Methods and compositions for treating ulcerative colitis

Abstract

The invention provides methods and compositions related to methods for determining whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin for treating ulcerative colitis. The invention provides response markers that can be used to identify responders of ulcerative colitis.

Description

[0001]METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING ULCERATIVE COLITIS RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Appln. No.63 / 507,369, filed on June 9, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Appln. No.63 / 590,182, filed on October 13, 2023. The contents of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference. SEQUENCE LISTING The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on June 7, 2024, is named T103022_1340WO_SL.xml and is 363,282 bytes in size. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods and compositions related to treating ulcerative colitis. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the colon characterized by the inflammation of colonic mucosa, with diarrhea and rectal bleeding as its main symptoms (Kaser, A., Zeissig, S. & Blumberg, R. S. Inflammatory bowel disease. Annu Rev Immunol 28, 573–621 (2010); Cui, G., Fan, Q., Li, Z., Goll, R. & Florholmen, J. Evaluation of anti-TNF therapeutic response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Current and novel biomarkers. EBioMedicine 66, 103329 (2021)). UC patients experience a significant decrease in their quality of life due to symptoms, endoscopies, and frequent hospital visits (Kappelman, M. D. et al. Utilization of healthcare resources by U.S. children and adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17, 62–68 (2011)). In an effort to improve clinical care for UC patients, the number of pharmacological treatment options has been rising over the past years. Today, physicians can opt for several biologic agents such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) monoclonal antibodies (e.g. Infliximab), Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (e.g. Tofacitinib), and integrin receptor antagonists like Vedolizumab (VDZ) (Ferretti, F., Cannatelli, R., Monico, 1 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 M. C., Maconi, G. & Ardizzone, S. An Update on Current Pharmacotherapeutic Options for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. J Clin Med 11, 2302 (2022)). One of the major problems in the treatment of IBD is that medical therapy often leads to a sustained remission in less than 50% of patients (Jairath, V. & Feagan, B. G. Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5, 2–3 (2020)). Non-response to therapy not only comes as a significant expense for healthcare system, but it also places a major socioeconomic burden on patients (Kaplan, G. G. The global burden of IBD: from 2015 to 2025. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12, 720–727 (2015)). Anti-TNFα agents are often the first-line biologic treatment for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC), with a response rate of ~60%, but sustained remission rate of 30% (Cui, G., Fan, Q., Li, Z., Goll, R. & Florholmen, J. Evaluation of anti-TNF therapeutic response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Current and novel biomarkers. EBioMedicine 66, 103329 (2021)). In cases of loss of response to anti-TNFα medication or intolerance, patients are often switched to vedolizumab (VDZ). The growing evidence for VDZ to be equally effective and safer than anti-TNFα agents advocates for a shift in clinical practice towards using VDZ as a first-line biologic (Bohm, M. et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of vedolizumab to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapy for Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 52, 669– 681 (2020)). The ability to predict which patients will respond to vedolizumab will spare the patients from enduring unsuccessful treatment and provide confidence in treatment plans or highlight the need for early modification of the treatment options. Expedient and accurate treatment based on analytical results for patients likely to have favorable therapeutic outcomes lead to effective management of the UC. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Vedolizumab (VDZ), an anti-α4β7 integrin antibody that inhibits leukocyte trafficking to the inflamed gut mucosa, has emerged as an effective treatment for patients with moderate-to- severe ulcerative colitis (UC) who have failed conventional therapy. Approximately half of patients achieve remission with VDZ; leaving response rates in many patients unpredictable. The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery of an association between certain cellular and molecular signatures (e.g., mRNA and / or protein biomarkers) and 2 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 response or non-response to VDZ in patients with UC. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, the transcriptome profiles of 159,188 mucosal high-quality single cells and 95,057 high-quality PBMCs of 25 UC patients treated with VDZ, in addition to the immunophenotyping of 797,670 mucosal CD45+ cells and 900,000 PBMC CD45+ cells based on multidimensional flow cytometry data, were used to identify cellular and molecular signatures (markers) of response and non-response to VDZ in UC patients. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides that certain factors disclosed herein can be used, e.g., as biomarkers, to predict whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond or not respond to treatment with VDZ. Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for predicting a UC patient’s response to treatment with an anti-α4β7 integrin antibody. The methods and compositions provided herein are also useful for improving clinical care for a UC patient by enabling informed decisions regarding treatment options in a UC patient that is predicted to respond or not respond to treatment with VDZ. Accordingly, in one aspect, the disclosure provides a method for determining whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, said method comprising determining an expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), or inflammatory fibroblasts, wherein the human subject will respond to treatment if the level of the at least one response marker correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has responded to treatment with the humanized antibody, or wherein the human subject will not respond to treatment if the level of the at least one response marker correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has not responded to treatment with the humanized antibody, wherein the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received the humanized antibody for treatment, and wherein the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin comprises the CDRs: light chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 4, CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 5, CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 6; heavy chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 1; CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 2; and CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 3. In another aspect, the disclosure provides method for determining whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, said method comprising comparing the expression 3 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject to a non- response control level of the at least one response marker; wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), or inflammatory fibroblasts, and determining whether the level of the at least one response marker from the biological sample is equal to or higher than the level of the at least one response marker of a non- response control, wherein a higher level of the at least one response marker from the biological sample from the human subject relative to the level of the at least one response marker from the non-response control indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment, wherein the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received the humanized antibody for treatment, and wherein the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin comprises the CDRs: light chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 4, CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 5, CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 6; heavy chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 1; CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 2; and CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 3. In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating ulcerative colitis in a human subject, said method comprising determining an expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject, wherein the human subject will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin if the level of the at least one response marker correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has responded to treatment, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), or inflammatory fibroblasts, further comprising administering to the human subject the humanized antibody, wherein the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received the humanized antibody for treatment, and wherein the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin comprises the CDRs: light chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 4, CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 5, CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 6; heavy chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 1; CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 2; and CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, the biological sample is a peripheral blood sample or a gut mucosal biopsy sample from the human subject. In some embodiments, the sample comprises colonic inflammatory monocytes that express galectin-3 and CD68 at immunofluorescence staining. In some embodiments, the sample is collected within two weeks prior to treatment. 4 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In some embodiments, the expression level of the at least one response marker is determined by single-cell RNAseq. In some embodiments, the ulcerative colitis is moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the human subject had a lack of an adequate response with, loss response to, or was intolerant to treatment with at least one of an immunomodulator, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the human subject previously received treatment with at least one corticosteroid. In some embodiments, response to treatment is assessed by Physician Global Assessment (PGA) score at 14 weeks after the start of treatment. In some embodiments, the methods of the invention further comprises measuring the level of dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and / or inflammatory monocytes in the sample from the human subject, wherein an increased level relative to a response control level of DCs, ILCs, NK cells, and / or inflammatory monocytes indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is selected from a gene expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and involved in neutrophil mediated immunity, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, and / or the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. In some embodiments, increased expression of the at least one response marker selected from a gene expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and involved in neutrophil mediated immunity, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, and / or the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is selected from a gene expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and involved in the regulation of T cell apoptotic process, ribosome assembly and biogenesis, and / or cellular metabolic process. In some embodiments, increased expression of at least one response marker selected from a gene expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and involved in the regulation of T cell 5 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 apoptotic process, ribosome assembly and biogenesis, and / or cellular metabolic process indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, and / or IL1RN. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, and / or IL1RN indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from HIF1A, SOCS3, and / or IL1RN. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from HIF1A, SOCS3, and / or IL1RN indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from PLAU, CYP27A1, SMAD3, C4orf3, IRAK3, SLCO4A1, REV3L, CLEC4E, IL1B, FLT1, HCAR3, SOD2, HIF1A, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, PDPN, BCL2L1, SOCS3, PLEK, SPP1, EGR2 and / or IL1RN. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from PLAU, CYP27A1, SMAD3, C4orf3, IRAK3, SLCO4A1, REV3L, CLEC4E, IL1B, FLT1, HCAR3, SOD2, HIF1A, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, PDPN, BCL2L1, SOCS3, PLEK, SPP1, EGR2 and / or IL1RN indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic mucosal macrophages and selected from RGS2 and / or MAFB. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic mucosal macrophages and selected from RGS2 and / or MAFB indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. 6 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from TREM1 and / or TGM2. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from TREM1 and / or TGM2 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from IL1B, IL1RN, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, CXCL9, and / or TNF. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from IL1B, IL1RN, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, CXCL9, and / or TNF indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL1B, IL1RN, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2 and / or CXCL3. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from IL1B, IL1RN, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2 and / or CXCL3 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1 and / or LGALS3. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1 and / or LGALS3 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from ADAM17 and / or TNF. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from ADAM17 and / or TNF indicates the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4 and / or WNT2B. 7 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4 and / or WNT2B indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, and / or DCHS2. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, and / or DCHS2 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from SELE, LTB, OSM, and / or CXCL10. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from SELE, LTB, OSM, and / or CXCL10 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in IgG plasma cells and is SEC63. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in IgG plasma cells, wherein the at least one response marker is SEC63 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in IgG plasma cells and is selected from TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, and / or SDC1. In another embodiment, the at least one response marker is expressed in IgG plasma cells and is SDC1. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in IgG plasma cells and selected from TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, and / or SDC1 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in IgG plasma cells, wherein the at least one response marker is SDC1 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL18RAP, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, and / or IFNGR2. 8 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In another embodiment, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is ITGB1 and / or IL10RA. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL18RAP, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, and / or IFNGR2 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and wherein the at least one response marker is ITGB1 and / or IL10RA indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is IL1R1 and / or IL1RAP. