is located upstream in the first heat removal path 16 compared to the connection point between the other end of the second heat removal path 17 and the first heat removal path 16. Therefore, a portion of the first heat removal fluid (liquid water) flowing through the first heat removal path 16 flows into one end of the second heat removal path 17. The first heat removal fluid that flows into the second heat removal path 17 is the second heat removal fluid. Therefore, the second heat removal fluid is liquid water. The second heat removal fluid flowing through the second heat removal path 17 flows into the first heat removal path 16 from the other end of the second heat removal path 17 and merges with the first heat removal fluid flowing through the first heat removal path 16.

[0022] The detailed structures of the first heat removal path 16 and the second heat removal path 17 will be explained using Figure 2.

[0023] The first heat removal path 16 has a high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 that is spirally arranged around the heating element 14. The high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 has a high-temperature inlet 27a provided at the lower end of the side wall 21 and a high-temperature outlet 27b provided at the upper end of the side wall 21. The high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 extends spirally along the side wall 21 from the lower end to the upper end, and is wound so that there are no gaps between adjacent high-temperature heat removal pipes 27 vertically. The cross-sectional shape of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 is circular in this example, but is not particularly limited and can be square, etc.

[0024] In the first heat removal path 16, liquid water entering the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 from the high-temperature inlet 27a is heated by the heating element 14 within the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 and exits as vaporized water (steam) from the high-temperature outlet 27b. The temperature of the liquid water entering the high-temperature inlet 27a is, for example, 90°C. The temperature of the vaporized water (steam) exiting the high-temperature outlet 27b is, for example, 100°C. In this embodiment, the pressure of the high-temperature outlet 27b or the separator 40 described later is assumed to be 1 atmosphere (0.1 MPa), and the first heat removal path 16 is configured to discharge 100°C steam. However, by increasing the pressure of the high-temperature outlet 27b or the separator 40 described later, liquid water (hot water) exceeding 100°C can be discharged from the first heat removal path 16.

[0025] The second heat removal path 17 has a low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 that is spirally arranged around the first heat removal path 16. The low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 has a low-temperature inlet 28a provided at the upper end of the side wall 21 and a low-temperature outlet 28b provided at the lower end of the side wall 21. The low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 extends spirally along the side wall 21 from the upper end to the lower end, and is wound so that there are no gaps between adjacent low-temperature heat removal pipes 28 vertically. The cross-sectional shape of the low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 is circular in this example, but is not particularly limited and can be square, etc.

[0026] In the second heat removal path 17, liquid water entering the low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 from the low-temperature inlet 28a is heated by heat exchange with the first heat removal fluid within the low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 and exits from the low-temperature outlet 28b. The temperature of the liquid water entering the low-temperature inlet 28a is, for example, 25°C. The temperature of the liquid water exiting from the low-temperature outlet 28b is, for example, 90°C. In other words, in the second heat removal path 17, the cold water entering the low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 is heated by heat exchange with the first heat removal fluid and exits the low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 as hot water. The liquid water exiting from the low-temperature outlet 28b (second heat removal fluid) merges with the liquid water (first heat removal fluid) flowing on the high-temperature inlet 27a side of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 in the first heat removal path 16. As a result, the liquid water (first heat removal fluid) entering the high-temperature inlet 27a of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 is heated.

[0027] In the first heat removal path 16, a high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 is provided around the heating element 14, and the first heat removal fluid flowing through the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 is heated by the heating element 14. In other words, the first heat removal path 16 is configured so that the first heat removal fluid, which is heated by the heating element 14, flows through it.

[0028] The high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 of the first heat removal path 16 extends spirally along the side wall 21 from the lower end to the upper end. The low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 of the second heat removal path 17 extends spirally along the side wall 21 from the upper end to the lower end, in the opposite direction to the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27. In other words, the second heat removal path 17 is configured such that the second heat removal fluid flows in a direction opposite to the direction in which the first heat removal fluid flows.

[0029] The hydrogen distribution line 18 is located outside the heat-generating vessel 15, with one end connected to the upper bottom 22 of the heat-generating vessel 15 and the other end connected to the lower bottom 23 of the heat-generating vessel 15 (see Figure 1). The hydrogen distribution line 18 introduces a hydrogen-containing hydrogen gas from the outside to the inside of the heat-generating vessel 15 and discharges the hydrogen-containing gas from the inside to the outside of the heat-generating vessel 15.

[0030] The hydrogen distribution line 18 includes an introduction line 30, an outlet line 31, a hydrogen tank 32, and a filter 33. Although not shown in Figure 1, the heat generation device 11 includes a supply line for supplying hydrogen-based gas to the hydrogen tank 32 and an exhaust line for exhausting hydrogen-based gas from the hydrogen distribution line 18. For example, when the heat generation device 11 starts operating, hydrogen-based gas is supplied from the supply line to the hydrogen tank 32, and when the heat generation device 11 stops operating, the hydrogen-based gas from the hydrogen distribution line 18 is exhausted to the exhaust line.

