Display device

Abstract

This direct view type image display device that has a minimal optical system or does not use an optical system is used to achieve high resolution and screen enlargement. Also achieved is a personal image display device with which a feeling of immersion can be obtained. A display device according to the present invention is positioned at least in front of the field of view of a user, and this display device uses a flexible film, has a curved surface, and has a display surface on a user side of the display device. Additionally, display is performed inside a space on the user side of the display device, and a rear surface of the display device is positioned on the opposite side from the user side of the display device. A wide display region may be provided on the user side of the display device, and the display device may be configured such that the display region of the display device is made see-through and only a mark of one section is displayed.

Description

display device

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention One embodiment of the present invention relates to a display device, a display module, and an electronic device. 2. Description of the Related Art One embodiment of the present invention relates to a manufacturing method of a display device.

[0002] Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field. Examples of the technical field of one embodiment of the present invention include a semiconductor device, a display device, a light-emitting device, a power storage device, a memory device, a lighting device, an input device (for example, a touch sensor), an input / output device (for example, a touch panel), a display module including any of these devices, an electronic device including the display module, a driving method thereof, or a manufacturing method thereof.

[0003] In recent years, display devices have been expected to be used in a variety of applications. For example, applications of large display devices include home television devices (also referred to as televisions or television receivers), digital signage, and public information displays (PIDs). In addition, development of smartphones or tablet devices equipped with touch panels as mobile information terminals is underway.

[0004] There is also a demand for higher definition display devices. Devices requiring high-definition display devices, such as devices for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), substitutional reality (SR), and mixed reality (MR), are being actively developed.

[0005] As a display device, for example, a display device having a light-emitting device (also referred to as a light-emitting element) has been developed. A light-emitting device (also referred to as an EL device or an EL element) utilizing the electroluminescence (hereinafter referred to as EL) phenomenon has the characteristics of being easily thin and lightweight, being capable of high-speed response to an input signal, and being capable of being driven by a DC constant voltage power supply, and is therefore applied to a display device.

[0006] Patent Document 1 discloses a display device for VR that uses an organic EL device (also called an organic EL element).

[0007] International Publication No. 2018 / 087625

[0008] One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a display device that provides a wider field of view or visible range than conventional head-mounted displays. Projection-type head-mounted displays have the disadvantage of requiring a complex optical system, which increases the cost of designing and manufacturing the optical system. Therefore, one of the objectives of the present invention is to achieve high resolution and a large screen using a direct-view image display device with fewer or no optical systems. Another objective of the present invention is to provide an image display device that provides an immersive experience.

[0009] Another object of the present invention is to provide an imaging device that generates a digital image that can represent the shape of a user's head in three-dimensional space by combining with other imaging devices, and to provide a data analysis system based on images of a user or driver.

[0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide an optimal image display for the user by using a sensor that detects the line of sight.

[0011] Another object of the present invention is to provide a data analysis system based on images of the user's or driver's surroundings.

[0012] Another object of the present invention is to provide an information processing system that appropriately provides information on the situation around the user or the driver.

[0013] Another object of the present invention is to realize an image display device that allows the user to operate various settings when displaying images for driving simulations, entertainment attractions, or games.

[0014] The display device of the present invention is a display device that is placed at least in front of the user's field of vision, and the display device uses a flexible film, has a curved surface, and has a display surface on the user side of the display device.

[0015] As a specific example, Fig. 1A shows a schematic diagram of a display device having a curved surface. Fig. 1A shows an example of a display device 61G having a curved, band-shaped display area, which is provided in front of a user's head 60H, and Fig. 1B shows an example of a forward display image.

[0016] A flexible display is formed by providing a switching element or a light-emitting element on a flexible film. In the above configuration, at least a portion of the display surface has a curved shape, specifically a strip shape, a cylindrical shape, or a hemispherical shape. By making at least a portion of the display surface strip-shaped, a cylindrical shape, or a hemispherical shape, the display surface can be positioned at least in front of the head. The display device can be realized using a device fixed to the user's nose or ear. Furthermore, by combining it with a flexible display, the display can be positioned not only in front of the head, but also on the side of the head, above the head, or behind the head.

[0017] When placed on the side of the head, above the head, or behind the head, the display device is not limited to a device that is fixed to the user's nose or ear, but rather a flexible display, i.e., a display screen with a large area, is placed around the user's head, providing a wide field of view or visible range.

[0018] Moreover, the display is performed inside the space on the user side of the display device, and the back surface of the display device is placed on the opposite side of the display device from the user side. The user side of the display device may have a large display area, or the display area of ​​the display device may be see-through and only some marks may be displayed. For example, the image shown in FIG. 1B may be displayed in the see-through area as the outside scenery, with only the arrow mark 62 emitting light.

[0019] Furthermore, the display device may be configured to have a first sensor unit that senses the user's head on the user side, thereby realizing an imaging device that generates a digital image that can represent the shape of the user's head in three-dimensional space. In order to display a wide range of images based on the imaging data obtained by the sensor unit provided on the user side of the display device, it is preferable to have a circuit for creating that image data.

[0020] A second sensor unit may be provided on the rear side of the display device, that is, for sensing information from outside the display device. If an imaging element is provided, the outside scenery can also be displayed on the inner display screen.

[0021] For example, a display having a curved surface can be placed so as to surround the head, and the state of the user's surroundings (the area outside the display) can be displayed on the display having a curved surface.

[0022] For example, the display device may have a curved display surface on the inside that surrounds the user's head, and no display surface on the outside of the display device. Also, the second sensor unit for capturing images of the surroundings may not be provided on the outside of the display device.

[0023] The display device may also be configured to include an audio output unit that outputs audio information.

[0024] In addition, when a display screen having a large area is provided, the burden on the circuit for creating image data may be reduced by lowering the display quality of areas that the user is not paying attention to. For example, a first sensor unit that senses the user's line of sight may be used inside the display device to adjust the screen display using foveated rendering.

[0025] Foveated rendering involves detecting the user's line of sight and partially changing the level of display quality, displaying high-quality images in areas where the gaze is likely to be concentrated and low-quality images in surrounding areas. Rendering with selectively varying image quality based on the gaze is also called a foveated rendering method.

[0026] Furthermore, a curved display preferably has high resolution, and preferably has extremely high resolution such as HD (1280 × 720 pixels), FHD (1920 × 1080 pixels), WQHD (2560 × 1440 pixels), WQXGA (2560 × 1600 pixels), 4K (3840 × 2160 pixels), or 8K (7680 × 4320 pixels). A resolution of 4K, 8K, or higher is particularly preferable. Furthermore, the pixel density (resolution) of the display device of one embodiment of the present invention is preferably 100 ppi or higher, more preferably 300 ppi or higher, more preferably 500 ppi or higher, more preferably 1000 ppi or higher, more preferably 2000 ppi or higher, more preferably 3000 ppi or higher, more preferably 5000 ppi or higher, and even more preferably 7000 ppi or higher. By using a display device having either or both of high resolution and high definition, it is possible to further enhance the sense of realism and depth in electronic devices for portable or personal use in home use. Furthermore, the screen ratio (aspect ratio) of the display device of one embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, the display device can be designed to support various screen ratios such as 1:1 (square), 4:3, 16:9, and 16:10.

[0027] In this specification, a device fabricated using a metal mask or an FMM (fine metal mask, high-resolution metal mask) may be referred to as a device with an MM (metal mask) structure. In addition, in this specification, a device fabricated without using a metal mask or an FMM may be referred to as a device with an MML (metal maskless) structure.

[0028] In this specification, a structure in which different light-emitting layers are fabricated or different light-emitting layers are painted for each color light-emitting device (here, blue (B), green (G), and red (R)) may be referred to as an SBS (Side By Side) structure. The SBS structure allows the materials and configuration to be optimized for each light-emitting device, increasing the freedom in material and configuration selection and facilitating improvements in brightness and reliability.

[0029] In this specification, a light-emitting device capable of emitting white light may be referred to as a white light-emitting device. A white light-emitting device can be combined with a colored layer (e.g., a color filter) to realize a full-color display device.

[0030] Furthermore, light-emitting devices can be broadly divided into single structures and tandem structures. A single-structure device has one light-emitting unit between a pair of electrodes, and the light-emitting unit preferably includes one or more light-emitting layers. When two light-emitting layers are used to obtain white light emission, light-emitting layers can be selected such that the emission colors of the two light-emitting layers are complementary to each other. For example, by making the emission color of the first light-emitting layer and the emission color of the second light-emitting layer complementary to each other, a configuration in which the light-emitting device as a whole emits white light can be obtained. When three or more light-emitting layers are used to obtain white light emission, the emission colors of the three or more light-emitting layers can be combined to produce a configuration in which the light-emitting device as a whole emits white light.

[0031] A tandem-structure device preferably has two or more light-emitting units between a pair of electrodes, and each light-emitting unit preferably includes one or more light-emitting layers. To obtain white light emission, light from the light-emitting layers of the light-emitting units may be combined to obtain white light emission. The configuration for obtaining white light emission is the same as that of the single-structure device. In a tandem-structure device, it is preferable to provide an intermediate layer, typically a charge-generating layer, between the light-emitting units.

[0032] Furthermore, when comparing the above-described white light-emitting device (single structure or tandem structure) with a light-emitting device having an SBS structure, the light-emitting device having an SBS structure can reduce power consumption compared to the white light-emitting device. If it is desired to reduce power consumption, it is preferable to use a light-emitting device having an SBS structure. On the other hand, the manufacturing process of a white light-emitting device is simpler than that of a light-emitting device having an SBS structure, and therefore the manufacturing cost can be reduced or the manufacturing yield can be increased, making it preferable.

[0033] The display device of this embodiment can reduce the distance between light-emitting devices. Specifically, the distance between light-emitting devices, the distance between EL layers, or the distance between pixel electrodes can be less than 10 μm, 5 μm or less, 3 μm or less, 2 μm or less, 1 μm or less, 500 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 20 nm or less, 15 nm or less, or 10 nm or less. In other words, the distance between the side surface of the first organic layer 112R and the side surface of the second organic layer 112G, or the distance between the side surface of the second organic layer 112G and the side surface of the third organic layer 112B, has a region of 1 μm or less, preferably a region of 0.5 μm (500 nm) or less, and more preferably a region of 100 nm or less.

[0034] High resolution and large screen size can be achieved using a direct-view image display device, and a personal image display device that provides an immersive experience can be realized.

[0035] In addition, by combining imaging devices, it is possible to realize an imaging device that generates a digital image that can realize the shape of the user's head in three-dimensional space, and it is also possible to provide a data analysis system based on the images of the user or driver.

[0036] In addition, by using a sensor that detects the line of sight, a foveated rendering method can be used to display an image that is optimal for the user.

[0037] It is also possible to provide a data analysis system based on images of the user's or driver's surroundings.The first sensor unit can form a three-dimensional model of the user's head.

[0038] It is also possible to provide an information processing system that appropriately provides information on the situation around the user or the driver.

[0039] It is also possible to realize an image display device that allows various settings to be manipulated when displaying images for driving simulations, entertainment attractions, or games.

[0040] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between a display device and a user according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating an example of a display image displayed in front of the user. FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between a display device and a user according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2B is a development view of the display device. FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating a portion of a display image displayed in front of the user, and FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating a portion of a display image displayed behind the user. FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between a display device and a user according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3B is a variation thereof. FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between a display device and a user according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of the head of FIG. 4A, and FIG. 4C is a side view thereof. FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between a display device and a user according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5B is an example of a flow diagram of display on a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an example of a flow diagram of display on a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic diagrams illustrating a positional relationship between a display device and a user according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams illustrating configuration examples of display devices. 9A to 9F are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of a pixel. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a display device. FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of a display device. FIGS. 12A to 12F are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of a light-emitting device. FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of a light-receiving device. FIGS. 13C to 13E are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of a display device.