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and wherein the at least one response marker is IL1R1 and / or IL1RAP indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, and / or TNF. In another embodiment, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from CD40LG, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, and / or TNFRSF14. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, and / or TNF indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from CD40LG, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, and / or TNFRSF14 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is IL12RB, IL2RG, and / or TNFRSF1B. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) selected from IL12RB, IL2RG, and / or TNFRSF1B indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. 9 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from IL-11, CXCL2, and / or CXCL14. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from IL-11, CXCL2, and / or CXCL14 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from CXCL12, CXCL16, and / or CCL2. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from CXCL12, CXCL16, and / or CCL2 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in IgG plasma cells and is selected from ICAM1, PECAM1, CD74_CXCR4, CD74_CD44, PTPRC, and / or ITGAE. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in IgG plasma cells and selected from ICAM1, PECAM1, CD74_CXCR4, CD74_CD44, PTPRC, and / or ITGAE indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL10RA, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, ITGA5_ITGB1, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, CD74_CXCR4, CD74_CD44, TLR4, ITGA4_ITGB1, CD44, CD36, CD47, NOTCH2, IL7R, CD40, TGFBR2, NRP2, and / or FLT1. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory monocytes and selected from IL10RA, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, ITGA5_ITGB1, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, CD74_CXCR4, CD74_CD44, TLR4, ITGA4_ITGB1, CD44, CD36, CD47, NOTCH2, IL7R, CD40, TGFBR2, NRP2, and / or FLT1 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from CD40LG, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, GLG1, NOTCH1, TGFBR2, CD74, and / or TNFRSF25. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from CD40LG, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, GLG1, NOTCH1, TGFBR2, CD74, and / or TNFRSF25 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. 10 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from TNFRSF1A, CD47, CD55, ITGA4_ITGB1, NRP1, NRP2, NRP1_NRP2, ICAM1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TNFRSF14, FGFR1, CD74_CD44, ITGAV_ITGB5, ITGAV_ITGB8, CD44, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ITGAV, IL6ST, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1_TGFBR2_ACVRL1, LRP1, BMPR2_ACVR1, EDNRB, and / or CD74. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from TNFRSF1A, CD47, CD55, ITGA4_ITGB1, NRP1, NRP2, NRP1_NRP2, ICAM1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TNFRSF14, FGFR1, CD74_CD44, ITGAV_ITGB5, ITGAV_ITGB8, CD44, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ITGAV, IL6ST, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1_TGFBR2_ACVRL1, LRP1, BMPR2_ACVR1, EDNRB, and / or CD74 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in IgG plasma cells and is selected from CD44 / SDC1, CD40, GLG1, and / or ITGA6. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in IgG plasma cells and selected from CD44 / SDC1, CD40, GLG1, and / or ITGA6 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX_ITGB2, TNFRSF10B_TNFRSF10D, CD99, CSF3R, CSF1R / CSF3R, LILRB3, ITGAV, FPR3 / FPR2, and / or IL6ST. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory monocytes and selected from ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX_ITGB2, TNFRSF10B_TNFRSF10D, CD99, CSF3R, CSF1R / CSF3R, LILRB3, ITGAV, FPR3 / FPR2, and / or IL6ST indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from CXCR4, ITGB1, CD28, CTLA4, CD28_CTLA4, CD4, IGF2R, ITGAL_ITGB2, RPSA, and / or CCR6. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from CXCR4, ITGB1, CD28, CTLA4, CD28_CTLA4, CD4, IGF2R, ITGAL_ITGB2, RPSA, and / or CCR6 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. 11 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from MYLK, ITGA1, ITGB8, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, and / or IL6ST / LIFR. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from MYLK, ITGA1, ITGB8, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, and / or IL6ST / LIFR indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from ANXA1, AREG, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CD46, CXCL10, CXCL3, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, ICAM1, IL10, IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, SELL, TNF, TNFSF13B, IL7R, CD47, PLXNB2, ITGA5, CXCR4, CD74, IL6ST, CD4, ITGA4, CSF3R, CSF1R, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, CD36, IL1RAP, FPR2, IL1R1, and / or ITGB1. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory monocytes and selected from ANXA1, AREG, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CD46, CXCL10, CXCL3, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, ICAM1, IL10, IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, SELL, TNF, TNFSF13B, IL7R, CD47, PLXNB2, ITGA5, CXCR4, CD74, IL6ST, CD4, ITGA4, CSF3R, CSF1R, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, CD36, IL1RAP, FPR2, IL1R1, and / or ITGB1 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from ANXA1, BMP7, CD40, CD46, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, ICAM1, IL-11, JAM3, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NECTIN2, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, NRP1, TNFRSF1A, PLXNB2, IL6ST, FGFR1, LRP6, TNFRSF14, BMPR2, and / or ITGAV. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from ANXA1, BMP7, CD40, CD46, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, ICAM1, IL-11, JAM3, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NECTIN2, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, NRP1, TNFRSF1A, PLXNB2, IL6ST, FGFR1, LRP6, TNFRSF14, BMPR2, and / or ITGAV indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from BTLA, CD28, CD46, ITGA4, ITGB2, LTB, SEMA4D, TNF, IL7R, TIGIT, CD74, IL6ST, IL10RA, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD44, IL1R2, and / or IL1R1. 12 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from BTLA, CD28, CD46, ITGA4, ITGB2, LTB, SEMA4D, TNF, IL7R, TIGIT, CD74, IL6ST, IL10RA, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD44, IL1R2, and / or IL1R1 indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from ADGRE5, CD99, HLA-E, ITGB2, and / or ALOX5. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory monocytes and selected from ADGRE5, CD99, HLA-E, ITGB2, and / or ALOX5 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from APOE, CCL2, CD99, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, CXCL12, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMA4, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ITGA1, and / or MYLK. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and selected from APOE, CCL2, CD99, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, CXCL12, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMA4, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ITGA1, and / or MYLK indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from ALOXA5AP, AREG, CALM2, HLA-E, and / or CXCR4. In another embodiment, increased expression of the at least one response marker expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from ALOXA5AP, AREG, CALM2, HLA-E, and / or CXCR4 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. In some embodiments, the mRNA expression level and / or protein expression level of the at least one response marker is determined. In some embodiments, the mRNA expression level is determined by in situ hybridization or RNA sequencing. In some embodiments, the protein expression level is determined by flow cytometry, mass cytometry, or immunohistochemistry. In some embodiments, a human subject that is determined to respond to treatment is administered the humanized antibody. 13 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In some embodiments, a human subject that is determined not to respond to treatment is further treated with a higher dose and / or more frequent administration of the humanized antibody. In some embodiments, a human subject that is determined not to respond to treatment is further treated with a combination therapy that includes the humanized antibody and a second agent. In some embodiments, the second agent is a JAK inhibitor, an anti-TNFα inhibitor, or an IL-23 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the second agent is infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol, ustekinumab, risankizumab, guselkumab, mirikizumab, or tofacitinib. In some embodiments, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to at least one response selected from the group consisting of a clinical response of a decrease in SCCAI by at least 3 points post-VDZ with no reported rectal bleeding, endoscopic response, and mucosal healing. In some embodiments, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to corticosteroid-free (CSF) symptomatic remission. In some embodiments, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to corticosteroid-free (CSF) symptomatic remission and CSF endoscopic remission. In some embodiments, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to corticosteroid-free (CSF) symptomatic remission, CSF endoscopic remission, and CSF histologic remission. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody is vedolizumab. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, drawings and from the claims. 14 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIGS.1A-H show that inflammatory monocytes, Tregs and inflammatory fibroblasts display dysregulated functional state in pre-treatment inflamed mucosa in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients that did not respond to vedolizumab therapy. FIG.1A depicts reclustering of inflammatory monocytes captured in the mucosa of UC patients before the start of VDZ treatment (pre-VDZ). Shown is a UMAP representation of 1355 single-cell inflammatory monocytes (transcriptomes) shaded by the response status according to the PGA score. FIG.1B depicts a Volcano plot showing the differential genes expressed by inflammatory monocytes derived from responders (left side of the plot) and non-responders (right side of the plot) prior to VDZ treatment. A gene was considered differentially expressed if the negative log10 FDR (adjusted p value) was greater than 0.05, and log2 fold change was either less than –0.25 or greater than 0.25. FIG.1C shows overrepresented GO terms in the inflammatory monocytes based on 205 differentially expressed genes in responders and 277 genes in non-responders at baseline (pre-VDZ). Circle size corresponds to the proportion of tested genes annotated to a given term, while the shading indicates the level of significance from low (blue) to high (magenta) according to the -log10 of the adjusted p value. FIG.1D depicts CellChat analysis of the intercellular communication network between 10 distinct cell types in the mucosa of the responders (on the left) and non-responders (on the right) at baseline (pre-VDZ). In the circle plots, lines represent predicted interaction between two cell types, and the thickness of each line is proportional to the number of interactions (i.e. how many ligand-receptor pairs contribute to the communication between two cell types). The round loops represent autocrine circuits, while the dot size is proportional to the number of cells in each cell group. Inflammatory monocytes in the mucosa of non-responders do not receive signals from Tregs in contrast to responders. In non-responders, IgG cells do not send signals to CD8+IL17+ T cells and inflammatory fibroblasts (while receiving signals from these two cell types), and do not communicate at all with Tregs. FIGS.1E-G depicts enriched pathways (in GO terms) that reflect functional state of the mucosal inflammatory monocytes, Tregs, and inflammatory fibroblasts. Circle size corresponds to the proportion of tested genes annotated to a given term, while the shading indicates the level of significance from low (light shading) to high (darker shading) according to the -log10 of the adjusted p value. FIG.1H depicts proportion of IgG+ (on the left) or IgA+ (on the right) plasma cells of the total number of captured plasma cells in each sample. UC, 15 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ulcerative colitis; VDZ, vedolizumab; UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection; PGA, Physician Global Assessment; FDR, false discovery rate; GO, Gene Ontology; VDZ-R, responders to vedolizumab; VDZ-NR, non-responders to vedolizumab; FC, fold change. FIG.2A and FIG.2B show changes in immune cell composition of the mucosa in responders and non-responders to vedolizumab therapy. In particular, FIG.2A depicts cell proportions within adaptive and innate immune cells (Cytek immunoprofiles) in the mucosa in responders and non-responders pre-VDZ and post-VDZ. Shown are stacked fractions of each cell subtype (y axis) divided by the total number of cells in each of the four sample groups (VDZ-R pre- and post-treatment, VDZ-NR pre- and post-treatment). FIG.2B depicts identification of the innate cellular signature that distinguishes non-responders to VDZ prior to treatment. Shown are significant changes in cell frequency (y axis) for innate cell subsets in mucosal Cytek immunoprofiles in responders and non-responders pre-VDZ. Each dot represents a single sample, cell frequency of each cell type divided by the total number of cells in a sample. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian Multinomial Logistic Regression (the Pibble model) with 75% Credible Interval (# indicates significance detected at 75%, 90% or 95% CI). VDZ, vedolizumab; VDZ-R, responders to vedolizumab; VDZ-NR, non-responders to vedolizumab; CI, Credible Interval. FIG.3A and FIG.3B show mucosal expression of selected genes associated with cytokine signaling, monocyte-specific LPS and immune complex (IC) signatures, and genes that mark resident macrophages. FIG.3A depicts heatmaps showing the average log2 fold change in cytokine expression in responders and non-responders over the course of 14 weeks of vedolizumab treatment (top panel), as well as average log2 fold change in cytokine expression between these two groups of patients at pre-VDZ and post-VDZ (bottom panel). The single-cell RNAseq mucosal cells dataset was converted to a pseudo-bulk dataset to interrogate the expression of the cytokines across all cells together (left panels) or across only epithelial cells (right panels). The dotted (“concrete”) pattern in the top panel represents a significant increase in gene expression of a cytokine post-VDZ compared to pre-VDZ, the diagonal line pattern in the top panel represents a significant decrease. The crosshatch pattern in the bottom panel represents a significant increase in gene expression of a cytokine in responders, while the dotted (“sand”) pattern in the bottom panel represents a significant increase in non-responders. No pattern indicates no significant change. A gene appears on the x axis if at least one of the tested 16 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 cytokines shows a significant change. Statistical differential gene expression analysis was performed using the “MAST” method (“Seurat” R package) (adjusted p < 0.05 after Benjamini- Hochberg multiple test correction). FIG.3B depicts heatmaps showing the average log2 fold change in the expression of selected genes in inflammatory monocytes and macrophages in the mucosa in responders and non-responders over the course of 14 weeks of vedolizumab treatment (top panel), as well as average log2 fold change in the expression between these two groups of patients at pre-VDZ and post-VDZ (bottom panel). The diagonal patterns in the top panel represent a significant increase in gene expression of a cytokine post-VDZ compared to pre-VDZ, the hexagon pattern and dotted (“concrete”) pattern in the top panel represent a significant