TEXTURED SORBENT SHEETS, ASSEMBLY CONTAINING THEM AND MOLDS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE

Abstract

Textured absorbent material sheets offer improved performance in vapor adsorption applications compared to conventional sheets, systems, vessels, and other emission control equipment. Textured absorbent material sheets can be formed as part of a small, lightweight system or vessel, or integrated into a fuel tank. In some embodiments, the textured absorbent material sheets include activated carbon.

Description

Before describing the present compositions and methods, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular processes, compositions, or methodologies described, as these may vary. It should also be understood that the terminology used in the description is intended to describe the particular versions or embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the appended claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this description have the same meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art. Although any method and material similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice or testing of the embodiments of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are described herein.All publications mentioned in this description are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Nothing contained herein should be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to be prior to this description by virtue of an earlier invention. It should also be noted that, as used in the present description and in the appended claims, the singular forms a, an, and the include a plural reference unless the context otherwise indicates. Thus, for example, a reference to a combustion chamber is a reference to one or more combustion chambers and their equivalents known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. As used in this description, the term approximately means plus or minus 10% of the numerical value of the number with which it is used. Therefore, approximately 50% means within the range of 45%–55%. As used in this description, the term sorbent material is intended to encompass all known materials from any source that are capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing liquids and / or gases. For example, sorbent materials include, but are not limited to, activated carbon, natural and synthetic zeolites, silica, silica gel, alumina, zirconia, and diatomaceous earth. As used herein, the descriptions and claims of multiple sheets of sorbent material mean that there are multiple separate sheets with sides and / or surfaces close to one another. Alternatively, the descriptions and claims of sheets of multiple sorbent materials mean that there is a single sheet, but that it is rolled or folded upon itself to produce a mass of sheets stacked, rolled, or otherwise constructed with sides and / or surfaces close to one another. The term also contemplates that multiple sheets are stacked together and then rolled or folded in any other way, forming alternating layers in a single mass. The embodiments of the invention relate to devices containing one or more textured sheets of sorbent material, and to molds and methods for manufacturing sheets of textured sorbent material and devices containing these sheets. In several embodiments, the sheets of textured sorbent material may be composed of a sorbent material and a binder and have a thickness sufficient to allow portions of the sheet to be compressed and create hills and valleys of the size and shape of the desired cross-section. The devices of several embodiments may include a housing and one or more sheets of textured sorbent material. An extra-thick sheet of activated carbon, for example, greater than 1.25 mm, was pressed between a flat surface and the textured surface of a mold. The overall average thickness of the sheet was reduced, and texture was added to only one side of the sheet. The thickness of the sheet would vary with the hills and valleys of the texture pattern. This unique sheet remained stable over time and temperature because it has no way to relax back to the original thick sheet. This approach was possible with the thicker activated carbon sheet material due to its malleability. In contrast, the wavy or dimpled patterns relaxed to approach the original flat sheet configuration over time and with temperature. One solution was to add spacers between the sheets to provide stable gaps and a spiral construction. Spacers, however, add cost and bulk without any adsorption performance benefit. The best solution was to glue small strips of activated carbon foil to the flat sheet to provide a spacer that would also adsorb. This worked well in adsorption and pressure drop tests, but it was labor-intensive, introduced glue into the system, and was impractical even for prototype production. These systems differ from corrugated sheets in that, unlike corrugation, the sheet was not stretched, bent, or folded; instead, the sheet material was built up by adding layers in selected locations and patterns.Much of this description refers to emulating material buildup using etching or compression techniques, whereby the desired hill and valley textures are formed on a relatively thick sheet of activated carbon. This is distinct from dimpled patterns, where a relatively thin sheet has dimples, each resulting in a depression on one side of the sheet and a corresponding raised portion on the opposite side. Over time, these dimples relax, leaving a substantially flat sheet. The methods and textures described herein do not exhibit this same behavior. The single-sheet approach, with one flat side and the other featuring a textured pattern, resulted in physically robust spirals that were practical to manufacture and stable over time and temperature, as they had no way to relax back to the original thick sheet. When coiled or assembled into a stack of flat sheets, the texture presses against the flat side to create evenly spaced, uniformly sized channels for fluid flow. The uniformity in the size and placement of these channels means the lowest possible pressure drop for a given void fraction and the best flow distribution, which improves adsorption performance. The sheets may be textured on one or both sides. In some configurations, the resulting pattern and channels are parallel or collinear with the fluid flow through the sheets to achieve low pressure drop. The texture may also form channels and flows that are not straight, such as angled, meandering, irregular, or more complex. The molds or wrappers The central element of this description is the creation of textured sorbent sheets by compressing selected portions of a relatively thick carbon sheet. As mentioned earlier, this can be achieved by passing the carbon sheet through one or more rollers that have a negative mold inside. One option is steel rollers or others with grooved patterns. It was found that a variety of molds can be formed from rubber or another suitable material in the form of a wrap that can be attached to the circumference of a roller to achieve the desired texture and pattern. The wrap must be made of a material hard enough to imprint and compress the sorbent sheet, yet flexible enough to wrap around the roller. The wrap will contain a series of hills and valleys corresponding to, but opposite to, the desired pattern on the textured sorbent sheet.The various figures depict a variety of these molds, as well as their resulting textured sheets. A roll of steel or metal can also be modeled. The molds can also be used as flat molds or as continuous feed belts through the main rollers, particularly rubber molds. The figures are representative only and are not intended to be limiting. A variety of textures and patterns can be used depending on the desired properties. Figures 1-19 depict a variety of mold shapes. The shapes, textures, thickness, dimensions, and other features shown are illustrative. Actual molds are not limited to these designs. Through the choice of shapes, dimensions, and the placement of hills and valleys, various properties of the resulting textured sorbent sheet can be controlled. Figures 1-3 depict some standard views of a mold according to several modalities. The mold 100 itself may be made of rubber and defines a front surface 200 and a back surface 300. The front surface 200 is defined by a series of hills 210 and valleys 220 that form a texture, here a repeating diamond texture. These hills and valleys create corresponding hills and valleys in the resulting textured sorbent sheet; see, for example, Figures 20-49. The back surface 300 may be smooth, embossed, or textured. "Embossed," as used herein, is distinct from "textured." The back surface 300 may contain a pattern resulting from pattern collection during the texturizing process. Surprisingly, it was found that imprinting a pattern on the back surface of the sheet improved handling properties such as strength, grip (friction retention), etc.These patterns can be imparted by patterns on rollers such as printing rollers, transfer rollers, guide rollers, etc., or through other printing techniques. These patterns are not as large as the hills and valleys found on the textured side of the sheet. Therefore, texture, as used in the present description, refers, in the mold, to the hills and valleys used to create the complementary hills and valleys on the textured sheet. On the textured sheet, the texture (i.e., hills and valleys) provides pathways for fluid flow. In some versions, the mold or wrapper can be adapted to print the sorbent film in multiple passes. a / c / zuzz / ui oa io For example, a mold or wrapper can be used in one direction and then rotated, for example, perpendicularly, for a second pass to create a new texture. Figures 44–47 depict textured sheets made using this process. Sheets of sorbent material The sorbent material sheets of the invention may