[0041] Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings. However, it will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments can be implemented in many different ways and that various changes in form and details can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to the following description of the embodiments.

[0042] In the configuration of the invention described below, the same parts or parts having similar functions are denoted by the same reference numerals in different drawings, and repeated explanations thereof will be omitted. In addition, when referring to similar functions, the same hatch pattern may be used and no particular reference numeral may be assigned.

[0043] In the drawings described in this specification, the size of each component, the thickness of a layer, or an area may be exaggerated for clarity, and therefore, the drawings are not necessarily limited to the scale.

[0044] In this specification, the ordinal numbers "first" and "second" are used to avoid confusion of components, and do not limit the number.

[0045] 1A shows an example of a display device 61G having a curved, band-shaped display area, which is provided in front of a user's head 60H, and an example of a forward display image is shown in FIG. 1B. Display device 61G is lightweight and has a curved, band-shaped display area achieved by deforming a single rectangular display panel using a flexible film.

[0046] 2A shows an example of a display device having a larger display area than the display device 61G of FIG. 1A. FIG. 2A shows an example of a display device 61A having a dome shape and an appearance that can be described as a combination of a hemisphere and a cylinder, which is installed on a user's head 60H. The display device 61A has a hollow interior, in which the user's head 60H can be placed. Inside the display device 61A, i.e., on the user's side, there is a display surface, i.e., a display area 63. By displaying an image, the display surface covers a wide range of the user's field of vision, occupying the image display area.

[0047] Because the display device 61A has a hollow interior, the user can move their neck and also move their head 60H left and right, up and down. Because the display device 61A has a hollow interior, the user can view the display device while wearing eyeglasses, and because the display device 61A does not need to be fixed to the head 60H, the weight of the display device does not burden the head 60H. Furthermore, an optical system may be provided to adjust the distance between the user's eyes and the display area 63 as needed. The distance between the user's eyes and the display area 63 is preferably 80 mm or more. If the distance is less than 80 mm, the image will not be in focus, so it is preferable to wear special glasses for focusing.

[0048] The installation method of the display device 61A is not particularly limited as long as it can be installed so that it can be placed over the user's head 60H. For example, the display device 61A can be fixed to the upper body of a standing or sitting user, or can be suspended from above the user. Alternatively, the display device 61A can be placed over the head 60H of a user lying on a platform, with a portion of the user's head 60H in contact with a portion of the inside of the display device 61A, allowing the user to view the image display while lying down. Alternatively, for use in the amusement field, the display device can be fixed to a movable arm and moved so that it fits over the user's head. For use in the training field, a movable arm can be fixed to a training device such as a treadmill, with the display device fitting over the head of the user while exercising.

[0049] 2B shows an example of a developed view of a display panel used in the display device 61A. The display panel has a display area 63 and a non-display area 64. The display area 63 is provided with a plurality of pixels (organic EL elements or LED elements) arranged in a matrix. For example, an active matrix display device is fabricated using a flexible substrate. The non-display area 64 is provided with one or more of wiring, terminals, electrodes, and drive circuits (gate drivers or source drivers). An IC chip or a flexible printed circuit (FPC) may also be mounted in the non-display area.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 2B, a dome-shaped image display area surrounding the user's head 60H may be realized by deforming one large display panel using a flexible film.

[0051] 2B shows an example in which one large display panel is deformed, but an image display area surrounding the user's head 60H may be realized by bonding multiple display panels together so that the non-display area of ​​one display panel overlaps the display area of ​​another display panel. By bonding multiple display panels together so that they partially overlap, the width of the seam can be reduced, making the seam less visible.

[0052] 2C shows an example of a display image in front of the user, which is half of the display area displayed inside the display device 61A, and FIG. 2D shows an example of a display image behind the user, which is the other half of the display area displayed inside the display device 61A.

[0053] 1B and 2C are images captured by an imaging camera with an arrow mark 62 added. The displayed image may be processed by adding text information or guidelines, without being limited to the arrow mark 62.

[0054] Furthermore, when the display device 61A is installed so that it can be placed over the user's head 60H, a touch input unit may be provided on the user's side, i.e., on the inside of the display device 61A, in the display area displayed to the user's eyes, in order to adjust the height of the user's line of sight or the brightness of the surrounding environment. That is, it may be a display panel that allows touch input. The touch input unit can also be considered a type of first sensor unit. If the distance between the user's eyes and the display area 63 is set to a level that allows the user's hand to fit in, the user can adjust the image displayed in the display area displayed inside the display device 61A by themselves. Image adjustment includes adjustment of the height of the user's line of sight, brightness, or chromaticity.

[0055] Furthermore, to prevent discomfort immediately after placing the display device 61A on the user's head 60H, a second sensor unit may be provided on the side opposite the user, i.e., on the outside of the display device 61A, to display an image of the surroundings. This provides a sense of security to the user by ensuring that the image of the surroundings remains almost unchanged before and after placing the display device 61A on the user's head 60H, and also allows for adjustment of the image appearance. These features are useful when using the display device 61A as part of an attraction at an amusement park. By placing the display device 61A on the head 60H before the attraction and gradually changing the displayed image from a realistic image of the surroundings to an image of a non-real space that reflects the content of the attraction, a sense of immersion can be achieved. Furthermore, to detect visually induced motion sickness or abnormalities in the user, a gaze detection camera or a body temperature measurement sensor may be provided inside the display device 61A as a first sensor unit. Furthermore, if the user wishes to stop the attraction, the user can make an emergency stop by touching the inner display panel, and if a motion sensor is used as a second sensor unit on the outside of the display device 61A, it can detect hand movement and make an emergency stop, making the attraction device safe.

[0056] Furthermore, the present invention can be used not only for attractions but also for large-scale interactive game machines.

[0057] The display device 61A can also be installed on a training machine so that users can use it.

[0058] When walking, running, or cycling outdoors, pedestrians, cars, and traffic lights often prevent you from exercising at your own pace. Traffic accidents and changes in weather can also be a hindrance to exercise. While these issues don't exist with indoor training machines, you run in an indoor setting, meaning you can't sense your speed, which can lead to boredom and discourage long-term use.

[0059] Furthermore, by displaying arrow marks 62 not only on straight courses but also at intersections as shown in FIG. 2C, the user can be notified of sudden changes in the image in advance, which can also help prevent visually-induced motion sickness.

[0060] With conventional head-mounted displays, the weight of the head is placed on the neck, making it difficult to exercise continuously while wearing the head-mounted display. Furthermore, with conventional head-mounted displays, even a slight movement of the neck causes the image to change suddenly based on the acceleration sensor, making it easy to experience motion sickness. On the other hand, the display device 61A is hollow, so even if you move your head left or right, the image in the direction of the movement is already displayed, minimizing image changes.

[0061] Furthermore, an image pickup element may be provided inside the display device 61A as a first sensor unit, and an automatic stop function may be provided to make an emergency stop when a facial expression or an abnormality in the face is sensed.

[0062] Furthermore, the shape of the display device 61A is not limited to the hemispherical shape shown in FIG. 3A (also called semispherical), and may be a cylindrical shape shown in FIG. 3B (also called cylindrical).

[0063] 3A, the display device 61B is shaped so that a portion of the user's head 60H is not covered, leaving the area around the user's mouth open, allowing the user's speech to be heard without sounding muffled. The display device 61B can also be made lightweight. Furthermore, since a flexible display is lightweight, if no optical system is provided, it can be configured so that it does not feel heavy even when fixed to the top of the user's head.

[0064] Also, in Figure 3B, since the display device 61C is cylindrical, it is easier to design than other configurations that have a hemisphere in one part, and can be assembled by rolling one flexible display into a cylindrical shape and combining another circular flat display above the top of the head.

[0065] Alternatively, a helmet-type display device may be used as shown in Figure 4A, where Figure 4B shows a front view and Figure 4C shows a side view.

[0066] The display device is an example that combines a display device 61D that has the appearance of a helmet and has a display area on the inside, and a see-through display device 61E that can display an image on a window for viewing the outside. The see-through display device 61E has a flexible display fixed to the curved surface of a light-transmitting member, allowing the user to see the outside surroundings.

[0067] When riding a motorcycle, information is provided to the user through the display area of ​​the display device 61D, which has an internal display area, and a simple arrow mark 62 is displayed on the see-through display device 61E, providing a riding assistance function. Furthermore, when the motorcycle is stopped, map information can also be displayed on the see-through display device 61E. Using such a helmet-type display device as shown in Figure 4 allows the driver to use the navigation system to guide the driver even in bad weather, such as rain. Conventional motorcycle navigation devices have the disadvantage that they cannot be viewed while riding without changing the driver's line of sight, and cannot be operated because the driver has to hold the handlebars with both hands. The helmet-type display device shown in Figure 4A may be equipped with a microphone for voice input as a first sensor unit inside, allowing voice operation, or a line-of-sight detection sensor may be used as the first sensor unit, allowing operation via line-of-sight input.

[0068] Furthermore, by providing a second sensor unit for capturing an image of the rear on the outside of the helmet-type display device, it is possible to display the rear image in a part of the display area inside the helmet.

[0069] Users who ride two-wheeled vehicles such as motorcycles or automobiles can install a helmet-type display device on their head 60H. Users who work in dangerous workplaces can also install a helmet-type display device on their head 60H. The helmet-type display device has a display area inside a shell made of a strong material that protects the head 60H.

[0070] As described above, the display device can be used in a variety of situations, and an image display device can be realized that can operate various settings when displaying images for driving simulations, entertainment attractions, or games.

[0071] It is also possible to provide an information processing system that appropriately provides information on the situation around the user or the driver.

[0072] It is also possible to provide a data analysis system based on images of the user's or driver's surroundings.

[0073] Second Embodiment In the present embodiment, an example of an information processing system that uses a display device to appropriately provide information about the situation around a user or a driver will be described below.

[0074] FIG. 5A shows a side view of an arch-shaped display device 61F placed over a user's head 60H.

[0075] The installation method of the display device 61F is not particularly limited as long as it can be installed so that it can be placed over the user's head 60H. For example, the display device 61F can be fixed to the upper body of a standing or sitting user, or can be suspended from above the user. Alternatively, the display device 61F can be placed over the head 60H of a user lying on a platform, with a portion of the user's head 60H in contact with a portion of the inside of the display device 61F, allowing the user to view the image display while lying down. Alternatively, for use in the amusement field, the display device can be fixed to a movable arm and moved so that it can be placed over the user's head.

[0076] The display device 61F has an internal image processing circuit, a display area on the user side, a first sensor unit, a second sensor unit for capturing images of the front, and a third sensor unit for capturing images of the rear.

[0077] FIG. 5B shows an example of a flow diagram of the display on the display device 61F.

[0078] First, the second sensor unit for capturing an image in front of the display device 61F captures an image in front of the display device 61F, and data for displaying a front image is created using an image processing circuit to display the image in the display area based on the obtained data.

[0079] The obtained data is displayed in the display area inside the display device 61 F. At this stage, the forward image is displayed inside the display device.

[0080] When the user looks at the displayed forward image, the line of sight is detected by a first sensor unit provided inside the display device 61F.

[0081] Next, based on the line-of-sight detection data, the forward image displayed inside the display device 61F is corrected or adjusted (including foveated rendering).

[0082] The scale of the displayed image may also be adjusted based on the line-of-sight detection data.

[0083] Based on the above flow, the optimum image display for the user can be achieved by using a sensor that detects the line of sight.

