Method and computer program for processing video information

Abstract

To provide a coordinated design between multiple baseline intra prediction, transform partitioning and transform kernels, and a method for processing video information.SOLUTION: A method includes the steps of retrieving a data block of a video frame having adjacent reference lines and one or more non-adjacent reference lines in the video frame, determining whether a non-adjacent reference line of the one or more non-adjacent reference lines is used for intra prediction of the data block, selecting a target transformation kernel from a first set of transformation kernels to transform the data block when the adjacent reference line is used for intra prediction of the data block, and selecting a target transformation kernel from a second set of transformation kernels to transform the data block when the non-adjacent reference line is used for intra prediction of the data block.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 23

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Embedding by reference This application is based on U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 17 / 571,284, filed on 7 January 2022, claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 176,049, entitled “Harmonized Design Among Multiple Reference Line Intra Prediction, Transform Partitioning, and Transform Kernels,” filed on 16 April 2021, and claims the benefit of that priority. Both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] Technical field This disclosure generally relates to a set of advanced video coding / decoding techniques, and more specifically to a harmonized design between multiple reference line intra prediction, transform partitioning, and transform kernels. [Background technology]

[0003] The background information provided herein is intended to provide a general context for this disclosure. The research of the inventors named herein, to the extent described in this background art, is not considered prior art to this disclosure, either explicitly or implicitly, with respect to any manner in which such research is described that would not ordinarily be considered prior art at the time of filing.

[0004] Video coding and decoding can be performed using interpicture prediction with motion compensation. Uncompressed digital video can contain a series of pictures, each picture having spatial dimensions of, for example, 1920 x 1080 luminance samples and associated full or subsampled chrominance samples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picture rate (alternatively called frame rate), for example, 60 pictures per second or 60 frames per second. Uncompressed video has specific bitrate requirements for streaming or data processing. For example, video with a pixel resolution of 1920 x 1080, a frame rate of 60 frames / second, and 4:2:0 chroma subsampling with 8 bits per pixel per color channel requires a bandwidth of close to 1.5 Gbit / s. One hour of such video requires more than 600 GB of storage space.

[0005] One possible purpose of video coding and decoding is to reduce the redundancy of uncompressed input video signals through compression. Compression can help reduce the aforementioned bandwidth and / or storage requirements by more than two orders of magnitude, in some cases. Both lossless and lossy compression, as well as combinations thereof, can be employed. Lossless compression refers to a technique in which, through the decoding process, an exact copy of the original signal can be reconstructed from the compressed original signal. Lossy compression refers to a coding / decoding process in which the original video information is not fully preserved during coding and cannot be fully recovered during decoding. When using lossy compression, the reconstructed signal may not be identical to the original signal, but the distortion between the original and reconstructed signals is made small enough that the reconstructed signal is useful for the intended application, despite some information loss. In the case of video, lossy compression is widely used in many applications. The acceptable amount of distortion depends on the application. For example, users of a particular consumer video streaming application may tolerate higher distortion than users of a film or television broadcast application. The compression ratio achievable by a particular coding algorithm can be selected or adjusted to reflect various distortion tolerances: higher distortion tolerances generally allow for coding algorithms that result in higher losses and higher compression ratios.

[0006] Video encoders and decoders can utilize techniques from several broad categories and steps, including, for example, motion compensation, Fourier transform, quantization, and entropy coding.

[0007] Video codec technology can include a technique known as intra-coding. In intra-coding, sample values ​​are represented without referencing samples or other data from a previously reconstructed reference picture. In some video codecs, the picture is spatially subdivided into blocks of samples. When all blocks of samples are coded in intra-mode, the picture can be called an intra-picture. Intra-pictures and their derivatives, such as independent decoder refresh pictures, can be used to reset the decoder state and thus can be used as the first picture in a coded video bitstream and video session, or as a still image. The samples of the intra-predicted blocks can then be subjected to a transformation into the frequency domain, and the resulting transformation coefficients can be quantized before entropy coding. Intra-prediction represents the technique of minimizing the sample values ​​in the pre-transform domain. In some cases, the smaller the DC value and the smaller the AC coefficient after transformation, the fewer bits are required at a given quantization step size to represent the block after entropy coding.

[0008] Traditional intra-coding, such as that known from the MPEG-2 generation of coding techniques, does not use intra-prediction. However, some newer video compression techniques include techniques that attempt to code / decode blocks based on surrounding sample data and / or metadata, for example, acquired between the coding and / or decoding of spatially adjacent ones, and preceding in the decoding order in which the blocks of data are intra-coded or decoded. Such techniques will be referred to below as “intra-prediction” techniques. Note that in at least some cases, intra-prediction uses only reference data from the current picture being reconstructed, and not from other reference pictures.

[0009] Various forms of intra-prediction can exist. When two or more such techniques are available in a given video coding technique, the techniques used can be called intra-prediction modes. One or more intra-prediction modes may be provided for a particular codec. In some cases, a mode may have submodes and / or be associated with various parameters, and mode / submode information and intra-coding parameters for blocks of video may be coded individually or collectively included in mode codewords. Which codeword is used for a given combination of mode, submode, and / or parameters may affect the coding efficiency gain through intra-prediction, and the entropy coding technique used to convert the codewords into a bitstream may similarly affect it.

[0010] Certain intra-prediction modes were introduced in H.264, refined in H.265, and further refined with newer coding techniques such as JEM (joint exploration model), VVC (versatile video coding), and benchmark sets (BMS). Generally, intra-prediction can form predictor blocks using available adjacent sample values. For example, available values ​​for a specific set of adjacent samples along a particular direction and / or line can be copied into a predictor block. References to the direction in use can be coded in the bitstream or may be predicted themselves.

[0011] Referring to Figure 1A, the lower right shows a subset of nine predictor directions, specified by the 33 possible intra-predictor directions in H.265 (corresponding to the 33 angular modes of the 35 modes specified in H.265). The point where the arrows converge (101) represents the predicted sample. The arrows indicate the direction in which adjacent samples are used to predict the sample at 101. For example, arrow (102) indicates that sample (101) is predicted from adjacent samples or multiple samples at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizontal, moving to the upper right. Similarly, arrow (103) indicates that sample (101) is predicted from adjacent samples or multiple samples at an angle of 22.5 degrees from the horizontal, moving to the lower left of sample (101).

[0012] Continuing to refer to Figure 1A, a 4x4 sample square block (104) is shown in the upper left (indicated by a thick dashed line). The square block (104) contains 16 samples, each labeled with "S", its position in the Y dimension (e.g., row index), and its position in the X dimension (e.g., column index). For example, sample S21 is the second sample (from the top) in the Y dimension and the first sample (from the left) in the X dimension. Similarly, sample S44 is the fourth sample in block (104) in both the Y and X dimensions. Since the block size is 4x4 samples, S44 is in the lower right. Furthermore, an example of a reference sample following a similar numbering scheme is shown. The reference sample is labeled with R relative to block (104), its Y position (e.g., row index), and its X position (column index). In both H.264 and H.265, adjacent predicted samples close to the block being reconstructed are used.

[0013] Intra-picture prediction in block 104 may be initiated by copying a reference sample value from an adjacent sample according to the signal prediction direction. For example, suppose the coded video bitstream includes signaling for this block 104 indicating the prediction direction of arrow (102), i.e., a sample is predicted from a prediction sample or multiple samples to the upper right at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizontal. In such a case, samples S41, S32, S23, and S14 are predicted from the same reference sample R05. Then, sample S44 is predicted from reference sample R08.

[0014] In some cases, especially when the direction is not uniformly divisible by 45 degrees, the values ​​of multiple reference samples may be combined, for example, through interpolation, to calculate the reference sample.

[0015] As video coding technology continues to develop, the number of possible directions is increasing. For example, in H.264 (2003), nine different directions are available for intra-prediction. This increased to 33 in H.265 (2013), and as of the time of this disclosure, JEM / VVC / BMS can support 65 directions. Experimental studies have been conducted to help identify the most appropriate intra-prediction directions, and certain techniques in entropy coding may be used to encode those most appropriate directions with a small number of bits, accepting a bit penalty for the direction. Furthermore, sometimes the direction itself can be predicted from the adjacent directions used for intra-prediction of the decoded adjacent block.

[0016] Figure 1B shows a schematic diagram (180) illustrating 65 intra-prediction directions following JEM, illustrating the increase in the number of prediction directions in various coding techniques developed over time.

[0017] The method of mapping bits representing intra-prediction directions to prediction directions in a coded video bitstream may vary depending on the video coding technique, and can range from simple direct mapping of prediction directions to intra-prediction modes to complex adaptive schemes including codewords, the most likely modes, and similar techniques. However, in all cases, there may be certain intra-prediction directions within video content that are statistically less likely than certain other directions. Since the goal of video compression is to reduce redundancy, these less likely directions may be represented by more bits than the more likely directions in a well-designed video coding technique.

[0018] Interpicture prediction or interpretation may be based on motion compensation. In motion compensation, sample data from a previously reconstructed picture or part thereof (reference picture) may be spatially shifted in the direction indicated by a motion vector (MV) and then used to predict the newly reconstructed picture or part of a picture (e.g., a block). In some cases, the reference picture may be the same as the picture currently being reconstructed. The MV may have two dimensions (X and Y) or three dimensions, where the three dimensions indicate the reference picture in use (similar to the time dimension).

[0019] In some video compression techniques, the current MV applicable to a region of sample data can be predicted from other MVs, for example, from those other MVs related to other areas of sample data that are spatially adjacent to the area being reconstructed and that precede the current MV in decoding order. Doing so can substantially reduce the overall amount of data required to code the MV by relying on removing the redundancy of the correlated MVs, thereby increasing the compression efficiency. The MV prediction can function effectively. Because, for example, when coding an input video signal derived from a camera (known as natural video), there is a statistical likelihood that areas larger than the area to which a single MV is applicable move in the same direction in the video sequence, and thus, in some cases, similar motion vectors derived from the MVs of adjacent areas can be used for prediction. As a result, the actual MV of a given area becomes similar or identical to the MV predicted from the surrounding MVs. Such an MV can be represented with a smaller number of bits than when it is directly coded rather than being predicted from adjacent MVs after entropy coding. In some cases, MV prediction can be an example of lossless compression of the signal (i.e., the MV) derived from the original signal (i.e., the sample stream). In other cases, the MV prediction itself can be lossy, for example, due to rounding errors when calculating predictors from several surrounding MVs.

[0020] Various MV prediction mechanisms are described in H.265 / HEVC (ITU-T Rec. H.265, "High Efficiency Video Coding", December 2016). Among the many MV prediction mechanisms specified by H.265, the one described below is a technique called "spatial merge".

[0021] Specifically, referring to FIG. 2, the current block (201) includes samples found to be predictable from a previous block of the same size that has been spatially shifted during the motion search process by an encoder. Instead of directly coding the MV, the MV can be derived using an MV associated with any one of five surrounding samples shown as A0, A1, and B0, B1, B2 (202 to 206 respectively) from metadata associated with one or more reference pictures, for example from the latest reference picture (in decoding order). In H.265, MV prediction can use predictors from the same reference picture used by adjacent blocks.

Summary of the Invention

[0022] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to a set of advanced video coding / decoding techniques, and more particularly to a coordinated design among multiple reference line intra prediction, transform segmentation, and transform kernels.

[0023] In some exemplary implementations, a method for processing video information is disclosed. The method includes retrieving a data block of a video frame, the data block having an adjacent reference line and one or more non-adjacent reference lines within the video frame; and determining whether one of the one or more non-adjacent reference lines is used for intra prediction of the data block. When the adjacent reference line is used for intra prediction of the data block, selecting a target transform kernel from a first set of transform kernels for transforming the data block; and when the non-adjacent reference line is used for intra prediction of the data block, selecting a target transform kernel from a second set of transform kernels for transforming the data block.

[0024] In the above implementation, the first set of transform kernels and the second set of transform kernels are primary transform kernels or secondary transform kernels.

[0025] In any one of the above implementations, the first set of translation kernels may include a superset of translation kernels, and the second set of translation kernels may include a subset of the superset of translation kernels. The first and second sets of translation kernels may be primary translation kernels, and the second set of translation kernels may include one of the following as a hybrid translation kernel: a combination of DCT type 2 and ADST, a combination of DCT type 2, ADST and flipped ADST, a combination of DCT type 2 and IDT, or a combination of DCT type 2, ADST, flipped ADST and IDT.

[0026] In any one of the above implementations, the first and second sets of transform kernels may be secondary transform kernels, and the second set of transform kernels may constitute a subset of the first set of transform kernels when the data block further contains two or more transform partition blocks. In some further implementations, the data block may contain two or more transform partition blocks, and the second set of transform kernels may include a NULL set. In some other implementations, the data block may contain two or more transform partition blocks, and the selection of a transform kernel from the first set of transform kernels or the second set of transform kernels is signaled separately for each of the two or more transform partition blocks.