decrease. The large-dotted pattern and crosshatch pattern in the bottom panel represents a significant increase in gene expression of a cytokine in responders, while the small-dotted (“sand”) pattern, diagonal line pattern, and dashed diagonal line pattern in the bottom panel represents a significant increase in non-responders. No pattern indicates no significant change. A gene appears on the x axis if at least one of the tested cytokines shows a significant change. Statistical differential gene expression analysis was performed using the “MAST” method (“Seurat” R package) (adjusted p < 0.05 after Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction). LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IC, immune complex; VDZ, vedolizumab; VDZ-R, responder to vedolizumab treatment; VDZ-NR, non-responder to vedolizumab treatment; pre-VDZ, a study time point of 2 weeks before the start of the vedolizumab treatment; post-VDZ, a study time point of 14 weeks after the start of the vedolizumab treatment. FIG.4A and FIG.4B show a schematic illustration of the cell-cell interactions within the mucosal inflammatory module that underlie fundamentally different inflammatory mechanisms in responders and non-responders to vedolizumab. The cell interaction networks were built for responders (FIG.4A) and non-responders (FIG.4B) based on genes differentially expressed by selected mucosal cell types at baseline which were analyzed using CellChat and NicheNet. Detailed information on the number of ligand-receptor pairs, identity of these pairs as well as predicted biological functions that the ligand-receptor pairs represent are shown in FIG.7. FIG.5 depicts heatmaps showing the average log2 fold change in the expression of the genes previously reported to have the potential to distinguish non-responders to VDZ from responders. The top panel shows changes over the course of 14 weeks of vedolizumab treatment, and the bottom panel shows changes in gene expression between responders and non-responders 17 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 at pre-VDZ and post-VDZ. The single-cell RNAseq mucosal cells dataset was converted to a pseudo-bulk dataset to interrogate the expression of the cytokines across all cells together. With respect to the top panel, the bottom five fill patterns in the left log2FC legend represent a significant increase in gene expression post-VDZ compared to pre-VDZ, the top five fill patterns in the left avg log2FC legend represents a significant decrease. With respect to the bottom panel, the top three fill patterns in the right avg log2FC legend represent a significant increase in gene expression in responders, while the bottom eight fill patterns in the right log2FC legend represent a significant increase in non-responders. No pattern indicates no significant change. Statistical differential gene expression analysis was performed using the “MAST” method (“Seurat” R package) (adjusted p < 0.05 after Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction). FIG.6A and FIG.6B , and FIG.6C depict a characterization of the functional state of circulating monocytes in responders and non-responders prior to vedolizumab treatment. FIG. 6A shows a reclustering of the monocytes captured in the peripheral blood of UC patients before the start of VDZ treatment (pre-VDZ). Shown is the UMAP representation of 21,031 single-cell monocytes (transcriptomes, CD14+ and CD16+ monocytes combined) shaded by the PGA response. FIG.6B is a Volcano plot showing the differential genes expressed by monocytes derived from responders (left side of the plot) and non-responders (right side of the plot) prior to VDZ treatment. A gene was considered differentially expressed if the negative log10 FDR (adjusted p value) was greater than 0.05, and log2 fold change was either less than –0.25 or greater than 0.25. FIG.6C shows enriched pathways (in GO terms) that reflect the functional state of the circulating monocytes. Circle size corresponds to the proportion of tested genes annotated to a given term, while the shading indicates the level of significance from low to high according to the -log10 of the adjusted p value. FIG.7 depicts differences in the mucosal cell-cell crosstalk of responders and non- responders prior to VDZ treatment. In particular, FIG.7 is an overview of the changes in ligand- receptor interactions between a sender cell (inflammatory monocyte, Treg or inflammatory fibroblast) and a receiver cell in the mucosa in two groups of UC patients – responders (top row) and non-responders (bottom row). Numbers indicate the quantity of ligand-receptor pairs for each intercellular link. The loops indicate autocrine circuits. Analysis was done using CellChat. VDZ, vedolizumab; VDZ-R, responder to vedolizumab treatment; VDZ-NR, non-responder to vedolizumab treatment. 18 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for predicting an ulcerative colitis patient’s response to an anti-α4β7 integrin antibody, such as vedolizumab. Not all patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who receive treatment with an anti-α4β7 antibody, such as vedolizumab, respond to the treatment and some do not respond fully to treatment. To improve clinical care for the treatment of UC, there is a need to identify UC patients before treatment who will respond to anti-α4β7 antibody therapy and those who will not respond. Predicted responders can then be treated with standard treatment options, and the treatment options of predicted non-responders can be modified (e.g., increased dosing, increased dosing frequency, combination therapy). Methods disclosed herein relate to the surprising discovery that there is an association between certain cellular and molecular signatures (e.g., mRNA and / or protein biomarkers) and response or non-response to vedolizumab in patients with ulcerative colitis. Vedolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the α4β7integrin, is indicated for the treatment of patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Vedolizumab has a novel gut-selective mechanism of action that differs from that of other currently marketed biologic agents for the treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including natalizumab and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists. By binding to cell surface–expressed α4β7integrin, vedolizumab blocks the interaction of a subset of memory gut-homing T lymphocytes with mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) expressed on endothelial cells. Consequently, migration of these cells into inflamed intestinal tissue is inhibited. The efficacy and safety of vedolizumab was demonstrated in patients with UC in the GEMINI 1 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00783718) and in patients with CD in the GEMINI 2 (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00783692) and GEMINI 3 (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01224171) trials. The exposure-response (efficacy) relationships of vedolizumab in patients with UC and CD for induction and maintenance therapy have been presented elsewhere. I. Definitions In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with 19 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 the present invention shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear, however, in the event of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. As used herein, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including,” as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included,” is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit unless specifically stated otherwise. The cell surface molecule, "α4β7 integrin," or "α4β7" (used interchangeably throughout) is a heterodimer of an α4 chain (CD49D, ITGA4) and a β7 chain (ITGB7). Human α4-integrin and β7-integrin genes GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Md.) RefSeq Accession numbers NM_000885 and NM_000889, respectively) are expressed by B and T lymphocytes, particularly memory CD4+ lymphocytes. Typical of many integrins, α4β7 can exist in either a resting or activated state. Ligands for α4β7 include vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), fibronectin and mucosal addressin (MAdCAM (e.g., MAdCAM-1)). An antibody that binds to α4β7 integrin is referred to herein as an “anti-α4β7 antibody”. As used herein, an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that has "binding specificity for the α4β7 complex" binds to α4β7, but not to α4β1 or αEB7. Vedolizumab is an example of an antibody that has binding specificity for the α4β7 complex. The term "about" denotes that the thereafter following value is no exact value but is the center point of a range that is + / -5% of the value of the value. If the value is a relative value given in percentages the term "about" also denotes that the thereafter following value is no exact value but is the center point of a range that is + / -5% of the value, whereby the upper limit of the range cannot exceed a value of 100%. The term "antibody" as used herein, is intended to refer to an immunoglobulin molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter- connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region (CH). The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain 20 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. In some embodiments, the antibody has a fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. In certain embodiments, the antibody is an IgG1 isotype and has a kappa light chain. A "CDR" or “complementarity determining region” is a region of hypervariability interspersed within regions that are more conserved, termed "framework regions" (FR). As used herein, the term "antigen binding fragment" or “antigen binding portion” of an antibody refers to Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, and Fv fragments, single chain antibodies, functional heavy chain antibodies (nanobodies), as well as any portion of an antibody having specificity toward at least one desired epitope, that competes with the intact antibody for specific binding (e.g., an isolated portion of a complementarity determining or variable region having sufficient framework sequences so as to bind specifically to an epitope). Antigen binding fragments can be produced by recombinant techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of an antibody. For instance, papain or pepsin cleavage can be used to generate Fab or F(ab')2 fragments, respectively. Antibodies can also be produced in a variety of truncated forms using antibody genes in which one or more stop codons have been introduced upstream of the natural stop site. For example, a recombinant construct encoding the heavy chain of an F(ab')2 fragment can be designed to include DNA sequences encoding the CHI domain and hinge region of the heavy chain. “Antigen binding fragments” of a humanized anti-α4β7 antibody comprise at least the variable regions of the heavy and / or light chains of an anti-α4β7 antibody (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10). Examples of such antigen binding fragments include Fab fragments, Fab′ fragments, scFv and F(ab′)2 fragments of a humanized immunoglobulin known in the art. In one aspect, antigen binding fragments of an anti-α4β7 antibody inhibit binding of α4β7 integrin to one or more of its ligands (e.g., the mucosal addressin MAdCAM (e.g., MAdCAM-1), fibronectin). “Treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disease as well as those in which the disease or its recurrence is to be prevented. Hence, the patient to be treated herein 21 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 may have been diagnosed as having the disease or may be predisposed or susceptible to the disease. The terms “patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein. Preferably a patient is a human. “Baseline” as used herein describes a value of a parameter which is measured prior to the initial dose of a therapeutic agent or initiation of a treatment. It can refer to a measurement on a sample obtained the same day, the day before, during the week before initial treatment, i.e., at a time period before the first dose when little change is expected until after the first dose and values of the measurement obtained after the first dose can be compared to this baseline value to represent the change caused by the dose. The term “determining whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin”, as used herein, is intended to refer to an ability to assess the likelihood that treatment of a subject with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin will or will not be effective in (e.g., provide a measurable benefit to) the subject. In particular, such an ability to assess the likelihood that treatment will or will not be effective typically is exercised before treatment with the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin is begun in the subject. As used herein, the term “expression” when used in connection with detecting the expression of a biomarker of the present disclosure, can refer to detecting transcription of the gene encoding a biomarker protein and / or detecting translation of the biomarker protein. To detect expression of a biomarker refers to the act of actively determining whether a biomarker is expressed or not. To quantitate expression refers to the act of determining the level of the given biomarker, e.g., ng / ml. Detecting and / or quantitating expression can include determining whether the biomarker expression is upregulated as compared to a known standard level, downregulated as compared to a known standard level, or substantially unchanged as compared to a known standard level. Therefore, the step of quantitating and / or detecting expression does not require that expression of the biomarker actually is upregulated or downregulated, but rather, can also include detecting no expression of the biomarker or detecting that the expression of the biomarker has not changed or is not different (i.e., detecting no significant expression of the biomarker or no significant change in expression of the biomarker as compared to a control). 