[0084] Furthermore, a third sensor for capturing an image behind the display device 61F captures an image behind the display device 61F, and an image processing circuit is used to create data for displaying a rear image based on the obtained data and displaying the image in the display area.

[0085] Next, the front image display and the rear image display are displayed side by side inside the display device 61F, resulting in a front image display area and a rear image display area being displayed side by side.

[0086] By detecting the line of sight using the first sensor unit, when the user focuses on the rear image display area, the rear image display area is displayed in high resolution and the front image display area is displayed in low resolution. Also, when the user focuses on the front image display area, the front image display area is displayed in high resolution and the rear image display area is displayed in low resolution. By displaying areas other than the one being focused on in low resolution, power saving can also be achieved.

[0087] Figure 5A shows an example of a single flexible display bent into a U-shape with both sides open, but it is also possible to combine separate flexible displays on both sides so that the user is surrounded by flexible displays on all four sides.

[0088] It is also possible to provide an imaging device that generates a digital image that can realize the shape of the user's head 60H in three-dimensional space by installing first sensor units on all four sides, and to provide a data analysis system based on detailed 3D image data of the user's or driver's head 60H.

[0089] FIG. 6 shows another example of a flow chart of the display on the display device 61F.

[0090] First, the second sensor unit for capturing an image in front of the display device 61F captures an image in front of the display device 61F, and the third sensor for capturing an image behind the display device 61F captures an image behind the display device 61F, and data is created for each of them.

[0091] Then, an image processing circuit is used to align the front image display and the rear image display and synthesize the display image. If the mounting positions or performance of the second sensor unit and the third sensor unit are different, an image processing circuit can be used to align the front image display and the rear image display so that the heights of the surrounding scenery match, and synthesize a 360-degree panoramic image, thereby allowing an omnidirectional display image to be displayed inside the display device 61F.

[0092] Depending on the user's needs, the front image display can be displayed inside the display device 61F. Alternatively, depending on the user's needs, a 360-degree panoramic image can be displayed in which the front image display and the rear image display are arranged side by side. Therefore, the display area of ​​the display device 61F is set around the user, so the user can get a sense of immersion.

[0093] Furthermore, this embodiment is not limited to the display device 61F, but can be applied to the display devices 61A, 61B, 61C, 61D, 61E, and 61G shown in the first embodiment.

[0094] This embodiment mode can be freely combined with other embodiment modes.

[0095] (Embodiment 3) In this embodiment, an example of a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a large display device 61H is shown in FIG. 7A. The large display device 61H is used in large-scale parks, such as amusement facilities, and is configured to be able to accommodate a large number of people inside the large display device 61H. The large display device 61H can be applied to, for example, a planetarium. FIG. 7A shows an example of a single user. The large display device 61H has a hemispherical display area, and the display area of ​​the display device 61H is located in front of the user's head 60H even when the user moves or changes direction.

[0096] The display area of ​​the display device 61H is configured by combining flexible displays with curved surfaces, so that the user is surrounded by the flexible displays on all four sides. Therefore, the display area of ​​the display device 61H is set up around the user, so the user can get a sense of immersion.

[0097] Furthermore, the display device 61J is not limited to a hemispherical shape with a curved surface on all sides, and may have an internal space that is a closed space composed of flat and curved surfaces, as shown in Fig. 7B. The display device 61J is configured to combine a flexible display and a flat display on all four sides of the user. Fig. 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the display device 61J.

[0098] The display device 61J has a display area with a U-shaped cross section, and the display area of ​​the display device 61J is placed in front of the user's head 60H even when the user moves or changes direction. Therefore, the display area of ​​the display device 61J is placed around the user, so the user can get a sense of immersion.

[0099] In FIG. 7B, a display device 61J for a simulation device or game device used in an amusement facility or experience facility is configured to accommodate one or several people.

[0100] The entrance for entering the interior of display device 61H or display device 61J may be an openable entrance, and a display area may be provided in that portion as well, thereby making the entire area the area, but a configuration may be adopted in which only the entrance is not the display area, as an emergency exit.Furthermore, the entrance for entering the interior of display device 61H or display device 61J may be provided at the feet, and stairs or a tunnel may be used to allow access from below display device 61H or display device 61J from the outside.

[0101] This embodiment mode can be freely combined with other embodiment modes.

[0102] In this embodiment, a configuration example of a display device to which one embodiment of the present invention can be applied will be described. A display device exemplified below can be applied to any one of the display devices 61A, 61B, 61C, 61D, 61E, 61F, 61G, 61H, and 61J in Embodiments 1, 2, and 3.

[0103] One embodiment of the present invention is a display device having a light-emitting element (also referred to as a light-emitting device). The display device has two or more light-emitting elements that emit light of different colors. Each light-emitting element has a pair of electrodes and an EL layer therebetween. The light-emitting element is preferably an organic EL element (organic electroluminescent element). The two or more light-emitting elements that emit light of different colors each have an EL layer containing a different light-emitting material. For example, a full-color display device can be realized by having three types of light-emitting elements that emit red (R), green (G), or blue (B) light, respectively.

[0104] When fabricating a display device having multiple light-emitting elements each emitting different colors, it is necessary to form at least layers (light-emitting layers) containing light-emitting materials with different light-emitting colors in an island shape. When fabricating a partial or entire EL layer, a method of forming island-shaped organic films by vapor deposition using a shadow mask such as a metal mask is known. However, with this method, deviations in the shape and position of the island-shaped organic films from the design occur due to various factors, such as the accuracy of the metal mask, misalignment between the metal mask and the substrate, deflection of the metal mask, and spreading of the contours of the deposited film due to vapor scattering, making it difficult to achieve high-definition and high-aperture display devices. Furthermore, during vapor deposition, the contours of the layer may become blurred, resulting in thinning of the edges. In other words, the thickness of the island-shaped light-emitting layer may vary depending on the location. Furthermore, when fabricating large, high-resolution, or high-definition display devices, there is a concern that low dimensional accuracy of the metal mask and deformation due to heat may reduce manufacturing yield. Therefore, measures have been taken to artificially increase the resolution (also known as pixel density) by adopting special pixel arrangements such as a pentile array.

[0105] In this specification, the term "island-like" refers to a state in which two or more layers formed using the same material in the same process are physically separated. For example, an island-like light-emitting layer refers to a state in which the light-emitting layer is physically separated from the adjacent light-emitting layer.

[0106] In one embodiment of the present invention, an EL layer is processed into a fine pattern by photolithography without using a shadow mask such as a fine metal mask (FMM). This makes it possible to realize a display device with high definition and a large aperture ratio, which have been difficult to achieve until now. Furthermore, since the EL layer can be individually fabricated, a display device with extremely vivid images, high contrast, and high display quality can be realized. Note that, for example, the EL layer may be processed into a fine pattern using both a metal mask and photolithography.

[0107] Furthermore, the EL layer can be partially or entirely separated physically. This can suppress leakage current between adjacent light-emitting elements through a layer shared between the light-emitting elements (also referred to as a common layer). This can prevent crosstalk caused by unintended light emission, thereby realizing a display device with extremely high contrast. In particular, a display device with high current efficiency at low luminance can be realized.

[0108] One embodiment of the present invention can also be a display device that combines a white-emitting light-emitting element and a color filter. In this case, light-emitting elements provided in pixels (subpixels) that emit light of different colors can have the same configuration, and all layers can be common layers. Furthermore, part or all of each EL layer is separated by photolithography. This suppresses leakage current through the common layer, thereby realizing a display device with high contrast. In particular, in an element having a tandem structure in which multiple light-emitting layers are stacked via a highly conductive intermediate layer, leakage current through the intermediate layer can be effectively prevented, thereby realizing a display device that combines high brightness, high definition, and high contrast.

[0109] Furthermore, it is preferable to provide an insulating layer that covers at least the side surfaces of the island-shaped light-emitting layers. The insulating layer may be configured to cover a portion of the top surface of the island-shaped EL layer. The insulating layer is preferably made of a material that has barrier properties against water and oxygen. For example, an inorganic insulating film that is difficult for water or oxygen to diffuse can be used. This suppresses deterioration of the EL layer and realizes a highly reliable display device.

[0110] Furthermore, there is a region (recess) between two adjacent light-emitting elements where the EL layer of either light-emitting element is not provided. When a common electrode, or a common electrode and a common layer, is formed to cover the recess, a phenomenon in which the common electrode is separated by a step at the edge of the EL layer (also called a step discontinuity) may occur, resulting in insulation of the common electrode on the EL layer. Therefore, it is preferable to use a configuration in which the local step located between two adjacent light-emitting elements is filled with a resin layer functioning as a planarization film (also called LFP: Local Filling Planarization). The resin layer functions as a planarization film. This suppresses step discontinuity of the common layer or common electrode, thereby achieving a highly reliable display device.

[0111] A more specific example of the structure of the display device of one embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

[0112] 8A shows a schematic top view of a display device 100 of one embodiment of the present invention. The display device 100 includes a plurality of light-emitting elements 110R that exhibit red light, a plurality of light-emitting elements 110G that exhibit green light, and a plurality of light-emitting elements 110B that exhibit blue light, over a substrate 101. In FIG. 8A , the symbols R, G, and B are assigned within the light-emitting regions of the light-emitting elements to easily distinguish the light-emitting elements from one another.

[0113] The light emitting elements 110R, 110G, and 110B are arranged in a matrix. Fig. 8A shows a so-called stripe arrangement in which light emitting elements of the same color are arranged in one direction. The arrangement of the light emitting elements is not limited to this, and arrangements such as an S-stripe arrangement, a delta arrangement, a Bayer arrangement, or a zigzag arrangement may also be used. Alternatively, a pentile arrangement or a diamond arrangement may also be used.

[0114] As the light-emitting element 110R, the light-emitting element 110G, and the light-emitting element 110B, for example, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) or a quantum-dot light-emitting diode (QLED) is preferably used. Examples of the light-emitting material contained in the EL element include a fluorescent material, a phosphorescent material, an inorganic compound (quantum dot material), and a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material.

[0115] 8A also shows a connection electrode 111C that is electrically connected to the common electrode 113. The connection electrode 111C is given a potential (e.g., an anode potential or a cathode potential) to be supplied to the common electrode 113. The connection electrode 111C is provided outside the display area where the light-emitting elements 110R are arranged.

[0116] The connection electrode 111C can be provided along the periphery of the display area. For example, it may be provided along one side of the periphery of the display area, or it may be provided over two or more sides of the periphery of the display area. That is, when the top surface shape of the display area is rectangular, the top surface shape of the connection electrode 111C can be a strip shape (rectangle), an L-shape, a U-shape (square bracket shape), or a square shape.

[0117] 8B and 8C are schematic cross-sectional views corresponding to dashed dotted lines A1-A2 and A3-A4 in Fig. 8A, respectively. Fig. 8B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of light-emitting element 110R, light-emitting element 110G, and light-emitting element 110B, and Fig. 8C shows a schematic cross-sectional view of connection portion 140 where connection electrode 111C and common electrode 113 are connected.

[0118] The light-emitting element 110R has a pixel electrode 111R, a first organic layer 112R, a common layer 114, and a common electrode 113. The light-emitting element 110G has a pixel electrode 111G, a second organic layer 112G, a common layer 114, and a common electrode 113. The light-emitting element 110B has a pixel electrode 111B, a third organic layer 112B, a common layer 114, and a common electrode 113. The common layer 114 and the common electrode 113 are provided in common to the light-emitting element 110R, the light-emitting element 110G, and the light-emitting element 110B.