[0027] In any one of the above implementations, the first and second sets of transformation kernels may be primary transformation kernels, and the second set of transformation kernels may constitute a subset of the first set of transformation kernels when the data block further includes two or more transformation partition blocks. In some implementations, the data block may include two or more transformation partition blocks, and the selection of a transformation kernel from the first set of transformation kernels or the second set of transformation kernels is signaled separately for each of the two or more transformation partition blocks. In some implementations, the data block may include two or more transformation partition blocks, and the selection from the second set of transformation kernels is predefined when a non-adjacent baseline is specified and is not signaled in the bitstream associated with the video frame.

[0028] In any one of the above implementations, the baseline index associated with the baseline used for intraprediction of a data block, among adjacent baselines or one or more non-adjacent baselines, is used to derive the context for entropy coding of the kernel index of the primary transform kernel for transforming a secondary transform kernel selected from the first set of transform kernels or the second set of transform kernels.

[0029] In any of the above implementations, when a data block further includes two or more transformation partition blocks, the second set of transformation kernels may constitute a subset of the first set of transformation kernels for a subset of the two or more transformation partition blocks, and the second set of transformation kernels and the first set of transformation kernels may be the same for the remaining subset of the two or more transformation partition blocks. In some implementations, the subset of the two or more transformation partition blocks may include the upper or left-hand transformation partition of the data block.

[0030] In any of the above implementations, the selection of a target transform kernel from a first set of transform kernels or a second set of transform kernels may be performed in response to the fact that multiple transform partition types are enabled to partition a data block into enabled transform blocks, and both primary and secondary transforms are enabled for the data block.

[0031] Some implementations disclose alternative methods for processing video information. These methods include: taking a data block of a video frame, the data block having adjacent reference lines and one or more non-adjacent reference lines within the video frame; and determining whether one of the one or more non-adjacent reference lines is used for intra-prediction of the data block. When adjacent reference lines are used for intra-prediction of the data block, the method includes selecting from a first set of transformation partition types to partition the data block into transformation partition blocks; and when non-adjacent reference lines are used for intra-prediction of the data block, the method includes selecting from a second set of transformation partition types to partition the data block into transformation partition blocks.

[0032] In the above implementation, the second set of conversion category types may include only the category type with no category. In some implementations, the second set of conversion category types may constitute a subset of the first set of conversion category types, and each of the second sets of conversion category types is associated with a number of categories smaller than a predetermined threshold.

[0033] Another method for processing video information is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: taking a data block of a video frame, the data block having one or more reference lines in the video frame for intra-prediction, each reference line associated with a reference line position index; selecting a reference line from one or more reference lines for intra-prediction of the data block; and selecting a primary or secondary transformation kernel from a subset of primary or secondary transformation kernels for processing the data block, the subset of primary or secondary transformation kernels being selected from a complete set of primary or secondary transformation kernels based on the reference line position index of the reference line selected for intra-prediction.

[0034] In the above implementation, a subset of the primary or secondary transformation kernels can be identical for all non-adjacent baselines when selected for intra-prediction.

[0035] In some implementations, a video device is disclosed. The video device may include processing circuitry configured to implement each of the above methods.

[0036] Aspects of the present disclosure also provide a non-temporary computer-readable medium that, when executed by a computer for video decoding and / or encoding, stores instructions causing the computer to perform any one of the above-described implementations for video decoding and / or encoding. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0037] Further features, properties, and various advantages of the disclosed subject matter will become clearer from the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

[0038] [Figure 1A] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary subset of intra-predictive direction modes.

[0039] [Figure 1B] This is an example diagram of the intra-prediction direction.

[0040] [Figure 2] This is a schematic diagram of the current block and its surrounding spatial merge candidates for motion vector prediction in one example.

[0041] [Figure 3] This is a schematic diagram of a simplified block diagram of a communication system (300) according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0042] [Figure 4] This is a schematic diagram of a simplified block diagram of a communication system (400) according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0043] [Figure 5] This is a schematic diagram of a simplified block diagram of a video decoder according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0044] [Figure 6] This is a schematic diagram of a simplified block diagram of a video encoder according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0045] [Figure 7] This is a block diagram of a video encoder according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0046] [Figure 8] This is a block diagram of a video decoder according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0047] [Figure 9] This figure shows a coding block partitioning scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0048] [Figure 10] This figure shows another scheme for coding block partitioning according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0049] [Figure 11] This figure shows another scheme for coding block partitioning according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0050] [Figure 12] This figure shows another scheme for coding block partitioning according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0051] [Figure 13] This figure shows a scheme for dividing a coding block into multiple transform blocks and a coding order for the transform blocks, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0052] [Figure 14] This figure shows another scheme for dividing a coding block into multiple transformation blocks and a coding order for the transformation blocks, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0053] [Figure 15] This figure shows another scheme for partitioning a coding block into multiple transformation blocks, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0054] [Figure 16] This figure shows an intra-prediction scheme based on various baselines according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0055] [Figure 17] This figure shows a planar rotation transformation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0056] [Figure 18] This figure shows various DCT-2 and DCT-4 partial butterfly lookup tables according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0057] [Figure 19] This figure shows a DST-7 partial butterfly lookup table according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0058] [Figure 20] This figure shows a line graph transformation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0059] [Figure 21] This figure shows the selection of a secondary transformation set according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0060] [Figure 22] This figure shows a coding block having four transformation blocks according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0061] [Figure 23] This figure shows a flowchart of the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 24] This figure shows a flowchart of the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 25] This figure shows a flowchart of the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0062] [Figure 26] This is a schematic diagram of a computer system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0063] Figure 3 shows a simplified block diagram of a communication system (300) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system (300) includes a plurality of terminal devices that can communicate with each other, for example, via a network (350). For example, the communication system (300) includes a first pair of terminal devices (310) and (320) interconnected via the network (350). In the example of Figure 3, the first pair of terminal devices (310) and (320) may perform one-way transmission of data. For example, terminal device (310) may code video data (for example, a stream of video pictures captured by terminal device (310)) for transmission to other terminal devices (320) via the network (350). The coded video data may be transmitted in the form of one or more coded video bitstreams. Terminal device (320) may receive coded video data from the network (350), decode the coded video data to restore the video pictures, and display the video pictures according to the restored video data. One-way data transmission can be implemented in media supply applications and the like.

[0064] In another example, the communication system (300) includes a second pair of terminal devices (330) and (340) that perform bidirectional transmission of coded video data, which may be implemented, for example, between video conferencing applications. For bidirectional transmission of data, in one example, each terminal device of terminal devices (330) and (340) may code video data (for example, a stream of video pictures captured by that terminal device) for transmission to the other terminal device of terminal devices (330) and (340) via the network (350). Each terminal device of terminal devices (330) and (340) may also receive coded video data transmitted by the other terminal device of terminal devices (330) and (340), decode the coded video data to restore video pictures, and display video pictures on an accessible display device according to the restored video data.

[0065] In the example in Figure 3, terminal devices (310), (320), (330), and (340) may be implemented as servers, personal computers, and smartphones, but the applicability of the fundamental principles of this disclosure is not limited thereto. Embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented in desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, media players, wearable computers, dedicated video conferencing equipment, and / or similar devices. Network (350) represents any number or type of network that transmits coded video data between terminal devices (310), (320), (330), and (340), including, for example, wireline and / or wireless communication networks. Communication network (350) may exchange data over line switches, packet switches, and / or other types of channels. Typical networks include telecommunications networks, local area networks, wide area networks, and / or the Internet. For the purposes of this discussion, the architecture and topology of network (350) may not be important to the operation of this disclosure unless expressly described herein.

[0066] Figure 4 shows the arrangement of a video encoder and video decoder in a video streaming environment as an example of the application of the disclosed subject matter. The disclosed subject matter may also be similarly applicable to other video applications, such as video conferencing, digital television broadcasting, games, virtual reality, and the storage of compressed video on digital media including CDs, DVDs, memory sticks, etc.

[0067] A video streaming system may include a video capture subsystem (413) which may include a video source (401), such as a digital camera, for creating an uncompressed stream of video pictures or images (402). In one example, the stream of video pictures (402), which includes samples recorded by the digital camera of the video source (401), is shown in bold to emphasize the high data volume compared to encoded video data (404) (or encoded video bitstream), and can be processed by an electronic device (420) which includes a video encoder (403) coupled to the video source (401). The video encoder (403) may include hardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implement aspects of the disclosed subject, such as those described in more detail below. The encoded video data (404) (or encoded video bitstream (404)) is shown as a thin line to highlight its low data size compared to the stream of uncompressed video pictures (402), and can be stored in a streaming server (405) for future use or directly to downstream video devices (not shown). One or more streaming client subsystems, such as client subsystems (406) and (408) in Figure 4, can access the streaming server (405) to retrieve copies (407) and (409) of the encoded video data (404). The client subsystem (406) may include a video decoder (410) within, for example, an electronic device (430). The video decoder (410) decodes the input copy (407) of the encoded video data and creates an output stream (411) of a video picture that is uncompressed and can be rendered on a display (412) (e.g., a display screen) or other rendering device (not shown). The video decoder 410 may be configured to perform some or all of the various functions described herein.In some streaming systems, encoded video data (404), (407), and (409) (e.g., video bitstreams) can be encoded according to specific video coding / compression standards. Examples of these standards include ITU-T Recommendation H.265. For example, a video coding standard under development is informally known as (VVC: Versatile Video Coding). The subject matter disclosed may be used in the context of VVC and other video coding standards.

[0068] It should be noted that electronic devices (420) and (430) may include other components (not shown). For example, electronic device (420) may include a video decoder (not shown), and electronic device (430) may also include a video encoder (not shown).

[0069] Figure 5 shows a block diagram of a video decoder (510) according to one of the embodiments of the present disclosure described below. The video decoder (510) may be included in an electronic device (530). The electronic device (530) may include a receiver (531) (e.g., a receiving circuit). The video decoder (510) can be used instead of the video decoder (410) in the example of Figure 4.

[0070] The receiver (531) may receive one or more coded video sequences to be decoded by the video decoder (510). In the same or another embodiment, one coded video sequence may be decoded at a time, in which case the decoding of each coded video sequence is independent of other coded video sequences. Each video sequence may be associated with multiple video frames or images. The coded video sequences may be received from a channel (501), which may be a storage device storing coded video data or a hardware / software link to a streaming source transmitting coded video data. The receiver (531) may receive coded video data together with other data such as coded audio data and / or auxiliary data streams, which may be transferred to their respective processing circuits (not shown). The receiver (531) may isolate the coded video sequences from other data. To eliminate network jitter, a buffer memory (515) may be placed between the receiver (531) and the entropy decoder / parser (520) (hereinafter, "Parser (520)"). In certain applications, the buffer memory (515) may be implemented as part of the video decoder (510). In other applications, the buffer memory (515) may be outside the video decoder (510) (not shown) and separate from the video decoder (510). In yet another application, the buffer memory (not shown) may exist outside the video decoder (510), for example, to eliminate network jitter, and another additional buffer memory (515) may exist inside the video decoder (510), for example, to handle playback timing. When the receiver (531) is receiving data from a store / transfer device with sufficient bandwidth and controllability or from an isosynchronous network, the buffer memory (515) may not be necessary or may be small.For use in best-effort packet networks such as the Internet, a sufficiently large buffer memory (515) may be required, and its size may be relatively large. Such buffer memory may be implemented in an adaptive size and may be implemented, at least in part, in an operating system or similar element (not shown) outside the video decoder (510).

[0071] The video decoder (510) may include a parser (520) to reconstruct symbols (521) from the coded video sequence. These categories of symbols include information used to manage the operation of the video decoder (510) and information to control a rendering device, such as a display (512) (e.g., a display screen), which may or may not be an integral part of the electronic device (530) but may be coupled to the electronic device (530) as shown in Figure 5. The rendering device control information may be in the form of Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) messages or Video Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments (not shown). The parser (520) may parse / entropy decode the coded video sequence received by the parser (520). The entropy coding of the coded video sequence may follow video coding techniques or standards and may follow various principles, including variable-length coding, Huffman coding, and arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity. The parser (520) can extract from the coded video sequence a set of subgroup parameters for at least one subgroup of pixels in the video decoder, based on at least one parameter corresponding to the subgroup. Subgroups can include groups of pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, coding units (CUs), blocks, transform units (TUs), prediction units (PUs), etc. The parser (520) may also extract from coded video sequence information such as transform coefficients (e.g., Fourier transform coefficients), quantization parameter values, motion vectors, etc.

[0072] The parser (520) may perform an entropy decoding / parsing operation on the video sequence received from the buffer memory (515) to generate a symbol (521).

[0073] The reconstruction of the symbol (521) can involve multiple different processes or functions, depending on the type of coded video picture or part thereof (e.g., inter and intra pictures, inter and intra blocks) and other factors. The units involved and how they are involved may be controlled by subgroup control information parsed from the coded video sequence by the parser (520). The flow of such subgroup control information between the parser (520) and the multiple processing or function units described below is not illustrated for brevity.

[0074] In addition to the functional blocks already described, the video decoder (510) can be conceptually subdivided into several functional units, as described below. In practical implementations operating under commercial constraints, many of these functional units can interact closely with each other and be integrated at least partially. However, for the purpose of clearly illustrating the various functions of the disclosed subject matter, the conceptual subdivision into functional units is used in the following disclosure.