include any of the sorbent materials described above, including, but not limited to, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, natural and synthetic zeolite, silica, silica gel, alumina, zirconium, clay, carbon black, and diatomaceous earth. In certain embodiments, the sorbent material sheets may be composed of activated carbon. The adsorbents may be used alone or in combination. Activated carbon is available in various grades and types, selected based on performance requirements, cost, and other considerations. It can be granular, obtained by re-agglomerating powder; granular, obtained by crushing or sizing nutshells, wood, coal, or extruded granules; or activated carbon in powder form. Activated carbon can be produced through carbonization and activation processes. Raw materials such as wood, nutshells, coal, pitch, etc., are oxidized and devolatilized, then activated with steam and / or gassed carbon dioxide to form the porous structure in the activated carbon that is useful for adsorption. The initial oxidation, devolatilization, and activation processes may include chemical treatment with a dehydrating agent, such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or combinations thereof. A variety of activation processes are known in the art. The most useful processes for providing activated carbon for the sorbent material sheets of the claimed invention involve a step of providing wood and / or wood byproducts, acid treatment of the wood and / or wood byproducts by exposure to phosphoric acid, and carbonization of the wood and / or wood byproducts by using gasification with steam and / or carbon dioxide. This process results in activated carbon particles that have the highest butane work capacity (BWC), which is a measure of activated carbon performance. BWC measurements are mentioned in two ways in this description. One test method is ASTM D5228, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Work Capacity of Activated Carbon.” This method is referred to in this description as ASTM BWC.A second method is designated EPA BWC and is referenced in the United States Code of Federal Regulations, CFR 86.132-96, section (h). These methods were modified as required to accommodate the various textured sheet configurations described below. Specifically, for the ASTM BWC method, the sheets are tightly rolled to occupy the same volume at a 1-inch diameter as the test method requires at a smaller diameter. For the EPA BWC method, five adsorption-purge cycles were run for laboratory evaluation, and the last three were averaged to obtain a single value. Activated carbon can be formed from materials including bagasse, bamboo, coconut husks, peat, hardwoods and softwoods in the form of sawdust and scrap, lignite, coal and coal tar (bituminous and subbituminous), petroleum pitch, asphalt and bitumen, corn stalks and husks, wheat straw, spent grains, rice husks and hulls, nut shells and their combinations. The sheets of sorbent material may also include one or more binders.The forms are not limited to particular binders, which may include polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE or Teflon), polyvinylidene fluorides (PVF2 or PVDF), ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers (EPDM), polyethylene oxides (PEO), UV-curable acrylates, UV-curable methacrylates, heat-curable divinyl ethers, polybutylene terephthalate, acetal resin or polyoxymethylene, fluoroelastomers such as perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) and tetrafluoroethylene / propylene rubbers (FEPM), aramid polymers such as para-aramid and meta-aramid polymers, trimethylene terephthalate, ethylene acrylic elastomers, polyimide, polyamide-imides, polyurethanes, low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, biaxially oriented polypropylene (BoPP), terephthalate of polyethylene (PET), biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET), polychloroprene and copolymers and combinations thereof.The binders can be thermoplastic or thermosetting as required by the conditions, and may include mixtures of thermoplastic and thermosetting compounds. The amount of binder may be from approximately 5% to approximately 40% by weight of the total composition, and in certain embodiments, the amount of binder may be from approximately 5% to approximately 20% by weight, approximately 5% to approximately 15% by weight, or 5% to approximately 10% by weight of the total composition, or any individual amount or range encompassing these example amounts. In some embodiments, the amount of binder is approximately 11% by weight. In some embodiments, the sheets of sorbent material may include a solvent, which may generally be present in small residual amounts of, for example, less than approximately 10%, less than approximately 5%, or less than approximately 2% and more than approximately 0.1% or approximately 0.2% by weight. In particular, in some embodiments, the sheets of sorbent material may contain no solvent (0%).When the above quantities of materials are selected, in some modalities, the remainder of the material is the sorbent material, described above. In some embodiments, the textured sorbent material sheets may have a thickness measured in a valley of less than approximately 1 mm, from approximately 0.1 mm to approximately 1.0 mm, from approximately 0.2 mm to approximately 0.90 mm, from approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 0.95 mm, from approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 0.90 mm, or any individual thickness or range encompassed by these example ranges. In some embodiments, the sheets of textured sorbent material may have a thickness measured at a hill or peak of approximately 1.0 to approximately 1.5 mm, approximately 1.5 mm, approximately 1.4 mm, approximately 1.3 mm, approximately 1.2 mm, approximately 1.1 mm, approximately 1.0 mm, or any individual thickness or interval encompassed by either of these two values. In some modalities, the distance from the top of a hill to the bottom of a valley is approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 1.0 mm. In some modalities, the distance is approximately 0.6 mm, approximately 0.5 mm, approximately 0.4 mm, approximately 0.3 mm, approximately 0.2 mm, 0.1 mm, or any individual distance or interval encompassed by either of these two values. The sheets of sorbent material in various forms may have a density of approximately 0.05 g / ml to approximately 2.0 g / ml as measured by the particle density test, and in other forms, the sheets of sorbent material may have a density of 0.08 g / ml to approximately 1.5 g / ml, approximately 0.1 g / ml, or approximately 1.3 g / ml as measured by the particle density test, or any density or range encompassed by these example ranges. The ASTM BWC for each sheet of sorbent material may be greater than approximately 10 g / 100 ml, and in some forms, the ASTM BWC may be from approximately 7.0 g / 100 ml to approximately 30 g / 100 ml.0 g / 100 mi to approximately 25 g / 100 mi, from approximately 10 g / 100 mi to approximately 20 g / 100 mi, from approximately 10 g / 100 mi to approximately 15 g / 100 mi, from approximately 11 g / 100 mi to approximately 15 g / 100 mi, from approximately 12 g / 100 mi to approximately 15 g / 100 mi or any individual BWC or range covered by these example ranges. In other examples, the ASTM BWC may be approximately 9 g / 100 ml to approximately 15 g / 100 ml, approximately 12 g / 100 ml to approximately 20 g / 100 ml, approximately 13 g / 100 ml to approximately 20 g / 100 ml, approximately 14 g / 100 ml to approximately 20 g / 100 ml, or approximately 15 g / 100 ml to approximately 20 g / 100 ml. It is also contemplated that any of the endpoints of the above ranges may be combined to form new and distinct ranges. In some embodiments, each sorbent sheet has a density of approximately 0.08 g / ml to approximately 1.5 g / ml. The sorbent material sheets of the present invention have a higher performance as measured by ASTM BWC than conventional sorbent materials that are provided in powder or other particle forms. The sorbent material sheets of the various embodiments can be manufactured by any suitable process. In some embodiments, the sorbent material sheets can be manufactured by pulverizing granular or pelletized sorbent material into a powder, and then mixing the powder with a binder to form a slurry. It is preferred to mix the slurry under high shear and roll the slurry to form the sorbent material sheet. Heating can also be used to aid in mixing and rolling the material. The pulverizing stage can produce sorbent particles having an average particle diameter of approximately 0.001 mm to approximately 0.2 mm, approximately 0.005 mm to approximately 0.1 mm, or approximately 0.01 mm to approximately 0.0.75 mm, or any individual particle diameter or range encompassed by these example ranges, and in certain embodiments, the powdered sorbent particles may have an average particle diameter of approximately 0.001 mm to approximately 0.01 mm. The step of mixing the powder with a binder may include mixing the sorbent particle powder with approximately 5% to approximately 40% by weight or approximately 5% to approximately 10% by weight of the total composition, or any individual amount or range within these example ranges. Optional heating may be carried out at any temperature sufficient to remove residual solvent, such as, for example, from approximately 50 °C to approximately 200 °C. The sorbent material sheet of the invention may include various particle size distributions to increase the packing efficiency of the powder within the sorbent material sheets. The selection of different particle sizes can also improve the rheological properties of the powder and surrounding binders, allowing for better mixing and a more uniform particle distribution before the formation of the sorbent material sheets. In some embodiments, the particles in the sorbent