[0119] The first organic layer 112R of the light-emitting element 110R contains a light-emitting organic compound that emits light having an intensity in at least the red wavelength range. The second organic layer 112G of the light-emitting element 110G contains a light-emitting organic compound that emits light having an intensity in at least the green wavelength range. The third organic layer 112B of the light-emitting element 110B contains a light-emitting organic compound that emits light having an intensity in at least the blue wavelength range. The first organic layer 112R, the second organic layer 112G, and the third organic layer 112B can also be referred to as EL layers, and each has a layer (light-emitting layer) containing at least a light-emitting organic compound.

[0120] Hereinafter, when describing matters common to light-emitting element 110R, light-emitting element 110G, and light-emitting element 110B, they may be referred to as light-emitting element 110. Similarly, when describing matters common to first organic layer 112R, second organic layer 112G, and third organic layer 112B, which are distinguished by alphabets, they may be referred to as organic layer 112 using a reference symbol without the alphabet.

[0121] The organic layer 112 and the common layer 114 may each independently include one or more of an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole injection layer, and a hole transport layer. For example, the organic layer 112 may have a stacked structure of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer, and an electron transport layer from the pixel electrode 111 side, and the common layer 114 may have an electron injection layer.

[0122] The pixel electrode 111R, pixel electrode 111G, and pixel electrode 111B are provided for each light-emitting element. The common electrode 113 and common layer 114 are provided as a continuous layer common to each light-emitting element. A conductive film transmissive to visible light is used for either the pixel electrode or the common electrode 113, and a conductive film reflective to visible light is used for the other. By making each pixel electrode transmissive and the common electrode 113 reflective, a bottom-emission display device can be obtained. Conversely, by making each pixel electrode reflective and the common electrode 113 transmissive, a top-emission display device can be obtained. Note that by making both the pixel electrodes and the common electrode 113 transmissive, a dual-emission display device can be obtained.

[0123] A protective layer 121 is provided on the common electrode 113 to cover the light emitting elements 110R, 110G, and 110B. The protective layer 121 has a function of preventing impurities, such as water, from diffusing from above into each light emitting element.

[0124] The edge of the pixel electrode 111 preferably has a tapered shape. When the edge of the pixel electrode has a tapered shape, the portion of the organic layer 112 provided along the side surface of the pixel electrode also has a tapered shape. By tapering the side surface of the pixel electrode, the coverage of the EL layer provided along the side surface of the pixel electrode can be improved. Furthermore, by tapering the side surface of the pixel electrode, foreign matter (for example, dust or particles) during the manufacturing process can be easily removed by a cleaning process, which is preferable.

[0125] In this specification, the term "tapered shape" refers to a shape in which at least a part of the side surface of the structure is inclined with respect to the substrate surface. For example, it is preferable that the structure has a region in which the angle (also referred to as the taper angle) between the inclined side surface and the substrate surface is less than 90 degrees.

[0126] The organic layer 112 is processed into an island shape by photolithography. As a result, the angle between the top surface and the side surface of the organic layer 112 at its edge is close to 90 degrees. On the other hand, an organic film formed using FMM (Fine Metal Mask) tends to be gradually thinner as it approaches the edge. For example, the top surface is formed in a sloped shape over a range of 1 μm to 10 μm from the edge, making it difficult to distinguish between the top surface and the side surface.

[0127] Between two adjacent light emitting elements, an insulating layer 125, a resin layer 126, and a layer 128 are provided.

[0128] Between two adjacent light-emitting elements, the side surfaces of the organic layers 112 face each other with the resin layer 126 interposed therebetween. The resin layer 126 is located between the two adjacent light-emitting elements and is provided so as to fill the ends of each organic layer 112 and the region between the two organic layers 112. The resin layer 126 has a smooth, convex upper surface, and a common layer 114 and a common electrode 113 are provided covering the upper surface of the resin layer 126.

[0129] The resin layer 126 functions as a planarization film that fills in a step located between two adjacent light-emitting elements. By providing the resin layer 126, it is possible to prevent a phenomenon (also called step disconnection) in which the common electrode 113 is divided by a step at the end of the organic layer 112, and the common electrode on the organic layer 112 is isolated. The resin layer 126 can also be called LFP (Local Filling Planarization).

[0130] An insulating layer containing an organic material can be suitably used as the resin layer 126. For example, acrylic resin, polyimide resin, epoxy resin, imide resin, polyamide resin, polyimideamide resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, benzocyclobutene resin, phenol resin, or precursors of these resins can be used as the resin layer 126. Alternatively, organic materials such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl butyral, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyglycerin, pullulan, water-soluble cellulose, or alcohol-soluble polyamide resin can be used as the resin layer 126.

[0131] Furthermore, a photosensitive resin can be used as the resin layer 126. A photoresist can be used as the photosensitive resin. The photosensitive resin can be a positive-type material or a negative-type material.

[0132] The resin layer 126 may contain a material that absorbs visible light. For example, the resin layer 126 itself may be made of a material that absorbs visible light, or the resin layer 126 may contain a pigment that absorbs visible light. The resin layer 126 may be, for example, a resin that can be used as a color filter that transmits red, blue, or green light and absorbs other light, or a resin that contains carbon black as a pigment and functions as a black matrix.

[0133] The insulating layer 125 is provided in contact with the side surface of the organic layer 112. The insulating layer 125 is also provided to cover the upper end portion of the organic layer 112. A portion of the insulating layer 125 is provided in contact with the upper surface of the substrate 101.

[0134] The insulating layer 125 is located between the resin layer 126 and the organic layer 112, and functions as a protective film for preventing the resin layer 126 from contacting the organic layer 112. If the organic layer 112 and the resin layer 126 come into contact with each other, the organic layer 112 may be dissolved by the organic solvent used in forming the resin layer 126. Therefore, as shown in this embodiment, by providing the insulating layer 125 between the organic layer 112 and the resin layer 126, it is possible to protect the side surfaces of the organic layer.

[0135] The insulating layer 125 can be an insulating layer containing an inorganic material. For example, an inorganic insulating film typified by an insulating oxide film, a nitride insulating film, an oxynitride insulating film, and a nitride oxide insulating film can be used for the insulating layer 125. The insulating layer 125 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure. Examples of oxide insulating films include a silicon oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, a magnesium oxide film, an indium gallium zinc oxide film, a gallium oxide film, a germanium oxide film, an yttrium oxide film, a zirconium oxide film, a lanthanum oxide film, a neodymium oxide film, a hafnium oxide film, and a tantalum oxide film. Examples of nitride insulating films include a silicon nitride film and an aluminum nitride film. Examples of oxynitride insulating films include a silicon oxynitride film and an aluminum oxynitride film. Examples of nitride oxide insulating films include a silicon nitride oxide film and an aluminum nitride oxide film. In particular, by using an inorganic insulating film typified by an aluminum oxide film or a hafnium oxide film formed by an ALD method as the insulating layer 125, an insulating layer 125 with few pinholes and excellent protection of the EL layer can be formed.

[0136] In this specification, an oxynitride refers to a material whose composition contains more oxygen than nitrogen, and a nitride oxide refers to a material whose composition contains more nitrogen than oxygen. For example, silicon oxynitride refers to a material whose composition contains more oxygen than nitrogen, and silicon nitride oxide refers to a material whose composition contains more nitrogen than oxygen.

[0137] The insulating layer 125 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, a PLD method, or an ALD method. The insulating layer 125 is preferably formed by an ALD method because it has good coverage.

[0138] Furthermore, a reflective film (e.g., a metal film containing one or more selected from silver, palladium, copper, titanium, and aluminum) may be provided between the insulating layer 125 and the resin layer 126, so that the light emitted from the light-emitting layer is reflected by the reflective film, thereby improving the light extraction efficiency.

[0139] The layer 128 is a remaining portion of a protective layer (also referred to as a mask layer or a sacrificial layer) for protecting the organic layer 112 during etching of the organic layer 112. The layer 128 can be made of a material that can be used for the insulating layer 125. In particular, it is preferable to use the same material for the layer 128 and the insulating layer 125 because a common processing apparatus can be used for both.

[0140] In particular, an inorganic insulating film such as an aluminum oxide film, a metal oxide film typified by a hafnium oxide film, or a silicon oxide film formed by the ALD method has few pinholes and therefore has an excellent function of protecting the EL layer, and can be suitably used for the insulating layer 125 and the layer 128.

[0141] A protective layer 121 is provided to cover the common electrode 113 .

[0142] The protective layer 121 may have, for example, a single-layer structure or a stacked structure including at least an inorganic insulating film. Examples of the inorganic insulating film include oxide films, oxynitride films, silicon nitride oxide films, silicon nitride films, aluminum oxide films, aluminum oxynitride films, and hafnium oxide films, as well as oxynitride films, nitride oxide films, and nitride films. Alternatively, the protective layer 121 may be made of a semiconductor material or a conductive material, as typified by indium gallium oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide.

[0143] The protective layer 121 may also be a laminated film of an inorganic insulating film and an organic insulating film. For example, a configuration in which an organic insulating film is sandwiched between a pair of inorganic insulating films is preferable. Furthermore, it is preferable that the organic insulating film functions as a planarizing film. This allows the upper surface of the organic insulating film to be flat, improving the coverage of the inorganic insulating film thereon and enhancing the barrier properties. Furthermore, since the upper surface of the protective layer 121 is flat, when a structure (e.g., a color filter, a touch sensor electrode, or a lens array) is provided above the protective layer 121, the influence of uneven shapes caused by the structure below can be reduced, which is preferable.

[0144] 8C shows a connection portion 140 where the connection electrode 111C and the common electrode 113 are electrically connected. In the connection portion 140, an opening is provided in the insulating layer 125 and the resin layer 126 above the connection electrode 111C. The connection electrode 111C and the common electrode 113 are electrically connected through the opening.

[0145] 8C shows the connection portion 140 where the connection electrode 111C and the common electrode 113 are electrically connected, but the common electrode 113 may be provided on the connection electrode 111C via the common layer 114. In particular, when a carrier injection layer is used for the common layer 114, the electrical resistivity of the material used for the common layer 114 is sufficiently low and the common layer 114 can be formed thin, so that there is often no problem even if the common layer 114 is located at the connection portion 140. This allows the common electrode 113 and the common layer 114 to be formed using the same masking mask, thereby reducing manufacturing costs.

[0146] The above is a description of an example of the configuration of the display device.

[0147] [Pixel Layout] The following mainly describes pixel layouts that are different from that shown in Fig. 8A. There are no particular limitations on the arrangement of light-emitting elements (sub-pixels), and various methods can be applied.

[0148] The top surface shape of the sub-pixel may be, for example, a triangle, a quadrangle (including a rectangle and a square), a polygon such as a pentagon, a polygon with rounded corners, an ellipse, or a circle. Here, the top surface shape of the sub-pixel corresponds to the top surface shape of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element.

[0149] An S-stripe arrangement is applied to the pixel 150 shown in Fig. 9A. The pixel 150 shown in Fig. 9A is composed of three sub-pixels, namely, light-emitting elements 110a, 110b, and 110c. For example, the light-emitting element 110a may be a blue light-emitting element, the light-emitting element 110b may be a red light-emitting element, and the light-emitting element 110c may be a green light-emitting element.

[0150] The pixel 150 shown in FIG. 9B includes a light-emitting element 110a having a generally trapezoidal top surface shape with rounded corners, a light-emitting element 110b having a generally triangular top surface shape with rounded corners, and a light-emitting element 110c having a generally rectangular or hexagonal top surface shape with rounded corners. Furthermore, the light-emitting element 110a has a larger light-emitting area than the light-emitting element 110b. In this manner, the shape and size of each light-emitting element can be determined independently. For example, the more reliable the light-emitting element, the smaller the size can be. For example, the light-emitting element 110a may be a green light-emitting element, the light-emitting element 110b may be a red light-emitting element, and the light-emitting element 110c may be a blue light-emitting element.