[0075] The first unit may include a scaler / inverse unit (551). The scaler / inverse unit (551) can receive quantized transformation coefficients as well as control information including the type of inverse transformation to be used, block size, quantization coefficients / parameters, quantization scaling matrix, and position (lie) as a symbol (521) from the parser (520). The scaler / inverse unit (551) can output a block containing sample values ​​that can be input to the aggregator (555).

[0076] In some cases, the output samples of the scaler / inverse transform (551) may relate to intracoded blocks, i.e., blocks that do not use prediction information from previously reconstructed pictures but can use prediction information from previously reconstructed portions of the current picture. Such prediction information may be provided by an intrapicture prediction unit (552). In some cases, the intrapicture prediction unit (552) may use surrounding block information that has already been reconstructed and stored in the current picture buffer (558) to generate blocks of the same size and shape as the block being reconstructed. The current picture buffer (558) buffers, for example, a partially reconstructed current picture and / or a fully reconstructed current picture. In some implementations, the aggregator (555) may, sample by sample, add the prediction information generated by the intraprediction unit (552) to the output sample information, as provided by the scaler / inverse transform unit (551).

[0077] In other cases, the output samples of the scaler / inverse unit (551) may relate to blocks that are intercoded and potentially motion-compensated. In such cases, the motion-compensated prediction unit (553) can access the reference picture memory (557) to fetch samples to be used for interpicture prediction. After motion-compensating the fetched samples according to the symbols (521) related to the blocks, these samples can be added by the aggregator (555) to the output of the scaler / inverse unit (551) (the output of unit 551 may be called residual samples or residual signals) to generate output sample information. The addresses in the reference picture memory (557) from which the motion-compensated prediction unit (553) fetches the predicted samples can be controlled by motion vectors available to the motion-compensated prediction unit (553), in the form of symbols (521) which may have, for example, X, Y components (shift) and a reference picture component (time). Motion compensation may also include interpolation of sample values ​​fetched from reference picture memory (557) when the precise motion vectors of subsamples are used, and may also be associated with motion vector prediction mechanisms, etc.

[0078] The output samples of the aggregator (555) can undergo various loop filtering techniques within the loop filter unit (556). The video compression technique is controlled by parameters contained in the coded video sequence (also called the coded video bitstream) and made available to the loop filter unit (556) as symbols (521) from the parser (520), but may include in-loop filtering techniques that can respond to metadata obtained during decoding of earlier parts (in decoding order) of the coded picture or coded video sequence, as well as to previously reconstructed and loop-filtered sample values. Several types of loop filters may be included as part of the loop filter unit 556 in various orders, as will be described in more detail below.

[0079] The output of the loop filter unit (556) can be a sample stream that can be output to the rendering device (512) and stored in the reference picture memory (557) for use in future interpicture prediction.

[0080] Once a coded picture is fully reconstructed, it can be used as a reference picture for future interpicture prediction. For example, when a coded picture corresponding to the current picture is fully reconstructed and the coded picture is identified as a reference picture (e.g., by the parser (520)), the current picture buffer (558) can become part of the reference picture memory (557), and a fresh current picture buffer can be reallocated before starting the reconstruction of subsequent coded pictures.

[0081] The video decoder (510) may perform decoding operations according to a predetermined video compression technique adopted in a standard such as ITU-T Rec.H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to the syntax specified by the video compression technique or standard being used, in the sense that the coded video sequence adheres to both the syntax of the video compression technique or standard and the profile documented in the video compression technique or standard. Specifically, a profile may select a particular tool from all the tools available in the video compression technique or standard as the only tool available for use under that profile. In order to be standards compliant, the complexity of the coded video sequence may be within the range defined by the level of the video compression technique or standard. In some cases, the level limits the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstruction sample rate (e.g., measured in megasamples per second), maximum reference pixel size, etc. The limits set by the level may, in some cases, be further restricted through the HRD specification and metadata for buffer management of the Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) signaled in the coded video sequence.

[0082] In some exemplary embodiments, the receiver (531) may receive additional (redundant) data along with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as part of the coded video sequence. The additional data may be used by the video decoder (510) to properly decode the data and / or more accurately reconstruct the original video data. The additional data may take the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forward error correction codes, etc.

[0083] Figure 6 shows a block diagram of a video encoder (603) according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (603) may be included in an electronic device (620). The electronic device (620) may further include a transmitter (640) (e.g., a transmitting circuit). The video encoder (603) can be used instead of the video encoder (403) in the example of Figure 4.

[0084] The video encoder (603) may receive video samples from a video source (601) (not part of the electronic device (620) in the example in Figure 6) that can capture video images to be coded by the video encoder (603). In another example, the video source (601) may be implemented as part of the electronic device (620).

[0085] The video source (601) may provide a source video sequence to be coded by the video encoder (603) in the form of a digital video sample stream that can have any suitable bit depth (e.g., 8-bit, 10-bit, 12-bit, ...), any color space (e.g., BT.601 YCrCb, RGB, XYZ, ...), and any suitable sampling structure (e.g., YCrCb 4:2:0, YCrCb 4:4:4, ...). In a media supply system, the video source (601) may be a storage device capable of storing pre-prepared video. In a video conferencing system, the video source (601) may be a camera that captures local image information as a video sequence. The video data may be provided as a plurality of individual pictures or images that convey motion when viewed in sequence. The picture itself may be organized as a spatial array of pixels, in which case each pixel may contain one or more samples depending on the sampling structure, color space, etc. used. Those skilled in the art will readily understand the relationship between pixels and samples. The following description focuses on samples.

[0086] According to some exemplary embodiments, the video encoder (603) can code and compress pictures of a source video sequence in real time or under any other time constraints required by the application to obtain a coded video sequence (643). Implementing an appropriate coding speed constitutes one function of the controller (650). In some embodiments, the controller (650) may be functionally coupled to and controlled by other functional units, as described below. This coupling is not illustrated for brevity. Parameters set by the controller (650) may include rate control-related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda value of rate distortion optimization technique, ...), picture size, group of pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, etc. The controller (650) may be configured to have other appropriate functions related to the video encoder (603) that are optimized for a particular system design.

[0087] In some exemplary embodiments, the video encoder (603) may be configured to operate in a coding loop. For an overly simplified explanation, in one example, the coding loop may include a source coder (630) (responsible for creating symbols, such as a symbol stream, based, for example, on an input picture and a reference picture to be coded) and a (local) decoder (633) embedded in the video encoder (603). The embedded decoder 633 processes the video stream by the source coder 630 without entropy coding, but the decoder (633) reconstructs the symbols to create sample data in a similar manner to that created by a (remote) decoder (since any compression between the symbols and the coded video bitstream in entropy coding can be reversible with the video compression techniques considered in the disclosed subject). The reconstructed sample stream (sample data) is input to a reference picture memory (634). Since the decoding of the symbol stream yields bit-exact results independent of the decoder location (local or remote), the content in the reference picture memory (634) is also bit-exact between the local and remote encoders. In other words, the predictive portion of the encoder "sees" the exact same sample values ​​as the reference picture samples that the decoder "sees" when using the prediction during decoding. This fundamental principle of reference picture synchronicity (and the resulting drift when synchronicity cannot be maintained, for example, due to channel errors) can be used to improve coding quality.

[0088] The operation of the “local” decoder (633) can be the same as that of a “remote” decoder, such as the video decoder (510), as has already been described above in relation to Figure 5. However, also briefly referring to Figure 5, since symbols are available and the encoding / decoding of symbols to the coded video sequence by the entropy coder (645) and parser (520) may be reversible, the entropy decoding portion of the video decoder (510), including the buffer memory (515) and parser (520), may not be fully implemented in the local decoder (633) within the encoder.

[0089] An observation that can be made at this point is that any decoder technique other than analysis / entropy decoding, which may exist only within the decoder, may also necessarily exist in the corresponding encoder in substantially the same functional form. For this reason, the subject matter disclosed may sometimes focus on the decoding portion of the encoder and the associated decoder operation. Therefore, a description of encoder techniques can be omitted, as it is the opposite of a comprehensive description of decoder techniques. A more detailed description of encoders is provided below only in specific areas or embodiments.

[0090] In operation in some exemplary implementations, the source coder (630) may perform motion-compensated predictive coding, which predictively codes the input picture in relation to one or more previously coded pictures from a video sequence designated as “reference pictures”. In this way, the coding engine (632) codes the difference (or residual) in the color channels between the pixel blocks of the input picture and the pixel blocks of the reference picture which may be selected as a predictive reference for the input picture. The terms “residue” and its adjective “residual” may be used interchangeably.

[0091] The local video decoder (633) can decode coded video data of a picture that may be designated as a reference picture based on symbols created by the source coder (630). The operation of the coding engine (632) may, advantageously, be a lossy process. When coded video data can be decoded by a video decoder (not shown in Figure 6), the reconstructed video sequence may typically be a replica of the source video sequence with some errors. The local video decoder (633) can replicate the decoding process that may be performed by the video decoder on the reference picture and store the reconstructed reference picture in the reference picture cache (634). In this way, the video encoder (603) can locally store a copy of the reconstructed reference picture with common content as a reconstructed reference picture to be acquired by a remote video decoder (without transmission errors).

[0092] The predictor (635) may perform a predictive search on the coding engine (632). That is, for a new picture to be coded, the predictor (635) may search the reference picture memory (634) for sample data (as candidate reference pixel blocks) or specific metadata such as reference picture motion vectors, block shapes, etc., which may function as appropriate predictive references for the new picture. The predictor (635) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel-block basis to find appropriate predictive references. In some cases, the input picture may have predictive references drawn from multiple reference pictures stored in the reference picture memory (634), as determined by the search results obtained by the predictor (635).

[0093] The controller (650) may manage the coding operations of the source coder (630), including, for example, setting parameters and subgroup parameters used to encode video data.

[0094] All outputs of the aforementioned functional units can be subjected to entropy coding in the entropy coder (645). The entropy coder (645) converts the symbols generated by the various functional units into coded video sequences by lossless compression of symbols according to techniques such as Huffman coding, variable-length coding, and arithmetic coding.

[0095] The transmitter (640) may buffer the coded video sequence created by the entropy coder (645) and prepare it for transmission over a communication channel (660), which may be a hardware / software link to a storage device that stores coded video data. The transmitter (640) may merge the coded video data from the video coder (603) with other data to be transmitted, such as coded audio data and / or auxiliary data streams (sources not shown).

[0096] The controller (650) may manage the operation of the video encoder (603). During coding, the controller (650) may assign a specific coded picture type to each coded picture, and the picture type may affect the coding that can be applied to each picture. For example, a picture may often be assigned as one of the following picture types:

[0097] An intra-picture (I-picture) may be one that can be coded and decoded without using any other picture in the sequence as a source for prediction. Some video codecs allow different types of intra-pictures, including, for example, Independent Decoder Refresh (IDR) pictures. Those skilled in the art are familiar with these variations of I-pictures and their respective uses and characteristics.

[0098] A predictive picture (P-picture) may be coded and decoded using intra-prediction or inter-prediction, with up to one motion vector and a reference index to predict the sample values ​​of each block.

[0099] A bidirectional predictive picture (B-picture) may be coded and decoded using intra-prediction or inter-prediction, with up to two motion vectors and a reference index to predict the sample values ​​for each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can use two or more reference pictures and associated metadata for the reconstruction of a single block.

[0100] A source picture is typically subdivided spatially into multiple sample coding blocks (e.g., blocks of 4x4, 8x8, 4x8, or 16x16 samples each), and each block may be coded. Blocks may be coded predictively in relation to other (already coded) blocks, as determined by the coding assignment applied to each picture in the block. For example, blocks of picture I may be coded non-predictively, or they may be coded predictively in relation to already coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intra-prediction). Pixel blocks of picture P may be coded predictively via spatial prediction or temporal prediction in relation to one previously coded reference picture. Blocks of picture B may be coded predictively via spatial prediction or temporal prediction in relation to one or two previously coded reference pictures. A source picture or an intermediate picture may be subdivided into other types of blocks for other purposes. The subdivision of coding blocks and other types of blocks may or may not follow the same method, as will be described in more detail below.

[0101] The video encoder (603) may perform coding operations in accordance with a given video coding technique or standard, such as ITU-T Recommendation H.265. In this operation, the video encoder (603) may perform various compression operations, including predictive coding operations that utilize temporal and spatial redundancy in the input video sequence. Thus, the coded video data may conform to the syntax specified by the video coding technique or standard being used.

[0102] In some exemplary embodiments, the transmitter (640) may transmit additional data along with the encoded video. The source coder (630) may include such data as part of the coded video sequence. The additional data may include other forms of redundant data, such as time / space / SNR enhancement layers, redundant pictures and slices, SEI messages, VUI parameter set fragments, etc.