material sheet may have a single particle size distribution, and in other embodiments, the particles may have two distributions. Λ / c / zuzz / ui oa io different particle size. In additional modes, the particle can have at least three different particle size distributions. The average particle sizes of at least two different particle populations, each with a particular size distribution, can be selected to have a ratio of between approximately 1:1 and approximately 1:15. In other embodiments, the average particle sizes of the two different particle populations can have a ratio of approximately 1:1 to approximately 1:10. The average particle sizes can also have a ratio of approximately 1:1 to approximately 1:5, or combinations of any of the ratios listed above. Spiral-wound and stacked sheet assemblies have a significantly higher ASTM BWC sorbent capacity than prior art fuel vapor recovery adsorbents for a given volume. This capacity can be used in several ways. In some configurations, the sorbent material sheets can provide enhanced contamination controls in jurisdictions where such high levels of control are required. In other configurations, the overall size, cost, and weight of an onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) system can be reduced for a specific level of performance.In further embodiments, an ORVR adsorption device can be designed to have higher performance than conventional adsorption vessels, thereby allowing the designer to omit the costly and complex non-returnable fuel pump systems that would otherwise be required to reduce evaporative emissions. Higher-performance adsorption devices can also eliminate the need for active condensate vapor systems, thus avoiding the size, weight, and cost of compressor pumps and condensate storage tanks. It should be understood, however, that the ORVR adsorption device using the sorbent material sheets of the invention can also be combined with these devices for exceptionally high performance and minimal penalty in size, weight, and cost compared to conventional systems. Sheets of sorbent material can be configured together in a variety of ways depending on the physical space they must fit into, the required device performance, and the features located near the sheets. In some configurations, the sheets may include folds and / or holes or openings to increase the surface area of ​​the sorbent material exposed to the passing fluid, thus increasing performance for a given total sheet surface area. The various folds, holes, and openings can also be sized and positioned to accommodate internal and external features, such as fluid channels, piping, sensors, and valves. The folds in the sorbent material sheets can take a variety of forms, such as a spiral-wrapped configuration in a cylindrical or elliptical shape.The folds can also be S-shaped, or convex or concave C-shaped, depending on the required dimensions of the device and / or any other required internal or external features. The sheets of sorbent material can also be stacked in a flat or curved configuration, and the stacked sheets can be square, rectangular, circular, oval, or other irregularly shaped as needed to fit the intended space. This, in combination with the housing features discussed below, allows devices formed from sheets of sorbent material to fit into smaller spaces and more irregularly shaped than prior art vessel devices, thus maximizing the vehicle's interior space. In addition to the configurations described above, the sheets of sorbent material can also have surface features.In some embodiments, the sheets of sorbent material may include raised portions, and in others, they may include recessed portions. These surface features can be combined within the same sheet. The inclusion of raised and / or recessed portions in the sheets can be used to form various configurations between the sheets as they are stacked, wrapped, and so on. For example, the sheets can be aligned so that the raised and / or recessed portions interlock, bringing adjacent sheets closer together. Alternatively, the sheets can be aligned so that the raised and / or recessed portions do not interlock, creating a gap between adjacent sheets. This alignment can be used to form various channels for vapor adsorption between the sheets. A sheet of activated carbon > 0.9 mm thick was pressed between a flat surface and a textured surface. This compression can be performed during sheet manufacturing in a roller mill, using a smooth roll and a roll with grooves or notches machined into it. The mill and both rolls would need to be able to withstand the high hydraulic pressures required to form the sheet in a single stage (e.g., chrome-plated steel rolls). In some embodiments, the grooved roll may have grooves formed integrally within it or may have a mold (or wrap) adhered to it, such as a rubber mold, in which the grooves are formed. Regardless, the grooves form the negative of the desired pattern on the textured sorbent sheet. That is, a hill in the mold will create a valley in the textured sheet, and a valley in the mold will create a hill in the textured sheet. The texture is chosen to achieve the desired properties, which include, among others, empty space. Alternatively, a thicker activated carbon sheet than required, for example, 1 mm, can be manufactured using a high-pressure roller mill with two smooth rollers. This thicker sheet would then pass through a second mill with one smooth roller and the other roller with machined grooves or notches. The second mill could also include two textured rollers. This second mill would not require such high pressure since the sheet's density and durability were achieved in the first mill. As a result, the second mill can use a wrap around one of the rollers (made of rubber or polymer, for example) that has the textured surface pattern. This simplifies the equipment required and reduces the expense of changing the texture pattern. Alternatively, the wrapping (made of rubber or polymer, for example) with a textured surface pattern can be stamped onto the thick sheet placed on a flat surface. This could be done manually on a flat table or using a calendar unit. In all three approaches, the overall average thickness of the sheet can be reduced through compression, and in the process, the texture pattern is added to one side of the sheet. The sheet thickness would vary with the hills and valleys of the texture pattern. Starting with a thicker sheet than required ensures that the minimum thickness (in the valleys of the pattern) still contains enough sheet to provide physical strength. It was also observed during manufacturing that in sheets where one side was smooth, minimal texture extracted from a roller actually provided additional strength. Therefore, in some embodiments, one side of the textured sheet is provided with texture, in the sense that it creates hills and valleys to generate a pressure drop, and the other side has a pattern so that the pattern adds strength to the sheet, without necessarily contributing significantly to the pressure drop. Product made of sorbent sheet material The textured sorbent sheets described above are combined into a textured sorbent sheet product. This combination of textured sorbent sheets takes advantage of one or more of the characteristics described above, such as a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, reduced void space, improved sorbent performance, etc. Generally, the individual textured sorbent sheets are arranged side-by-side to form a textured sorbent sheet product comprising sheets that are stacked, rolled, wrapped, folded, and / or laminated so that the surfaces of the sorbent sheets are very close to or adjacent to each other. Regardless of the arrangement, the objective is to maximize the surface area of ​​the sheets exposed to the vapor, fluid, and / or gas stream and, therefore, the performance of the textured sorbent sheets. Stacked Textured Sorb Sheet Product: The stacked textured sorbent sheet product of the invention comprises two or more sorbent sheets, each defining a top surface and a bottom surface, and having a known combined total surface area, wherein each sorbent sheet comprises a textured sorbent material and a binder; wherein adjacent sorbent sheets are stacked and arranged such that adjacent top and bottom surfaces are substantially congruent to each other, and are aligned to permit fluid flow, at least, between adjacent top and bottom surfaces. Alternatively, two textured sheets, independently textured on one or both sides, may be separated by a smooth sheet. Any combination of textured and smooth sheets may be employed to achieve the desired effects. The performance improvements of the stacked textured sorbent sheet product of the invention can also be measured as the performance of the product containing a given amount of activated carbon versus the performance of that same amount and grade of activated carbon when provided in a container as granules, pellets, or powder. In some embodiments, the stacked sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC that is approximately 3%, approximately 5%, approximately 7%, approximately 9%, approximately 10%, approximately 12%, approximately 14%, and approximately 16% higher than the same amount and grade of activated carbon in a container as granules or powder.Ranges based on these amounts are also considered, such as yields approximately 5-14% higher, approximately 5-10% higher, approximately 10-16% higher, and so on. It should be noted that these improvements are only measured between the volumes of pelleted or powdered activated carbon and the stacked textured sorbent sheet product, without taking into account other improvements to the stacked textured sorbent sheet product. A key difference, described above, is the omission of a rigid container body that would otherwise be required. The omission of the rigid container body, which is Λ / c / zuzz / ui oa io necessary in prior art systems involving pelletized or powdered activated carbon because loose activated carbon cannot stand on its own, generates further weight savings and therefore even greater performance for a given weight. The stacked sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC at least 10% higher than the ASTM BWC of a pelleted / powdered form of the same amount by volume of the textured sorbent material in the sorbent sheet. The stacked sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC greater than approximately 10 g / 100 ml. The stacked sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC of approximately 7.0 g / 100 ml to approximately 30 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 12 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 13 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 14 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 15 g / 100 ml, or greater than 20 g / 100 ml. Ranges are also considered, such as approximately 10-20 g / ml, approximately 10-12 g / ml, approximately 10-14 g / ml, approximately 12-14 g / ml, approximately 12-15 g / ml and approximately 15-20 g / ml. In some configurations, the stacked plates are maintained in a separate relationship that controls one or more void volume, flow regime, pressure drop, and other characteristics. Separation can also be achieved with various folds in the plates, and it can also be achieved by the corresponding raised and / or sunken portions of the plates aligning to form gaps between them. If the plates are deliberately arranged so that the raised and / or sunken portions do not fit between plates, this results in additional space between the plates and allows fluid flow in those portions. If the plates are deliberately arranged so that at least some raised and / or sunken portions fit between them, this results in a tighter stack of plates and decreases the separation between them, with a corresponding decrease or even interruption of fluid flow.Combinations of these features can be used to form stacked sorbent sheet products with regions or channels directed for fluid flow and edge barriers or seals to prevent fluid leakage. These fluid flow features can also include holes, cuts, or openings through one or more of the sheets in the stacked sorbent sheet product. Each sorbent sheet defines opposite lateral edges that are substantially parallel to the fluid flow. Congruent lateral edges of adjacent sorbent sheets may be separated, joined, or a combination thereof. In this way, the edges of the stacked textured sorbent sheet product may be sealed, partially sealed, or open. The sealed or unsealed nature can be chosen to achieve desired results, such as modifying the flow regime and / or patterns or other fluid properties. In some embodiments, the stacked textured sorbent material product produces a void volume of approximately 10% or more. In some embodiments, the void volume is approximately 10% to 40%, and in others, 15% to 30%. In some cases, the textured sorbent sheet product comprises at least two populations of textured sorbent particles, where each of the at least two populations has different mean particle diameters. See the preceding description of the bimodal particle size distribution discussed with respect to individual textured sorbent sheets. The same proportions are considered A / E / ZUZZ / U 13» 10 distribution that between populations of sorbent particles with respect to the product formed by sheets of multiple textured sorbent material. In some cases, the density of the textured sorbent material particles achieved by at least two populations is greater than the density achieved by either population alone. The inclusion of a bimodal particle size distribution can also be used to improve the mechanical properties of the textured sorbent material sheet product because it makes the polymer sheets more resistant to shear forces. In some cases, a textured sorbent sheet product comprises at least two textured sorbent sheets, each having a defined upper surface and a lower surface having a combined total surface area, and wherein each textured sorbent sheet comprises a textured sorbent material and a binder, and wherein each textured sorbent sheet is stacked and arranged so that adjacent upper and lower surfaces of the separated sheets are substantially parallel and aligned to allow fluid flow, at least, between adjacent upper and lower surfaces. The textured sorbent sheet product, wherein the textured sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC value approximately 5%, approximately 10%, approximately 15%, approximately 20%, approximately 25%, approximately 30%, approximately 35%, approximately 40%, approximately 45%, and approximately 50% higher than the ASTM BWC of the same volume of sorbent material in granular, pelletized, or powder form. These values ​​can also be combined to form ranges, for example, between 5 and 25% higher. The invention further contemplates that these values ​​are the endpoints of the ranges, such as at least approximately 40% higher. The textured sorbent material sheets in the textured sorbent material sheet product can be configured flat, wound into a spiral cylinder, wound into an elliptical shape, wound into an elongated rectangular bar, folded, rolled into an S-shape, formed as concentric cylinders, formed as concentric ellipses, formed as a concentric rectangular bar, or as combinations of these shapes. In some embodiments, the textured sorbent sheet product will comprise a single sheet of textured sorbent material that is rolled or folded to achieve desired characteristics including, but not limited to, density, void space, pressure drop, etc. Rolled / Folded Textured Sorb Sheet Product: The textured sorbent sheet product may also be rolled or folded as an alternative to, or in combination with, stacked forms. A rolled or folded textured sorbent sheet product comprises a sorbent sheet defining an upper surface and a lower surface, and combined they have a known total surface area, wherein the sorbent sheet comprises a textured sorbent material and a binder, wherein the sorbent sheet is spirally rolled to create layers of adjacent sheets that allow fluid flow around and between adjacent sheet layers. Similar to the stacked sheet arrangement, the rolled sorbent sheet product has improved performance over textured sorbent material sheets alone and has improved performance over the equivalent volume of activated carbon provided in pelletized or powder form. Λ / c / zuzz / ui oa io The performance improvements of the rolled textured sorbent sheet product of the invention can also be measured as the performance of the product containing a given amount of activated carbon versus the performance of that same amount and grade of activated carbon when provided in pellet or powder form within a container. In some embodiments, the rolled sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC that is approximately 3%, approximately 5%, approximately 7%, approximately 9%, approximately 10%, approximately 12%, approximately 14%, and approximately 16% higher than the same amount and grade of activated carbon in pellet or powder form within a container.Ranges based on these amounts are also considered, such as yields approximately 5-14% higher, approximately 5-10% higher, approximately 10-16% higher, and so on. The rolled sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC at least 10% higher than the ASTM BWC of a pelleted / powdered form of the same weight of the textured sorbent material in the sorbent sheet. The stacked sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC greater than approximately 10 g / 100 ml. The stacked sorbent sheet product has an ASTM BWC of approximately 7.0 g / 100 ml to approximately 30 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 12 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 13 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 14 g / 100 ml, or greater than approximately 15 g / 100 ml, or greater than 20 g / 100 ml. Ranges are also considered, such as approximately 10-20 g / ml, approximately 10-12 g / ml, approximately 10-14 g / ml, approximately 12-14 g / ml, approximately 12-15 g / ml and approximately 15-20 g / ml. A rolled sorbent sheet product as described herein has a generally cylindrical shape that is substantially longer than its diameter, although any dimension may be used, including conical or truncated conical variations, as well as ellipsoids or other shapes. The density of the rolled sorbent film product can be calculated based on the following formulas: Λ / C / ZUZZ / UI 03 IO Roll density calculations (US units) BW-. Weight, ozbase yd2 L: Roll Length (yd) OD: Outer diameter of the roll ID: Inner diameter of the roll / Diameter (in.) of the core (in.) W: Machine width or roll length (in.) p: Roll density Roll density calculations (SI units) BW-. Weight , 9λD, (—AL: Roll Length m) towards' (lb\PW) BW *L=* (OD2(4 4 (kg\P\m3) = (1,000) * BW *L OD2ID2 4 J OD: Outer diameter of the roll ID: Inner diameter of the roll / core diameter (mm) W: Machine width or length p: Roll density (mm) kg The wound sorbent sheet product can be wound to an average roll density of approximately 80-1,500 kg / m3, approximately 500-2,000 kg / m3, approximately 750-1,500 kg / m3, approximately 900-1,200 kg / m3, approximately 900-1,050 kg / m3, approximately 400-500 kg / m3, approximately 500-600 kg / m3, approximately 500-550 kg / m3, approximately 600-650 kg / m3, approximately 650-700 kg / m3, and approximately 700-750 kg / m3. The rolled sorbent film product has an ASTM BWC greater than approximately 10 g / 100 ml. In some embodiments, the rolled sorbent film product has a BWC of approximately 7.0 g / 100 ml to approximately 30 g / 100 ml. The rolled sorbent film product may also have ASTM BWC values ​​that are the same as those of the previously described non-rolled sorbent film products. Similar to