[0151] The pixels 124a and 124b shown in Fig. 9C are arranged in a Pentile arrangement. Fig. 9C shows an example in which a pixel 124a having light-emitting elements 110a and 110b and a pixel 124b having light-emitting elements 110b and 110c are arranged alternately. For example, the light-emitting element 110a may be a red light-emitting element, the light-emitting element 110b may be a green light-emitting element, and the light-emitting element 110c may be a blue light-emitting element.

[0152] 9D and 9E are arranged in a delta configuration. The pixel 124a has two light-emitting elements (light-emitting elements 110a and 110b) in the top row (first row) and one light-emitting element (light-emitting element 110c) in the bottom row (second row). The pixel 124b has one light-emitting element (light-emitting element 110c) in the top row (first row) and two light-emitting elements (light-emitting elements 110a and 110b) in the bottom row (second row). For example, the light-emitting element 110a may be a red light-emitting element, the light-emitting element 110b may be a green light-emitting element, and the light-emitting element 110c may be a blue light-emitting element.

[0153] FIG. 9D shows an example in which each light-emitting element has a substantially rectangular top surface shape with rounded corners, and FIG. 9E shows an example in which each light-emitting element has a circular top surface shape.

[0154] 9F shows an example in which light-emitting elements of each color are arranged in a zigzag pattern. Specifically, when viewed from above, the positions of the upper edges of two light-emitting elements arranged in a column (e.g., light-emitting elements 110a and 110b, or light-emitting elements 110b and 110c) are offset. For example, light-emitting element 110a may be a red light-emitting element, light-emitting element 110b may be a green light-emitting element, and light-emitting element 110c may be a blue light-emitting element.

[0155] In photolithography, the finer the pattern to be processed, the more significant the effect of light diffraction becomes. This reduces the fidelity of the photomask pattern when it is transferred by exposure, making it difficult to process the resist mask into the desired shape. Therefore, even if the photomask pattern is rectangular, it is likely to have rounded corners. As a result, the top surface shape of the light-emitting element may become polygonal with rounded corners, elliptical, or circular.

[0156] Furthermore, in a manufacturing method of a display panel according to one embodiment of the present invention, the EL layer is processed into an island shape using a resist mask. The resist film formed on the EL layer needs to be cured at a temperature lower than the heat resistance temperature of the EL layer. Therefore, depending on the heat resistance temperature of the material for the EL layer and the curing temperature of the resist material, the resist film may not be cured sufficiently. A resist film that is not cured sufficiently may have a shape that deviates from the desired shape during processing. As a result, the top surface shape of the EL layer may become a polygon with rounded corners, an ellipse, or a circle. For example, when a resist mask with a square top surface shape is formed, a resist mask with a circular top surface shape may be formed, resulting in a circular top surface shape of the EL layer.

[0157] In order to form the top surface of the EL layer into a desired shape, a technique for correcting the mask pattern in advance (OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) technique) may be used so that the design pattern and the transfer pattern coincide with each other. Specifically, the OPC technique adds a correction pattern to the corners of the figures on the mask pattern.

[0158] This concludes the description of the pixel layout.

[0159] This embodiment mode can be implemented by appropriately combining at least a part thereof with other embodiment modes described in this specification.

[0160] Embodiment 5 In this embodiment, a structural example of a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described.

[0161] The display device of this embodiment can be used in electronic devices with relatively large screens such as television sets, desktop or notebook personal computers, computer monitors, digital signage, and large game machines such as pachinko machines, as well as in the display units of digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, mobile phones, portable game machines, smartphones, wristwatch-type terminals, tablet terminals, personal digital assistants, and sound reproduction devices.

[0162] [Display Device 400] FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of a display device 400 having an elongated rectangular shape (also called a strip shape), and FIG. 11A shows a cross-sectional view of the display device 400.

[0163] The display device 400 has a configuration in which a substrate 452 and a substrate 451 are bonded together. In Fig. 10, the substrate 452 is indicated by a dashed line. When the substrates 452 and 451 are made of flexible films, a display device 61G having a curved band-shaped display area as shown in Fig. 1 can be realized.

[0164] The display device 400 includes a display portion 462, a circuit 464, and wiring 465. Fig. 10 shows an example in which an IC 473 and an FPC 472 are mounted on the display device 400. Therefore, the structure shown in Fig. 10 can also be considered as a display module including the display device 400, an IC (integrated circuit), and an FPC.

[0165] The circuit 464 can be, for example, a scanning line driver circuit.

[0166] The wiring 465 has a function of supplying signals and power to the display portion 462 and the circuit 464. The signals and power are input to the wiring 465 from the outside via the FPC 472 or input to the wiring 465 from the IC 473.

[0167] 10 shows an example in which an IC 473 is provided on a substrate 451 by a chip-on-glass (COG) method or a chip-on-film (COF) method. The IC 473 can be, for example, an IC having a scan line driver circuit or a signal line driver circuit. Note that the display device 400 and the display module may not include an IC. Alternatively, the IC may be mounted on an FPC by a COF method.

[0168] 11A shows an example of a cross section of the display device 400, where a part of a region including the FPC 472, a part of the circuit 464, a part of the display portion 462, and a part of a region including a connection portion are cut away. In FIG. 11A, an example of a cross section of the display portion 462, particularly a region including the light-emitting element 430b that emits green light and the light-emitting element 430c that emits blue light, is cut away.

[0169] The display device 400 shown in FIG. 11A includes the transistor 202, the transistor 210, the light-emitting element 430b, and the light-emitting element 430c between a substrate 451 and a substrate 452.

[0170] Here, when a pixel of a display device has three types of subpixels having light-emitting elements that emit different colors, the three subpixels include subpixels of three colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B), and subpixels of three colors of yellow (Y), cyan (C), and magenta (M).When a pixel of a display device has four subpixels, the four subpixels include subpixels of four colors of R, G, B, and white (W), and subpixels of four colors of R, G, B, and Y.

[0171] The substrate 452 and the protective layer 416 are bonded to each other via an adhesive layer 442. The adhesive layer 442 is provided to overlap the light-emitting element 430b and the light-emitting element 430c, and a solid sealing structure is applied to the display device 400.

[0172] The light-emitting elements 430b and 430c each include a conductive layer 411a, a conductive layer 411b, and a conductive layer 411c as pixel electrodes. The conductive layer 411b is reflective to visible light and functions as a reflective electrode. The conductive layer 411c is transparent to visible light and functions as an optical adjustment layer.

[0173] The conductive layer 411a is connected to a conductive layer 222b of the transistor 210 through an opening provided in the insulating layer 214. The transistor 210 has a function of controlling the driving of a light-emitting element.

[0174] An EL layer 412G or an EL layer 412B is provided to cover the pixel electrode. An insulating layer 421 is provided in contact with the side surfaces of the EL layer 412G and the EL layer 412B, and a resin layer 422 is provided to fill the recesses in the insulating layer 421. A layer 424 is provided between the EL layer 412G and the insulating layer 421, and between the EL layer 412B and the insulating layer 421. A common layer 414, a common electrode 413, and a protective layer 416 are provided to cover the EL layer 412G and the EL layer 412B.

[0175] Light emitted from the light-emitting element is emitted toward the substrate 452. The substrate 452 is preferably made of a material that is highly transparent to visible light.

[0176] The transistor 202 and the transistor 210 are both formed over a substrate 451. These transistors can be manufactured using the same material and through the same process.

[0177] The substrate 451 and the insulating layer 212 are bonded together by an adhesive layer 455 .

[0178] In a manufacturing method of the display device 400, first, a manufacturing substrate on which the insulating layer 212, the transistors, and the light-emitting elements are provided is bonded to a substrate 452 with an adhesive layer 442. Then, the manufacturing substrate is peeled off and a substrate 451 is attached to the exposed surface, so that the components formed on the manufacturing substrate are transferred to the substrate 451. A known method may be used for the peeling or transfer method. The substrate 451 and the substrate 452 each preferably have flexibility. This can increase the flexibility of the display device 400.

[0179] The insulating layer 212 can be formed using the inorganic insulating film that can be used for the insulating layer 211 and the insulating layer 215 .

[0180] A connection portion 204 is provided in a region of the substrate 451 where the substrate 452 does not overlap. In the connection portion 204, a wiring 465 is electrically connected to an FPC 472 via a conductive layer 466 and a connection layer 242. The conductive layer 466 can be obtained by processing the same conductive film as the pixel electrode. This allows the connection portion 204 and the FPC 472 to be electrically connected via the connection layer 242.

[0181] The transistor 202 and the transistor 210 each include a conductive layer 221 functioning as a gate, an insulating layer 211 functioning as a gate insulating layer, a semiconductor layer 231 including a channel formation region 231i and a pair of low-resistance regions 231n, a conductive layer 222a connected to one of the pair of low-resistance regions 231n, a conductive layer 222b connected to the other of the pair of low-resistance regions 231n, an insulating layer 225 functioning as a gate insulating layer, a conductive layer 223 functioning as a gate, and an insulating layer 215 covering the conductive layer 223. The insulating layer 211 is located between the conductive layer 221 and the channel formation region 231i. The insulating layer 225 is located between the conductive layer 223 and the channel formation region 231i.

[0182] The conductive layer 222a and the conductive layer 222b are each connected to the low-resistance region 231n through an opening provided in the insulating layer 215. One of the conductive layer 222a and the conductive layer 222b functions as a source, and the other functions as a drain.

[0183] 11A shows an example in which the top surface and side surfaces of the semiconductor layer are covered with an insulating layer 225. The conductive layer 222a and the conductive layer 222b are connected to the low-resistance region 231n through openings provided in the insulating layer 225 and the insulating layer 215, respectively.

[0184] 11B , the insulating layer 225 overlaps with the channel formation region 231i of the semiconductor layer 231 but does not overlap with the low-resistance region 231n. For example, the insulating layer 225 is processed using the conductive layer 223 as a mask, thereby manufacturing the structure shown in FIG. 11B . In FIG. 11B , the insulating layer 215 is provided to cover the insulating layer 225 and the conductive layer 223, and the conductive layer 222a and the conductive layer 222b are connected to the low-resistance region 231n through openings in the insulating layer 215. Furthermore, an insulating layer 218 may be provided to cover the transistor.

[0185] The structure of the transistor included in the display device of this embodiment is not particularly limited. For example, a planar transistor, a staggered transistor, or an inverted staggered transistor can be used. Furthermore, either a top-gate transistor or a bottom-gate transistor may be used. Alternatively, gates may be provided above and below a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed.

[0186] The transistor 202 and the transistor 210 have a structure in which a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed is sandwiched between two gates. The two gates may be connected and the same signal may be supplied to drive the transistor. Alternatively, the threshold voltage of the transistor may be controlled by applying a potential for controlling the threshold voltage to one of the two gates and a potential for driving to the other.

[0187] The crystallinity of a semiconductor material used for a semiconductor layer of a transistor is not particularly limited, and any of an amorphous semiconductor, a single-crystal semiconductor, and a semiconductor having crystallinity other than single crystal (a microcrystalline semiconductor, a polycrystalline semiconductor, or a semiconductor having a crystalline region in part) may be used. The use of a single-crystal semiconductor or a crystalline semiconductor is preferable because it can suppress deterioration of transistor characteristics.