[0031] The introduction line 30 connects the hydrogen tank 32 and the first chamber 25, introducing the hydrogen-based gas from the hydrogen tank 32 into the first chamber 25. The introduction line 30 has a pressure regulating valve 34. The pressure regulating valve 34 reduces the pressure of the hydrogen-based gas supplied from the hydrogen tank 32 to a predetermined pressure. The pressure regulating valve 34 is electrically connected to the control unit.

[0032] The discharge line 31 connects the second chamber 26 and the hydrogen tank 32, and discharges the hydrogen-based gas from the second chamber 26 to the hydrogen tank 32. The discharge line 31 has a pump 35. The pump 35 discharges the hydrogen-based gas from the second chamber 26 to the discharge line 31, increases the pressure to a predetermined level, and sends it to the hydrogen tank 32. For example, a metal bellows pump is used as the pump 35. The pump 35 is electrically connected to the control unit.

[0033] Hydrogen tank 32 stores hydrogen-based gas. Hydrogen-based gas is a gas containing isotopes of hydrogen. At least one of deuterium gas or light hydrogen gas is used as the hydrogen-based gas. Light hydrogen gas includes a naturally occurring mixture of light hydrogen and deuterium, that is, a mixture in which the abundance of light hydrogen is 99.985% and the abundance of deuterium is 0.015%.

[0034] The filter 33 is for removing impurities contained in the hydrogen-based gas. Here, the amount of hydrogen that permeates through the heating element 14 (hereinafter referred to as the hydrogen permeation rate) is determined by the temperature of the heating element 14, the pressure difference on both sides of the heating element 14, and the surface condition of the heating element 14. If the hydrogen-based gas contains impurities, the impurities may adhere to the surface of the heating element 14, and the surface condition of the heating element 14 may deteriorate. If impurities adhere to the surface of the heating element 14, the adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen molecules on the surface of the heating element 14 is inhibited, and the hydrogen permeation rate decreases.

[0035] Substances that inhibit the adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen molecules on the surface of the heating element 14 include, for example, water (including water vapor), hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, methanol, ethanol, etc.), C, S, and Si. Water is thought to be released from the inner wall of the heating container 15, or from the reduction of an oxide film contained in components provided inside the heating container 15 by hydrogen. Hydrocarbons, C, S, and Si are thought to be released from various components provided inside the heating container 15. Therefore, the filter 33 removes at least water (including water vapor), hydrocarbons, C, S, and Si as impurities. By removing impurities contained in the hydrogen-based gas, the filter 33 suppresses the decrease in hydrogen permeation in the heating element 14.

[0036] Although not shown in the diagram, the temperature control unit adjusts the temperature of the heating element 14 and maintains it at a temperature suitable for heating. The temperature suitable for heating in the heating element 14 is, for example, within the range of 50°C to 1500°C. The temperature control unit consists of a temperature sensor and a heater. The temperature sensor detects the temperature of the heating element 14. The temperature sensor is, for example, a thermocouple and is installed inside the heating container 15. The temperature sensor is electrically connected to the control unit and outputs a signal corresponding to the detected temperature to the control unit. The heater heats the heating element 14. The heater is, for example, an electric resistance heating wire and is wrapped around the outer circumference of the heating element 14. The heater is electrically connected to a power supply and generates heat when power is input from the power supply. The heater may also be an electric furnace arranged to cover the outer circumference of the heating element 14.

[0037] The water path 12 includes a first heat removal path 16, a second heat removal path 17, a water supply tank 38, a water pump 39, and a separator 40. The first heat removal path 16 and the second heat removal path 17 constitute a part of the water path 12. The water supply tank 38 is for supplying liquid water to the first heat removal path 16. The water pump 39 is located downstream of the water supply tank 38 and is for ensuring that water flows through the water path 12.

[0038] The separator 40 is configured to receive water (steam) that has been heated and vaporized by the heating element 14 in the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27, and to perform steam-water separation (separation of condensate contained in the steam) on this steam. The steam separated in the separator 40 is supplied to the outside of the boiler 10. The separator 40 has a steam inlet 40a connected to one end of the first heat removal path 16, a steam outlet 40b for extracting the steam separated in the separator 40, and a water discharge 40c connected to the other end of the first heat removal path 16. The steam inlet 40a and the steam outlet 40b are located at the top of the separator 40, and the water discharge 40c is located at the bottom of the separator 40. The steam inlet 40a introduces steam from the first heat removal path 16 to the separator 40. The water discharge 40c recirculates the water separated in the separator 40 to the other end of the first heat removal path 16.

[0039] In the water path 12, liquid water supplied from the water tank 38 flows through the path upstream of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 of the first heat removal path 16 (between the heat-generating container 15 and the water discharge section 40c), and water (steam) heated and vaporized in the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 flows through the path downstream of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 of the first heat removal path 16 (between the heat-generating container 15 and the steam introduction section 40a).