the previous discussion regarding stacked textured sorbent sheets, rolled or folded textured sorbent sheets can incorporate multiple particle size distributions or populations of pelleted or powdered adsorbent activated carbon. The same relationships discussed above apply. As with the previous discussion, this results in higher yields because it allows for a greater amount of activated carbon to be incorporated into the sheets formed in the rolled sorbent sheet product. As used herein, rolled or folded sorbent sheet products refer to any form of layering of one or more sheets of textured sorbent material by winding, spiral winding, concentric layering of tubes (of any cross-sectional shape, e.g., round, elliptical, square, triangular, rectangular, etc.) or combinations thereof. For example, a single sheet of textured sorbent material may be spirally wound along its length to form a cylindrical rolled textured sorbent sheet product. As another example, a plurality of sheets of textured sorbent material may be stacked and then rolled together to form a similar cylindrical shape.Alternatively, several sheets can be arranged, each forming a cylinder with a slightly different diameter than the next, so that they form concentric rings in the cross-section of a cylinder of similar size. Various combinations of these and other arrangements can be used to fill the space within any shape of housing or container, as described elsewhere in this description. Approaches to spiral windings were explored. Four spiral configurations were co-wound to a carbon mass of approximately 100 g and tested in 250 ml containers. Each configuration included a 0.5 mm thick double-sided, round-ribbed textured sheet, similar to that depicted in Figure 26, co-wound with a second 0.5 mm or 1.0 mm sheet that was either smooth or perforated. Configuration 1 used a 0.5 mm textured sheet / 1.0 mm smooth sheet, configuration 2 used a 0.5 mm textured sheet / 1.0 mm perforated sheet, configuration 3 used a 0.5 mm textured sheet / 0.5 mm smooth sheet, and configuration 4 used a 0.5 mm textured sheet / 0.5 mm perforated sheet. As shown in the graph below, the a / c / zuzz / ui oa io configuration provided the greatest margin with respect to ΔP, at 30% less than the other configurations. Configuration 1 showed a ΔP of 3.4 inches of water, with a maximum target of 6.0 inches of water. Additional carbon was added to configuration 1 by approximately 7.7%, resulting in a non-proportional 75% increase to the 6.0-inch water limit. The EPA BWC increased by 5.1%, from 50.1 g / L to 52.6 g / L of butane. See Figure 50 for a graph representing ΔP / g of carbon at 65 LPM for these configurations. The use of the thick (1.0 mm) smooth sheet in configuration 1 appeared advantageous. The more rigid structure of the thick, smooth sheet can offer better compressive strength when placed in the ΔP vessel. ΔP offers a good metric in terms of detecting promising spiral designs; however, the increase in pressure drop may not be proportional to the increases in carbon mass, which limits the BWC gains. Empty space assessment Three single-sheet spiral configurations were wound with a carbon mass of 26 g using a 1.0 mm thick sheet. The volume was 0.07 L for detection purposes. Configuration A: Inward-facing texture winding, Configuration B: Outward-facing texture winding, Configuration C: Double-sided textured. 100 g of tension was applied during the winding process. Configurations A and C had the lowest ΔP / g. Using the EPA BWC test method, configuration A had 12% higher BWC than configuration C. The voids in configuration B appeared stretched / flattened with the outward-facing winding. See Figures 51A, 51B, and 51C for these configurations. Through analysis of the photographs, we can see that configuration A has more consistent openings and the texture shape is maintained; the openings in configuration B appear to collapse closer to the central core; and the textures in configuration C are more open but appear to be inconsistently distributed. See Figure 52 for a graph representing ΔP / g of carbon at 70 LPM for certain modalities described herein. The images above were analyzed to determine the amount of empty space present (based on pixel color). Results: a / c / zuzz / ui oa io Table 1: Configuration A Configuration A, sample 3460-50-8 Flow (LPM) ΔP with Container (in H2O) ΔP without container (in H2O) ΔP per gram (in H2O) 10 0.360 0.270 0.010 30 1.100 0.760 0.029 50 2.200 1.440 0.055 70 3.500 2.200 0.084 Spiral and Core (g) 30.26 Core (g) 4.21 Carbon by mass (g) 26.05 Table 1A: Configuration A (Table 1 - converted to SI units) Configuration A, sample 3460-50-8 Flow (LPM) ΔΡ with container (kPa) ΔΡ without container (kPa) ΔΡ per gram (kPa) 10 0.090 0.067 0.002 30 0.274 0.189 0.007 50 0.548 0.359 0.014 70 0.872 0.548 0.021 Spiral and Core (g) 30.26 Core (g) 4.21 Carbon by mass (g) 26.05 a / c / zuzz / ui oa io Table 2: Configuration B Configuration B, sample 3460-50-14 Flow (LPM) ΔΡ with Container (in H2O) ΔΡ without container (in H2O) ΔΡ per gram (in H2O) 2,300 1,540 0,059 70 5,600 4,300 0,163 Spiral and Core (g) 30.50 Core (g) 4.20 Mass Carbon (g) 26.30 Table 2A: Configuration B (Table 2 - converted to SI units) Configuration B, sample 3460-50-14 Flow (LPM) ΔP with container (kPa) ΔP without container (kPa) ΔP per gram (kPa) 10 0.080 0.057 0.002 30 0.299 0.214 0.008 50 0.573 0.384 0.015 70 1.395 1.071 0.041 Spiral and Core (g) 30.50 Core (g) 4.20 Carbon by mass (g) 26.30 Table 3: Configuration C Configuration C, sample 3460-50-7 Flow (LPM) ΔP with Container (in H2O) ΔP without container (in H2O) ΔP per gram (in H2O) 10 0.180 0.090 0.004 30 0.610 0.270 0.011 50 1.300 0.540 0.021 70 2.100 0.800 0.031 Spiral and Core 29.95 Core 4.37 Carbon by mass 25.58 a / c / zuzz / ui oa io Table 3A: Configuration C (Table 3 - converted to SI units) Configuration C, sample 3460-50-14 Flow (LPM) ΔP with container (kPa) ΔP without container (kPa) ΔP per gram (kPa) 10 0.045 0.022 0.001 30 0.152 0.067 0.003 50 0.324 0.135 0.005 70 0.523 0.199 0.008 Spiral and Core (g) 30.50 Core (g) 4.20 Carbon by mass (g) 26.30 Table 4: Summary of results Configuration Empty % Carbon Mass ΔP with container (in H2O) at 10 Lpm ΔP with container (in H2O) at 30 Lpm ΔP with container (in H2O) at 50 Lpm ΔP with container (in H2O) at 70 Lpm A 21% 26.05 0.360 1.100 2.200 3.500 B 18% 26.3 0.320 1.200 2.300 5.600 C 35% 25.58 0.180 0.610 1.300 2.100 Configurations A and C were further tested in 250 ml containers, with EPA BWC values ​​obtained of 55 g / L and 51 g / L respectively, representing the benefit of configuration A. Table 4A: Summary of results (Table 4 - converted to SI units) Configuration Empty % Carbon Mass (g) ΔP with container (kPa) at 10 LPM ΔP with container (kPa) at 30 LPM ΔP with container (kPa) at 50 LPM ΔP with container (kPa) at 70 LPM A 21 26.05 0.090 0.274 0.548 0.872 B 18 26.3 0.080 0.299 0.573 1.395 C 35 25.58 0.045 0.152 0.324 0.523 a / c / zuzz / ui oa io Configurations A and C were further tested in 250 ml containers, with EPA BWC values ​​obtained of 55 g / L and 51 g / L respectively, representing the benefit of configuration A. Conclusions: The pressure drop in the spirals depends on the void space. More void space results in a smaller pressure drop. Less void space results in a larger pressure drop. Therefore, the void space can be controlled by manipulating the size of the hills and valleys in the textured sorbent sheets, as well as the spiral winding characteristics. The casing The invention also contemplates the use of a housing that partially or totally encapsulates the textured sorbent material sheets. The housing can be configured in a variety of shapes, for example, tetrahedrons, cubes and cuboids, cylinders, spheres, single-sheet hyperboloids, conical shapes, ellipsoidal shapes, rectangular shapes, hyperbolic paraboloid shapes, elongated bar shapes, paraboloids, and combinations of these shapes. The combinations can be selected to have different sections, each of which has different shapes or portions of different shapes. The housing can also include sections that are separated and connected by an additional part, for example, at least one hose or tube designed to transfer fuel vapors as required, or a thin portion of the housing that contains the textured sorbent material sheets.The casing can also be configured without a specific shape, for example, as a flexible bag or pouch containing the textured sorbent material sheets. One of the main advantages of the invention is that the textured sorbent material sheets are flexible and self-supporting and can be laminated, rolled, folded, bent, or stacked in a variety of configurations within the housing to accommodate different mechanical requirements within the narrow confines of a vehicle. In such configurations, the housing is designed to fit or conform to the spaces available for storing the device.For example, the housing can be sized and molded to fit into spaces in or around wheel wells, drive shafts, batteries for hybrid powertrains, spare tires, tire-changing tools, tire-repairing tools, vehicle trunks or other storage spaces, vehicle bumpers and body panels, exhaust systems, other emissions control equipment such as urea or other injection tanks, fuel lines, vehicle structures, suspension components, engine compartment, under passenger compartment seats, inside passenger compartment seats, and other spaces that are too small or difficult to reach to be used effectively for passenger or cargo space. To further reduce weight and size and take advantage of self-supporting textured sorbent film sheets, the casing can be shaped like a thin-walled bag or sleeve. This is possible because the textured sorbent film sheets have some mechanical structure and are self-supporting, thus not requiring a rigid outer container like conventional receptacles. The film materials forming the bag can have thicknesses from approximately 10 µm to