[0103] Video can be captured as multiple source pictures (video pictures) in a time sequence. Intra-picture prediction (often abbreviated as intra-prediction) utilizes spatial correlations in a given image, while inter-picture prediction utilizes temporal or other correlations between pictures. For example, a particular picture being encoded / decoded is called the current picture and can be divided into blocks. Blocks within the current picture can be coded by vectors called motion vectors, when they are analogous to reference blocks in previously coded and still buffered reference pictures in the video. Motion vectors point to reference blocks in reference pictures and, in cases where multiple reference pictures are used, may have a third dimension that identifies the reference pictures.

[0104] In some exemplary embodiments, a dual prediction technique can be used for interpicture prediction. According to such a dual prediction technique, two reference pictures are used, both of which advance the current image in the video in decoding order (but which may be past or future in display order, respectively), such as a first reference picture and a second reference picture. Blocks in the current picture can be coded by a first motion vector pointing to a first reference block in the first reference picture and a second motion vector pointing to a second reference block in the second reference picture. Blocks can be jointly predicted by combinations of the first and second reference blocks.

[0105] Furthermore, merge mode techniques may be used in interpicture prediction to improve coding efficiency.

[0106] According to some exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, predictions such as interpicture prediction and intrapicture prediction are performed in units of blocks. For example, pictures in a sequence of video pictures are divided into coding tree units (CTUs) for compression, and the CTUs in a picture may have the same size, such as 64x64 pixels, 32x32 pixels, or 16x16 pixels. Generally, a CTU may contain three parallel coding tree blocks (CTBs), i.e., one luma CTB and two chroma CTBs. Each CTU can be recursively quadtree split into one or more coding units (CUs). For example, a 64x64 pixel CTU can be split into one 64x64 pixel CU or into four 32x32 pixel CUs. Each of one or more 32x32 blocks can be further split into four 16x16 pixel CUs. In some exemplary embodiments, each CU can be analyzed during coding to determine its prediction type among various prediction types, such as inter-prediction type or intra-prediction type. A CU may be split into one or more prediction units (PUs) depending on its temporal and / or spatial predictability. Generally, each PU includes a luma prediction block (PB) and two chroma PBs. In one embodiment, the prediction operation in coding (encoding / decoding) is performed in units of the prediction block. The splitting of a CU into PUs (or PBs for different color channels) can be performed in various spatial patterns. A luma or chroma PB may include a matrix of values ​​(e.g., luma values) for a sample, such as 8x8 pixels, 16x16 pixels, 8x16 pixels, 16x8 samples, etc.

[0107] Figure 7 shows a diagram of a video encoder (703) according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (703) is configured to receive a processing block (e.g., a prediction block) of sample values ​​in the current video picture within a sequence of video pictures, and to encode the processing block into a coded picture which is part of a coded video sequence. The exemplary video encoder (703) may be used instead of the video encoder (403) in the example of Figure 4.

[0108] For example, the video encoder (703) receives a matrix of sample values ​​for a processing block, such as an 8x8 sample prediction block. The video encoder (703) then determines whether the processing block is best coded using intra-mode, inter-mode, or bi-prediction mode, for example, using rate-distortion optimization (RDO). When it is determined that the processing block is coded in intra-mode, the video encoder (703) may encode the processing block into a coded picture using intra-prediction techniques, and when it is determined that the processing block is coded in inter-mode or bi-prediction mode, the video encoder (703) may encode the processing block into a coded picture using inter-prediction techniques or bi-prediction techniques, respectively. In some exemplary embodiments, merge mode may be used as a submode of interpicture prediction when the motion vectors are derived from one or more motion vector predictors without benefiting from coded motion vector components outside the predictors. In some other exemplary embodiments, there may be motion vector components applicable to the target block. Therefore, the video encoder (703) may include components not explicitly shown in Figure 7, such as a mode determination module, to determine the perdition mode of the processing block.

[0109] In the example shown in Figure 7, the video encoder (703) includes an interencoder (730), an intraencoder (722), a residual calculator (723), a switch (726), a residual encoder (724), a general controller (721), and an entropy encoder (725), which are coupled together as shown in the exemplary arrangement of Figure 7.

[0110] The interencoder (730) is configured to receive a sample of the current block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to one or more reference blocks in the reference picture (e.g., blocks in the previous and subsequent pictures in display order), generate interprediction information (e.g., a description of redundant information according to the intercoding technique, motion vectors, merge mode information), and compute an interprediction result (e.g., a predicted block) based on the interprediction information using any appropriate technique. In some examples, the reference picture is a decoded reference picture that is decoded based on encoded video information using a decoding unit 633 embedded in the encoder 603 illustrated in Figure 6 (shown as a residual decoder 728 in Figure 7, as will be described in more detail below).

[0111] The intra encoder (722) is configured to receive a sample of the current block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to an already coded block in the same picture, generate quantized coefficients after transformation, and optionally also generate intra prediction information (e.g., intra prediction direction information according to one or more intra coding techniques). The intra encoder (722) may compute an intra prediction result (e.g., a prediction block) based on the intra prediction information and a reference block in the same picture.

[0112] The general controller (721) may be configured to determine general control data and control other components of the video encoder (703) based on the general control data. In one example, the general controller (721) determines the prediction mode of a block and provides control signals to the switch (726) based on the prediction mode. For example, when the prediction mode is intra-mode, the general controller (721) controls the switch (726) to select the intra-mode result for use by the residual calculator (723), and controls the entropy encoder (725) to select the intra-prediction information and include it in the bitstream. When the prediction mode of a block is inter-mode, the general controller (721) controls the switch (726) to select the inter-prediction result for use by the residual calculator (723), and controls the entropy encoder (725) to select the inter-prediction information and include it in the bitstream.

[0113] A residual calculator (723) may be configured to calculate the difference (residual data) between a received block and a predicted result for a block selected from an intra-encoder (722) or an inter-encoder (730). A residual encoder (724) may be configured to encode the residual data to generate conversion coefficients. For example, the residual encoder (724) may be configured to convert the residual data from the spatial domain to the frequency domain to generate conversion coefficients. The conversion coefficients are then subjected to quantization to obtain quantized conversion coefficients. In various embodiments, the video encoder (703) also includes a residual decoder (728). The residual decoder (728) is configured to perform an inverse transform to generate decoded residual data. The decoded residual data can be appropriately used by the intra-encoder (722) and the inter-encoder (730). For example, an interencoder (730) can generate a decoded block based on the decoded residual data and interprediction information, and an intraencoder (722) can generate a decoded block based on the decoded residual data and intraprediction information. The decoded block is appropriately processed to generate a decoded picture, which is buffered in a memory circuit (not shown) and can be used as a reference picture.

[0114] The entropy encoder (725) may be configured to format a bitstream to include encoded blocks and to perform entropy coding. The entropy encoder (725) may be configured to include various types of information within the bitstream. For example, the entropy encoder (725) may be configured to include general control data, selected prediction information (e.g., intra-prediction information or inter-prediction information), residual information, and other appropriate information within the bitstream. Residual information may be absent when coding blocks in either inter-mode or bi-prediction mode merge submodes.

[0115] Figure 8 shows an exemplary video decoder (810) according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The video decoder (810) is configured to receive a coded picture, which is part of a coded video sequence, and to decode the coded picture to produce a reconstructed picture. In one example, the video decoder (810) may be used instead of the video decoder (410) in the example of Figure 4.

[0116] In the example shown in Figure 8, the video decoder (810) includes an entropy decoder (871), an interdecoder (880), a residual decoder (873), a reconfiguration module (874), and an intradecoder (872), which are coupled together as shown in the exemplary arrangement in Figure 8.

[0117] The entropy decoder (871) can be configured to reconstruct specific symbols from a coded picture that represent the syntactic elements that make up the coded picture. Such symbols may include, for example, the mode in which the block is coded (e.g., intra-mode, inter-mode, bi-prediction mode, merge sub-mode, or another sub-mode), prediction information (e.g., intra-prediction information or inter-prediction information) that can identify specific samples or metadata used for prediction by the intra-decoder (872) or inter-decoder (880), residual information (e.g., in the form of quantized transformation coefficients), etc. For example, when the prediction mode is inter-mode or bi-prediction mode, inter-prediction information is provided to the inter-decoder (880), and when the prediction mode is intra-prediction mode, intra-prediction information is provided to the intra-decoder (872). Residual information may be subject to inverse quantization and provided to the residual decoder (873).

[0118] The interdecoder (880) may be configured to receive interprediction information and generate interprediction results based on said interprediction information.

[0119] The intra decoder (872) may be configured to receive intra prediction information and generate prediction results based on said intra prediction information.

[0120] The residual decoder (873) may be configured to perform inverse quantization to extract de-quantized transformation coefficients and process the de-quantized transformation coefficients to convert the residual from the frequency domain to the spatial domain. The residual decoder (873) may also utilize certain control information (including quantizer parameters (QP)) that may be provided by the entropy decoder (871) (the data path is not illustrated as this may only be low-data control information).

[0121] The reconstruction module (874) may be configured to combine the residuals as output from the residual decoder (873) and the prediction results (potentially as output from the inter or intra prediction module) in the spatial domain to form a reconstruction block that forms part of the reconstruction picture as part of the reconstruction video. Note that other appropriate operations, such as deblocking operations, may also be performed to improve visual quality.

[0122] It should be noted that the video encoders (403), (603), and (703), and the video decoders (410), (510), and (810) can be implemented using any suitable technique. In some exemplary embodiments, the video encoders (403), (603), and (703), and the video decoders (410), (510), and (810) can be implemented using one or more integrated circuits. In another embodiment, the video encoders (403), (603), and (703), and the video decoders (410), (510), and (810) can be implemented using one or more processors that execute software instructions.

[0123] Moving on to coding block partitioning, certain patterns may be applied in some exemplary implementations. As shown in Figure 9, an exemplary four-way partitioning tree may be used, starting from a first predetermined level (e.g., a 64x64 block level) and descending to a second predetermined level (e.g., a 4x4 level). For example, the base block may be subject to four partitioning options, indicated by 902, 904, 906, and 908, and partitions designated as R allow for recursive partitions, in that the same partitioning tree shown in Figure 9 may be repeated at a lower scale down to the lowest level (e.g., a 4x4 level). Some implementations may apply additional restrictions to the partitioning scheme in Figure 9. In the implementation of Figure 9, rectangular partitions (e.g., 1:2 / 2:1 rectangular partitions) may be allowed, but these partitions may not be recursive, while square partitions may be recursive. Partitioning with recursion according to Figure 9 generates a final set of coding blocks, if necessary. Such a scheme can be applied to one or more color channels.

[0124] Figure 10 shows another exemplary predefined partitioning pattern that allows recursive partitioning to form a partitioning tree. As shown in Figure 10, an exemplary 10-directional partitioning structure or pattern may be predefined. The root block may start at a predefined level (e.g., 128×128 levels or 64×64 levels). The exemplary partitioning structure in Figure 10 includes various 2:1 / 1:2 and 4:1 / 1:4 rectangular partitions. The partition types of the three subpartitions shown in the second row of Figure 10 as 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008 may be called "T-shaped" partitions. The "T-shaped" partitions 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008 may be called left T-shaped, upper T-shaped, right T-shaped, and lower T-shaped. In some implementations, none of the rectangular partitions in Figure 10 are allowed to be further subdivided. The depth of the coding tree may be further defined to indicate the depth of the split from the root node or root block. For example, the coding tree depth for the root node or root block, such as a 128x128 block, may be set to 0, and after the root block is further divided once according to Figure 10, the coding tree depth is increased by 1. In some implementations, only all square divisions within 1010 may be allowed for recursive division to the next level of the division tree following the pattern in Figure 10. In other words, recursive division is not allowed for square divisions of patterns 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1006. Recursive division following Figure 10 generates a final set of coding blocks, if necessary. Such a scheme may be applied to one or more color channels.

[0125] After the base block is divided or partitioned according to the partitioning procedure described above or any other procedure, a final set of partitions or coding blocks may be obtained. Each of these partitions may be one of various partitioning levels. Each partition may be called a coding block (CB). In the various exemplary partitioning implementations described above, each resulting CB may be one of the allowed sizes and partitioning levels. They are called coding blocks because they can form units in which several basic coding / decoding decisions are made and coding / decoding parameters are optimized, determined, and signaled within the encoded video bitstream. The highest level in the last partition represents the depth of the coding block partitioning tree. Coding blocks may be luma coding blocks or chroma coding blocks.

[0126] In some other exemplary implementations, a quadtree structure may be used to recursively split the base luma and chroma blocks into coding units. Such a splitting structure may be called a coding tree unit (CTU), which is split into coding units (CUs) by using a quadtree structure to adapt the partitioning to various local characteristics of the base CTU. In such implementations, an implicit quadtree split may be performed at the picture boundary, and as a result, the block maintains the quadtree split until its size fits the picture boundary. The term CU is used collectively to refer to units of luma coding blocks and chroma coding blocks (CBs).