[0040] The control unit controls the operation of each part of the heating device 11. The control unit mainly comprises, for example, a central processing unit, and storage units such as read-only memory and random access memory. The central processing unit performs various calculations using, for example, programs and data stored in the storage units.

[0041] The control unit is electrically connected to the pressure regulating valve 34, the pump 35, the temperature sensor (not shown), and the power supply (not shown). The control unit controls the output of excess heat generated by the heating element 14 by adjusting the pressure of the heating container 15, the input power of the heater (not shown), and so on.

[0042] The control unit functions as an output control unit, controlling the heater output based on the temperature detected by the temperature sensor. The control unit maintains the heating element 14 at an appropriate temperature for heating by controlling the power supply and adjusting the input power to the heater.

[0043] The control unit adjusts the pressure difference of hydrogen generated between the first chamber 25 and the second chamber 26 by controlling the pressure regulating valve 34 and the pump 35 based on the pressure detected by the respective pressure sensors (not shown) installed in the first chamber 25 and the second chamber 26.

[0044] The control unit performs a hydrogen storage step in which hydrogen is absorbed into the heating element 14, and a hydrogen release step in which hydrogen is released from the heating element 14. In this embodiment, the control unit performs the hydrogen storage step and the hydrogen release step simultaneously by generating a hydrogen pressure difference between the first chamber 25 and the second chamber 26. The control unit introduces a hydrogen-based gas from the introduction line 30 into the first chamber 25 and discharges the hydrogen-based gas from the second chamber 26 to the discharge line 31, thereby making the first chamber 25 more pressure than the second chamber 26, and maintaining a state in which hydrogen is absorbed on the surface of the heating element 14 and hydrogen is released on the back surface of the heating element 14 simultaneously.

[0045] In this disclosure, "simultaneous" means completely simultaneous or within a time frame so short that it can be considered substantially simultaneous. By performing the hydrogen storage process and the hydrogen release process simultaneously, hydrogen continuously permeates the heating element 14, thereby efficiently generating excess heat in the heating element 14. The control unit may also alternately repeat the hydrogen storage process and the hydrogen release process. That is, the control unit may first perform the hydrogen storage process to store hydrogen in the heating element 14, and then perform the hydrogen release process to release the hydrogen stored in the heating element 14. By alternately repeating the hydrogen storage process and the hydrogen release process in this way, excess heat can also be generated from the heating element 14.

[0046] Next, the detailed structure of the heating element 14 will be described using Figures 3 and 4. As shown in Figure 3, the heating element 14 is formed in the shape of a bottomed cylinder with one end open and the other end closed. The heating element 14 has a support 61 and a multilayer film 62, and the multilayer film 62 is provided on one surface (e.g., the surface) of the support 61. The multilayer film 62 is formed along the outer circumferential surface and outer bottom surface of the support 61, which is formed in the shape of a bottomed cylinder with one end open and the other end closed. The multilayer film 62 is also formed in the shape of a bottomed cylinder with one end open and the other end closed. In the heating element 14, the multilayer film 62 is arranged on the first chamber 25 side (high pressure side), and the support 61 is arranged on the second chamber 26 side (low pressure side) (see Figure 1). Due to the pressure difference between the first chamber 25 and the second chamber 26, hydrogen introduced into the first chamber 25 permeates through the interior of the heating element 14, in the order of the multilayer film 62 and the support 61, and moves to the second chamber 26. In other words, hydrogen permeates from the outer surface to the inner surface of the heating element 14. As a result, the heating element 14 generates excess heat during the process of hydrogen permeating from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side.

[0047] The support 61 is formed from at least one of a porous body, a hydrogen permeable membrane, and a proton conductor. In this example, the support 61 is formed in the shape of a plate having a front and a back surface. The porous body has pores of a size that allows hydrogen-based gases to pass through. The porous body is formed from, for example, metals, nonmetals, ceramics, etc. It is preferable that the porous body is formed from a material that does not inhibit the reaction between the hydrogen-based gas and the multilayer film 62 (hereinafter referred to as the exothermic reaction). The hydrogen permeable membrane is formed from, for example, a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy. Examples of hydrogen storage metals include Ni, Pd, V, Nb, Ta, and Ti. Examples of hydrogen storage alloys include LaNi5, CaCu5, MgZn2, ZrNi2, ZrCr2, TiFe, TiCo, Mg2Ni, and Mg2Cu. The hydrogen permeable membrane includes those having a mesh-like sheet. As a proton conductor, a BaCeO3 system (e.g., Ba(Ce)) is used. 0.95 Y 0.05 )O 3-6 ), SrCeO3 system (for example, Sr(Ce 0.95 Y 0.05 )O 3-6) CaZrO3 series (e.g., CaZr 0.95 Y 0.05 O 3-α ), SrZrO3 series (e.g., SrZr 0.9 Y 0.1 O 3-α ), β -Al2O3, β -Ga2O3, etc. are used.