approximately 250 µm. In other embodiments, the bag film can have thicknesses from approximately 20 µm to approximately 175 µm, and the pouch film can have thicknesses from approximately 50 µm to approximately 125 µm. The bag or sleeve can be made of any material used in fuel systems and, in particular, of materials designed to resist the chemical effects of the contained fuel vapors.The bag materials include polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE or Teflon), polyvinylidene fluorides (PVF2 or PVDF), ethylene propylene-diene rubbers (EPDM), polyethylene oxides (PEO), UV-curable acrylates, UV-curable methacrylates, heat-curable divinyl ethers, polybutylene terephthalate, acetal resin or polyoxymethylene, fluoroelastomers such as perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) and tetrafluoroethylene / propylene rubbers (FEPM), aramid polymers such as para-aramid and meta-aramid polymers, trimethyl polyterephthalate, ethylene acrylic elastomers, polyimide, polyamide-imides, polyurethanes, low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, biaxially oriented polypropylene (BoPP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET), polychloroprene and copolymers and their combinations.The bag is typically thermoplastic for greater flexibility, but it can also be a combination with amounts of thermoset or it can be in the form of cured rubber or elastomer. The casing, bag, or sleeve can also be designed to act as a vapor barrier to the adsorbed fuel vapors contained within it. This barrier property can be inherent to the polymer itself or can be achieved through the use of at least one barrier additive and / or at least one barrier layer. Examples of barrier additives that can be formed as a layer or as a particle filler include polymers such as epoxies, polyamides, polyamides, fluoropolymers, fluororubbers, and combinations thereof. Barrier layers can also be made of metals such as aluminum, steel, titanium, and their alloys. Metal barrier layers can be formed by conventional mechanical means, such as coextrusion or bonding with the other casing layers, or they can be chemically deposited, such as by chemical vapor deposition or electroplating.The metal barrier layer can be formed from a sheet that is less than approximately 25 pm, less than approximately 20 pm, less than approximately 15 pm, less than approximately 10 pm, or less than approximately 5 pm. The housing and its materials can also be selected to be compatible with ship-in-a-bottle fuel systems. In such systems, many or all of the fuel system components, including fuel pumps, ORVRs, fuel filters, valves, and other components, are installed inside the vehicle's fuel tank. These systems are advantageous because they reduce assembly time and the amount of space required by the fuel system. In such systems, the housing must be made of materials that can withstand immersion in the selected fuel, typically gasoline, for extended periods of time inside the vehicle's fuel tank, while also resisting the effects of fuel vapors adsorbed within it. The casing can also be a thin metal shell. This thin metal shell can be made of flexible or rigid metals, such as steel, aluminum, titanium, and their alloys. The metal shell can be formed from a sheet approximately 5–100 µm thick, or approximately 10–250 µm thick. In some embodiments, the sheet can be approximately 1 mm thick. Whether the shell is flexible or rigid depends on the material selection, thickness, and any treatments applied to the metal, such as heat treatment or hot or cold working. In some configurations, the housing for the textured sorbent material sheets may be omitted entirely; the textured sorbent material sheets are contained within the fuel tank itself. In such configurations, the textured sorbent material sheets may be attached to a portion of the fuel tank's interior that does not regularly come into contact with the liquid fuel and is free to adsorb fuel vapors. This portion is typically the top or sides of the fuel tank, or a combination thereof. The fuel tank may also include a recessed portion on the top or sides designed to house the textured sorbent material sheets and allow them to absorb fuel vapors.These methods, in which sheets of textured absorbent material are attached to the interior portions of the fuel tank, not only offer maximum space and weight savings by omitting the container structure, but also simplify manufacturing and installation because the sheets are already installed inside the fuel tank during vehicle assembly. The casing can also be eliminated by forming a rolled or folded sorbent sheet and then selectively curing the outer sheets to form a durable cured shell that acts as a support for the rolled or folded sorbent sheets inside. Such selective curing can be achieved thermally or with a chemical bath, or by actinic radiation, such as ultraviolet light or electron beam curing. In configurations where textured sorbent material sheets bypass the tank casing and are contained within the vehicle's fuel tank itself, the textured sorbent material sheets can be attached to the fuel tank in a variety of ways. The textured sorbent material sheets can be fastened using mechanical fasteners, such as screws, rivets, or clamps, or they can be attached using an adhesive backing placed between the fuel tank wall and the textured sorbent material sheets. The adhesive backing can be a single layer of adhesive or a double-sided adhesive tape or film. The adhesive used in the backing can include pressure-sensitive adhesives, UV-cured adhesives, hot melt adhesives, and reactive adhesives from various sources.Adhesive compositions include acrylic and (meth)acrylic, acrylate and (meth)acrylate, epoxies in one- and two-part formulations, and urethane. Textured sorbent material sheets can be applied during manufacturing in various ways. In some embodiments, the fuel tank can be formed, and the textured sorbent material sheets are applied in a separate stage, where the adhesive is applied followed by the application of the textured sorbent material sheets. a / c / zuzz / ui oa io In other embodiments, textured sorbent material sheets are placed, with or without adhesive backing as appropriate, inside a mold, and the fuel tank is injection-molded or blow-molded around the textured sorbent material sheets. In other embodiments, the textured sorbent material sheets may be co-extruded with panels of material that form the sides of the fuel tank, and the edges of those panels are bonded or welded together to seal the final tank with the textured sorbent material sheets at the bottom. When the textured sorbent material sheets are contained within the vehicle's fuel tank without the casing, the fuel tank may include additional valves and ports to accommodate the adsorption and desorption of fuel vapors within the fuel tank.For example, during engine operation, air can be introduced into the fuel tank to desorb fuel vapors contained within the textured sorbent material sheets, as well as those present in the tank itself. These desorbed fuel vapors are then sent to the engine for combustion during the optimal cycles as required by the Engine Control Unit (ECU). When textured sorbent sheets are supplied without a casing and contained within a tank, such as a vehicle's fuel tank, they can be positioned so that they are not regularly immersed in the volatile liquids typically found inside the tank. This ensures that the textured sorbent sheets do not become prematurely saturated and also ensures that a sufficient surface area is exposed to the vapors within the fuel tank to effect vapor adsorption. The feature allows the textured sorbent sheets to be placed in parts of the tank that are not filled, such as the void or the upper space of the tank, or near baffles that prevent liquid splashing onto the textured sorbent sheets.Sheets of textured sorbent material can also be placed in a dedicated portion of the tank, such as a small chamber or niche, where liquids cannot enter. The devices in various configurations may include a housing and the textured sorbent material sheets described above. The housing can be any shape and can be configured to purify gases or liquids. For example, in some configurations, the housing can be any shape, such as cuboid, cubic, or cylindrical. The textured sorbent material sheets can be sized to fit inside the housing and substantially fill a space within the housing through which the gas or liquid passes. In some configurations, two or more textured sorbent material sheets can be stacked to substantially fill the housing, and in other configurations, the textured sorbent material sheets can be rolled to form a spiral-wound sheet or pressed to form a stacked sheet.In some embodiments, the stacked or pressed sheets may be arranged so that the sides of adjacent sheets are substantially contiguous. In other embodiments, the stacked or pressed sheets may be arranged so that adjacent sheets are separated. For example, in certain embodiments, the sheets may be corrugated, with layers of textured sorbent material forming a series of parallel ridges and grooves, and in some embodiments, the corrugated textured sorbent material layers may be separated by flat textured sorbent material layers. The corrugated textured sorbent material layers may be arranged within the housing in a stacked or spirally rolled / folded configuration. a / c / zuzz / ui oa io In various configurations, the void fraction can be approximately 30% to 32% lower than the void volume of current devices, and in some configurations, the void fraction can be as low as 10%. For example, devices may have an void fraction of approximately 45% to approximately 10%, approximately 35% to approximately 10%, approximately 25% to approximately 10%, or any individual void fraction or range encompassed by these example ranges. Devices of various configurations may exhibit less flow restriction, such as