[0127] In some implementations, the CB may be further segmented. For example, the CB may be further segmented into multiple prediction blocks (PBs) for the purpose of intra or interframe prediction during the coding and decoding process. In other words, the CB may be further divided into different sub-segments where individual prediction decisions / constructions may be made. In parallel, the CB may be further segmented into multiple transformation blocks (TBs) to depict the level at which transformations or inverse transformations of the video data are performed. The segmentation schemes for the CB into PBs and TBs may be the same or different. For example, the segmentation scheme may be performed using its own procedure, for example, based on various characteristics of the video data. The segmentation schemes for PBs and TBs may be independent in some exemplary implementations. The segmentation schemes and boundaries for PBs and TBs may be correlated in some other exemplary implementations. In some implementations, for example, the TBs may be segmented after the PB segmentation, and in particular, each PB may be further segmented into one or more TBs after being determined following the segmentation of the coding blocks. For example, some implementations may split a PB into one, two, four, or any other number of TBs.

[0128] In some implementations, luma channels and chroma channels may be treated differently in order to partition the base block into coding blocks, and further partition it into prediction and / or transformation blocks. For example, in some implementations, partitioning coding blocks into prediction and / or transformation blocks may be permitted for luma channels, but such partitioning of coding blocks into prediction and / or transformation blocks may not be permitted for chroma channels. In such implementations, transformation and / or prediction of luma blocks may only occur at the coding block level. In another example, the minimum transformation block size may differ between luma channels and chroma channels; for example, coding blocks in luma channels may be partitioned into smaller transformation and / or prediction blocks than those in chroma channels. In yet another example, the maximum depth of partitioning coding blocks into transformation and / or prediction blocks may differ between luma channels and chroma channels; for example, coding blocks in luma channels may be partitioned into deeper transformation and / or prediction blocks than those in chroma channels. In a specific example, a luma coding block may be divided into transformation blocks of multiple sizes, which can be represented by recursive divisions that descend up to two levels, with possible shapes of transformation blocks such as square, 2:1 / 1:2, and 4:1 / 1:4, and transformation block sizes ranging from 4x4 to 64x64. However, for a chroma block, only the largest possible transformation block specified for the luma block may be permitted.

[0129] In some exemplary implementations for partitioning coding blocks into PBs, the depth, shape, and / or other characteristics of the PB partitioning may depend on whether the PBs are intra-coded or inter-coded.

[0130] The division of coding blocks (or prediction blocks) into transformation blocks may be implemented in various exemplary schemes, including quadtree splitting and predefined pattern splitting, by additional consideration of transformation blocks at the boundaries of coding blocks or prediction blocks, recursively or non-recursively, but not limited to these. In general, the resulting transformation blocks may be at different splitting levels, not necessarily the same size, and not necessarily square in shape (for example, they may be rectangles with some acceptable size and aspect ratio).

[0131] In some implementations, a coding partition tree scheme or structure may be used. The coding partition tree schemes used for lumar channels and chroma channels do not have to be the same. In other words, lumar channels and chroma channels may have separate coding tree structures. Furthermore, whether lumar channels and chroma channels use the same coding partition tree structure or different coding partition tree structures, and the actual coding partition tree structure used, may depend on whether the slice being coded is a P, B, or I slice. For example, in an I slice, chroma channels and lumar channels may have separate coding partition tree structures or coding partition tree structure modes, while in a P or B slice, lumar channels and chroma channels may share the same coding partition tree scheme. When separate coding partition tree structures or modes are applied, a lumar channel may be partitioned into CBs by one coding partition tree structure, and a chroma channel may be partitioned into chrominance CBs by another coding partition tree structure.

[0132] A specific exemplary implementation of coding block and transform block partitioning is described below. In such an exemplary implementation, the base coding block may be partitioned into coding blocks using the recursive quadtree splitting described above. At each level, whether further quadtree splitting of a particular partition should be continued may be determined by the local video data characteristics. The resulting CBs can be various quadtree splitting levels of various sizes. The decision of whether to code the picture area using interpicture (time) or intrapicture (spatial) prediction may be made at the CB level (or at the CU level for all three color channels). Each CB may be further partitioned into one, two, four, or other number of PBs, depending on the PB splitting type. Within one PB, the same prediction process is applied, and the relevant information is transmitted to the decoder at the PB level. After obtaining residual blocks by applying the prediction process based on the PB splitting type, the CB can be partitioned into TBs according to another quadtree structure similar to the coding tree of the CB. In this particular implementation, the CB or TB is square in shape, but is not necessarily limited to that. Furthermore, in this particular example, the PB may be square or rectangular in shape for interpretation, and only square for intrapretation. The coding block may be further split into, for example, four square-shaped TBs. Each TB may be further split recursively (using quadtree splitting) into smaller TBs called residual quadtrees (RQTs).

[0133] Another specific example of partitioning a base coding block into CBs and other PBs and / or TBs is described below. Instead of using multiple partitioning unit types as shown in Figure 10, for example, a quadtree with nested multi-type trees can be used, employing binary and ternary split segmentation structures. The separation of the concepts of CBs, PBs and TBs (i.e., partitioning CBs into PBs and / or TBs and partitioning PBs into TBs) may be abandoned except when CBs of a size too large for the maximum transformation length are required, and such CBs may require further splitting. This exemplary partitioning scheme may be designed to support further flexibility in the CB partitioning shape so that both prediction and transformation can be performed at the CB level without further partitioning. In such a coding tree structure, the CB may have either a square or rectangular shape. Specifically, a coding tree block (CTB) may first be partitioned by a quadtree structure. Then, the quadtree leaf nodes may be further partitioned by a multi-type tree structure. An example of a multi-type tree structure is shown in Figure 11. Specifically, the exemplary multitype tree structure in Figure 11 includes four splitting types called vertical binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_VER)(1102), horizontal binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_HOR)(1104), vertical ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_VER)(1106), and horizontal ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_HOR)(1108). The CBs correspond to the leaves of the multitype tree. In this exemplary implementation, this segmentation is used for both prediction and transformation without any further splitting, as long as the CBs are not too large relative to the maximum transformation length. This means that, in most cases, the CBs, PBs, and TBs have the same block size in a quadtree with a nested multitype tree coding block structure. The exception occurs when the maximum supported transformation length is smaller than the width or height of the color components of the CB.

[0134] Figure 12 shows an example of a quadtree with a nested multitype tree coding block structure of block partitions for a single CTB. More specifically, Figure 12 shows that CTB 1200 is a quadtree split into four square partitions 1202, 1204, 1206, and 1208. The decision to further use the multitype tree structure of Figure 11 for splitting is made for each of the quadtree split partitions. In the example of Figure 12, partition 1204 is not split further. Parts 1202 and 1208 each adopt another quadtree split. In partition 1202, the upper-left, upper-right, lower-left, and lower-right partitions of the second-level quadtree split adopt the third-level quadtree splits, 1104 in Figure 11, unsplit, and 1108 in Figure 11, respectively. Section 1208 employs a different quadtree split, with the upper-left, upper-right, lower-left, and lower-right subsections of the second-level quadtree split employing the third-level split, non-split, non-split, and 1104 of Figure 11, respectively. Two of the subsections of the upper-left subsection of the third level of 1208 are further split according to 1104 and 1108. Section 1206 is divided into two sections by employing the second-level split pattern according to 1102 of Figure 11, and these two sections are further split to the third level according to 1108 and 1102 of Figure 11. A fourth-level split is applied to one of them according to 1104 of Figure 11.

[0135] In the specific example above, the maximum luma conversion size may be 64x64, and the maximum supported chroma conversion size may differ from luma, for example, it may be 32x32. When the width or height of a luma coding block or chroma coding block is greater than the maximum conversion width or height, the luma coding block or chroma coding block may be automatically split horizontally and / or vertically to satisfy the conversion size limitations in that direction.

[0136] In the specific example above of partitioning a base coding block into CBs, the coding tree scheme can support the ability for lumens and chromens to have separate block tree structures. For example, in P and B slices, lumens and chromens CTBs within a single CTU may share the same coding tree structure. For example, in an I slice, lumens and chromens may have separate coding block tree structures. When separate block tree modes are applied, a lumens CTB may be partitioned into lumens CBs by one coding tree structure, and chromens CTBs may be partitioned into chromens CBs by another coding tree structure. This means that a CU in an I slice may consist of coding blocks for the lumens component or coding blocks for the two chromens component, and a CU in a P or B slice will always consist of coding blocks for all three color components unless the video is monochrome.

[0137] Exemplary implementations for partitioning coding blocks or prediction blocks into transformation blocks and the coding order of transformation blocks are described in more detail below. In some exemplary implementations, transformation partitioning can support transformation blocks of multiple shapes, e.g., 1:1 (square), 1:2 / 2:1 and 1:4 / 4:1, with transformation block sizes ranging from, for example, 4x4 to 64x64. In some implementations, if the coding block is 64x64 or smaller, transformation block partitioning can only be applied to the luma component, so for chroma blocks, the size of the transformation block is the same as the size of the coding block. If, however, the width or height of the coding block is greater than 64, the luma and chroma coding blocks may implicitly be split into multiples of minimum(W, 64) × minimum(H, 64) and minimum(W, 32) × minimum(H, 32) transformation blocks, respectively.

[0138] In some exemplary implementations, for both intracoded and interconnected blocks, the coding block may be further subdivided into multiple transformation blocks having a predetermined number of levels of subdivision depth (e.g., 2 levels). The depth and size of the transformation block subdivision may be relevant. An exemplary mapping from the transformation size at the current depth to the transformation size at the next depth is shown in Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0139] Based on the exemplary mapping in Table 1, for a 1:1 square block, the next level of transformation split can create four 1:1 square sub-transformation blocks. The transformation division can stop at, for example, 4x4. Therefore, the transformation size of the current depth of 4x4 corresponds to the same size as 4x4 at the next depth. In the example in Table 1, for 1:2 / 2:1 non-square blocks, the next level of transformation split will create two 1:1 square sub-transformation blocks, while for 1:4 / 4:1 non-square blocks, the next level of transformation split will create two 1:2 / 2:1 sub-transformation blocks.

[0140] In some exemplary implementations, additional restrictions may be applied to the luma components of the intra-coded blocks. For example, for each level of transformation partitioning, all sub-transformation blocks may be restricted to having equal sizes. For example, in a 32x16 coding block, a level 1 transformation split creates two 16x16 sub-transformation blocks, and a level 2 transformation split creates eight 8x8 sub-transformation blocks. In other words, the second level split must be applied to all first-level sub-blocks to maintain the transformation units at equal sizes. An example of transformation block partitioning of an intra-coded square block, according to Table 1, is shown in Figure 13, along with the coding order indicated by the arrows. Specifically, 1302 shows a square coding block. The first-level split into four equally sized transformation blocks, according to Table 1, is shown in 1304, along with the coding order indicated by the arrows. The second-level split of all first-level equally sized blocks into 16 equally sized transformation blocks, according to Table 1, is shown in 1306, along with the coding order indicated by the arrows.

[0141] In some exemplary implementations, the above restrictions on intracoding may not apply to the luma components of the intercoded block. For example, after a first-level transform split, one of the sub-transformation blocks may be further split independently of the other level. Thus, the resulting transformation blocks may or may not be the same size. Exemplary splitting of an intercoded block into transformation blocks, along with their coding order, is shown in Figure 14. In the example in Figure 14, the intercoded block 1402 is split into transformation blocks at two levels according to Table 1. At the first level, the intercoded block is divided into four transformation blocks of equal size. Then, as shown in 1404, only one of the four transformation blocks (but not all of them) is further split into four sub-transformation blocks, resulting in a total of seven transformation blocks of two different sizes. The exemplary coding order of these seven transformation blocks is indicated by the arrow in 1404 of Figure 14.

[0142] In some exemplary implementations, several additional restrictions may be applied to the chroma component compared to the transformation block. For example, for the chroma component, the transformation block size can be the same as the coding block size, but not smaller than a given size, e.g., 8x8.

[0143] In some other exemplary implementations, for coding blocks where either the width (W) or height (H) is greater than 64, both luma and chroma coding blocks may be implicitly split into multiples of minimum(W, 64) × minimum(H, 64) and minimum(W, 32) × minimum(H, 32) transformation units, respectively.

[0144] Figure 15 further illustrates another alternative illustrative scheme for partitioning coding blocks or prediction blocks into transformation blocks. As shown in Figure 15, instead of using recursive transformation partitioning, a predetermined set of partitioning types may be applied to a coding block according to the transformation type of the coding block. In the particular example shown in Figure 15, one of six illustrative partitioning types may be applied to split a coding block into a varying number of transformation blocks. Such a scheme may be applied to either coding blocks or prediction blocks.

[0145] More specifically, the segmentation scheme in Figure 15 provides up to six segmentation types for any given transformation type, as shown in Figure 15. In this scheme, all coding blocks or prediction blocks can be assigned a transformation type, for example, based on rate distortion cost. In one example, the segmentation type assigned to a coding block or prediction block may be determined based on the transformation segmentation type of the coding block or prediction block. A particular segmentation type may correspond to the size and pattern (or segmentation type) of transformation block splitting, as shown by the four segmentation types illustrated in Figure 15. The correspondence between various transformation types and various segmentation types may be predefined. An example correspondence is shown below, along with capital letter labels indicating the transformation types that can be assigned to coding blocks or prediction blocks based on rate distortion cost:

[0146] • PARTITION_NONE: Allocates a conversion size equal to the block size.