[0048] As shown in FIG. 4, the multilayer film 62 is provided on the support 61. The multilayer film 62 is formed by a first layer 71 made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy, and a second layer 72 made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy or a ceramic different from the first layer 71. A heterogeneous material interface 73, which will be described later, is formed between the support 61, the first layer 71 and the second layer 72. The multilayer film 62 has the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 alternately laminated in this order on one surface (e.g., the surface) of the support 61. The first layer 71 and the second layer 72 are each five layers. Note that the number of layers of each of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 may be appropriately changed. The multilayer film 62 may be one in which the second layer 72 and the first layer 71 are alternately laminated in this order on the surface of the support 61. The multilayer film 62 only needs to have at least one layer of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72, and at least one heterogeneous material interface 73 formed.

[0049] The first layer 71 is formed of, for example, any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, and alloys thereof. The alloy forming the first layer 71 is preferably an alloy composed of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co. As the alloy forming the first layer 71, an alloy obtained by adding additive elements to Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co may also be used.

[0050] The second layer 72 is formed of, for example, any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, alloys thereof, and SiC. The alloy forming the second layer 72 is preferably an alloy composed of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co. As the alloy forming the second layer 72, an alloy obtained by adding additive elements to Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co may also be used.

[0051] When expressing the combination of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 as "first layer 71 - second layer 72 (second layer 72 - first layer 71)", the elements are preferably Pd-Ni, Ni-Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Fe, Ni-Mg, and Ni-Co. If the second layer 72 is made of ceramics, then it is preferable that "first layer 71 - second layer 72" is Ni-SiC.

[0052] As shown in Figure 5, the heterogeneous material interface 73 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through. Figure 5 is a schematic diagram showing how hydrogen atoms in the metal lattice of the first layer 71 move through the heterogeneous material interface 73 into the metal lattice of the second layer 72 in the first layer 71 and second layer 72 formed by a face-centered cubic hydrogen-absorbing metal. Hydrogen is light and is known to quantum diffuse by hopping between sites (octohedral and tetrahedral sites) occupied by hydrogen in a given substance A and substance B. Therefore, the hydrogen absorbed into the heating element 14 quantum diffuses by hopping within the multilayer film 62. In the heating element 14, hydrogen permeates through the first layer 71, the heterogeneous material interface 73, and the second layer 72 by quantum diffusion.

[0053] The thickness of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 are preferably less than 1000 nm each. If the thicknesses of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 are 1000 nm or more, hydrogen will have difficulty permeating through the multilayer film 62. Furthermore, by having the thicknesses of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 less than 1000 nm each, it is possible to maintain a nanostructure that does not exhibit bulk properties. It is more preferable that the thicknesses of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 are less than 500 nm each. By having the thicknesses of the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 less than 500 nm each, it is possible to maintain a nanostructure that does not exhibit bulk properties at all.

[0054] Next, an example of a manufacturing method for the heating element 14 will be described. First, a support 61 formed in the shape of a bottomed cylindrical structure is prepared. Next, a multilayer film 62 is formed on the outer surface of the support 61 using a wet film deposition method. This allows for the manufacture of a bottomed cylindrical heating element 14. Examples of wet film deposition methods include spin coating, spray coating, and dipping. The multilayer film 62 may be formed using the ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, or the multilayer film 62 may be formed on the support 61 while rotating it using a sputtering apparatus equipped with a rotating mechanism for rotating the support 61. The multilayer film 62 is not limited to being provided on the outer surface of the support 61, but may also be provided on the inner surface of the support 61, or on both sides of the support 61.

[0055] Furthermore, a heating sheet can be prepared by forming a sheet-like base using, for example, the material constituting the support 61, and forming a multilayer film 62 on the surface of the sheet-like base. A bottomed cylindrical heating element 14 can then be manufactured by wrapping this heating sheet around the outer surface of a bottomed cylindrical support 61. In this case, the multilayer film 62 can be formed by, for example, using a vapor deposition apparatus to deposit the first layer 71 and the second layer 72, which will be hydrogen-absorbing metals or hydrogen-absorbing alloys, into a gas phase and alternately depositing the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 on the surface of the sheet-like base by aggregation and adsorption. It is preferable to deposit the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 continuously under vacuum conditions. As a result, no native oxide film is formed between the first layer 71 and the second layer 72, and only a dissimilar material interface 73 is formed. As the vapor deposition apparatus, a physical vapor deposition apparatus that deposits hydrogen-absorbing metals or hydrogen-absorbing alloys by physical means is used. As the physical vapor deposition apparatus, sputtering apparatuses, vacuum vapor deposition apparatuses, and CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) apparatuses are preferred. Alternatively, a hydrogen-absorbing metal or hydrogen-absorbing alloy may be deposited on the surface of the support 61 by electroplating, and the first layer 71 and the second layer 72 may be formed alternately.