[0188] The semiconductor layer of the transistor preferably includes a metal oxide (also referred to as an oxide semiconductor) that exhibits semiconductor characteristics. That is, the display device of this embodiment preferably includes a transistor in which a channel formation region is formed using a metal oxide (hereinafter referred to as an OS transistor).

[0189] The band gap of the metal oxide used for the semiconductor layer of the transistor is preferably 2 eV or more, more preferably 2.5 eV or more. Use of a metal oxide with a wide band gap can reduce the off-state current of the OS transistor.

[0190] The metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc, and more preferably contains indium and zinc. For example, the metal oxide preferably contains indium, M (wherein M is one or more selected from gallium, aluminum, yttrium, tin, silicon, boron, copper, vanadium, beryllium, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, and cobalt), and zinc.

[0191] Alternatively, the semiconductor layer of the transistor may include silicon, such as amorphous silicon or crystalline silicon (low-temperature polysilicon or single-crystal silicon).

[0192] The transistors included in the circuit 464 may have the same structure as or different from the transistors included in the display portion 462. The transistors included in the circuit 464 may all have the same structure or may have two or more types of structures. Similarly, the transistors included in the display portion 462 may all have the same structure or may have two or more types of structures.

[0193] At least one insulating layer covering the transistor is preferably made of a material that is resistant to the diffusion of impurities, such as water and hydrogen. This allows the insulating layer to function as a barrier layer. With this structure, the diffusion of impurities from the outside into the transistor can be effectively suppressed, thereby improving the reliability of the display device.

[0194] It is preferable to use an inorganic insulating film for each of the insulating layers 211, 212, 215, 218, and 225. Examples of inorganic insulating films that can be used include a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, and an aluminum nitride film. Alternatively, a hafnium oxide film, an yttrium oxide film, a zirconium oxide film, a gallium oxide film, a tantalum oxide film, a magnesium oxide film, a lanthanum oxide film, a cerium oxide film, and a neodymium oxide film may be used. Two or more of the above-described inorganic insulating films may be stacked.

[0195] An organic insulating film is suitable for the insulating layer 214 that functions as a planarizing layer. Materials that can be used for the organic insulating film include acrylic resin, polyimide resin, epoxy resin, polyamide resin, polyimideamide resin, siloxane resin, benzocyclobutene resin, phenol resin, and precursors of these resins.

[0196] Various optical components can be disposed along the inner or outer surface of substrate 452. Examples of optical components include a light-shielding layer, a polarizing plate, a retardation plate, a light diffusion layer (diffusion film), an anti-reflection layer, a microlens array, and a light-collecting film. Additionally, an antistatic film that suppresses the adhesion of dust, a water-repellent film that makes it difficult for dirt to adhere, a hard coat film that suppresses scratches during use, and an impact-absorbing layer may be disposed on the outer surface of substrate 452.

[0197] By providing the protective layer 416 that covers the light-emitting element, impurities such as water can be prevented from entering the light-emitting element, and the reliability of the light-emitting element can be improved.

[0198] 11A shows a connection portion 228. The common electrode 413 and a wiring are electrically connected at the connection portion 228. In FIG. 11A, an example is shown in which the same layered structure as that of the pixel electrode is applied to the wiring.

[0199] The substrate 451 and the substrate 452 can be made of glass, quartz, ceramics, sapphire, resin, metal, alloy, or semiconductor. A material that transmits light is used for the substrate on the side from which light from the light-emitting element is extracted. Using a flexible material for the substrate 451 and the substrate 452 can increase the flexibility of the display device. Alternatively, a polarizing plate may be used for the substrate 451 or the substrate 452.

[0200] The substrates 451 and 452 may each be made of a polyester resin, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), a polyacrylonitrile resin, an acrylic resin, a polyimide resin, a polymethyl methacrylate resin, a polycarbonate (PC) resin, a polyethersulfone (PES) resin, a polyamide resin (nylon, aramid), a polysiloxane resin, a cycloolefin resin, a polystyrene resin, a polyamideimide resin, a polyurethane resin, a polyvinyl chloride resin, a polyvinylidene chloride resin, a polypropylene resin, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin, an ABS resin, or a cellulose nanofiber. Glass having a thickness sufficient to provide flexibility may be used for one or both of the substrates 451 and 452.

[0201] The adhesive layer (442) can be made of various curable adhesives, such as ultraviolet-curable photocurable adhesives, reactive curable adhesives, thermosetting adhesives, and anaerobic adhesives. Examples of such adhesives include epoxy resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, phenolic resin, polyimide resin, imide resin, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resin, and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) resin. Epoxy resins with low moisture permeability are particularly preferred. Two-component resins may also be used. An adhesive sheet may also be used.

[0202] The connection layer 242 may be an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) or an anisotropic conductive paste (ACP).

[0203] Materials that can be used for the gate, source, and drain of a transistor as well as conductive layers of various wirings and electrodes that constitute a display device include metals typified by aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, tantalum, and tungsten, and alloys containing these metals as their main components. Films containing these materials can be used as a single layer or a stacked structure.

[0204] Examples of light-transmitting conductive materials include conductive oxides such as indium oxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, and zinc oxide containing gallium, or graphene. Alternatively, metal materials such as gold, silver, platinum, magnesium, nickel, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, copper, palladium, and titanium, or alloy materials containing such metal materials, can be used. Alternatively, nitrides of such metal materials (e.g., titanium nitride) can be used. When using metal materials or alloy materials (or their nitrides), it is preferable to thin them sufficiently to ensure light-transmitting properties. A stacked film of the above materials can also be used as a conductive layer. For example, a stacked film of an alloy of silver and magnesium and indium tin oxide is preferable because it can enhance conductivity. These materials can also be used for conductive layers, such as various wirings and electrodes constituting a display device, and conductive layers (conductive layers functioning as pixel electrodes or common electrodes) of light-emitting elements.

[0205] Examples of insulating materials that can be used for each insulating layer include resins such as acrylic resins and epoxy resins, and inorganic insulating materials such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, and aluminum oxide.

[0206] This embodiment can be implemented by appropriately combining at least a part of it with other embodiments described in this specification. For example, to realize a large display area composed of curved or flat surfaces, it is preferable to use a combination of multiple display devices 400, and it is preferable to make the boundaries between adjacent display areas inconspicuous.

[0207] Embodiment 6 In this embodiment, a light-emitting element (also referred to as a light-emitting device) that can be used for a display device that is one embodiment of the present invention will be described.

[0208] [Light-Emitting Device] Light-emitting devices can be broadly divided into single structures and tandem structures. A single-structure device has one light-emitting unit between a pair of electrodes. The light-emitting unit includes one or more light-emitting layers. When two light-emitting layers are used in a single structure to obtain white light emission, light-emitting layers can be selected so that the emission colors of the two light-emitting layers are complementary to each other. For example, in the case of a two-color device, the emission color of the first light-emitting layer and the emission color of the second light-emitting layer can be complementary to each other, thereby achieving a configuration in which the entire light-emitting device emits white light. When three or more light-emitting layers are used to obtain white light emission, the emission colors of the three or more light-emitting layers can be combined to produce a configuration in which the entire light-emitting device emits white light. The same applies to light-emitting devices having three or more light-emitting layers.

[0209] A tandem-structure device has multiple light-emitting units between a pair of electrodes. Each light-emitting unit is configured to include one or more light-emitting layers. By using light-emitting layers that emit light of the same color in each light-emitting unit, the brightness per given current can be increased, and the device can be made more reliable than a single-structure light-emitting device. To obtain white light emission in a tandem structure, the light from the light-emitting layers of the multiple light-emitting units can be combined to obtain white light emission. Note that the combination of light-emitting colors that can produce white light emission is the same as in the single-structure configuration. Note that in a tandem-structure device, it is preferable to provide an intermediate layer, such as a charge-generating layer, between the multiple light-emitting units.

[0210] When comparing a white light-emitting device with a light-emitting device having an SBS structure, the light-emitting device with an SBS structure can consume less power than the white light-emitting device, and the manufacturing process of the white light-emitting device is simpler than that of the light-emitting device having an SBS structure, so the manufacturing cost can be lower and the manufacturing yield can be higher.

[0211] 12A , the light-emitting device has an EL layer 790 between a pair of electrodes (a lower electrode 791 and an upper electrode 792). The EL layer 790 can be composed of multiple layers, including a layer 720, a light-emitting layer 711, and a layer 730. The layer 720 can have, for example, a layer containing a substance with high electron injection properties (electron injection layer) and a layer containing a substance with high electron transport properties (electron transport layer). The light-emitting layer 711 contains, for example, a light-emitting compound. The layer 730 can have, for example, a layer containing a substance with high hole injection properties (hole injection layer) and a layer containing a substance with high hole transport properties (hole transport layer).

[0212] A structure having the layer 720, the light-emitting layer 711, and the layer 730 provided between a pair of electrodes can function as a single light-emitting unit, and the structure of FIG. 12A is referred to as a single structure in this specification.

[0213] 12B includes layers 730-1 and 730-2, a light-emitting layer 711, layers 720-1 and 720-2, and an upper electrode 792 on a lower electrode 791. For example, the lower electrode 791 serves as an anode, and the upper electrode 792 serves as a cathode. In this case, the layer 730-1 functions as a hole injection layer, the layer 730-2 functions as a hole transport layer, the layer 720-1 functions as an electron transport layer, and the layer 720-2 functions as an electron injection layer. On the other hand, when the lower electrode 791 serves as a cathode and the upper electrode 792 serves as an anode, the layer 730-1 functions as an electron injection layer, the layer 730-2 functions as an electron transport layer, the layer 720-1 functions as a hole transport layer, and the layer 720-2 functions as a hole injection layer. This layer structure allows carriers to be efficiently injected into the light-emitting layer 711, thereby increasing the efficiency of carrier recombination within the light-emitting layer 711.

[0214] As shown in FIGS. 12C and 12D, a configuration in which a plurality of light-emitting layers (light-emitting layers 711, 712, and 713) are provided between the layer 720 and the layer 730 is also a variation of the single structure.

[0215] 12E and 12F, a configuration in which a plurality of light-emitting units (EL layer 790a, EL layer 790b) are connected in series via an intermediate layer (charge generating layer) 740 is referred to as a tandem structure in this specification. The tandem structure may also be referred to as a stack structure. Note that the tandem structure makes it possible to obtain a light-emitting device capable of emitting light with high brightness.

[0216] 12C, light-emitting materials that emit light of the same color, or even the same light-emitting material, may be used for the light-emitting layers 711, 712, and 713. Stacking the light-emitting layers can increase the luminance of emitted light.

[0217] Furthermore, different light-emitting materials may be used for the light-emitting layer 711, the light-emitting layer 712, and the light-emitting layer 713. When the light emitted from the light-emitting layer 711, the light-emitting layer 712, and the light-emitting layer 713 has a complementary color relationship, white light can be obtained. Fig. 12D shows an example in which a colored layer 795 that functions as a color filter is provided. When white light passes through the color filter, light of a desired color can be obtained.

[0218] 12E, the light-emitting layer 711 and the light-emitting layer 712 may be made of light-emitting materials that emit light of the same color. Alternatively, the light-emitting layer 711 and the light-emitting layer 712 may be made of light-emitting materials that emit different colors. When the light emitted by the light-emitting layer 711 and the light emitted by the light-emitting layer 712 are complementary colors, white light is obtained. FIG. 12F shows an example in which a colored layer 795 is further provided.

[0219] 12C, 12D, 12E, and 12F, the layer 720 and the layer 730 may have a laminated structure consisting of two or more layers, as shown in FIG. 12B.