[0147] • PARTITION_SPLIT: Allocates a conversion size that is half the width of the block size and half the height of the block size.

[0148] • PARTITION_HORZ: Assigns a conversion size that is the same width as the block size and half the height of the block size.

[0149] • PARTITION_VERT: Assigns a conversion size that is half the width of the block size and the same height as the block size.

[0150] • PARTITION_HORZ4: Assigns a conversion size that is the same width as the block size and 1 / 4 the height of the block size.

[0151] • PARTITION_VERT4: Allocates a conversion size that is 1 / 4 the width of the block size and the same height as the block size.

[0152] In the example above, all partitioning types, as shown in Figure 15, include a uniform transformation size for the partitioned transformation blocks. This is merely an example, not an limitation. In some other implementations, mixed transformation block sizes may be used for partitioned transformation blocks in a particular partitioning type (or pattern).

[0153] Returning to intra-prediction, in some exemplary implementations, the prediction of a sample in a coding block or prediction block may be based on one or a set of reference lines. In other words, instead of always using the nearest adjacent line (e.g., the adjacent line immediately above or immediately to the left of the prediction block, as shown in Figure 1), multiple reference lines may be offered as an option for selection of intra-prediction. Such intra-prediction implementations are sometimes called Multiple Reference Line Selection (MRLS). In these implementations, the encoder signals which of the multiple reference lines will be used to generate the intra-predictor. On the decoder side, after analyzing the reference line index, the intra-prediction for the current intra-prediction block can be generated by identifying the reconstructed reference line sample by looking up the specified reference line according to the intra-prediction mode (directional, omnidirectional, and other intra-prediction modes). In some implementations, the reference line index may be signaled at the coding block level, and only one of the multiple reference lines may be selected and used for the intra-prediction of a single coding block. In some examples, two or more baselines may be selected together for intra-prediction. For example, two or more baselines, with or without weights, may be combined, averaged, interpolated, or otherwise used to generate predictions. In some exemplary implementations, MRLS may be applied only to the luminal component and not to the chromal component.

[0154] Figure 16 shows an example of four baseline MRLS. As shown in the example in Figure 16, the intracoding block 1602 may be predicted based on four horizontal baselines 1604, 1606, 1608, and 1610 and one of four vertical baselines 1612, 1614, 1616, and 1618. Of these baselines, 1610 and 1618 are directly adjacent baselines. The baselines may be indexed according to their distance from the coding block. For example, baselines 1610 and 1618 may be called zero baselines, while the other baselines may be called non-zero baselines. Specifically, baselines 1608 and 1616 may be referred to as first baselines, baselines 1606 and 1614 as second baselines, and baselines 1604 and 1612 as third baselines.

[0155] Returning to the linear transformation, the exemplary 2-D transformation process may involve the use of a hybrid transformation kernel (which may consist of different 1-D transformations for each dimension of the coded residual block). Exemplary linear 1-D transformation kernels may include, but are not limited to, a) 4-point (4p), 8-point (8p), 16-point (16p), 32-point (32p), and 64-point (64p) DCT-2; b) 4-point, 8-point, and 16-point asymmetric DSTs and their flipped versions; and c) 4-point, 8-point, 16-point, or 32-point identity transforms. Thus, the 2-D transformation process may involve the use of a hybrid transformation (different transformations for each dimension of the coded residual block), where the selection of the transformation used for each dimension may be based on a rate-distortion (RD) criterion. Basis functions for 1D DCT-2, DST-4, and DST-7, which may be implemented as hybrids of 2-D transformations, are listed in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0156] For example, the DCT-2 (4p-64p), DST-4 (8p, 16p), and DST-7 (4p) transforms exhibit symmetric / antisymmetric properties, and therefore, "partial butterfly" implementations can be supported in some exemplary implementations to reduce the number of operations (multiplication, addition / subtraction, shifts). Partial butterfly implementations may include plane rotations using trigonometric cosine and sine functions at various angles, as shown in Figure 17. Exemplary 12-bit lookup tables are shown in Figures 18 and 19 and are used to generate trigonometric function values.

[0157] In some exemplary implementations, line graph transforms (LGTs) may be used instead of the 1-D DST described above. Essentially, and as shown in Figure 20, a graph is a general mathematical structure consisting of a set of vertices and edges that can be used to model affinity relations between objects of interest. In practice, weighted graphs (where a set of weights is assigned to edges and potentially to vertices) provide sparse representations for robust modeling of signals / data. LGTs can improve coding efficiency by providing better adaptation to diverse block statistics. A separable LGT may be designed and optimized by learning a piecewise line graph (characterized by self-loop weights vc1, vc2 and edge weights wc, as shown in the example in Figure 20) from training data to model the row- and column-wise statistics underlying the block residual signal, in which case the relevant generalized graph Laplacian (GGL) matrix is ​​used to derive the LGT.

[0158] Given a weighted graph G(W,V), the GGL matrix is ​​defined as follows: L c =D-W+V (1) Here, W is an adjacency matrix consisting of non - negative edge weights w c and D is a diagonal degree matrix, and V is a diagonal matrix representing weighted self - loops v c1 , v c2 . The matrix L c can be expressed as follows:<0> <0>

Number

[0159] <0> LGT can be derived by the eigenvalue decomposition of GGL Lc.<0> L c = UΦU T (3)<0> Here, the columns of the orthogonal matrix U are the basis vectors of LGT, and Φ is a diagonal eigenvalue matrix. In fact, DCT and DST including DCT - 2, DCT - 8, and DST - 7 are LGTs derived from specific forms of GGL:<0> DCT - 2 is derived by setting v c1 = 0. (4)<0> DST - 7 is derived by setting v c1 = w c . (5)<0> DCT - 8 is derived by setting v c2 = w c . (6)<0> DST - 4 is derived by setting v c1 = 2w c . (7)<0> DCT - 4 is derived by setting v c2 = 2w c . (8)<0> <0>

[0160] <0> In some exemplary implementations, LGT can be implemented as matrix multiplication. The 4p LGT core has v c in L<XX> c1 = 2w cThis can be derived by setting this, which means it is DST-4. The 8p LGT core is L c In v c1 = 1.5w c It can be derived by setting, and the 16p and 32p LGT cores are L c In v c1 =w c This can be derived by setting it, which means it is DST-7.

[0161] In some implementations, a quadratic transformation may be performed on the linear transformation coefficients. The quadratic transformation may be applied between the forward primary transform and quantization (in the encoder) and between dequantization and inverse primary transform (on the decoder side). In some specific exemplary implementations, a given set of quadratic transformations (e.g., 12 sets) has a given number of kernels (e.g., 3) within each set.

[0162] In some exemplary implementations, a set of secondary transform kernels may correspond to a specific intra-prediction mode. As an example, Figure 21 shows the index used for selecting a set of secondary transform kernels based on an intra-prediction mode. In Figure 21, the first row shows the intra-prediction modes to which a secondary transform is permitted and therefore corresponds to several available transform kernels, and the second row shows the set index of the corresponding secondary transform set. For each intra-prediction mode, the encoder can select the best kernel from several (e.g., three) transform kernels from the set based on RDO (Rate Distortion Optimization) and signal that selection (e.g., four symbols not including IST (intra secondary transform)). In the decoder, the bitstream can be parsed to obtain the kernel used for the inverse transform for decoding based on the intra-prediction mode and the signaled index in the kernel set corresponding to the intra-prediction mode.

[0163] In some exemplary implementations, as a result of the observation that DCT type 2 (DCT-2) and ADST are the most frequently selected primary transform types for intra coding, intra-secondary transform (IST) may be selectively enabled when either DCT-2 or ADST is used as the horizontal and vertical primary transform, but may not be enabled when other primary transforms are used, in order to achieve higher coding efficiency.

[0164] In some exemplary implementations, IST may be enabled only for luminal intrablocks and disabled for chromatal intrablocks. In one embodiment, either a 4x4 inseparable transformation or an 8x8 inseparable transformation may be selected based on the block size. In one example, a 4x4 inseparable IST may be selected if the minimum (tx_width, tx_height) < 8. For larger blocks where both Tx_width and tx_height are 8 or greater, an 8x8 inseparable IST may be used, where tx_width and tx_height correspond to the width and height of the transformed block, respectively.

[0165] In some exemplary implementations, the input to the IST may be a linearized vector of low-frequency linear transformation coefficients in zigzag scan order. This helps achieve more efficient decorrelation of adjacent low-frequency coefficients in the quadratic transformation.

[0166] In some exemplary implementations, both the intracoded and intercoded blocks may be further subdivided into multiple transformation blocks with a predetermined number of levels (e.g., 2 levels) of partitioning depth, thereby forming a transformation partitioning tree structure as described above. In some specific implementations, the application of IST may be limited to the root (depth 0) of the transformation partitioning tree structure, or to a level lower than the maximum applicable transformation unit partitioning level. By applying this limitation, a reduction in overall coding time complexity (e.g., ~50%) can be achieved with minimal impact on compression efficiency (e.g., ~0.25% loss).

[0167] In some exemplary implementations, the square transformation block size can be used to derive context information, and thus the context, used to entropy code kernel indices. For rectangular transformation blocks, the following minimum square sizes can be used to derive context information:

[0168] As mentioned above, determining coding parameters and configuring intra-prediction and transformation of residuals in intra-predicted blocks is a complex, resource-intensive, and time-consuming process. When MRLS, multiple transformation segment types, multiple transformation types, and multiple intra-quadratic transformations (different sets, each containing multiple quadratic transformation kernels) can all be enabled within an intra-coded block to improve coding efficiency and quality, the encoder must search a large parameter space and all possible combinations of the above factors to find the best coding configuration, transformation kernel, and other parameters for each predicted or coded block, which significantly increases computational complexity, memory requirements, and coding time. Furthermore, a large parameter space can also result in significant signal overhead.

[0169] In the various exemplary implementations described below, such parameter spaces and possible combinations can be conditionally reduced while maintaining minimal degradation of coding efficiency and coding quality. Thus, on average (across various coding blocks), the encoder explores a smaller parameter space and a smaller number of various potential combinations of the various factors described above to identify a nearly optimal coding scheme for an input coding block or prediction block. In particular, the parameter space shrinkage may be adjusted based on whether a zero-based or non-zero-based baseline is used for intra-predictions for a particular coding block or prediction block. The optimization search space can be significantly reduced when a non-zero-based baseline is used. The coding configurations and parameters to be optimized, though not limited to these, may include the selection of optimal primary and / or quadratic transform kernels. The reduction in parameter space can also lead to a corresponding reduction in the amount of information that needs to be signaled, thereby reducing the signaling overhead in the bitstream being coded.

[0170] These exemplary implementations may be used separately, in any order, or in any combination. In the above and below descriptions, terms such as “block to be coded” and “coding block” may be used to refer to a picture unit on which prediction or transformation is performed. A coding block may be a luma coding block or a chroma coding block. In some situations, the block to be coded / coding block may refer to a prediction block. The term “block size” is used to refer to the width or height of the coding block, or the maximum width and height, or the minimum width and height, or the area size (width * height), or the aspect ratio (width:height or height:width). In the following disclosures, for the purpose of intra-prediction, adjacent (or nearest or zero) baselines refer to baselines with an index equal to 0, and non-adjacent or non-zero baselines refer to baselines with an index greater than 0.

[0171] In the following disclosure, the signaling of the transform block size may also refer to the signaling of transform block splitting structures, schemes, patterns, etc., when this term is used. In this disclosure, an extension set of hybrid transform kernels for primary transforms may be called transform set A. Set A may comprehensively include, for example, a set of all combinations of 1-D DCT types 1-8, DST types 1-8 (ADST), IDT (Arbitrary Direction Identity), LGT, KLT, etc. These 1-D transforms can be applied as hybrid transforms in any combination along the two directions of 2-D transforms.

[0172] In a typical exemplary implementation, when a non-zero baseline is applied to a block being intracoded, a reduced set of primary and / or secondary transformation kernels may be used instead of the complete set. Therefore, when the encoder needs to determine which primary or secondary transformation kernel to use for a particular coding block or part of a coding block, only the reduced set needs to be explored during the optimization process (e.g., a rate-distortion optimization process), rather than the complete set. The decision of whether to use a zero baseline or a non-zero baseline for a particular coding block may be made in any way; for example, it may be made separately by the encoder based on the characteristics of the current coding block and its adjacent blocks.

[0173] In some exemplary implementations, when a non-zero baseline is applied within a coded block, only a subset of primary transform kernels from the complete set of primary transform kernels A can be used as candidate primary kernels during the search and optimization process. The subset of primary transform kernels can be predefined based on offline statistical surveys, indicating a certain specific subset of primary transform kernels that are most likely to be optimal when a non-zero baseline is used for intraprediction. For example, when a non-zero baseline is used, it can be observed that in most practical cases, DCT type 2 and ADST hybrid kernel types are likely to be the optimal primary kernel types.