[0056] In the heating device 11, the flow directions of the first heat-removing fluid and the second heat-removing fluid are opposite to each other. A portion (upper part) of the heating element 14 near the high-temperature outlet 27b of the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 27 is heated by the second heat-removing fluid (cold water) via the first heat-removing fluid (steam), thereby suppressing abnormal temperature rise. A portion (lower part) of the heating element 14 near the high-temperature inlet 27a of the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 27 is heated by the second heat-removing fluid (hot water), thereby suppressing temperature drop. In this way, the heating device 11 can achieve temperature uniformity of the heating element 14. Since the heating device 11 does not create parts of the heating element 14 with extremely high temperatures, damage to the heating element 14 is prevented. In addition, the heating element 14 can be used stably within the excess heat generation temperature range.

[0057] The excess heat from the heating element 14 is transferred to the first heat-removing fluid via the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 27 by convection and radiation caused by the hydrogen-based gas in the heating container 15. The boiler 10 can use the excess heat from the heating element 14 to heat and vaporize the liquid water (first heat-removing fluid) flowing through the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 27, thereby generating steam (first heat-removing fluid).

[0058] The heating element 14 can heat the first heat-removing fluid by at least one heating method selected from conduction, convection, and radiation. For example, by bringing the heating element 14 into contact with the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 27, the excess heat from the heating element 14 is transferred to the first heat-removing fluid by conduction, convection by a hydrogen-based gas, and radiation.

[0059] Since the heat-generating element 14 uses hydrogen to generate heat, it does not produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, making it a clean source of thermal energy. Furthermore, the hydrogen used can be produced from water, making it inexpensive. In addition, the heat generated by the heat-generating element 14 is considered safe because, unlike nuclear fission reactions, there is no chain reaction.

[0060] The present invention is not limited to the first embodiment described above, and can be modified as appropriate without departing from the spirit of the invention. Hereinafter, modifications of the first embodiment will be described. In the drawings and descriptions of the modifications, the same reference numerals are used for components and members that are the same or equivalent as those in the first embodiment. Descriptions that overlap with the first embodiment will be omitted as appropriate, and the differences from the first embodiment will be described in detail.

[0061] [First variation] The heating device 11 may include a heating element 75 as shown in Figure 6 instead of the heating element 14. The heating element 75 shown in Figure 6 has a laminated multilayer film 62 that further includes a third layer 77 in addition to the first layer 71 and the second layer 72. The third layer 77 is formed of a hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy, or ceramic different from the first layer 71 and the second layer 72. The thickness of the third layer 77 is preferably less than 1000 nm. In Figure 6, the first layer 71, the second layer 72, and the third layer 77 are laminated on the surface of the support 61 in the order of first layer 71, second layer 72, first layer 71, and third layer 77. Alternatively, the first layer 71, the second layer 72, and the third layer 77 may be laminated on the surface of the support 61 in the order of first layer 71, third layer 77, first layer 71, and second layer 72. In other words, the multilayer film 62 has a laminated structure in which the first layer 71 is provided between the second layer 72 and the third layer 77. The multilayer film 62 only needs to have one or more third layers 77. The heterogeneous material interface 78 formed between the first layer 71 and the third layer 77 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through, similar to the heterogeneous material interface 73.

[0062] The third layer 77 is formed from, for example, Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, alloys thereof, SiC, CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO. The alloy forming the third layer 77 is preferably an alloy consisting of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. As the alloy forming the third layer 77, an alloy in which additive elements are added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co may also be used.

[0063] In particular, the third layer 77 is preferably formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO. A heating element 75 having a third layer 77 formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO increases the amount of hydrogen absorbed, increases the amount of hydrogen that permeates through the heterogeneous material interface 73 and the heterogeneous material interface 78, and enables higher output of excess heat. The third layer 77 formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO is preferably 10 nm or less in thickness. This allows hydrogen atoms to easily permeate the multilayer film 62. The third layer 77 formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO may not be formed as a complete film but as an island. Furthermore, the first layer 71 and the third layer 77 are preferably deposited continuously under vacuum conditions. As a result, no native oxide film is formed between the first layer 71 and the third layer 77, and only a heterogeneous material interface 78 is formed.

[0064] The combination of the first layer 71, the second layer 72, and the third layer 77, when the types of elements are represented as "first layer 71 - third layer 77 - second layer 72", is Pd-CaO-Ni, Pd-Y2O3-Ni, Pd-TiC-Ni, Pd-LaB6-Ni, Ni-CaO-Cu, Ni-Y2O3-Cu, Ni-TiC-Cu, Ni-LaB6-Cu, Ni-Co-Cu, Ni-CaO-Cr, Ni-Y2O3-Cr, Ni-TiC-Cr, Ni-LaB6- Cr, Ni-CaO-Fe, Ni-Y2O3-Fe, Ni-TiC-Fe, Ni-LaB6-Fe, Ni-Cr-Fe, Ni-CaO-Mg, Ni-Y2O3-Mg, Ni-TiC-Mg, Ni-LaB6-Mg, N Preferred are i-CaO-Co, Ni-Y2O3-Co, Ni-TiC-Co, Ni-LaB6-Co, Ni-CaO-SiC, Ni-Y2O3-SiC, Ni-TiC-SiC, and Ni-LaB6-SiC.