pressure drop, than devices with granular or pelletized textured sorbent materials. Therefore, more textured sorbent material can be incorporated into such devices without reducing the device's flow rate. Devices of such modalities may have an EPA BWC of more than approximately 5.0 g / 100 mi and, in some modalities, the devices may have an EPA BWC of approximately 4.0 g / 100 mi to approximately 20 g / 100 mi, 5.0 g / 100 mi to approximately 18 g / 100 mi, approximately 7.0 g / 100 mi to approximately 16 g / 100 mi, or approximately 8.0 g / 100 mi to approximately 15 g / 100 mi, or any individual BWC or range encompassed by these example ranges. The devices may exhibit a pressure drop that is at most equal to that of a conventional dense bed of powders, granules, or pellets of activated carbon or other activated compounds.This feature is advantageous because it ensures that the textured sorbent sheet product, whether stacked, rolled, folded, or configured in any other way, still has the same capacity to process and transfer vapors and gases as conventional devices, despite the higher performance of the sorbent. When the textured sorbent material product, stacked or rolled, is combined with a housing, it is useful as a vapor loss vessel or other device. As mentioned earlier, the shapes and properties achieved through stacked or rolled products allow for unique placement and improved performance. According to some embodiments, a vapor loss vessel comprises a housing having at least one side wall defining an internal space, and a sorbent sheet product, such that the sorbent sheet medium is sized and configured to fit within the housing and substantially fill the entire internal space, where the internal space is substantially free of any additional internal material other than the sorbent sheet medium. That is, traditional vapor loss vessels require springs, filters, support substrates, etc., to hold and retain the loose carbon powder or granules. Because sorbent sheets are substantially self-supporting, these additional support structures are not needed. This allows for the inclusion of more material or the use of a smaller vessel without sacrificing performance. In some embodiments, the sorbent film product comprises a stacked sorbent film medium as described above. In such cases, the housing or container may be of any shape, as explained above, but in some embodiments, it is relatively flat and flexible to accommodate stacked sorbent film media that are substantially less in height than they are long or wide. In these cases, the housing may be a flexible bag or sleeve, as discussed above. In some cases, the container is adapted to be placed on top of or even inside a fuel tank. In some embodiments, the sorbent sheet material product comprises a rolled sorbent sheet product as described above. In some cases, at least a portion of the housing side wall defines a filter substantially without occupying any internal space of the container. In some embodiments, a fuel tank with integral vapor adsorption may be provided. Such tanks comprise a tank structure and at least one sorbent sheet product, either stacked or rolled, and at least one clamping device that secures the textured sorbent material to a tank surface that is not regularly immersed in the volatile liquids contained within the tank. The clamping device may be an adhesive layer formed between a surface of the textured sorbent material and a tank wall. Such an adhesive may be, at least, one of the pressure-sensitive adhesives, UV-curing adhesives, heat-curing adhesives, hot melt adhesive, multi-part reactive adhesives, acrylic and (meth)acrylic adhesives, acrylate and (meth)acrylate adhesives, epoxy adhesives in one- and two-part formulations, urethane adhesives and copolymers and their combinations. The tank may also include one or more of at least one fuel pump(s), fuel delivery line(s), fuel return line(s), atmospheric vent line(s), port(s), valve(s), sensor(s), air inlet(s), open cell foam, baffle(s), air chamber(s), and combinations thereof. In some versions, the tank is a fuel tank with a ship-in-a-bottle configuration. Some embodiments provide an onboard refueling vapor recovery apparatus (ORVR) comprising the textured sorbent sheet product as described herein. The onboard refueling vapor recovery apparatus may include a vapor adsorption vessel as described herein. The onboard refueling vapor recovery apparatus may include a tank with integral vapor adsorption. Additional components The invention may include sensors such as a fuel composition sensor. The fuel composition sensor can be used to detect the gasoline and ethanol mixture contained within the housing and the textured sorbent material, and this information can be communicated to the ECU so that the vapors subsequently released to the engine can be used more precisely during engine combustion. Other sensors include temperature sensors, vapor pressure sensors, oxygen sensors, and the like. The sensors may operate on principles of electrochemical interaction, electronics such as thermocouples, electromechanics, refractive index, infrared spectroscopy, and others, depending on the type of information required by the ECU. The sensors may be included individually or in combination within the housing or, if no housing is specified, within the area containing the textured sorbent material sheets.The sensors can be included in holes or notches cut into the sheet, or in spaces between the sheets with the sheets wrapped or folded around the sensors. The invention may include inlets, outlets, hoses, and associated valves to control the flow of fuel vapor to and from the textured sorbent materials of the invention. The openings may be static or may have valves that open and close as required by the ECU to control the flow of vapor into and out of the sorbent sheets of the invention. For example, during refueling, the outlet valves remain closed to ensure that displaced fuel vapors do not escape into the atmosphere. However, when the engine is running and the ECU requests it, at least one outlet valve may open to allow the release of vapor adsorbed in the engine for combustion.A vent and a valve to the atmosphere may also be included in case there is too much fuel vapor for the textured sorbent material sheets of the invention to be safely adsorbed. An inlet and a valve for air or other gases, such as inert exhaust gases, may also be included for desorbing the fuel vapor as it is sent to the engine for combustion. The invention also contemplates the inclusion and integration with other components that make up ORVR systems and devices. These other components may include active compressors and condensers, fuel tank heaters, fuel tank heat exchanger coils for cooling enclosed fuels, fuel filler necks, fuel filler ports, including capless fuel filler ports, fuel vapor vents, fuel lines for delivering fuel, return lines, vehicle vents and rollover valves, fuel pumps, and air intake or purge valves. The invention further includes devices and structures that can be combined with the textured sorbent material sheets to enhance or control the adsorption and desorption of fluids and gases. For example, fans or pumps may be included to force fluids or vapors onto the textured sorbent material sheets as they are assembled, allowing the sheets to be packed or rolled more tightly or permitting larger devices than would be possible with the same amount of fluid diffusion over the sheets. Alternatively, the devices may include resistance element heaters, or Peltier effect heaters or coolers designed to heat and / or cool the fluids and thereby force their movement over the textured sorbent material sheets of the claimed invention.For example, the heated expanding fluid can vent upwards and draw in more fluid at the bottom of a rolled or folded item that is oriented vertically to take advantage of the effects of gravity. Other uses In addition to automotive applications, the inventors envision that the sorbent sheets of the claimed invention can be used in any situation where a tank or other enclosed space is designed to contain volatile liquids, particularly volatile hydrocarbons such as fuels, solvents, and other volatile compounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, fuel tanks in aircraft, fuel tanks in ships and other marine vessels, fuel tanks in trucks, chemical tanks in railcars, barges, ships, trucks, vehicles, and other bulk carriers, and stationary chemical tanks. The textured sorbent sheets of the claimed invention can also be bonded or adhered to the walls of confined spaces where the presence of volatile compounds would be detrimental, for example, in chemical facilities where operators and maintenance personnel must periodically access the space.These textured sorbent material sheets, when used in such combined spaces, can not only increase safety for operators and maintenance personnel, Λ / c / zuzz / ui oa io but they can also reduce the need for cumbersome protective equipment. In some configurations, the devices may not filter microscopic particles and, therefore, will have utility outside the field of fuel vapor recovery. Devices containing granular or pelletized textured sorbent materials filter particles larger than approximately 1% of their diameter, thereby removing these particles from the gases or liquids being treated. Because devices containing sheets of textured sorbent material stacked or spirally wound allow such particles to pass through unfiltered, devices of various configurations can be useful for filtering liquids. In particular, such sheets of textured sorbent material can be useful for filtering biological fluids such as blood, where red and white blood cells, platelets, and similar components must pass through the filter without being physically removed from the blood.Other contaminants can be adsorbed onto the textured sorbent material sheets and removed from the blood filtrate.