[0174] The general implementation described above can be applied to the reduction of candidate linear transform kernels for intra-prediction when a non-zero baseline is used. In some specific exemplary implementations, when a non-zero baseline is used, the subset of linear transform kernels allowed for intra-prediction may be limited to a combination of 1-D DCT type 2 and 1-D ADST as a hybrid 2-D transform kernel.

[0175] In some other specific exemplary implementations, when a non-zero baseline is used, the subset of linear transform kernels allowed for intra-prediction may be limited to a combination of 1-D DCT type 2, 1-D ADST, and 1-D inverted ADST as a hybrid 2-D transform kernel.

[0176] In some other specific exemplary implementations, when a non-zero baseline is used, the subset of linear transform kernels allowed for intra-prediction may be limited to a combination of 1-D DCT type 2 and 1-D IDT as a hybrid 2-D transform kernel.

[0177] Furthermore, in some other specific exemplary implementations, when a non-zero baseline is used, the subset of linear transform kernels allowed for intra-prediction may be limited to combinations of 1-D DCT type 2, 1-D ADST, 1-D inverted ADST, and 1-D IDT as hybrid 2-D transform kernels.

[0178] In some exemplary implementations, when a non-zero baseline is used, whether a reduction of candidate primary or secondary transform kernels can be applied to intra-prediction may further depend on whether the prediction block or coding block should be divided into multiple transform blocks. The underlying idea is that if the current prediction block or coding block is divided into multiple transform blocks, the selection of primary and / or secondary transform kernels may need to be optimized separately for each transform block, rather than for the prediction block or coding block as a whole. Reducing the number of candidate primary and / or secondary kernels from those for intra-prediction with a zero baseline to those for intra-prediction with a non-zero baseline would reduce the optimization burden while minimizing the degradation of encoder coding efficiency and quality.

[0179] Such reduction can be applied to the selection of quadratic transform kernels. Thus, in some specific examples, when multiple transform blocks exist or reside within coding or prediction blocks, the acceptable set of quadratic transforms for a transform block when a non-zero baseline is applied may be reduced to a subset of the acceptable set of quadratic transforms when a zero baseline is applied. In one embodiment, such an implementation may be applied particularly when quadratic transform kernel selection is performed and selection information is signaled for each transform block (rather than at the level of the entire prediction or coding block).

[0180] In some exemplary implementations, the reduction of the candidate quadratic transformation kernel set may be hierarchical by the use of non-zero lines and subdivision into transformation blocks. For example, when non-zero lines are used for intra-prediction and coding or prediction blocks are not further subdivided into two or more transformation units, a first reduced set of quadratic transformation kernels from the complete quadratic transformation kernel set for zero-referenced intra-prediction may be used as an optimization candidate. However, when non-zero lines are used for intra-prediction and coding or prediction blocks are further subdivided into two or more transformation blocks, a second reduced set of quadratic transformation kernels from the complete quadratic transformation kernel set for zero-referenced intra-prediction may be used as an optimization candidate. The second reduced set of quadratic transformation kernels may be, for example, a subset of the first reduced set of quadratic transformation kernels. In other words, when non-zero lines are used for intra-prediction, the candidate quadratic transformation kernel set is reduced from the complete set of quadratic transformation kernels, and when coding or prediction blocks are further subdivided into two or more transformation blocks, then its reduced set of quadratic transformation kernels may be further reduced.

[0181] In some exemplary implementations, when multiple transformation blocks exist within a coding or prediction block, and a non-zero baseline is used for intra-prediction of the current block, quadratic transformations may not be permitted at all for the transformation blocks. In other words, the encoder may proceed to an extreme state where the set of quadratic transformation kernels is reduced to a null set when a non-zero baseline is used for intra-prediction and the coding or prediction block is further subdivided into two or more transformation blocks.

[0182] In some other exemplary implementations, similarly, reduction of candidate transform kernels for intra-prediction may be applied to the primary transform, depending on whether the prediction block or coding block is divided into multiple transform blocks when a non-zero baseline is used. For example, when multiple transform blocks exist within a coding block or prediction block, the acceptable set of primary transform types for the transform blocks when a non-zero baseline is applied may be a subset of the acceptable set of primary transforms (e.g., a hybrid transform set) when a zero baseline is applied. In one embodiment, such an implementation may be applied particularly when primary transform selection is performed and selection information is signaled for each transform block or transform unit (rather than at the level of the entire prediction block or coding block).

[0183] In some exemplary implementations, the reduction of the candidate linear transformation kernel set may be hierarchical. For example, when a non-zero line is used for intra-prediction and the coding block or predict block is not further subdivided into two or more transformation blocks, a first reduced set of linear transformation kernels from the complete set of linear transformation kernels for intra-prediction of a zero-reference line (set A above) may be used as an optimization candidate. However, when a non-zero line is used for intra-prediction and the coding block or predict block is further subdivided into two or more transformation blocks, a second reduced set of quadratic transformation kernels from the complete set of linear transformation kernels for intra-prediction of a zero-reference line (set A above) may be used as an optimization candidate. The second reduced set of linear transformation kernels may, for example, be a subset of the first reduced set of linear transformation kernels. In other words, when a non-zero line is used for intra-prediction, the candidate set of linear transformation kernels is reduced from the complete set (set A above), and if the coding block or predict block is further subdivided into two or more transformation blocks, the reduced set of linear transformation kernels may be further reduced.

[0184] In another embodiment, when multiple transformation blocks exist within a coding block or prediction block, the primary transformation selection does not need to be signaled for the transformation block when a non-zero baseline is used for intra-prediction of the current block. In other words, the subset of primary transformation kernels in that situation can be narrowed down to the extent that the selection of primary transformation kernels is predefined and does not need to be signaled.

[0185] In some exemplary implementations, when multiple baselines may be used in intra-prediction, the baseline index selected for intra-coding of a coding block or other coding unit may be used to derive a context (or CDF) for entropy coding of the linear or quadratic transformation index. Since the baseline index can correlate with the linear or quadratic transformation index, such implementations can help achieve higher entropy coding efficiency for these indices in the coded bitstream.

[0186] In some further implementations, if the current coding block has multiple transformation blocks and the baseline index indicates that a non-zero baseline is used for the current coding block or prediction block, the reduction of the primary and secondary transformation kernel sets may apply to only a portion, and not all, of the transformation blocks. For example, if the current coding block has multiple transformation blocks and the baseline index indicates that a non-zero baseline is used, the reduced subset of primary and / or secondary transformation kernels may be used only for transformation blocks toward the upper or left boundary of the current coding block or prediction block, while all primary and secondary transformations can be used as candidates for transformation blocks to be placed in the remaining part of the current coding block or prediction block.

[0187] This is shown in Figure 22. In the example in Figure 22, four transformation blocks, labeled TB1 to TB4 and represented by 2202 to 2208 in Figure 22, reside within a single coding block. TB1, TB2, and TB3 are located at the top or left boundary of the current coding block. TB1-TB3 may be processed by selecting from a reduced candidate primary and / or secondary transformation kernel set, while TB4 may be processed by selecting from a complete candidate primary and / or secondary transformation kernel set.

[0188] Independent of, separately from, in combination with, or together with the various exemplary implementations described above, some further exemplary implementations may use a selected subset of transformation partition types, rather than the entire set of candidate transformation partition types, when a non-zero baseline is applied to a block being intracoded. As described above in relation to the example in Figure 15, a coding block or prediction block may be assigned to a transformation partition type in a given set of transformation partition types based on the transformation type of the coding block or prediction block, which is determined, for example, based on the rate-distortion cost. Such transformation partition types correspond to a variety of different given transformation block partition patterns. These exemplary implementations further reduce the candidate partitioning patterns for selection for the intracoded block or prediction block when a non-zero baseline is used. Thus, the optimization search space for making the optimal partition pattern a transformation block for the encoder may be reduced. Furthermore, the reduced set of transformation partition types may correspond to patterns with fewer transformation block partitions, which can help reduce the amount of optimization when coding or transformation configurations and parameters need to be optimized separately for each transformation unit.

[0189] For example, in one embodiment, the subset of conversion partition types may include only PARTITION_NONE in Figure 15, which indicates that the conversion block size is the same as the prediction / coding block size. In other words, no partitioning into conversion blocks is performed.

[0190] In another example, in one embodiment, a subset of conversion partition types may include only conversion partition types having a number of conversion sub-partitions less than or equal to a given threshold. Exemplary thresholds, though not limited to these, may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., 16. For example, the threshold may be 2 with respect to Figure 15, in which case the subset of conversion partition types may include only PARTITION_NONE, PARTITION_HORZ, and PARTITION_VERT.

[0191] In some further exemplary implementations, the baseline indices used in the exemplary implementations described above may be considered with respect to a reduced set of candidate primary and / or secondary transform kernels and / or a subset of the transform partitioning type. In other words, the items included in the various subsets may depend on how far the non-zero criterion is from the current coding block or prediction block. For example, the entire set may be used for zero baselines, while for non-zero baselines, a subset may be used (as described in the implementations described above), and the subset may be further reduced as the non-zero baseline index increases.

[0192] For example, when different baselines are applied, different primary and / or secondary transformation kernel sets can be applied and / or signaled to the transformation block.

[0193] In a further embodiment, the same set of primary and / or secondary transformation kernel candidates and / or transformation segment candidate types exist for different non-zero reference lines. In other words, there may be no differentiation between non-zero reference lines with different line indices.

[0194] In another further embodiment, for different non-zero reference lines, the primary and / or secondary transform kernel candidates and / or transform segment candidate types are different sets.

[0195] Various subsets of primary transformation kernels, secondary transformation kernels, and transformation partition types may be predefined with respect to various baseline configurations for intra-prediction. Therefore, these subsets do not need to be signaled. Indices for these subsets, determined and selected by the encoder, may be signaled. Such indices may be correlated and therefore can be signaled and used together to derive a context for entropy coding.

[0196] Figure 23 shows a flowchart 2300 of an exemplary method following the principles underlying the above implementation. The exemplary method flow 2300 begins at 2301. At S2310, a data block of a video frame is extracted. The data block may contain adjacent reference lines and one or more non-adjacent reference lines within the video frame. At S2320, it is determined whether one of the one or more non-adjacent reference lines is used for intra-prediction of the data block. At S2330, if an adjacent reference line is used for intra-prediction of the data block, a target transformation kernel may be selected from a first set of transformation kernels to transform the data block. At S2340, if a non-adjacent reference line is used for intra-prediction of the data block, a target transformation kernel may be selected from a second set of transformation kernels to transform the data block. The exemplary method flow 2300 ends at S2399.

[0197] Figure 24 shows a flowchart 2400 of another exemplary method according to the principles underlying the above embodiment. The exemplary method flow 2400 begins at 2401. At S2410, a data block of a video frame is retrieved. The data block may include adjacent reference lines and one or more non-adjacent reference lines within the video frame. At S2420, it is determined whether one of the one or more non-adjacent reference lines is used for intra-prediction of the data block. At S2430, if an adjacent reference line is used for intra-prediction of the data block, a first set of transformation partition types may be selected to partition the data block into transformation partition blocks. At S2440, if a non-adjacent reference line is used for intra-prediction of the data block, a second set of transformation partition types may be selected to partition the data block into transformation partition blocks. The exemplary method flow 2400 ends at S2499.

[0198] Figure 25 shows a flowchart 2500 of yet another exemplary method according to the underlying principles of the above embodiment. The exemplary method flow 2500 begins at 2501. At S2510, a data block of a video frame is retrieved. The data block may contain one or more reference lines within the video frame for intra-prediction, each reference line associated with a reference line position index. At S2520, a reference line is selected from one or more reference lines for intra-prediction of the data block. At S2530, a primary or secondary transform kernel may be selected from a subset of primary or secondary transform kernels to process the data block, and the subset of primary or secondary transform kernels is selected from a complete set of primary or secondary transform kernels based on the reference line position index of the selected reference line for intra-prediction. The exemplary method flow 2500 ends at S2599.

[0199] The embodiments of this disclosure may be used individually or in any combination of any order. Furthermore, each of the methods (or embodiments), encoders, and decoders may be implemented by processing circuits (e.g., one or more processors or one or more integrated circuits). In one example, one or more processors execute a program stored on a non-temporary computer-readable medium. The embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to luma blocks or chroma blocks.

[0200] The above-described technology can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored on one or more computer-readable media. For example, Figure 26 shows a computer system (2600) suitable for implementing a particular embodiment of the subject matter disclosed.

[0201] Computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or similar mechanisms, and can contain code that includes instructions that can be executed directly or through interpretation, microcode execution, etc., by one or more computer central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), etc.

[0202] Instructions can be executed on various types of computers or their components, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, game devices, and Internet of Things devices.

[0203] The components of the computer system (2600) shown in Figure 26 are essentially illustrative and are not intended to imply any limitations on the scope or functionality of computer software implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the configuration of the components should not be construed as having any dependence or requirement on any one or combination of components shown in the exemplary embodiments of the computer system (2600).