[0065] [Second variation] The heating device 11 includes a heating element 80 as shown in Figure 7, instead of the heating element 14. The heating element 80 shown in Figure 7 has a laminated multilayer film 62 that further includes a fourth layer 82 in addition to the first layer 71, second layer 72, and third layer 77. The fourth layer 82 is formed of a hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy, or ceramic different from the first layer 71, second layer 72, and third layer 77. The thickness of the fourth layer 82 is preferably less than 1000 nm. In Figure 7, the first layer 71, second layer 72, third layer 77, and fourth layer 82 are laminated on the surface of the support 61 in the order of first layer 71, second layer 72, first layer 71, third layer 77, first layer 71, and fourth layer 82. The first layer 71, second layer 72, third layer 77, and fourth layer 82 may be stacked on the surface of the support 61 in the order of first layer 71, fourth layer 82, first layer 71, third layer 77, first layer 71, and second layer 72. That is, the multilayer film 62 has a stacked structure in which the second layer 72, third layer 77, and fourth layer 82 are stacked in any order, and the first layer 71 is provided between each of the second layer 72, third layer 77, and fourth layer 82. The multilayer film 62 only needs to have one or more fourth layers 82. The heterogeneous material interface 83 formed between the first layer 71 and the fourth layer 82 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through, similar to the heterogeneous material interface 73 and the heterogeneous material interface 78.

[0066] The fourth layer 82 is formed from, for example, Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, alloys thereof, SiC, CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO. The alloy forming the fourth layer 82 is preferably an alloy consisting of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. As the alloy forming the fourth layer 82, an alloy in which additive elements are added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co may also be used.

[0067] In particular, the fourth layer 82 is preferably formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO. A heating element 80 having a fourth layer 82 formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO increases the amount of hydrogen absorbed, increases the amount of hydrogen permeating through the heterogeneous material interface 73, the heterogeneous material interface 78, and the heterogeneous material interface 83, and can achieve higher output of excess heat. The fourth layer 82, formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO, is preferably 10 nm or less in thickness. This allows hydrogen atoms to easily permeate the multilayer film 62. The fourth layer 82, formed from one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, or BaO, may not be formed as a complete film but as an island. Furthermore, the first layer 71 and the fourth layer 82 are preferably deposited continuously under vacuum conditions. As a result, no native oxide film is formed between the first layer 71 and the fourth layer 82, and only a heterogeneous material interface 83 is formed.

[0068] The combination of the first layer 71, the second layer 72, the third layer 77, and the fourth layer 82 is preferably Ni-CaO-Cr-Fe, Ni-Y2O3-Cr-Fe, Ni-TiC-Cr-Fe, and Ni-LaB6-Cr-Fe, when the types of elements are expressed as "first layer 71 - fourth layer 82 - third layer 77 - second layer 72".

[0069] [Second Embodiment] In the first embodiment described above, the high-temperature heat removal pipe 27 and the low-temperature heat removal pipe 28 are arranged in a spiral shape, but in the second embodiment, the high-temperature heat removal pipe and the low-temperature heat removal pipe are arranged in a vertical direction.

[0070] As shown in Figure 8, the boiler 100 includes a heat-generating device 101. Although not shown, the boiler 100 also includes a water path and a control unit, similar to the first embodiment, and is configured to generate steam by heating the water flowing through the water path with the heat generated by the heat-generating device 101. The boiler 100 differs from the first embodiment in the configuration of the heat-generating device 101, but the other configurations are the same as the first embodiment.

[0071] The heating device 101 comprises heating elements 104a and 104b, a heating container 105, a first heat removal path 106, and a second heat removal path 107. A heater 108 is provided between heating elements 104a and 104b. Although not shown, the heating device 101 also includes a temperature control unit and a hydrogen flow line, similar to the first embodiment described above. The temperature control unit adjusts the temperatures of the heating elements 104a and 104b, and the hydrogen flow line introduces a hydrogen-based gas into the heating container 105.