Claims

1. A textured sorbent sheet, comprising a textured sorbent sheet comprising a sorbent material and a binder, the textured sorbent sheet defining an upper surface and a lower surface wherein at least one of the upper and lower surfaces comprises a texture defined by a series of hills and valleys.

2. The textured sorbent material sheet according to claim 1, wherein the textured sorbent material has a thickness measured in a selected valley of less than approximately 1 mm, approximately 0.1 mm to approximately 1.0 mm, approximately 0.2 mm to approximately 0.90 mm, approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 0.95 mm, approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 0.90 mm, or any individual thickness or interval encompassed by these example intervals.

3. The textured sorbent material sheet according to claim 1, wherein the textured sorbent material sheets can have a thickness measured at a selected hill or peak of approximately 1.0 to approximately 1.5 mm, approximately 1.4 mm, approximately 1.3 mm, approximately 1.2 mm, or any individual thickness or range spanned by any two of these values.

4. The textured sorbent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the distance from the top of a hill to the bottom of a valley is selected from approximately 1.0 mm to approximately 0.1 mm, from approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 0.1 mm, from approximately 0.4 mm, from approximately 0.3 mm, from approximately 0.2 mm, or any individual distance or interval spanned by any two of these values.

5. The textured sorbent material sheet according to claim 1, wherein each of the upper and lower surfaces comprises a texture defined by a series of hills and valleys.

6. The textured sorbent material sheet according to claim 5, wherein the texture of the upper surface is identical to that of the lower surface.

7. The textured sorbent material sheet according to claim 5, wherein the texture of the upper surface is different from that of the lower surface.

8. A textured sorbent sheet product, comprising at least two textured sorbent sheets according to claim 1, wherein each textured sorbent sheet is stacked and arranged so that the adjacent upper and lower surfaces of the separated sheets are substantially parallel and aligned to allow fluid flow, at least, between the adjacent upper and lower surfaces.

9. The textured sorbent material sheet product according to claim 8, wherein at least one of the textured sorbent material sheets is configured as flat, wound into a spiral cylinder, wound into an elliptical shape, wound into an elongated rectangular bar, folded, rolled into an “S” shape, formed as concentric cylinders, formed as concentric ellipses, formed as a concentric rectangular bar, or as combinations of these shapes.

10. The textured sorbent sheet product according to claim 8, wherein the hill and valley portions are present in adjacent sheets and are nested.

11. The textured sorbent sheet product according to claim 8, wherein the raised and / or depressed portions are present in adjacent sheets and are not nested.

12. A rolled textured sorbent sheet product, comprising: a textured sorbent sheet according to claim 1, wherein the textured sorbent sheet is coiled to form adjacent sheet layers that allow fluid flow around and between adjacent sheet layers.

13. The rolled textured sorbent sheet product according to claim 12, wherein the rolled textured sorbent sheet product has a generally cylindrical shape having a length that is greater than its diameter.

14. A vapor adsorption vessel, comprising: the textured sorbent material sheet product according to claim 8, and a housing that encapsulates, at least partially, the textured sorbent material sheet product.

15. The vapor adsorption vessel according to claim 14, wherein the housing is flexible.

16. A vapor adsorption vessel, comprising a rolled textured sorbent sheet product and a housing that at least partially encapsulates the rolled textured sorbent material. Λ / c / zuzz / ui oa io 17. A tank with integral vapor adsorption, comprising: a tank structure, and at least one sheet of textured sorbent material according to claim 1, and at least one clamping device that attaches the sheet of textured sorbent material to a surface of the tank that is not regularly submerged in the volatile liquids contained within the tank.

18. The tank with integral vapor adsorption according to claim 17, wherein the clamping device is an adhesive layer formed between a surface of the textured sorbent material sheet and a tank wall.

19. An on-board refueling steam recovery apparatus comprising the textured sorbent material sheet according to claim 1.

20. An on-board refueling steam recovery apparatus comprising the rolled textured sorbent material sheet product according to claim 12.

21. An on-board refueling steam recovery apparatus comprising the steam adsorption vessel according to claim 16.

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