[0220] 12D, light-emitting layers 711, 712, and 713 may be made of light-emitting materials that emit light of the same color. Similarly, in FIG. 12F, light-emitting layers 711 and 712 may be made of light-emitting materials that emit light of the same color. In this case, by applying a color conversion layer instead of colored layer 795, light of a desired color different from the light-emitting material can be obtained. For example, by using a blue light-emitting material in each light-emitting layer and transmitting blue light through the color conversion layer, light with a wavelength longer than blue (e.g., red or green) can be obtained. Fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials, or quantum dots can be used as the color conversion layer.

[0221] The light-emitting device can emit light of red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, or white, depending on the material of the EL layer 790. Furthermore, the color purity can be further improved by providing the light-emitting device with a microcavity structure.

[0222] A light-emitting device that emits white light may have a structure in which two or more types of light-emitting materials are contained in the light-emitting layer, or may have two or more stacked light-emitting layers containing different light-emitting materials, in which case the light-emitting materials should be selected so that the light emitted from each of the light-emitting materials has a complementary color relationship.

[0223] [Light-Emitting Device] Here, a specific example of the configuration of the light-emitting device will be described.

[0224] The light-emitting device has at least a light-emitting layer. The light-emitting device may further have, as a layer other than the light-emitting layer, a layer containing a substance with high hole-injection properties, a substance with high hole-transport properties, a hole-blocking material, a substance with high electron-transport properties, an electron-blocking material, a substance with high electron-injection properties, or a bipolar substance (a substance with high electron-transport properties and high hole-transport properties).

[0225] The light-emitting device can be made of either a low-molecular-weight compound or a high-molecular-weight compound, and may contain an inorganic compound. The layers constituting the light-emitting device can be formed by vapor deposition (including vacuum vapor deposition), transfer, printing, inkjet, or coating.

[0226] For example, the light-emitting device may have, in addition to the light-emitting layer, one or more of a hole-injection layer, a hole-transport layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron-blocking layer, an electron-transport layer, and an electron-injection layer.

[0227] The hole injection layer is a layer that injects holes from the anode into the hole transport layer and contains a substance with high hole injection properties, such as an aromatic amine compound and a composite material containing a hole transport material and an acceptor material (electron acceptor material).

[0228] The hole transport layer is a layer that transports holes injected from the anode by the hole injection layer to the light emitting layer. The hole transport layer is a layer that contains a hole transport material. The hole transport material is a material having a concentration of 1×10 −６ cm ２ A substance having a hole mobility of 1 / Vs or more is preferred. Note that other substances can also be used as long as they have a higher hole transporting property than electron transporting property. As the hole transporting material, a substance having a high hole transporting property, such as a π-electron-rich heteroaromatic compound (e.g., a carbazole derivative, a thiophene derivative, or a furan derivative) or an aromatic amine (a compound having an aromatic amine skeleton) is preferred.

[0229] The electron transport layer is a layer that transports electrons injected from the cathode by the electron injection layer to the light emitting layer. The electron transport layer is a layer that contains an electron transporting material. The electron transporting material is a material having a molecular weight of 1×10 −６ cm ２A substance having an electron mobility of 1 / Vs or more is preferred. Note that other substances can also be used as long as they have a higher electron transporting property than holes. Examples of electron-transporting materials that can be used include metal complexes having a quinoline skeleton, metal complexes having a benzoquinoline skeleton, metal complexes having an oxazole skeleton, and metal complexes having a thiazole skeleton, as well as oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, quinoline derivatives having a quinoline ligand, benzoquinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, dibenzoquinoxaline derivatives, pyridine derivatives, bipyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, and other π-electron-deficient heteroaromatic compounds including nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds.

[0230] The electron injection layer is a layer that injects electrons from the cathode to the electron transport layer and contains a substance with high electron injection properties. Examples of the substance with high electron injection properties include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and compounds thereof. Examples of the substance with high electron injection properties include a composite material containing an electron transport material and a donor material (electron donor material).

[0231] The electron injection layer may be formed of, for example, lithium, cesium, ytterbium, lithium fluoride (LiF), cesium fluoride (CsF), calcium fluoride (CaF ２ ), 8-(quinolinolato)lithium (abbreviation: Liq), 2-(2-pyridyl)phenolatolithium (abbreviation: LiPP), 2-(2-pyridyl)-3-pyridinolatolithium (abbreviation: LiPPy), 4-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)phenolatolithium (abbreviation: LiPPP), lithium oxide (LiO ｘ ), alkali metals such as cesium carbonate, alkaline earth metals, or compounds thereof can be used. The electron injection layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers. For example, the stacked structure may have a structure in which lithium fluoride is used in the first layer and ytterbium is provided in the second layer.

[0232] Alternatively, the electron injection layer may be formed using a material having electron transport properties. For example, a compound having an unshared electron pair and an electron-deficient heteroaromatic ring may be used as the material having electron transport properties. Specifically, a compound having at least one of a pyridine ring, a diazine ring (pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, pyridazine ring), and a triazine ring may be used.

[0233] The organic compound having an unshared electron pair preferably has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of −3.6 eV to −2.3 eV. Generally, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level and the LUMO level of an organic compound can be estimated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), photoelectron spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, or inverse photoelectron spectroscopy.

[0234] For example, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen), 2,9-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (abbreviation: NBPhen), diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (abbreviation: HATNA), and 2,4,6-tris[3'-(pyridin-3-yl)biphenyl-3-yl]-1,3,5-triazine (abbreviation: TmPPPyTz) can be used as the organic compound having an unshared electron pair. Note that NBPhen has a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and is more heat resistant than BPhen.

[0235] The light-emitting layer is a layer containing a light-emitting substance. The light-emitting layer can contain one or more light-emitting substances. As the light-emitting substance, a substance that emits blue, purple, blue-purple, green, yellow-green, yellow, orange, or red light is appropriately used. Furthermore, a substance that emits near-infrared light can also be used as the light-emitting substance.

[0236] Examples of the light-emitting material include fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials, TADF materials, and quantum dot materials.

[0237] Examples of fluorescent materials include pyrene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, triphenylene derivatives, fluorene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzoquinoxaline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, phenanthrene derivatives, and naphthalene derivatives.

[0238] Examples of phosphorescent materials include organometallic complexes (particularly iridium complexes) having a 4H-triazole skeleton, a 1H-triazole skeleton, an imidazole skeleton, a pyrimidine skeleton, a pyrazine skeleton, or a pyridine skeleton; organometallic complexes (particularly iridium complexes) having a phenylpyridine derivative having an electron-withdrawing group as a ligand; platinum complexes; and rare earth metal complexes.

[0239] The light-emitting layer may contain one or more organic compounds (host material, assist material) in addition to a light-emitting substance (guest material). As the one or more organic compounds, one or both of a hole-transporting material and an electron-transporting material may be used. Furthermore, as the one or more organic compounds, a bipolar material or a TADF material may be used.

[0240] The light-emitting layer preferably includes, for example, a phosphorescent material and a hole-transporting material and an electron-transporting material that are a combination that easily forms an exciplex. This configuration allows for efficient emission using Exciplex-Triple Energy Transfer (ExTET), which is energy transfer from the exciplex to the light-emitting material (phosphorescent material). By selecting a combination that forms an exciplex that emits light that overlaps with the wavelength of the lowest-energy absorption band of the light-emitting material, energy transfer becomes smooth, allowing for efficient emission. This configuration simultaneously enables high efficiency, low-voltage operation, and long life of the light-emitting device.

[0241] At least a part of the configuration examples exemplified in this embodiment and the drawings corresponding thereto can be appropriately combined with other configuration examples or drawings.

[0242] This embodiment mode can be implemented by appropriately combining at least a part thereof with other embodiment modes described in this specification.

[0243] Embodiment 7 In this embodiment, a light-receiving device that can be used for a display device of one embodiment of the present invention and a display device having a light-receiving and light-emitting function will be described.

[0244] The light receiving device may be, for example, a pn-type or pin-type photodiode. The light receiving device functions as a photoelectric conversion device (also called a photoelectric conversion element) that detects light incident on the light receiving device and generates electric charges. The amount of electric charges generated by the light receiving device is determined based on the amount of light incident on the light receiving device.

[0245] In particular, it is preferable to use an organic photodiode having a layer containing an organic compound as the light-receiving device. Organic photodiodes can be easily made thin, lightweight, and large in area, and have a high degree of freedom in shape and design, making them applicable to a variety of display devices.

[0246] 13A, the light-receiving device has a layer 765 between a pair of electrodes (a lower electrode 761 and an upper electrode 762). The layer 765 has at least one active layer and may further have other layers.

[0247] 13B shows a modification of the layer 765 included in the light-receiving device shown in FIG. 13A. Specifically, the light-receiving device shown in FIG. 13B includes a layer 766 on a lower electrode 761, an active layer 767 on the layer 766, a layer 768 on the active layer 767, and an upper electrode 762 on the layer 768.

[0248] The active layer 767 functions as a photoelectric conversion layer.

[0249] When the lower electrode 761 is an anode and the upper electrode 762 is a cathode, the layer 766 includes a hole transport layer and / or an electron blocking layer. The layer 768 includes an electron transport layer and / or a hole blocking layer. When the lower electrode 761 is a cathode and the upper electrode 762 is an anode, the layers 766 and 768 have the reversed structures.

[0250] Here, in a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention, a layer shared by the light-receiving device and the light-emitting device (which may also be referred to as a continuous layer shared by the light-receiving device and the light-emitting device) may be present. Such a layer may have different functions in the light-emitting device and the light-receiving device. In this specification, components may be referred to based on their functions in the light-emitting device. For example, a hole injection layer functions as a hole injection layer in the light-emitting device and as a hole transport layer in the light-receiving device. Similarly, an electron injection layer functions as an electron injection layer in the light-emitting device and as an electron transport layer in the light-receiving device. Furthermore, a layer shared by the light-receiving device and the light-emitting device may have the same function in the light-emitting device and in the light-receiving device. A hole transport layer functions as a hole transport layer in both the light-emitting device and the light-receiving device, and an electron transport layer functions as an electron transport layer in both the light-emitting device and the light-receiving device.

[0251] Next, materials that can be used for the light-receiving device will be described.

[0252] The light-receiving device can be made of either a low-molecular-weight compound or a high-molecular-weight compound, and may contain an inorganic compound. The layers constituting the light-receiving device can be formed by vapor deposition (including vacuum vapor deposition), transfer, printing, inkjet, or coating.

[0253] The active layer of the light-receiving device includes a semiconductor. Examples of the semiconductor include inorganic semiconductors, such as silicon, and organic semiconductors containing organic compounds. In this embodiment, an example in which an organic semiconductor is used as the semiconductor of the active layer is shown. Using an organic semiconductor is preferable because the light-emitting layer and the active layer can be formed by the same method (e.g., vacuum deposition), allowing the use of a common manufacturing apparatus.

[0254] The n-type semiconductor material of the active layer is fullerene (e.g., C ６０ , C ７０Examples of the fullerene derivative include [6,6]-Phenyl-C71-butylic acid methyl ester (abbreviation: PC70BM), [6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butylic acid methyl ester (abbreviation: PC60BM), and 1',1",4',4"-Tetrahydro-di[1,4]methanenaphthaleno[1,2:2',3',56,60:2"3"][5,6]fullerene-C60 (abbreviation: ICBA).

[0255] Examples of n-type semiconductor materials include perylene tetracarboxylic acid derivatives typified by N,N′-dimethyl-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide (abbreviation: Me-PTCDI) and 2,2′-(5,5′-(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(thiophene-5,2-diyl))bis(methane-1-yl-1-ylidene)dimalononitrile (abbreviation: FT2TDMN).