[0072] As shown in Figure 9, the heating elements 104a and 104b are formed in a cylindrical shape. Heating elements 104a and 104b are arranged concentrically. Heating element 104a is located inside heating element 104b. The axial direction of heating elements 104a and 104b is vertical. In the second embodiment, excess heat is generated from heating elements 104a and 104b by repeatedly performing a hydrogen storage process and a hydrogen release process alternately using a control unit (not shown). That is, the control unit first performs a hydrogen storage process to allow hydrogen to be stored in heating elements 104a and 104b, and then performs a hydrogen release process to release the hydrogen stored in heating elements 104a and 104b. In the hydrogen storage process, a hydrogen-based gas is supplied to the inside of the heating container 105. In the hydrogen release process, the inside of the heating container 105 is evacuated and the heating elements 104a and 104b are heated by the heater 108. By repeatedly performing the hydrogen storage process and the hydrogen release process alternately in this manner, excess heat can be generated from the heat-generating elements 104a and 104b.

[0073] The heating container 105 is a hollow container that houses heating elements 104a and 104b inside (see Figure 8). The heating container 105 has a cylindrical side wall portion 111, an upper bottom portion 112 provided at the upper end of the side wall portion 111, and a lower bottom portion 113 provided at the lower end of the side wall portion 111. The heating container 105 is a sealed container in which the opening at the upper end of the side wall portion 111 is closed by the upper bottom portion 112, and the opening at the lower end of the side wall portion 111 is closed by the lower bottom portion 113. In this embodiment, the side wall portion 111 is formed in a cylindrical shape, but is not limited to this, and may be formed in an elliptical or rectangular shape, for example. The side wall portion 111 has an upper header 115 at its upper end and a lower header 116 at its lower end. The upper header 115 and the lower header 116 constitute part of the second heat dissipation path 107, which will be described later. In Figure 8, the axial direction of the heating container 105 (side wall portion 111) and the axial direction of the heating elements 104a and 104b are parallel to the vertical direction of the paper.

[0074] The first heat removal path 106 is configured to allow a first heat removal fluid, heated by the heating elements 104a and 104b, to flow through it. The first heat removal path 106 has a high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 located inside the heating element 104a. The high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 extends in the axial direction of the heating elements 104a and 104b. In this example, the outer surface of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 is in contact with the inner surface of the heating element 104a. The high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 has a high-temperature inlet 127a located at the lower end of the side wall portion 111 and a high-temperature outlet 127b located at the upper end of the side wall portion 111. The high-temperature inlet 127a is connected to the lower header 116. The cross-sectional shape of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 is circular in this example, but is not particularly limited and can be square, etc.

[0075] In the first heat removal path 106, liquid water entering the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 from the high-temperature inlet 127a is heated by the heating elements 104a and 104b within the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 and exits as vaporized water (steam) from the high-temperature outlet 127b. In this embodiment, the boiler 100 is configured to discharge steam at, for example, 100°C from the first heat removal path 106, assuming a pressure of 1 atmosphere (0.1 MPa) at the high-temperature outlet 127b or a separator (not shown). However, by increasing the pressure at the high-temperature outlet 127b or a separator (not shown), liquid water (hot water) exceeding 100°C can be discharged from the first heat removal path 106.

[0076] The second heat removal path 107 is configured such that the second heat removal fluid flows in a direction opposite to the direction in which the first heat removal fluid flows. The second heat removal path 107 has a plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes 128 provided along the outer circumference of the heating element 104b. The plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes 128 extend in the axial direction of the heating elements 104a and 104b. The plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes 128 are located between the upper header 115 and the lower header 116. Each low-temperature heat removal pipe 128 has a low-temperature inlet 128a provided at the upper end of the side wall portion 111 and a low-temperature outlet 128b provided at the lower end of the side wall portion 111. The low-temperature inlet 128a is connected to the upper header 115. The low-temperature outlet 128b is connected to the lower header 116. The low-temperature outlet 128b of each low-temperature heat removal pipe 128 is connected to the high-temperature inlet 127a of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 via the lower header 116. The cross-sectional shape of each low-temperature heat removal pipe 128 is circular in this example, but is not particularly limited and can be square or other shapes.

[0077] In the heating device 101, the flow directions of the first heat-removing fluid and the second heat-removing fluid are opposite to each other. That is, in the heating device 101, the second heat-removing fluid flows from the top to the bottom of the heating container 105 along the axial direction of the heating elements 104a and 104b, and the first heat-removing fluid flows from the bottom to the top of the heating container 105. The second heat-removing fluid (cold water) that enters the low-temperature heat-removing pipe 128 from the low-temperature inlet 128a is heated by the heating elements 104a and 104b as it flows through the low-temperature heat-removing pipe 128, and its temperature rises. The second heat-removing fluid (hot water) heated in the low-temperature heat-removing pipe 128 exits from the low-temperature outlet 128b and enters the high-temperature inlet 127a of the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 127 as the first heat-removing fluid (hot water). The first heat-removing fluid (hot water) in the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 is further heated by the heating elements 104a and 104b and exits as vaporized water (steam) from the high-temperature outlet 127b. A portion (upper part) of the heating elements 104a and 104b near the high-temperature outlet 127b of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 is heated by the second heat-removing fluid (cold water), thereby suppressing abnormal temperature rise. A portion (lower part) of the heating elements 104a and 104b near the high-temperature inlet 127a of the high-temperature heat removal pipe 127 is heated by the second heat-removing fluid (hot water), thereby suppressing temperature drop. In this way, the heating device 101 can achieve temperature uniformity of the heating elements 104a and 104b, similar to the first embodiment described above. Since the heating device 101 does not create any parts of the heating elements 104a and 104b that are extremely hot, damage to the heating elements 104a and 104b is prevented. Furthermore, the heating elements 104a and 104b can be used stably within the excess heat generation temperature range.