[0204] The computer system (2600) may include certain human interface input devices. Such human interface input devices may respond to input from one or more human users, for example, through haptic input (keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements, etc.), audio input (voices, applause, etc.), visual input (gestures, etc.), and olfactory input (not shown). Human interface input devices may also be used to capture certain media that are not necessarily directly related to conscious human input, such as audio (voices, music, ambient sounds, etc.), images (scanned images, photographic images obtained from still image cameras, etc.), and video (2D video, 3D video including stereoscopic images, etc.).

[0205] The human input interface device may include one or more of the following: keyboard (2601), mouse (2602), trackpad (2603), touch screen (2610), data glove (not shown), joystick (2605), microphone (2606), scanner (2607), and camera (2608) (only one of each is shown).

[0206] The computer system (2600) may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may stimulate the senses of one or more human users, for example, through tactile output, sound, light and smell / taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (e.g., tactile feedback via touch screens (2610), data gloves (not shown), or joysticks (2605), although there may also be tactile feedback devices that do not function as input devices), audio output devices (speakers (2609), headphones (not shown), etc.), visual output devices (screens (2610), including CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, etc., regardless of whether each has touch screen input functionality or tactile feedback capabilities, some of which may output two-dimensional visual output or output beyond three dimensions via means such as stereoscopic image output or virtual reality glasses (not shown), holographic displays, and smoke tanks (not shown)), and printers (not shown).

[0207] The computer system (2600) may also include optical media or similar media (2621) including CD / DVD ROM / RW (2620) having CD / DVD, thumb drives (2622), removable hard drives or solid-state drives (2623), legacy magnetic media such as tapes and floppy disks (not shown), and special ROM / ASIC / PLD-based devices such as security dongles (not shown), as well as their associated media.

[0208] Those skilled in the art should also understand that, when used in connection with the subject matter now disclosed, the term “computer-readable medium” does not encompass a transmission medium, carrier wave, or other transient signal.

[0209] The computer system (2600) may also include an interface (2654) to one or more communication networks (2655). The networks may be, for example, wireless, wired, or optical. The networks may further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicle and industrial, real-time, latency-tolerant, etc. Examples of networks include local area networks such as Ethernet® and wireless LAN; cellular networks including GSM®, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, etc.; wired or wireless wide-area digital networks including cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial TV; and vehicle and industrial networks including CANbus, etc. Certain networks generally require an external network interface adapter connected to a specific general-purpose data port or peripheral bus (2649) (e.g., a USB port on the computer system (2600)), while others are generally integrated into the core of the computer system (2600) by mounting to a system bus, as described later (e.g., an Ethernet® interface to a PC computer system or a cellular network interface to a smartphone computer system). Using any of these networks, the computer system (2600) can communicate with other entities. Such communication may be unidirectional, receive-only (e.g., broadcast television), unidirectional, transmit-only (e.g., from a specific CANbus to a specific CANbus device), or bidirectional, to other computer systems, for example, using a local or wide-area digital network. As described above, specific protocols and protocol stacks may be used in each of these networks and network interfaces.

[0210] The aforementioned human interface device, human-accessible storage device, and network interface can be attached to the core (2640) of the computer system (2600).

[0211] The core (2640) may include one or more central processing units (CPUs) (2641), graphics processing units (GPUs) (2642), dedicated programmable processing units in the form of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) (2643), hardware accelerators for specific tasks (2644), graphics adapters (2650), etc. These devices, along with read-only memory (ROM) (2645), random access memory (RAM) (2646), internal non-user-accessible hard drives, SSDs, and other internal mass storage (2647), may be connected via a system bus (2648). In some computer systems, the system bus (2648) may be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to allow expansion with additional CPUs, GPUs, etc. Peripheral devices may be attached directly to the core's system bus (2648) or via a peripheral bus (2649). For example, a screen (2610) may be connected to a graphics adapter (2650). The peripheral bus architecture includes PCI, USB, etc.

[0212] The CPU (2641), GPU (2642), FPGA (2643), and accelerator (2644) can execute specific instructions that, when combined, constitute the aforementioned computer code. This computer code can be stored in ROM (2645) or RAM (2646). Temporary data can also be stored in RAM (2646), while permanent data can be stored, for example, in internal mass storage (2647). High-speed storage and retrieval to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory that can be closely associated with one or more CPUs (2641), GPUs (2642), mass storage (2647), ROM (2645), RAM (2646), etc.

[0213] A computer-readable medium may have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The medium and computer code may be specifically designed and constructed for the purposes of this disclosure, or they may be of a type that is well known and available to those skilled in the computer software technology.

[0214] As a non-limiting example, a computer system having the architecture (2600) and, in particular, the core (2640), can provide functionality as a result of a processor (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, accelerators, etc.) that runs software embodied in one or more tangible computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be user-accessible mass storage as described above, as well as media associated with specific storage of the core (2640) of a non-transient nature, such as core internal mass storage (2647) or ROM (2645). Software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by the core (2640). The computer-readable media can include one or more memory devices or chips according to specific needs. The software can cause the core (2640) and, in particular, the processor (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, etc.) therein to execute specific processes or specific parts of specific processes as described herein, including defining data structures to be stored in RAM (2646) and modifying such data structures according to processes defined by the software. As an addition or alternative, a computer system may provide functionality as a result of being embodied in a circuit (e.g., an accelerator (2644)) in logic hardwired or otherwise, which can operate in place of or with software to perform a particular process or a particular part of a particular process described herein. References to software include logic, and vice versa, as appropriate. References to a computer-readable medium may include a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) that stores software for execution, a circuit that embodies logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. This disclosure encompasses any appropriate combination of hardware and software.

[0215] While this disclosure describes several exemplary embodiments, there are various modifications, substitutions, and equivalent alternatives that fall within the scope of this disclosure. In the above-described implementations and embodiments, any operation of the process may be combined or arranged in any quantity or order as desired. Furthermore, two or more of the above-described operation of the process may be performed in parallel. Thus, those skilled in the art will understand that various systems and methods can be devised that embody the principles of this disclosure and thus fall within the spirit and scope of this disclosure, even if they are not expressly shown or described herein. Appendix A: Acronyms JEM: Joint Exploration Models VVC: versatile video coding BMS: Benchmark set MV: Motion Vector HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding SEI: Supplementary Enhancement Information VUI: Video Usability Information GOPs: Groups of Pictures TUs: Transform Units PUs: Prediction Units CTUs: Coding Tree Units CTBs: Coding Tree Blocks PBs: Prediction Blocks HRD: Hypothetical Reference Decoder SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio CPUs: Central Processing Units GPUs: Graphics Processing Units CRT: Cathode Ray Tube LCD: Liquid Crystal Display OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode CD: Compact Disc DVD: Digital Video Disc ROM: Read-Only Memory RAM: Random Access Memory ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit PLD: Programmable Logic Device LAN: Local Area Network GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications (Pan-European Digital Mobile Telephone System) LTE:Long-Term Evolution CANBus: Controller Area Network Bus USB: Universal Serial Bus PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Areas SSD: Solid-state drive IC: Integrated Circuit HDR: High Dynamic Range SDR: Standard Dynamic Range JVET:Joint Video Exploration Team MPM: Most Probable Mode WAIP: Wide-Angle Intra Prediction CU: Coding Unit PU: Prediction Unit TU: Transform Unit CTU: Coding Tree Unit PDPC: Position-Dependent Prediction Combination ISP: Intra Sub-Partitions SPS: Sequence Parameter Setting PPS: Picture Parameter Set APS: Adaptive Parameter Set VPS: Video Parameter Set DPS: Decoding Parameter Set ALF: Adaptive Loop Filter SAO: Sample Adaptive Offset CC-ALF: Cross-Component Adaptive Loop Filter CDEF: Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter CCSO: Cross-Component Sample Offset LSO: Local Sample Offset LR: Loop Restoration Filter AV1: AOMedia Video 1 AV2: AOMedia Video 2

Claims

1. A method for video decoding, which is performed by a processor, The steps include: extracting data blocks of video frames from a video bitstream, The steps include determining whether at least one non-adjacent reference line is used for intraprediction of the data block, Steps include selecting a target transformation kernel from a first set of transformation kernels to transform the data block, in accordance with the determination that none of the non-adjacent reference lines are used for the intra-prediction of the data block, wherein the first set of transformation kernels has a first size, Steps of selecting a target transformation kernel from a second set of transformation kernels in order to transform the data block, in accordance with the determination that at least one non-adjacent reference line is used for the intra-prediction of the data block, wherein the second set of transformation kernels has a second size smaller than the first size, A method comprising a data block containing two or more conversion partition blocks, wherein the second set of conversion kernels is a subset of the first set of conversion kernels.

2. The first set of the conversion kernels and the second set of the conversion kernels are either primary or secondary conversion kernels. The method according to claim 1.

3. The first set of the aforementioned conversion kernels and the second set of the aforementioned conversion kernels are primary conversion kernels, The second set of the aforementioned conversion kernels is: A combination of DCT type 2 and ADST as the hybrid conversion kernel. The aforementioned hybrid conversion kernel is a combination of DCT type 2, ADST, and inverted ADST. The aforementioned hybrid conversion kernel is a combination of DCT type 2 and IDT, or The aforementioned hybrid conversion kernel is a combination of DCT type 2, ADST, inverted ADST, and IDT. The method according to claim 1, comprising one of the following.

4. The aforementioned data block includes two or more transformation block sets, The second set of the aforementioned conversion kernel is a NULL set. The method according to claim 1.

5. The aforementioned data block includes two or more transformation block sets, The selection of the target conversion kernel from the first set of conversion kernels or the second set of conversion kernels is signaled separately for each of the two or more conversion block units. The method according to claim 1.

6. The aforementioned data block includes two or more transformation block sets, When a non-adjacent reference line is indicated for the data block within the video bitstream, the selection from the second set of conversion kernels is predefined and not signaled in the video bitstream. The method according to claim 1.

7. The baseline index used for intraprediction of the data block is used to derive a context for entropy coding of the kernel index of the primary transform kernel for transforming the secondary transform kernel selected from the first set of transform kernels or the second set of transform kernels. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

8. When the aforementioned data block includes two or more conversion section blocks, The second set of the conversion kernels is a subset of the first set of conversion kernels for a subset of the two or more conversion block sub-units, The second set of the conversion kernels and the first set of the conversion kernels are the same for the remainder of the two or more conversion block units. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

9. The subset of the two or more transformation block includes the transformation block above and / or to the left of the data block. The method according to claim 8.

10. The selection of the target conversion kernel from the first set of conversion kernels or the second set of conversion kernels is performed when multiple conversion partition types are enabled to partition the data block into conversion blocks, and both the primary and secondary conversion kernels are enabled for the data block. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

11. A step of selecting a target transformation block from a first set of transformation blocks in order to partition the data block into transformation block blocks, in accordance with the determination that none of the non-adjacent reference lines are used for the intra prediction of the data block, wherein the first set of transformation blocks has a first size, A step of selecting the target transformation segment from a second set of transformation segments, in accordance with the determination that at least one non-adjacent reference line is used for the intra prediction of the data block, wherein the second set of transformation segments has a second size smaller than the first size, The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

12. A method for video encoding, which is performed by a processor, The steps include receiving video data comprising multiple video frames, including a data block of the current video frame, The steps include determining whether at least one non-adjacent reference line is used for intraprediction of the data block, A step of selecting a target transformation kernel from a first set of transformation kernels for the data block, based on the determination that none of the non-adjacent reference lines are used for the intra-prediction of the data block, wherein the first set of transformation kernels has a first size, A step of selecting the target transform kernel from a second set of transform kernels, in accordance with the determination that at least one non-adjacent reference line is used for the intra prediction of the data block, wherein the second set of transform kernels has a second size smaller than the first size, A method comprising a data block containing two or more conversion partition blocks, wherein the second set of conversion kernels is a subset of the first set of conversion kernels.

13. The selection of the target transformation kernel from the first set of transformation kernels or the second set of transformation kernels is performed when multiple transformation partition types are enabled for partitioning the data block and both primary and secondary transformations are enabled for the data block. The method according to claim 12.

14. A method for processing visual media data, Steps to obtain the source video sequence, A step of performing a conversion between the source video sequence and a bitstream of visual media data, wherein the bitstream is Multiple encoded data blocks, including the current data block, A baseline indicator that shows whether at least one non-adjacent baseline is used for intraprediction of the current data block, A first indicator for a first set of transformation kernels having a first size, A second indicator for a second set of conversion kernels having a second size smaller than the first size, Equipped with, When the baseline indicator indicates that at least one non-adjacent baseline is used for intraprediction of the current data block, a transformation selected from the second set of transformation kernels is used to decode the current data block. When the baseline indicator indicates that none of the non-adjacent baselines are used for intraprediction of the current data block, a transformation selected from the first set of transformation kernels is used to decode the current data block. A method wherein, when the data block includes two or more conversion partition blocks, the second set of conversion kernels is a subset of the first set of conversion kernels.

15. A device comprising a processing circuit configured to implement the method according to any one of claims 1 to 14.

16. A computer program that, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to execute any one of claims 1 to 14.

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