[0256] Furthermore, examples of n-type semiconductor materials include metal complexes having a quinoline skeleton, metal complexes having a benzoquinoline skeleton, metal complexes having an oxazole skeleton, metal complexes having a thiazole skeleton, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, quinoline derivatives, benzoquinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, dibenzoquinoxaline derivatives, pyridine derivatives, bipyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, coumarin derivatives, rhodamine derivatives, triazine derivatives, and quinone derivatives.

[0257] Examples of p-type semiconductor materials contained in the active layer include electron-donating organic semiconductor materials such as copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc), tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanzene (DBP), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), tin phthalocyanine (SnPc), quinacridone, and rubrene.

[0258] Examples of p-type semiconductor materials include carbazole derivatives, thiophene derivatives, furan derivatives, and compounds having an aromatic amine skeleton. Examples of p-type semiconductor materials include naphthalene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, triphenylene derivatives, fluorene derivatives, pyrrole derivatives, benzofuran derivatives, benzothiophene derivatives, indole derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, indolocarbazole derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, quinacridone derivatives, rubrene derivatives, tetracene derivatives, polyphenylenevinylene derivatives, polyparaphenylene derivatives, polyfluorene derivatives, polyvinylcarbazole derivatives, and polythiophene derivatives.

[0259] The HOMO level of the electron-donating organic semiconductor material is preferably shallower (higher) than the HOMO level of the electron-accepting organic semiconductor material, and the LUMO level of the electron-donating organic semiconductor material is preferably shallower (higher) than the LUMO level of the electron-accepting organic semiconductor material.

[0260] It is preferable to use a spherical fullerene as the electron-accepting organic semiconductor material and a planar organic semiconductor material as the electron-donating organic semiconductor material. Molecules with similar shapes tend to aggregate together, and when molecules of the same type aggregate, the energy levels of their molecular orbitals become close, which can improve carrier transport properties.

[0261] Furthermore, the active layer may contain a polymer compound such as Poly[[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl[5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4,8-dioxo-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-1,3-diyl]] polymer (abbreviated as PBDB-T) or a PBDB-T derivative, which functions as a donor. For example, a method of dispersing an acceptor material in PBDB-T or a PBDB-T derivative may be used.

[0262] For example, the active layer is preferably formed by co-evaporating an n-type semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor, or may be formed by laminating an n-type semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor.

[0263] The active layer may also contain a mixture of three or more materials. For example, in order to expand the wavelength range, a third material may be mixed in addition to an n-type semiconductor material and a p-type semiconductor material. In this case, the third material may be a low-molecular-weight compound or a high-molecular-weight compound.

[0264] The light-receiving device may further include a layer containing a substance with high hole-transporting properties, a substance with high electron-transporting properties, or a bipolar substance (a substance with high electron-transporting properties and high hole-transporting properties) as a layer other than the active layer. Furthermore, without being limited to the above, the light-receiving device may further include a layer containing a substance with high hole-injecting properties, a hole-blocking material, a substance with high electron-injecting properties, or an electron-blocking material. For the layer other than the active layer of the light-receiving device, for example, the materials that can be used in the light-emitting device described above can be used.

[0265] For example, a polymer compound such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT / PSS) and an inorganic compound such as molybdenum oxide or copper iodide (CuI) can be used as the hole transport material or electron blocking material. Furthermore, an inorganic compound such as zinc oxide (ZnO) or an organic compound such as polyethyleneimine ethoxylate (PEIE) can be used as the electron transport material or hole blocking material. The light-receiving device may have, for example, a mixed film of PEIE and ZnO.

[0266] [Display Device Having Light Detection Function] In a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention, light-emitting devices are arranged in a matrix in a display portion, and an image can be displayed on the display portion. Furthermore, light-receiving devices are arranged in a matrix in the display portion, and the display portion has one or both of an imaging function and a sensing function in addition to an image display function. The display portion can be used as an image sensor or a touch sensor. That is, by detecting light in the display portion, an image can be captured or the proximity or contact of an object (a finger, a hand, or a pen) can be detected.

[0267] Furthermore, in the display device of one embodiment of the present invention, the light-emitting device can be used as a light source for the sensor portion. In the display device of one embodiment of the present invention, when light emitted from the light-emitting device included in the display portion is reflected (or scattered) by an object, the light-receiving device can detect the reflected light (or scattered light), thereby enabling imaging or touch detection even in a dark place.

[0268] Therefore, a light receiving unit and a light source are not required to be provided separately from the display device, and the number of components of the electronic device can be reduced. For example, a biometric authentication device or a capacitive touch panel for scrolling is not required to be provided separately in the electronic device. Therefore, by using the display device of one embodiment of the present invention, an electronic device with reduced manufacturing costs can be provided.

[0269] Specifically, a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention has a light-emitting device and a light-receiving device in each pixel. In the display device according to one embodiment of the present invention, an organic EL device is used as the light-emitting device, and an organic photodiode is used as the light-receiving device. The organic EL device and the organic photodiode can be formed on the same substrate. Therefore, the organic photodiode can be built into a display device using an organic EL device.

[0270] In a display device having a light-emitting device and a light-receiving device in each pixel, the pixel has a light-receiving function, so that it is possible to detect contact or proximity of an object while displaying an image. For example, in addition to displaying an image using all of the sub-pixels of the display device, some of the sub-pixels can emit light as a light source and the remaining sub-pixels can display an image.

[0271] When the light receiving device is used as an image sensor, the display device can capture an image using the light receiving device. For example, the display device of the present embodiment can be used as a scanner.

[0272] For example, an image sensor can be used to capture images for personal authentication using a fingerprint, palm print, iris, pulse shape (including vein shape and artery shape), or face.

[0273] For example, an image sensor can be used to capture images of the area around the eye, the surface of the eye, or the inside of the eye (fundus) of a user of a wearable device. Therefore, the wearable device can have a function to detect one or more of the user's blinking, movement of the pupil, and movement of the eyelid.

[0274] The light receiving device can also be used as a touch sensor (also called a direct touch sensor) or a near-touch sensor (also called a hover sensor, hover touch sensor, non-contact sensor, or touchless sensor).

[0275] Here, the touch sensor or near-touch sensor can detect the proximity or contact of an object (finger, hand, or pen).

[0276] A touch sensor can detect an object when the display device and the object are in direct contact with each other. A near-touch sensor can detect an object even if the object does not touch the display device. For example, a configuration in which the display device can detect an object when the distance between the display device and the object is between 0.1 mm and 300 mm, preferably between 3 mm and 50 mm, is preferred. This configuration allows the display device to be operated without the object directly touching it, in other words, it allows the display device to be operated in a non-contact (touchless) manner. This configuration reduces the risk of the display device becoming dirty or scratched, or allows the object to operate the display device without directly touching dirt (e.g., dust or viruses) attached to the display device.

[0277] Furthermore, the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can have a variable refresh rate. For example, the refresh rate can be adjusted (for example, adjusted within a range of 1 Hz to 240 Hz) depending on the content displayed on the display device to reduce power consumption. Furthermore, the drive frequency of the touch sensor or the near-touch sensor may be changed depending on the refresh rate. For example, when the refresh rate of the display device is 120 Hz, the drive frequency of the touch sensor or the near-touch sensor can be configured to be higher than 120 Hz (typically 240 Hz). This configuration enables low power consumption and an increased response speed of the touch sensor or the near-touch sensor.

[0278] The display device 100 shown in FIGS. 13C to 13E includes, between a substrate 351 and a substrate 359, a layer 353 having a light-receiving device, a functional layer 355, and a layer 357 having a light-emitting device.

[0279] The functional layer 355 includes a circuit for driving the light-receiving device and a circuit for driving the light-emitting device. The functional layer 355 may be provided with one or more of a switch, a transistor, a capacitor, a resistor, a wiring, and a terminal. Note that when the light-emitting device and the light-receiving device are driven by a passive matrix method, a configuration without a switch or a transistor may be used.

[0280] 13C , light emitted by a light-emitting device in layer 357 having a light-emitting device is reflected by finger 352 that touches display device 100, and the reflected light is detected by a light-receiving device in layer 353 having a light-receiving device. This makes it possible to detect that finger 352 has touched display device 100.

[0281] 13D and 13E, the display device may have a function of detecting or capturing an object that is close to (not in contact with) the display device. Fig. 13D shows an example of detecting a person's finger, and Fig. 13E shows an example of detecting information about the periphery, surface, or interior of a person's eye (number of blinks, eyeball movement, eyelid movement).

[0282] This embodiment mode can be implemented by appropriately combining at least a part thereof with other embodiment modes described in this specification.

[0283] 60H: head, 61A: display device, 61B: display device, 61C: display device, 61D: display device, 61E: display device, 61F: display device, 61G: display device, 61H: display device, 61J: display device, 62: arrow mark, 63: display area, 64: non-display area, 100: display device, 101: substrate, 110: light-emitting element, 110a: light-emitting element, 110b: light-emitting element, 110B: light-emitting element, 110c: light-emitting element, 110G: light-emitting element, 110R: light-emitting element, 111: pixel electrode, 111B: pixel electrode, 111C: connection electrode, 111G: Pixel electrode, 111R: pixel electrode, 112: organic layer, 112B: organic layer, 112G: organic layer, 112R: organic layer, 113: common electrode, 114: common layer, 121: protective layer, 124a: pixel, 124b: pixel, 125: insulating layer, 126: resin layer, 128: layer, 140: connecting portion, 150: pixel, 202: transistor, 204: connecting portion, 209: transistor, 210: transistor, 211: insulating layer, 212: insulating layer, 214: insulating layer, 215: insulating layer, 218: insulating layer, 221: conductive layer, 222a: conductive layer, 222b: conductive layer, 223: conductive layer, 225: insulating layer, 228: connecting portion, 231: semiconductor layer, 231i: channel formation region, 231n: low resistance region, 242: connecting layer, 351: substrate, 352: finger, 353: layer, 355: functional layer, 357: layer, 359: substrate, 400: display device, 411a: conductive layer, 411b: conductive layer, 411c: conductive layer, 412B: EL layer, 412G: EL layer, 413: common electrode, 414: common layer, 416: protective layer, 421: insulating layer, 422: resin layer, 424: layer, 430b: light emitting element, 430c: light emitting element, 442: Adhesive layer, 451: substrate, 452: substrate, 455: adhesive layer, 462: display section, 464: circuit, 465: wiring, 466: conductive layer, 472: FPC, 473: IC, 711: light-emitting layer, 712: light-emitting layer, 713: light-emitting layer, 720: layer, 720-1: layer, 720-2: layer, 730: layer, 730-1: layer, 730-2: layer, 761: lower electrode, 762: upper electrode, 765: layer, 766: layer, 767: active layer, 768: layer, 790: EL layer, 790a: EL layer, 790b: EL layer, 791: lower electrode, 792: upper electrode, 795: colored layer

Claims

1. A display device having a substrate having a flexible film, a display surface, and a light-emitting element disposed between the substrate and the display surface, the display surface is positioned at least in front of the user's field of vision; the display device has a curved surface; The display device is configured so that changes in the image are suppressed even when the user moves their neck.

2. In claim 1, A display device, wherein at least a portion of the display surface has a strip-like, cylindrical, or hemispherical shape.

3. In claim 1, The display device has a first sensor unit that senses the head of the user.

4. In claim 1, The display device has a second sensor unit that senses the surroundings of the user.

5. In claim 1, The display device is a display device in which the display surface is obtained by combining a plurality of display panels.

6. In claim 1, A display device in which the display surface is positioned in front of and to the side of the user's field of vision.

7. In claim 1, A display device wherein the display surface is positioned in front of and above the user's field of vision.