[0078] The excess heat from the heating elements 104a and 104b is transferred to the first heat-removing fluid via the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 127 by conduction, convection by hydrogen-based gas, and radiation. The boiler 100 can use the excess heat from the heating elements 104a and 104b to heat and vaporize the liquid water (first heat-removing fluid) flowing through the high-temperature heat-removing pipe 127, thereby generating steam (first heat-removing fluid).

[0079] The heating device 101 includes heating elements 104a and 104b, but the number of heating elements can be changed as appropriate. The shape of the heating elements is not limited to cylindrical, but may also be plate-shaped or other shapes. [Explanation of symbols]

[0080] 10,100 boilers 11,101 Heating device 14,75,80,104a,104b Heating element 15,105 Heating container 16,106 First heat dissipation pathway 17,107 Second heat dissipation pathway 27,127 High-temperature heat extraction piping 28,128 Low-temperature heat removal piping 61 Support 62 Multilayer film 71 1st layer 72 2nd layer 77 3rd layer 82 4th layer 73,78,83 Different materials interface

Claims

1. A heat-generating vessel into which a hydrogen-containing hydrogen gas is introduced, A heating element provided inside the aforementioned heating container, which generates heat through the absorption and release of hydrogen, A first heat removal path through which a first heat removal fluid heated by the aforementioned heating element flows, The system includes a second heat removal path through which a second heat removal fluid flows in a direction opposite to the direction in which the first heat removal fluid flows, The first heat dissipation path has high-temperature heat dissipation piping arranged spirally around the heating element, The second heat removal path has low-temperature heat removal piping arranged spirally around the first heat removal path. One end and the other end of the second heat extraction path are connected to the upstream side of the first heat extraction path, above the high-temperature heat extraction piping. The connection point at one end of the second heat removal path is located upstream of the connection point at the other end of the second heat removal path in the first heat removal path. At one end of the second heat removal path, a portion of the first heat removal fluid flowing through the first heat removal path flows in as the second heat removal fluid. A heating device in which the second heat-removing fluid flowing through the second heat-removing path is heated by heat exchange with the first heat-removing fluid flowing through the high-temperature heat-removing pipe within the low-temperature heat-removing pipe, flows out from the other end of the second heat-removing path, and merges with the first heat-removing fluid flowing through the first heat-removing path.

2. The heating container has a cylindrical side wall portion, The high-temperature heat removal pipe has a high-temperature inlet provided at the lower end of the side wall and a high-temperature outlet provided at the upper end of the side wall. The low-temperature heat removal pipe has a low-temperature inlet provided at its upper end and a low-temperature outlet provided at its lower end. The low-temperature inlet is connected to the first heat removal path via one end of the second heat removal path. The heating device according to claim 1, wherein the low-temperature outlet is connected to the first heat removal path via the other end of the second heat removal path.

3. A heat-generating vessel into which a hydrogen-containing hydrogen gas is introduced, A heating element provided inside the aforementioned heating container, which generates heat through the absorption and release of hydrogen, A first heat removal path through which the first heat removal fluid, heated by the aforementioned heating element, flows, The system includes a second heat removal path through which a second heat removal fluid flows in a direction opposite to the direction in which the first heat removal fluid flows, The heating element is formed in a cylindrical shape, The first heat dissipation path has a high-temperature heat dissipation pipe provided inside the heating element, The second heat removal path has a plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes provided along the outer circumference of the heating element, The high-temperature heat removal pipe and the plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes are a heating device that extends in the axial direction of the heating element.

4. The heating container has a cylindrical side wall portion, The high-temperature heat removal pipe has a high-temperature inlet provided at the lower end of the side wall and a high-temperature outlet provided at the upper end of the side wall. The plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes each have a low-temperature inlet provided at the upper end and a low-temperature outlet provided at the lower end, The heating device according to claim 3, wherein the high-temperature inlet of the high-temperature heat removal pipe is connected to the low-temperature outlets of the plurality of low-temperature heat removal pipes.

5. The heating device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heating element heats the first heat-removing fluid by at least one heating method selected from conduction, convection, and radiation.

6. A boiler equipped with a heating device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, Water is supplied as the first heat removal fluid to the first heat removal path. A boiler that heats the water with the heating element and discharges steam or hot water through the first heat removal path.

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