22 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 The term "level" or "amount" of a biomarker, as used herein, refers to the measurable quantity of a biomarker, e.g., a transcript, a peptide, a protein (or polypeptide). The amount may be either (a) an absolute amount as measured in molecules, moles or weight per unit volume or cells or (b) a relative amount. The term "marker" or "biomarker," as used herein, refers generally to a molecule, e.g., mRNA (and a nucleotide sequence of such mRNA), a gene (and a nucleotide sequence of such gene), a peptide and a protein (and an amino acid sequence of such), the expression of which in or on a sample derived from a mammalian tissue or cell can be detected, for example, by standard methods in the art such as in situ hybridization (as well as methods disclosed herein, e.g., single cell RNAseq), and is predictive or denotes a condition of the subject from which it was obtained. As used herein, the term “reference level” or "control level", refers to an accepted or pre- determined level of a biomarker which is used to compare the biomarker level derived from the sample of a subject. The level of the biomarker may also be compared to a baseline level which is not accepted or pre-determined. The term "sample" or "biological sample" as used herein refers to cells or tissue obtained from a subject. The source of the tissue or cell sample may be solid tissue (as from a fresh, frozen and / or preserved organ or tissue sample or biopsy (e.g., mucosal biopsy) or aspirate); whole blood or any blood constituents (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)); or bodily fluids, such as serum, plasma, urine, feces, saliva, sweat or synovial fluid. As used herein, “inflammatory monocytes” are cells that are characterized by cell type annotations set forth in Smillie, C. S. et al. Intra- and Inter-cellular Rewiring of the Human Colon during Ulcerative Colitis. Cell 178, 714-730.e22 (2019). Inflammatory monocytes as used herein may reside in the colonic mucosa. The term “Physician Global Assessment” or “PGA” as used herein refers to a scoring system used to assess disease severity and incorporates “clinical response” defined as a decrease in Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) by at least 3 points post-VDZ with no reported rectal bleeding, “endoscopic response” defined as a decrease in total Mayo score by at least 3 points post-VDZ in the last three segments of the intestinal tract, and serological and fecal markers such as C-Reactive Protein, hemoglobin, and calprotectin. The term “Composite Outcome Score” or “COS” may also be used to refer to PGA. 23 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 II. Response Markers The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery that certain cellular and molecular signatures (e.g., mRNA and / or protein biomarkers) are associated with response or non-response to vedolizumab in patients with ulcerative colitis. In particular, the markers described herein are mRNA markers and / or protein markers. As described in the Examples below, the disclosure provides biomarkers whose expression levels can be used to predict whether a subject with UC will respond or not respond to treatment with vedolizumab. Thus, in one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of differential expression of mRNA and / or protein response markers in a biological sample from a UC patient to predict / determine whether said patient will respond or not respond to treatment with vedolizumab. The response markers that can be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein include nucleic acid sequences (e.g., mRNA transcripts) that encode the following proteins, alone or in combination: CYP27A1: CYP27A1 (also known as Cytochrome P450 Family 27 Subfamily A Member 1; CYP27; CP27; CTX; Sterol 26-Hydroxylase, Mitochondrial; Vitamin D(3) 25-Hydroxylase; Cytochrome P-450C27 / 25; Sterol 27-Hydroxylase; Cytochrome P45027; 5-Beta-Cholestane-3- Alpha, 7-Alpha, 12-Alpha-Triol 26-Hydroxylase) encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes that catalyzes regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of cholesterol and its derivatives. The enzyme is known to catalyze the first step in the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates in the bile acid synthesis pathway (Cali et al. J Biol Chem.1991 Apr 25;266(12):7774-8). The amino acid sequence of CYP27A1 is SEQ ID NO: 11 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q02318. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 11 and / or the protein level thereof. C4orf3: C4orf3 (also known as chromosome 4 open reading frame 3; ALN; HCVFTP1; uncharacterized protein C4orf3; HCV F-transactivated protein 1; another-regulin; hepatitis C virus F protein-transactivated protein 1) encodes a protein predicted to be located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation 24 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity and negative regulation of calcium ion binding activity. The amino acid sequence of C4orf3 is SEQ ID NO: 12 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q8WVX3. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 12 and / or the protein level thereof. IRAK3: IRAK3 (also known as Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 3; IRAK-M; Inactive IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 3; IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase M; ASRT5; IRAKM) encodes a member of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase protein family that regulates signaling downstream of immune receptors including IL1R and Toll-like receptors and is found mainly in cells of monomyeloic origin (Wesche et al. J Biol Chem.1999 Jul 2;274(27):19403-10). The amino acid sequence of IRAK3 is SEQ ID NO: 13 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9Y616. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 13 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCL9: CXCL9 (also known as C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9; SCYB9; Crg-10; Humig; CMK; MIG; Monokine Induced By Gamma Interferon; Gamma-Interferon-Induced Monokine; Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 9; Small-Inducible Cytokine B9) encodes a cytokine involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. CXCL9 is known to be induced in THP-1 cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by interferon-gamma but not by interferon-alpha or by lipopolysaccharide (Farber JM. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1993 Apr 15;192(1):223-30. doi: 10.1006 / bbrc.1993.1403). The amino acid sequence of CXCL9 is SEQ ID NO: 14 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q07325. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 14 and / or the protein level thereof. 25 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 SLCO4A1: SLCO4A1 (also known as Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 4A1; OATP4A1; OATP-E; SLC21A12; Solute Carrier Family 21 (Organic Anion Transporter), Member 12; Organic Anion Transporter Polypeptide-Related Protein 1; Sodium- Independent Organic Anion Transporter E; Solute Carrier Family 21 Member 12; Colon Organic Anion Transporter; OATPRP1; OATP1; POAT; Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family, Member 4A1; Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide E) encodes a member of the solute carrier family and is predicted to enable sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity and thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity. It is involved in the transport of various compounds, including sugars, bile salts, organic acids, metal ions, amine compounds, and estrogen (Ban et al. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.2017 Aug;143(8):1437-1447. doi: 10.1007 / s00432-017-2393-7). The amino acid sequence of SLCO4A1 is SEQ ID NO: 15 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q96BD0. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 15 and / or the protein level thereof. CLEC4E: CLEC4E (also known as C-Type Lectin Domain Family 4 Member E; MINCLE; Macrophage-Inducible C-Type Lectin; CLECSF9; C-Type (Calcium Dependent, Carbohydrate-Recognition Domain) Lectin, Superfamily Member 9; C-Type Lectin Superfamily Member 9) encodes a C-type lectin receptor that acts as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the innate immune system. CLEC4E is thought to sense nonhomeostatic cell death and thereby induces the production of inflammatory cytokines to drive the infiltration of neutrophils into damaged tissue (Yamasaki et al. Nat Immunol.2008 Oct;9(10):1179-88. doi: 10.1038 / ni.1651). The amino acid sequence of CLEC4E is SEQ ID NO: 16 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9ULY5. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 16 and / or the protein level thereof. TREM1: TREM1 (also known as Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 1; TREM-1; CD354; CD354 Antigen) encodes a cell surface receptor expressed on neutrophils and 26 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 monocytes that amplifies inflammation induced by stimulation of pattern-recognition receptors (Arts et al. Eur Cytokine Netw.2011 Mar;22(1):11-4. doi: 10.1684 / ecn.2011.0274). The amino acid sequence of TREM1 is SEQ ID NO: 17 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9NP99. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 17 and / or the protein level thereof. IL1B: IL1B (also known as Interleukin 1 Beta; IL1F2; IL1-BETA; IL-1 Beta; Catabolin; Pro-Interleukin-1-Beta; Preinterleukin 1 Beta; Interleukin 1beta) encodes a key innate cytokine that is essential for immune activation and promoting the inflammatory process (Yaseen et al. Rev Med Virol.2023 Jan;33(1):e2400. doi: 10.1002 / rmv.2400). The amino acid sequence of IL1B is SEQ ID NO: 18 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01584. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 18 and / or the protein level thereof. FLT1: FLT1 (also known as Fms Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1; VEGFR1; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1; Vascular Permeability Factor Receptor; FLT; Fms-Related Tyrosine Kinase 1 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Vascular Permeability Factor Receptor); Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor FLT; Fms Related Tyrosine Kinase 1) encodes a tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFB and PGF, and plays an essential role in the development of embryonic vasculature, the regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration, macrophage function, chemotaxis, and cancer cell invasion (Lesslie et al. Br J Cancer.2006 Jun 5;94(11):1710-7. doi: 10.1038 / sj.bjc.6603143). The amino acid sequence of FLT1 is SEQ ID NO: 19 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P17948. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 19 and / or the protein level thereof. 27 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 SOD2: SOD2 (also known as Superoxide Dismutase 2; GClnc1; IPOB; GC1; Superoxide Dismutase 2, Mitochondrial; MnSOD) encodes a protein that binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. As such, SOD2 has antiapoptotic functions against inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and ionizing radiation (Becuwe et al. Free Radic Biol Med.2014 Dec;77:139-51. doi: 10.1016 / j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.026). The amino acid sequence of SOD2 is SEQ ID NO: 20 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P04179. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 20 and / or the protein level thereof. HIF1A: HIF1A (also known as Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HIF-1-alpha; HIF-1A; HIF-1alpha; HIF1; HIF1-ALPHA; MOP1; PASD8; bHLHe78; hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit; hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HIF-1α) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix PAS domain containing protein that functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. It is known to induce expression of ACE2 and cytokines such as IL1B, TNF, IL6, and interferons in monocytes (Codo et al. Cell Metab.2020 Sep 1;32(3):437-446.e5). The amino acid sequence of HIF1A is SEQ ID NO: 21 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q16665. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 21 and / or the protein level thereof. GBP2: GBP2 (also known as Guanylate Binding Protein 2; Interferon-Induced Guanylate-Binding Protein 2; Guanylate Binding Protein 2, Interferon-Inducible; Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein 2; Guanylate-Binding Protein 2) encodes an interferon-induced protein that can bind to guanine nucleotides. Murine GBP2 is also known to be expressed in innate and adaptive immune cells (Praefcke GJK. Regulation of innate immune functions by guanylate-binding proteins. Int J Med Microbiol.2018 Jan;308(1):237-245). The amino acid sequence of GBP2 is SEQ ID NO: 22 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P32456. 28 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 22 and / or the protein level thereof. SLAMF1: SLAMF1 (also known as Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1; Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule; CD150; SLAM; SLAM Family Member 1; CDw150; IPO-3; CD150 Antigen) encodes a self-ligand receptor on the surface of activated T- and B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) and is thought to inhibit CD40-induced signal transduction in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Réthi et al. Blood.2006 Apr 1;107(7):2821-9. doi: 10.1182 / blood-2005-06-2265). The amino acid sequence of SLAMF1 is SEQ ID NO: 23 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q13291. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 23 and / or the protein level thereof. IL1A: IL1A (also known as Interleukin 1 Alpha; IL1F1; Hematopoietin-1; IL1-ALPHA; IL-1A; Pro-Interleukin-1-Alpha; Preinterleukin 1 Alpha; Interleukin-1 Alpha) encodes a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family that functions as a DNA damage sensor linking genotoxic stress signaling to sterile inflammation and innate immunity (Cohen et al. Sci Rep.2015 Oct 6;5:14756. doi: 10.1038 / srep14756). The amino acid sequence of IL1A is SEQ ID NO: 24 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01583. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 24 and / or the protein level thereof. PTGS2: PTGS2 (also known as Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; cyclooxygenase- 2; COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; PGG / HS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2) encodes one of two cyclooxygenases in humans involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2. PTSG2 transcripts are highly induced in mesenchymal-derived inflammatory cells (Hla et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1992 Aug 15;89(16):7384-8). The amino acid sequence of PTGS2 is SEQ ID NO: 25 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P35354. 29 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 25 and / or the protein level thereof. BCL2L1: BCL2L1 (also known as Bcl-2-like protein 1; Bcl2l1; Bcl(X)L; Bcl-XL; Bcl2l; BclX; bcl-x; bcl2-L-1; BCL-XL / S; BCLXL; BCLXS; PPP1R52; bcl-xS; BCL2L; BCLX; Bcl-X; bcl-xL; BCL2 like 1) encodes Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS through alternative splicing that function as a regulators of apoptotic cell death (Korsmeyer SJ. Regulators of cell death. Trends Genet.1995 Mar;11(3):101-5. doi: 10.1016 / S0168-9525(00)89010-1). Bcl-xS mRNA is expressed at high levels in cells that undergo a high rate of turnover, such as developing lymphocytes (Boise et al. Cell.1993 Aug 27;74(4):597-608. doi: 10.1016 / 0092-8674(93)90508-n). The amino acid sequence of BCL2L1 is SEQ ID NO: 26 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q07817. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 26 and / or the protein level thereof. SOCS3: SOCS3 (also known as ATOD4; CIS3; Cish3; SOCS-3; SSI-3; SSI3; suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) encodes a cytokine-inducible negative regulator of cytokine signaling. SOCS is thought to play a critical role in negative feedback control of JAK-STAT signaling pathway (Minamoto et al. Cloning and functional analysis of new members of STAT induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) family: SSI-2 and SSI-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1997 Aug 8;237(1):79-83. doi: 10.1006 / bbrc.1997.7080). The amino acid sequence of SOCS3 is SEQ ID NO: 27 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O14543. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 27 and / or the protein level thereof. DUSP7: DUSP7 (also known as MKPX; PYST2; dual specificity phosphatase 7) encodes a dual specificity protein phosphatase that shows high activity towards MAPK1 / ERK2 and lower activity towards MAPK14 and MAPK8 (Dowd et al. J Cell Sci.1998 Nov;111 ( Pt 22):3389-99). 30 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 The amino acid sequence of DUSP7 is SEQ ID NO: 28 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q16829. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 28 and / or the protein level thereof. PLEK: PLEK (also known as Pleckstrin; P47; PLEK1; Platelet 47 KDa Protein) encodes the major protein kinase C (PKC) substrate of platelets and functions in mediating cellular responses evoked by agonist-induced phosphoinositide turnover (Tyers et al. J Cell Biochem. 1989 Jun;40(2):133-45). The amino acid sequence of PLEK is SEQ ID NO: 29 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08567. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 29 and / or the protein level thereof. SPP1: SPP1 (also known as secreted phosphoprotein 1; Osteopontin; OPN; bone / sialoprotein I; BSP-1; BNSP; early T-lymphocyte activation; ETA-1) encodes a cytokine involved in enhancing production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 and reducing production of interleukin-10 and is essential in the pathway that leads to type I immunity. It is known to enhance B lymphocyte immunoglobulin production and proliferation (Wang et al. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.2008 Oct-Dec;19(5-6):333-45). The amino acid sequence of SPP1 is SEQ ID NO: 30 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P10451. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 30 and / or the protein level thereof. TGM2: TGM2 (also known as Transglutaminase 2; Tissue transglutaminase; G-ALPHA- h; GNAH; HEL-S-45; TG2; TGC; TG(C); transglutaminase 2; G(h); hTG2; tTG) encodes a 78- kDa, calcium-dependent enzyme of the transglutaminase family. Intracellularly, TGM2 is thought to function in apoptosis (McConkey et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1997 Oct 31 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 20;239(2):357-66. doi: 10.1006 / bbrc.1997.7409). The amino acid sequence of TGM2 is SEQ ID NO: 31 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P21980. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 31 and / or the protein level thereof. EGR2: EGR2 (also known as Early growth response protein 2; AT591; CMT1D; CMT4E; KROX20; early growth response 2; CHN1) encodes a transcription regulatory factor, containing three zinc finger DNA-binding sites. EGR2 functions in osteoprogenitor maintenance and new bone formation (Chandra et al. J Biol Chem.2013 Jul 12;288(28):20488-98. doi: 10.1074 / jbc.M112.447250). The amino acid sequence of EGR2 is SEQ ID NO: 32 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P11161. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 32 and / or the protein level thereof. INHBA: INHBA (also known as Inhibin, beta A; EDF; FRP; inhibin beta A; inhibin beta A subunit; inhibin subunit beta A) encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate a subunit of the dimeric activin and inhibin protein complexes. Activins and inhibins are structurally related members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth and differentiation factors that regulate reproductive and other functions (Lewis et al. Nature.2000 Mar 23;404(6776):411-4). The amino acid sequence of INHBA is SEQ ID NO: 33 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08476. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 33 and / or the protein level thereof. IL1RN: IL1RN (also known as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein; DIRA; ICIL- 1RA; IL-1RN; IL-1ra; IL-1ra3; IL1F3; IL1RA; IRAP; MVCD4; interleukin 1 receptor antagonist) encodes a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family that inhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 32 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. The absence of interleukin-1-receptor antagonist allows unopposed action of interleukin-1, resulting in life-threatening systemic inflammation with skin and bone involvement (Aksentijevich et al. N Engl J Med.2009 Jun 4;360(23):2426-37. doi: 10.1056 / NEJMoa0807865). The amino acid sequence of IL1RN is SEQ ID NO: 34 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P18510. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 34 and / or the protein level thereof. PLAU: PLAU (also known as Urokinase; urokinase-type plasminogen activator; ATF; BDPLT5; QPD; UPA; URK; u-PA; plasminogen activator) encodes a secreted serine protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin. PLAU regulates extracellular matrix remodeling by activating ubiquitous protease plasmin in many important physiological processes and is active in tumors where misregulation has been associated with the development of metastatic phenotype (Madunić. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activator System in Human Cancers: An Overview of Its Prognostic and Predictive Role. Thromb Haemost.2018 Dec;118(12):2020-2036. doi: 10.1055 / s-0038-1675399). The amino acid sequence of PLAU is SEQ ID NO: 35 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P00749. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 35 and / or the protein level thereof. SMAD3: SMAD3 (also known as SMAD family member 3; Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; HSPC193; HsT17436; JV15-2; LDS1C; LDS3; MADH3) encodes a member of the SMAD family of proteins that functions in mediating the signals initiated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death (Moustakas et al. J Cell Sci.2001 Dec;114(Pt 24):4359- 69. doi: 10.1242 / jcs.114.24.4359). The amino acid sequence of SMAD3 is SEQ ID NO: 36 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P84022. 33 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 36 and / or the protein level thereof. REV3L: REV3L (also known as Protein reversionless 3-like; DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit; POLZ; REV3; REV3 like; DNA directed polymerase zeta catalytic subunit) encodes a catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase zeta complex, an error-prone polymerase specialized in translesion DNA synthesis (Murakumo et al. J Biol Chem.2001 Sep 21;276(38):35644-51. doi: 10.1074 / jbc.M102051200). The amino acid sequence of REV3L is SEQ ID NO: 37 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O60673. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 37 and / or the protein level thereof. HCAR3: HCAR3 (also known as Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3; niacin receptor 2; NIACR2; GPR109B; HCA3; HM74; PUMAG; Puma-g) encodes a receptor for 3-OH-octanoid acid that mediates negative feedback regulation of adipocyte lipolysis to counteract prolipolytic influences under conditions of physiological or pathological increases in beta-oxidation rates. HCAR3 is required for pertussis toxin-sensitive migration of primary human monocytes in response to lactic acid bacteria derived metabolites (Peters et al. PLoS Genet.2019 May 23;15(5):e1008145). The amino acid sequence of HCAR3 is SEQ ID NO: 38 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P49019. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 38 and / or the protein level thereof. TLR8: TLR8 (also known as Toll-like receptor 8; CD288; cluster of differentiation 288; hIMD98) encodes an endosomal receptor that functions in innate and adaptive immunity. TLR8 is known to recognize viral ssRNA and endogenous RNA, such as microRNAs, resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines (Ishii et al. J Immunol.2014 Nov 15;193(10):5118-28. 34 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 doi: 10.4049 / jimmunol.1401375). The amino acid sequence of TLR8 is SEQ ID NO: 39 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9NR97. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 39 and / or the protein level thereof. BMF: BMF (also known as Bcl2 Modifying Factor; Bcl-2-Modifying Factor) encodes a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex. BMF is thought to function to sense intracellular damage by their localization to distinct cytoskeletal structures (Puthalakath et al. Science.2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1829-32. doi: 10.1126 / science.1062257). The amino acid sequence of BMF is SEQ ID NO: 40 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q96LC9. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 40 and / or the protein level thereof. APOL3: APOL3 (also known as Apolipoprotein L3; APOLIII; CG121; CG12_1; apoL- III) encodes a potent bactericidal protein protecting multiple non-immune barrier cell types against infection when expressed in the gut (Gaudet et al. Science.2021 Jul 16;373(6552):eabf8113. doi: 10.1126 / science.abf8113). The amino acid sequence of APOL3 is SEQ ID NO: 41 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O95236. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 41 and / or the protein level thereof. ARHGEF10L: ARHGEF10L (also known as Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 10 Like; GrinchGEF; Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 10-Like Protein; Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) 10-Like) encodes a protein that acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RHOA, RHOB and RHOC. Increased expression of ARHGEF10L is known to stimulate hepatocellular tumorigenesis by activating the RhoA-ROCK1- phospho ERM pathway and EMT (Tang et al. Exp Cell Res.2019 Jan 1;374(1):46-68. doi: 35 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 10.1016 / j.yexcr.2018.11.007). The amino acid sequence of ARHGEF10L is SEQ ID NO: 42 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9HCE6. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 42 and / or the protein level thereof. GSDMD: GSDMD (also known as Gasdermin D; DF5L, DFNA5L, GSDMDC1, FKSG10) encodes a precursor of a pore-forming protein that functions in host defense against pathogen infection and promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals (Shi et al. Nature.2015 Oct 29;526(7575):660-5. doi: 10.1038 / nature15514). The amino acid sequence of GSDMD is SEQ ID NO: 43 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P57764. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 43 and / or the protein level thereof. PDPN: PDPN (also known as Podoplanin; AGGRUS; GP36; GP40; Gp38; HT1A-1; OTS8; PA2.26; T1A; T1A-2; T1A2; TI1A; D2-40) encodes a type-I, integral membrane, O- glycosylated glycoprotein with mucin-type characteristics. Expression of mouse PDPN and its human homolog induces platelet aggregation without requiring plasma components. The amino acid sequence of PDPN is SEQ ID NO: 44 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q86YL7. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 44 and / or the protein level thereof. RGS2: RGS2 (also known as Regulator of G-protein signaling 2; G0S8; Cell Growth- Inhibiting Gene 31 Protein; G0 / G1 Switch Regulatory Protein 8) encodes a regulator of G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. RGS2 was found to bind to eIF2Bepsilon (eukaryotic initiation factor 2B epsilon subunit) and inhibit the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into new protein (Nguyen et al. J Cell Biol.2009 Sep 7;186(5):755-65. doi: 36 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 10.1083 / jcb.200811058). The amino acid sequence of RGS2 is SEQ ID NO: 45 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P41220. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 45 and / or the protein level thereof. MAFB: MAFB (also known as V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B; KRML; MCTO; MAF bZIP transcription factor B; DURS3) encodes a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that functions in the regulation of lineage-specific hematopoiesis. MAFB is known to act as a transcriptional activator or repressor (Park et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Jun 2;98(6):1220-1227. doi: 10.1016 / j.ajhg.2016.03.023). The amino acid sequence of MAFB is SEQ ID NO: 46 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9Y5Q3. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 46 and / or the protein level thereof. CCL2: CCL2 (also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; small inducible cytokine A2; GDCF-2; HC11; HSMCR30; MCAF; MCP-1; MCP1; SCYA2; SMC-CF) encodes a small cytokine primarily secreted by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CCL2 acts a major chemoattractant for monocytes and memory T cells by binding to its specific cell-surface receptor, CC-chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) (Xia et al. Expert Opin Ther Pat.2009 Mar;19(3):295-303. doi: 10.1517 / 13543770902755129). The amino acid sequence of CCL2 is SEQ ID NO: 47 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P13500. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 47 and / or the protein level thereof. ANXA1: ANXA1 (also known as Annexin A1; lipocortin I; ANX1; LPC1; Phospholipase A2 Inhibitory Protein; Chromobindin-9) encodes a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein. ANXA1 functions as an anti-inflammatory protein that plays an important homeostatic role in innate immunity and contributes to the adaptive immune response by enhancing signaling 37 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 cascades that are triggered by T-cell activation (D'Acquisto et al. Blood.2007 Feb 1;109(3):1095-102. doi: 10.1182 / blood-2006-05-022798). The amino acid sequence of ANXA1 is SEQ ID NO: 48 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P04083. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 48 and / or the protein level thereof. ADAM17: ADAM17 (also known as A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17; tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme; ADAM18; CD156B; CSVP; NISBD; NISBD1; TACE; ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17) encodes a 70 kDA enzyme that functions in the cleavage of the membrane bound precursor of TNF-alpha to its mature soluble form (Moss et al. Nature. 1997 Feb 20;385(6618):733-6. doi: 10.1038 / 385733a0). The amino acid sequence of ADAM17 is SEQ ID NO: 49 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P78536. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 49 and / or the protein level thereof. TNF: TNF (also known as Tumor necrosis factor; cachexin; cachectin; tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNF-α; DIF; TNF-alpha; TNFA; TNFSF2; TNLG1F) encodes a cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A / TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B / TNFBR and is involved in promoting inflammatory responses. TNF is known to function in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases (Szondy et al. Pharmacol Res.2017 Jan;115:124-132. doi: 10.1016 / j.phrs.2016.11.025). The amino acid sequence of TNF is SEQ ID NO: 50 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01375. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 50 and / or the protein level thereof. CCL3: CCL3 (also known as Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3; macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha; MIP-1-alpha; G0S19-1; LD78ALPHA; MIP1A; SCYA3; C-C motif chemokine ligand 3) encodes a cytokine that binds to CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5. CCL3 is 38 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 thought to CCL3 negatively regulate the proliferation of hematopoietic stem / progenitor cells (HSPCs) in addition to its proinflammatory activities (Baba, T., & Mukaida, N. (2014). Role of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α / CCL3 in leukemogenesis. Molecular & cellular oncology, 1(1), e29899). The amino acid sequence of CCL3 is SEQ ID NO: 51 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P10147. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 51 and / or the protein level thereof. CCL4: CCL4 (also known as Chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 4; CCL4L1; AT744.2; CCL4L; LAG-1; LAG1; SCYA4L; SCYA4L1; MIP-1-beta; SCYA4L2; C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 like 1) encodes a small cytokine that binds to CCR5. CCL4 is thought to promote tumor development and progression by recruiting regulatory T cells and pro-tumorigenic macrophages (Mukaida, N., Sasaki, S. I., & Baba, T. (2020). CCL4 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1231, 23–32). The amino acid sequence of CCL4 is SEQ ID NO: 52 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P13236. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 52 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCL2: CXCL2 (also known as hemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2; CXCL2, CINC-2a, GRO2, GROb, MGSA-b, MIP-2a, MIP2, MIP2A, SCYB2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2) encodes a small cytokine produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils and expressed at sites of inflammation. CXCL2 is thought to rapidly mobilized hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral blood in combination with the CXCR4 inhibitor plerixafor (Hoggatt J, et al. (January 2018). "Rapid Mobilization Reveals a Highly Engraftable Hematopoietic Stem Cell". Cell.172 (1–2): 191–204.e10. doi:10.1016 / j.cell.2017.11.003). The amino acid sequence of CXCL2 is SEQ ID NO: 53 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P19875. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 53 and / or the protein level thereof. 39 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CXCL3: CXCL3 (also known as Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3, CINC-2b, GRO3, GROg, MIP-2b, MIP2B, SCYB3, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3) encodes a small cytokine that signals through the G-protein coupled receptor, CXC receptor 2 and plays a role in inflammation and as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. CXCL3 is thought to act as an arrest chemokine for monocyte adhesion on vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 under flow in the presence of P-selection (Smith et al. (2005). GRO family chemokines are specialized for monocyte arrest from flow. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 289(5), H1976–H1984). The amino acid sequence of CXCL3 is SEQ ID NO: 54 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P19876. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 54 and / or the protein level thereof. S10011A: S10011A (also known as S100 calcium-binding protein A11, HEL-S-43, MLN70, S100C, S100 calcium binding protein A11) encodes a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S10011A is also thought to function as a chemotactic agent in inflammatory disease (Zhang et al. (2021). The Calcium Binding Protein S100A11 and Its Roles in Diseases. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 9, 693262). The amino acid sequence of S10011A is SEQ ID NO: 55 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P31949. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 55 and / or the protein level thereof. S100A6: S100A6 (also known as 2A9, 5B10, CABP, CACY, PRA, S100 calcium binding protein A6, S10A6) encodes a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A6 has been implicated in the regulation of several cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, the cytoskeleton dynamics, and the cellular response to different stress factors (Donato, R., Sorci, G., & Giambanco, I. (2017). S100A6 protein: 40 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 functional roles. Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS, 74(15), 2749–2760). The amino acid sequence of S100A6 is SEQ ID NO: 56 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P06703. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 56 and / or the protein level thereof. S100A4: S100A4 (also known as) encodes a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is thought to be involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A4 may function as a calcium sensor and modular thereby contributing to cellular calcium signaling (Yamaguchi et al. (2012). S100 proteins modulate protein phosphatase 5 function: a link between CA2+ signal transduction and protein dephosphorylation. The Journal of biological chemistry, 287(17), 13787–13798). The amino acid sequence of S100A4 is SEQ ID NO: 57 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P26447. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 57 and / or the protein level thereof. LGALS1: LGALS1 (also known as GAL1, GBP, galectin 1) encodes a lectin that binds beta-galactoside and a wide array of complex carbohydrates. LGALS1 functions in regulating apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Dendritic cells lacking LGALS1 have greater immunogenic potential and an impaired ability to halt inflammatory disease (Ilarregui et al. (2009). Tolerogenic signals delivered by dendritic cells to T cells through a galectin-1-driven immunoregulatory circuit involving interleukin 27 and interleukin 10. Nature immunology, 10(9), 981–991). The amino acid sequence of LGALS1 is SEQ ID NO: 58 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P09382. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 58 and / or the protein level thereof. 41 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 LGALS3: LGALS3 (also known as CBP35, GAL3, GALBP, GALIG, L31, LGALS2, MAC2, lectin, galactoside binding soluble 3, galectin 3) encodes a 30kDa lectin that contains a carbohydrate recognition binding domain and binding beta-galactosides. LGALS3 is known to be involved in cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell growth and differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis (Dumic, J. et al. (2006). Galectin-3: an open-ended story. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1760(4), 616–635). The amino acid sequence of LGALS3 is SEQ ID NO: 59 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P17931. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 59 and / or the protein level thereof. TIMP3: TIMP3 (also known as HSMRK222, K222, K222TA2, SFD, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3) encodes an inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. TIMP3 is thought to block the binding of VEGF to VEGF receptor-2 and inhibit downstream signaling and angiogenesis (Qi et al. (2003). A novel function for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3): inhibition of angiogenesis by blockage of VEGF binding to VEGF receptor-2. Nature medicine, 9(4), 407– 415). The amino acid sequence of TIMP3 is SEQ ID NO: 60 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P35625. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 60 and / or the protein level thereof. ADAMDEC1: ADAMDEC1 (also known as ADAM-like, decysin 1; A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase Domain-Like Protein Decysin-1) encodes a secreted protein belonging to the disintegrin metalloproteinase family. ADAMDEC1 is thought to function as a positive regulator of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer (EDAC) that promotes apical extrusion of RasV12- transformed cells (Yako et al. ADAM-like Decysin-1 (ADAMDEC1) is a positive regulator of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer (EDAC) that promotes apical extrusion of RasV12- transformed cells. Sci Rep.2018 Jun 25;8(1):9639. doi: 10.1038 / s41598-018-27469-z). The 42 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 amino acid sequence of ADAMDEC1 is SEQ ID NO: 61 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O15204. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 61 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCL14: CXCL14 (also known as SCYB14, BRAK, NJAC, bolekine, Kec, MIP-2g, BMAC, KS1, breast and kidney-expressed chemokine) encodes a non-ELR (glutamic acid- leucine-arginine) chemokine with a broad spectrum of biological activities and is thought to contribute to the regulation of immune cell migration and executing antimicrobial immunity (Lu et al. (2016). CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator. Journal of inflammation (London, England), 13, 1). The amino acid sequence of CXCL14 is SEQ ID NO: 62 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O95715. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 62 and / or the protein level thereof. AGT: AGT (also known as O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase, Mgmt, AI267024, Agat, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) encodes a protein important for genome stability as it repairs the naturally occurring mutagenic DNA lesion O6-methylguanine back to guanine and prevents mismatch and errors during DNA replication and transcription. AGT is known to be inducible by glucocorticoids and genotoxins such as radiation and alkylating agents (Kaina, B., Christmann, M., Naumann, S., & Roos, W. P. (2007). MGMT: key node in the battle against genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and apoptosis induced by alkylating agents. DNA repair, 6(8), 1079–1099). The amino acid sequence of AGT is SEQ ID NO: 63 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16455. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 63 and / or the protein level thereof. 43 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 LAMA4: LAMA4 (also known as CMD1JJ, LAMA3, LAMA4*-1, Laminin, alpha 4, laminin subunit alpha 4) encodes a member of a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins implicated in cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis. Deletion of LAMA4 in mice results in impaired hematopoiesis regeneration following irradiation-induced stress (Cai et al. (2022). Critical role of Lama4 for hematopoiesis regeneration and acute myeloid leukemia progression. Blood, 139(20), 3040–3057). The amino acid sequence of LAMA4 is SEQ ID NO: 64 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q16363. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 64 and / or the protein level thereof. WNT2B: WNT2B (also known as WNT13, Wnt family member 2B) encodes a ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors and functions in the canonical Wnt / beta-catenin signaling pathway. WNT2B is thought to act as a putative stem cell factor in the retina (Kubo, F., Takeichi, M., & Nakagawa, S. (2003). Wnt2b controls retinal cell differentiation at the ciliary marginal zone. Development (Cambridge, England), 130(3), 587– 598). The amino acid sequence of WNT2B is SEQ ID NO: 65 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q93097. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 65 and / or the protein level thereof. CCL5: CCL5 (also known as D17S136E, RANTES, SCYA5, SIS-delta, SISd, TCP228, eoCP, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) encodes a 8kDa protein acting as a chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. CCL5 is mostly expressed in T-cells and monocytes (Zeng, Z., Lan, T., Wei, Y., & Wei, X. (2022). CCL5 / CCR5 axis in human diseases and related treatments. Genes & diseases, 9(1), 12–27). The amino acid sequence of CCL5 is SEQ ID NO: 66 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P13501. 44 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 66 and / or the protein level thereof. CEBPB: CEBPB (also known as C / EBP-beta, IL6DBP, NF-IL6, TCF5, CCAAT / enhancer binding protein beta, CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta) encodes a bZIP transcription factor that can bind as a homodimer to certain DNA regulatory regions. CREB- mediated induction of Cebpb expression is thought to be required in infiltrating macrophages for upregulation of M2-specific genes and muscle regeneration (Ruffell et al. (2009). A CREB- C / EBPbeta cascade induces M2 macrophage-specific gene expression and promotes muscle injury repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(41), 17475–17480). The amino acid sequence of CEBPB is SEQ ID NO: 67 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P17676. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 67 and / or the protein level thereof. IL23A: IL23A (also known as IL-23, IL-23A, IL23P19, P19, SGRF, Interleukin 23, interleukin 23 subunit alpha) encodes one of the two subunits of the cytokine Interleukin-23 and is an important in inflammatory responses against infection. IL23 is thought to stimulate IFN- gamma production and proliferation in PHA blast T cells, as well as in CD45RO (memory) T cell (Oppmann (2000). Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity, 13(5), 715–725). The amino acid sequence of IL23A is SEQ ID NO: 68 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9NPF7. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 68 and / or the protein level thereof. DCHS2: DCHS2 (also known as CDH27, CDHJ, CDHR7, PCDH23, PCDHJ, dachsous cadherin-related 2) encodes a Calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein. There is an association 45 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 between DCHS2 and amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (Vieira et al. (2016). Association between DCHS2 gene and mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in an elderly Brazilian sample. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 31(12), 1337–1344). The amino acid sequence of DCHS2 is SEQ ID NO: 69 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q6V1P9. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 69 and / or the protein level thereof. SELE: SELE (also known as E-selectin, CD62E, ELAM, ELAM1, ESEL, LECAM2, selectin E, selectin-e) encodes a selectin cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. SELE recognizes and binds to sialylated carbohydrates present on the surface proteins of certain leukocytes (Jubeli, E., Moine, L., Vergnaud-Gauduchon, J., & Barratt, G. (2012). E-selectin as a target for drug delivery and molecular imaging. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 158(2), 194–206). The amino acid sequence of SELE is SEQ ID NO: 70 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16581. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 70 and / or the protein level thereof. LTB: LTB (also known as TNFC, TNFSF3, p33, Lymphotoxin beta, TNLG1C) encodes a type II membrane protein of the TNF family that anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation. It is thought to have a role in immune regulation distinct from the functions ascribed to TNF (Browning et al. (1993). Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface. Cell, 72(6), 847–856). The amino acid sequence of LTB is SEQ ID NO: 71 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q06643. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 and / or the protein level thereof. 46 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 OSM: OSM (also known as OncoM, oncostatin M) encodes a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. OSM exhibits many unique biological activities in inflammation, hematopoiesis, and development (Tanaka, M., & Miyajima, A. (2003). Oncostatin M, a multifunctional cytokine. Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, 149, 39–52). The amino acid sequence of OSM is SEQ ID NO: 72 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P13725. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 72 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCL10: CXCL10 (also known as C7, IFI10, INP10, IP-10, SCYB10, crg-2, gIP-10, mob-1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, C-X-C motif chemokine 10) encodes a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family and is secreted by several cell types in response to IFN-γ. CXCL10 is thought to have a role in effector T cell generation and trafficking in vivo (Dufour, J. H., Dziejman, M., Liu, M. T., Leung, J. H., Lane, T. E., & Luster, A. D. (2002). IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10)-deficient mice reveal a role for IP-10 in effector T cell generation and trafficking. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 168(7), 3195–3204). The amino acid sequence of CXCL10 is SEQ ID NO: 73 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P02778. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 73 and / or the protein level thereof. SEC63: SEC63 (also known as DNAJC23, ERdj2, PRO2507, SEC63L, SEC63 homolog, protein translocation regulator, PCLD2) encodes a protein associate with the ribosome-free SEC61 complex and involved in protein translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (Jung, S. J., & Kim, H. (2021). Emerging View on the Molecular Functions of Sec62 and Sec63 in Protein Translocation. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(23), 12757). The amino acid sequence of SEC63 is SEQ ID NO: 74 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9UGP8. 47 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 74 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF17: TNFRSF17 (also known as B-cell maturation antigen, BCM, BCMA, CD269, TNFRSF13A, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17, TNF receptor superfamily member 17) encodes a cell surface receptor of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes B-cell activating factor that is expressed in mature B lymphocytes and may be important for B-cell development and autoimmune response. TNFRSF17 is a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member TALL-1 (Shu, H. B., & Johnson, H. (2000). B cell maturation protein is a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member TALL-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(16), 9156–9161). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF17 is SEQ ID NO: 75 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q02223. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 75 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF13C: TNFRSF13C (also known as BAFF receptor, B-cell activating factor receptor, BLyS receptor 3, BAFF-R, BAFFR, BROMIX, CD268, CVID4, prolixin, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13C, TNF receptor superfamily member 13C) encodes a membrane protein of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes BAFF, an essential factor for B cell maturation and survival. TNFRSF13C is thought to down regulate cell apoptosis (Rauch, M., Tussiwand, R., Bosco, N., & Rolink, A. G. (2009). Crucial role for BAFF- BAFF-R signaling in the survival and maintenance of mature B cells. PloS one, 4(5), e5456). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF13C is SEQ ID NO: 76 and can found under UniProt Accession No. Q96RJ3. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 76 and / or the protein level thereof. 48 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 SDC1: SDC1 (also known as CD138, SDC, SYND1, syndecan, syndecan 1) encodes a transmembrane (type I) heparan sulfate proteoglycan and functions as an integral membrane protein to participate in cell proliferation, cell migration and cell-matrix interactions. SDC1 is thought to negatively regulate dendritic cell migration (Averbeck, M., Kuhn, S., Bühligen, J., Götte, M., Simon, J. C., & Polte, T. (2017). Syndecan-1 regulates dendritic cell migration in cutaneous hypersensitivity to haptens. Experimental dermatology, 26(11), 1060–1067). The amino acid sequence of SDC1 is SEQ ID NO: 77 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P18827. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 77 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGB1: ITGB1 (also known as Integrin beta-1, CD29, FNRB, GPIIA, MDF2, MSK12, VLA-BETA, VLAB, integrin subunit beta 1) encodes a cell surface receptor that associates with integrin alpha 1 and integrin alpha 2 to form integrin complexes which function as collagen receptors. ITGB1 is involved in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells (Hynes R. O. (1992). Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell, 69(1), 11–25). The amino acid sequence of ITGB1 is SEQ ID NO: 78 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05556. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 78 and / or the protein level thereof. IL17RA: IL17RA (also known as Interleukin 17 receptor A, CANDF5, CD217, CDw217, IL-17RA, IL17R, hIL-17R, IMD51) encodes a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by activated T-lymphocytes. IL17RA is known to play a role in the development of asthma, and allergy (Nejman-Gryz, P., Paplińska-Goryca, M., Proboszcz, M., Grabczak, M., Hermanowicz-Salamon, J., & Krenke, R. (2021). The expression of IL17RA on sputum macrophages in asthma patients. Cytokine, 143, 155518). The amino acid sequence of IL17RA is SEQ ID NO: 79 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q96F46. 49 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 79 and / or the protein level thereof. IL10RA: IL10RA (also known as CD210, CD210a, CDW210A, HIL-10R, IL-10R1, IL10R, Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit, interleukin 10 receptor subunit alpha) encodes a recetor for interleukin 10 and is thought to promote survival of progenitor myeloid cells through the insulin receptor substrate-2 / PI 3-kinase / AKT pathway. IL10RA is frequently reported as a monogenic inflammatory bowel disease gene (Nambu et al. (2022). A Systematic Review of Monogenic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 20(4), e653–e663). The amino acid sequence of IL10RA is SEQ ID NO: 80 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q13651. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 80 and / or the protein level thereof. IFNGR1: IFNGR1 (also known as CD119, IFNGR, IMD27A, IMD27B, interferon gamma receptor 1) encodes IFN-γR1, which is the ligand-binding chain (alpha) of the heterodimeric gamma interferon receptor, and is expressed on macrophages. Germline mutations in the gene IFNGR1 encoding the IFN-γR1 cause a primary immunodeficiency that mainly leads to mycobacterial infections (van de Vosse, E., & van Dissel, J. T. (2017). IFN-γR1 defects: Mutation update and description of the IFNGR1 variation database. Human mutation, 38(10), 1286–1296). The amino acid sequence of IFNGR1 is SEQ ID NO: 81 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P15260. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 81 and / or the protein level thereof. IFNGR2: IFNGR2 (also known as Interferon gamma receptor 2 or IFN-γR2) encodes the non-ligand-binding beta chain of the gamma interferon receptor. IFNGR2 is required for 50 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 interferon-γ signalling and therefore plays a critical immunoregulatory role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral and also bacterial and protozoal infections (Mikulecký et al. (2016). Crystal structure of human interferon-γ receptor 2 reveals the structural basis for receptor specificity. Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology, 72(Pt 9), 1017–1025). The amino acid sequence of IFNGR2 is SEQ ID NO: 82 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P38484. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 82 and / or the protein level thereof. IL1R1: IL1R1 (also known as CD121A, D2S1473, IL-1R-alpha, IL1R, IL1RA, P80, Interleukin 1 receptor, type I, interleukin 1 receptor type 1) encodes a cytokine receptor for interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) and has a role in cytokine induced immune and inflammatory responses. Common IL1RL1 polymorphisms contribute to the risk of IBD in an Italian cohort of adult and pediatric patients (Latiano et al. (2013). Associations between genetic polymorphisms in IL-33, IL1R1 and risk for inflammatory bowel disease. PloS one, 8(4), e62144). The amino acid sequence of IL1R1 is SEQ ID NO: 83 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P14778. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 83 and / or the protein level thereof. IL1RAP: IL1RAP (also known as C3orf13, IL-1RAcP, IL1R3, interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein) encodes an accessory protein that forms a complex at the cell membrane with an interleukin 1 receptor and interleukin 1 to induce synthesis of acute phase and proinflammatory proteins during infection, tissue damage, or stress. IL1RAP is reported to be upregulated in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (De Boer, B., Sheveleva, S., Apelt, K., Vellenga, E., Mulder, A. B., Huls, G., & Jacob Schuringa, J. (2021). The IL1-IL1RAP axis plays an important role in the inflammatory leukemic niche that favors acute myeloid leukemia proliferation over normal hematopoiesis. Haematologica, 106(12), 3067–3078). The amino acid 51 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 sequence of IL1RAP is SEQ ID NO: 84 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9NPH3. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 84 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF1: TNFRSF1 (also known as TNFRSF1A, CD120a, FPF, MS5, TBP1, TNF-R, TNF-R-I, TNF-R55, TNFAR, TNFR1, TNFR1-d2, TNFR55, TNFR60, p55, p55-R, p60, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A, TNF receptor superfamily member 1A) encodes one of the major receptors for the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and can activate the transcription factor NF-κB, mediate apoptosis, and function as a regulator of inflammation. The R92Q variant of the TNFRSF1A gene was identified as a new susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis (Kümpfel, T., & Hohlfeld, R. (2009). Multiple sclerosis. TNFRSF1A, TRAPS and multiple sclerosis. Nature reviews. Neurology, 5(10), 528–529). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF1 is SEQ ID NO: 85 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P19438. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 85 and / or the protein level thereof. CCR6: CCR6 (also known as BN-1, C-C CKR-6, CC-CKR-6, CCR-6, CD196, CKR-L3, CKRL3, CMKBR6, DCR2, DRY6, GPR29, GPRCY4, STRL22, C-C motif chemokine receptor 6, CD196) encodes a protein belonging to family A of G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and is expressed on B-cells, immature dendritic cells (DC), T-cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg), natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and neutrophils. CCR6 is thought to recruit immature dendritic cells to sites of injury (Dieu et al.1998). Selective recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different anatomic sites. The Journal of experimental medicine, 188(2), 373–386). The amino acid sequence of CCR6 is SEQ ID NO: 86 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P51684. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 86 and / or the protein level thereof. 52 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CD80: CD80 (also known as Cluster of differentiation 80, B7, B7-1, B7.1, BB1, CD28LG, CD28LG1, LAB7) encodes a B7, type I membrane protein and is expressed specifically on DC, activated B-cells, and macrophages, but also T-cells. Expression levels of CD80 on dendritic cells are modulated during progression from an immature to a mature state (Zheng, Y., Manzotti, C. N., Liu, M., Burke, F., Mead, K. I., & Sansom, D. M. (2004). CD86 and CD80 differentially modulate the suppressive function of human regulatory T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 172(5), 2778–2784). The amino acid sequence of CD80 is SEQ ID NO: 87 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P33681. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 87 and / or the protein level thereof. CD40LG: CD40LG (also known as CD154, CD40L, HIGM1, IGM, IMD3, T-BAM, TNFSF5, TRAP, gp39, hCD40L, CD40 ligand) encodes a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules and is primarily expressed on activated T cells. CD40L has a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via T cell priming and activation of CD40- expressing immune cells (Grewal, I. S., & Flavell, R. A. (1998). CD40 and CD154 in cell- mediated immunity. Annual review of immunology, 16, 111–135). The amino acid sequence of CD40LG is SEQ ID NO: 88 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P29965. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 88 and / or the protein level thereof. IL2RG: IL2RG (also known as CD132, CIDX, IL-2RG, IMD4, P64, SCIDX, SCIDX1, interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma) encodes a cytokine receptor subunit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15. An increased circulating level of IL2RG is found in inflammatory bowel disease (Nielsen, O. H., Kirman, I., Johnson, K., Giedlin, M., & Ciardelli, T. (1998). The circulating common gamma chain (CD132) in inflammatory bowel disease. The American journal of gastroenterology, 93(3), 323–328). The amino acid sequence of IL2RG is SEQ ID NO: 89 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P31785. 53 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 89 and / or the protein level thereof. CD40: CD40 (also known as Bp50, CDW40, TNFRSF5, p50, Cluster of differentiation 40) encodes a type I transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells that is required for their activation. CD40 interacts with its binding partner CD40L to play a role in promoting germinal center formation and the production of class-switched antibodies (Karnell, J. L., Rieder, S. A., Ettinger, R., & Kolbeck, R. (2019). Targeting the CD40-CD40L pathway in autoimmune diseases: Humoral immunity and beyond. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 141, 92–103). The amino acid sequence of CD40 is SEQ ID NO: 90 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P25942. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 90 and / or the protein level thereof. IL2RB: IL2RB (also known as CD122, IL15RB, P70-75, interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta, IMD63) encodes a type I membrane protein subunit of the interleukin 2 receptor and has a role in T cell-mediated immune responses. IL2RB is thought to play a role in tumorigenesis, tumor metabolism, and immunity (Li, G., Wang, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2022). IL2RB Is a Prognostic Biomarker Associated with Immune Infiltrates in Pan-Cancer. Journal of oncology, 2022, 2043880). The amino acid sequence of IL2RB is SEQ ID NO: 91 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P14784. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 91 and / or the protein level thereof. IL18R1: IL18R1 (also known as CD218a, CDw218a, IL-1Rrp, IL18RA, IL1RRP, interleukin 18 receptor 1, IL-18R-alpha, IL18Ralpha2, IL-18Ralpha) encodes a cytokine receptor that belongs to the interleukin 1 receptor family and is essential for IL18 mediated signal transduction. IL18R1 is repressed during Th2 development (Yu, Q., Chang, H. C., Ahyi, A. N., 54 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 & Kaplan, M. H. (2008). Transcription factor-dependent chromatin remodeling of Il18r1 during Th1 and Th2 differentiation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 181(5), 3346– 3352). The amino acid sequence of IL18R1 is SEQ ID NO: 92 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q13478. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 92 and / or the protein level thereof. IL7R: IL7R (also known as interleukin-7 receptor, CD127, IL7RA, Soluble Interleukin-7 Receptor, IL7RA) encodes a heterodimer consisting of interleukin-7 receptor-α (CD127) and common-γ chain receptor (CD132). The interleukin 7 receptor is required for T cell receptor gamma locus accessibility to the V(D)J recombinase (Schlissel, M. S., Durum, S. D., & Muegge, K. (2000). The interleukin 7 receptor is required for T cell receptor gamma locus accessibility to the V(D)J recombinase. The Journal of experimental medicine, 191(6), 1045–1050). The amino acid sequence of IL7R is SEQ ID NO: 93 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16871. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 93 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF14: TNFRSF14 (also known as Herpesvirus entry mediator, ATAR, CD270, HVEA, HVEM, LIGHTR, TR2, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14, TNF receptor superfamily member 14) encodes a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. TNFRSF14 is thought to regulate the persistence of T helper memory cell populations (Soroosh et al. (2011). Herpesvirus entry mediator (TNFRSF14) regulates the persistence of T helper memory cell populations. The Journal of experimental medicine, 208(4), 797–809). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF14 is SEQ ID NO: 94 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q92956. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 94 and / or the protein level thereof. 55 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 IL12RB: IL12RB (also known as IL12RB1, CD212, IL-12R-BETA1, IMD30, Interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 subunit, IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit, interleukin 12 receptor subunit beta 1) encodes a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor and the interleukin 23 receptor. IL12RB is essential for mycobacterial disease resistance and T cell differentiation (Reeme, A. E., Claeys, T. A., Aggarwal, P., Turner, A. J., Routes, J. M., Broeckel, U., & Robinson, R. T. (2019). Human IL12RB1 expression is allele-biased and produces a novel IL12 response regulator. Genes and immunity, 20(3), 181–197). The amino acid sequence of IL12RB is SEQ ID NO: 95 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P42701. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 95 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF1B: TNFRSF1B (also known as CD120b, TBPII, TNF-R-II, TNF-R75, TNFBR, TNFR1B, TNFR2, TNFR80, p75, p75TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B, TNF receptor superfamily member 1B) encodes one of two membrane receptors that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). TNFRSF1B is associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, an important biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease (Li, D., Silverberg, M. S., Haritunians, T., Dubinsky, M. C., Landers, C., Stempak, J. M., Milgrom, R., Guo, X., Chen, Y. D., Rotter, J. I., Taylor, K. D., McGovern, D. P., & Targan, S. R. (2016). TNFRSF1B Is Associated with ANCA in IBD. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 22(6), 1346–1352). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF1B is SEQ ID NO: 96 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P20333. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 96 and / or the protein level thereof. IL-11: IL-11 (also known as AGIF, IL-11, interleukin 11, adipogenesis inhibitory factor) encodes a cytokine thought to regulate adipogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, neurogenesis and platelet maturation. IL-11 is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and systemic sclerosis, as well as other chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis, asthma, chronic 56 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis and colitis (Fung, K. Y., Louis, C., Metcalfe, R. D., Kosasih, C. C., Wicks, I. P., Griffin, M. D. W., & Putoczki, T. L. (2022). Emerging roles for IL- 11 in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine, 149, 155750). The amino acid sequence of IL-11 is SEQ ID NO: 97 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P20809. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 97 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCL12: CXCL12 (also known as Stromal cell-derived factor 1, IRH, PBSF, SCYB12, SDF1, TLSF, TPAR1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12) encodes a chemokine protein that is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and ubiquitously expressed. CXCL12 plays an important role in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and inflammation, because it activates and / or induces migration of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells, endothelial cells and most leukocytes (Janssens, R., Struyf, S., & Proost, P. (2018). The unique structural and functional features of CXCL12. Cellular & molecular immunology, 15(4), 299–311). The amino acid sequence of CXCL12 is SEQ ID NO: 98 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P48061. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 98 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCL16: CXCL16 (also known as Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16, SCYB16, SR- PSOX, CXCLG16) encodes a small cytokine that is induced by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. CXCL16 is linked to the development of numerous autoimmune diseases (Bao et al. (2023). Role of the CXCR6 / CXCL16 axis in autoimmune diseases. International immunopharmacology, 121, 110530). The amino acid sequence of CXCL16 is SEQ ID NO: 99 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9H2A7. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 99 and / or the protein level thereof. 57 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ICAM1: ICAM1 (also known as BB2, CD54, P3.58, intercellular adhesion molecule 1) encodes a surface glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system. ICAM1 has been proposed to be a ligant in many LFA-1-dependent adhesion reactions (Rothlein, R., Dustin, M. L., Marlin, S. D., & Springer, T. A. (1986). A human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) distinct from LFA-1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 137(4), 1270–1274). The amino acid sequence of ICAM1 is SEQ ID NO: 100 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05362. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 100 and / or the protein level thereof. PECAM1: PECAM1 (also known as CD31, CD31 / EndoCAM, GPIIA', PECA1, PECAM- 1, endoCAM, platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, PCAM-1) encodes a cell-cell adhesion protein that plays a role in removing aged neutrophils from the body. Myocyte- enhancer factor 2 has been shown to transcriptionally activate PECAM1 and CXCR4 to activate the B-cell and NF-κB signaling pathways, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration and pulpitis progression (Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, W., & Tian, S. (2020). PECAM1 Combines With CXCR4 to Trigger Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Pulpitis Progression Through Activating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 8, 593653). The amino acid sequence of PECAM1 is SEQ ID NO: 101 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16284. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 101 and / or the protein level thereof. CXCR4: CXCR4 (also known as CD184, D2S201E, FB22, HM89, HSY3RR, LAP-3, LAP3, LCR1, LESTR, NPY3R, NPYR, NPYRL, NPYY3R, WHIM, WHIMS, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4, WHIMS1) encodes an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal- derived-factor-1. Cancer cell CXCR4 overexpression has been shown to contribute to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, relapse, and therapeutic resistance (Chatterjee, S., Behnam Azad, B., & Nimmagadda, S. (2014). The intricate role of CXCR4 in cancer. Advances 58 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 in cancer research, 124, 31–82). The amino acid sequence of CXCR4 is SEQ ID NO: 102 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P61073. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 102 and / or the protein level thereof. CD44: CD44 (also known as CDW44, CSPG8, ECMR-III, HCELL, HUTCH-I, IN, LHR, MC56, MDU2, MDU3, MIC4, Pgp) encodes a cell-surface glycoprotein that is known to have a role in lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis. CD44 isoforms are also known to be functionally involved in immune responses (Wittig, B. M., Stallmach, A., Zeitz, M., & Günthert, U. (2002). Functional involvement of CD44 variant 7 in gut immune response. Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology, 70(3), 184–189). The amino acid sequence of CD44 is SEQ ID NO: 103 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16070. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 103 and / or the protein level thereof. PTPRC: PTPRC (also known as B220, CD45, CD45R, GP180, L-CA, LCA, LY5, T200, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C) encodes a type I transmembrane protein that is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPRC is thought to be essential for the innate immune system, is expressed on almost all haematopoietic cells except for mature erythrocytes, and is an essential regulator of T and B cell antigen receptor-mediated activation (Al Barashdi, M. A., Ali, A., McMullin, M. F., & Mills, K. (2021). Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC or CD45). Journal of clinical pathology, 74(9), 548–552). The amino acid sequence of PTPRC is SEQ ID NO: 104 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08575. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 104 and / or the protein level thereof. 59 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ITGAE: ITGAE (also known as CD103, HUMINAE, integrin subunit alpha E) encodes an integrin protein that binds integrin beta 7 to form the heterodimeric integrin molecule αEβ7. ITGAE has been shown to have a role in the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice (Barrie, E. S., Lodder, M., Weinreb, P. H., Buss, J., Rajab, A., Adin, C., Mi, Q. S., & Hadley, G. A. (2015). Role of ITGAE in the development of autoimmune diabetes in non- obese diabetic mice. The Journal of endocrinology, 224(3), 235–243). The amino acid sequence of ITGAE is SEQ ID NO: 105 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P38570. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 105 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGA5: ITGA5 (also known as CD49e, FNRA, VLA5A, VLA-5, integrin subunit alpha 5) encodes a member of the integrin adhesion molecule family and is implicated in cancer metastasis and oncogenesis. ITGA5 has been found to engage in remolding glioma immune infiltration and immune microenvironment, manifested by higher immune cell infiltration when ITGA5 is highly expressed (Li, S., Zhang, N., Liu, S., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Qi, Y., Zhang, Q., & Li, X. (2022). ITGA5 Is a Novel Oncogenic Biomarker and Correlates With Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Gliomas. Frontiers in oncology, 12, 844144). ITGA5 has also been shown to be correlated with immune infiltration in gastrointestinal tumors (Zhu, H., Wang, G., Zhu, H., & Xu, A. (2021). ITGA5 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in gastrointestinal tumors. BMC cancer, 21(1), 269). The amino acid sequence of ITGA5 is SEQ ID NO: 106 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08648. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 106 and / or the protein level thereof. HAVCR2: HAVCR2 (also known as HAVcr-2, KIM-3, TIM3, TIMD-3, TIMD3, Tim-3, CD366, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2, SPTCL) encodes a member of TIM immunoregulatory proteins family and is known to be a regulator of the immune response. Experimental data suggests that TIM-3 acts as an immune checkpoint and plays an aimportant role in autoimmune disease, chronic viral infections, and tumors (Zhao, L., Cheng, S., Fan, L., 60 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 Zhang, B., & Xu, S. (2021). TIM-3: An update on immunotherapy. International immunopharmacology, 99, 107933). The amino acid sequence of HAVCR2 is SEQ ID NO: 107 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q8TDQ0. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 107 and / or the protein level thereof. CD36: CD36 (also known as BDPLT10, CHDS7, FAT, GP3B, GP4, GPIV, PASIV, SCARB3) encodes an integral membrane protein that imports fatty acids inside cells and is a member of the class B scavenger receptor family of cell surface proteins. It functions in both innate and adaptive immune cells to contribute to pathogenesis of common diseases, including atherosclerosis and tumor progression (Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Cui, W., & Silverstein, R. L. (2022). CD36, a signaling receptor and fatty acid transporter that regulates immune cell metabolism and fate. The Journal of experimental medicine, 219(6), e20211314). The amino acid sequence of CD36 is SEQ ID NO: 108 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16671. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 108. PILRA: PILRA (also known as FDF03 or paired immunoglobin like type 2 receptor alpha) encodes an inhibitory receptor that is mainly expressed on myeloid cells and negatively regulates neutrophil infiltration during inflammation. PILRA is thought to control monocyte mobility through regulating integrin signaling and inhibiting CD99-CD99 binding (Kohyama, M., Matsuoka, S., Shida, K., Sugihara, F., Aoshi, T., Kishida, K., Ishii, K. J., & Arase, H. (2016). Monocyte infiltration into obese and fibrilized tissues is regulated by PILRα. European journal of immunology, 46(5), 1214–1223). The amino acid sequence of PILRA is SEQ ID NO: 109 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9UKJ1. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 109 and / or the protein level thereof. 61 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 LILRB1: LILRB1 (also known as CD85J, ILT-2, ILT2, LIR-1, LIR1, MIR-7, MIR7, PIR- B, PIRB, leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B1) encodes a receptor that is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family and is expressed on immune cells where it binds to MHC class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immune response. LILRB1 is thought to engage major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I to regulate the effector function of innate immune cells (Barkal et al. (2018). Engagement of MHC class I by the inhibitory receptor LILRB1 suppresses macrophages and is a target of cancer immunotherapy. Nature immunology, 19(1), 76–84). The amino acid sequence of LILRB1 is SEQ ID NO: 110 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q8NHL6. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 110 and / or the protein level thereof. NECTIN2: NECTIN2 (also known as Poliovirus receptor-related 2, CD112, HVEB, PRR2, PVRR2, PVRL2, nectin cell adhesion molecule 2) encodes a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein that is is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions. NECTIN2 is thought to influence cell apoptosis by regulating ANXA2 expression in neuroblastoma (Zhang, S., Jiang, C., Su, Y., Gui, J., Yue, Z., Jian, B., He, S., & Ma, X. (2023). Nectin2 is thought to influence cell apoptosis by regulating ANXA2 expression in neuroblastoma. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica, 55(3), 356–366). The amino acid sequence of NECTIN2 is SEQ ID NO: 111 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q92692. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 111 and / or the protein level thereof. PLXNB2: PLXNB2 (also known as MM1, Nbla00445, PLEXB2, dJ402G11.3, plexin B2) encodes a transmembrane protein that acts as a receptor for angiogenin in endothelial, cancer, neuronal, and normal hematopoietic and leukemic stem and progenitor cells (Yu et al. (2017). Plexin-B2 Mediates Physiologic and Pathologic Functions of Angiogenin. Cell, 171(4), 849– 864.e25). PXNB2 is thought to orchestrate cytoskeletal tension and cell-cell / cell-matrix adhesion 62 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 (Alves et al. (2021). Plexin-B2 orchestrates collective stem cell dynamics via actomyosin contractility, cytoskeletal tension and adhesion. Nature communications, 12(1), 6019). The amino acid sequence of PLXNB2 is SEQ ID NO: 112 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O15031. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 112 and / or the protein level thereof. TLR4: TLR4 (also known as ARMD10, CD284, TLR-4, TOLL, toll like receptor 4) encodes a transmembrane protein whose activation leads to intracellular signaling pathway NF- κB and inflammatory cytokine production. Prolonged activation of TLR4 is thought to be linked with several hereditary human diseases, neurodegeneration and also with autoimmune diseases and cancer (Ciesielska, A., Matyjek, M., & Kwiatkowska, K. (2021). TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 78(4), 1233–126). The amino acid sequence of TLR4 is SEQ ID NO: 113 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O00206. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 113 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGA4: ITGA4 (also known as CD49D, IA4, integrin subunit alpha 4) encodes an integrin alpha subunit that makes up half of α4β1 lymphocyte homing receptor. ITGA4 is thought to play an essential role in mediating both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-involved tissues eventually delivering prosurvival signals and protecting CLL cells from drug-induced damages. The amino acid sequence of ITGA4 is SEQ ID NO: 114 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P13612. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 114 and / or the protein level thereof. 63 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CD47: CD47 (also known as integrin associated protein, IAP, MER6, OA3) encodes a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and plays important roles in immune and angiogenic responses. In particular, CD47 is known to be upregulated on circulating hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia cells to avoid phagocytosis (Jaiwal et al. (2009). CD47 is upregulated on circulating hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia cells to avoid phagocytosis. Cell, 138(2), 271–285). The amino acid sequence of CD47 is SEQ ID NO: 115 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q08722. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 115 and / or the protein level thereof. NOTCH2: NOTCH2 (also known as Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2, AGS2, HJCYS, hN2, Notch-2, notch 2, notch receptor 2) encodes a receptor for membrane-bound ligands Jagged-1 (JAG1), Jagged-2 (JAG2) and Delta-1 (DLL1) to regulate cell-fate determination. NOTCH2 is thought to be involved in intestinal immunity, given that the fate of mast cells and a subset of DCs is regulated by Notch2 in the intestine (Sakata-Yanagimoto, M., & Chiba, S. (2012). Notch2 and immune function. Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 360, 151–161). The amino acid sequence of NOTCH2 is SEQ ID NO: 116 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q04721. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 116 and / or the protein level thereof. TGFBR2: TGFBR2 (also known as Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70 / 80kDa), AAT3, FAA3, LDS1B, LDS2, LDS2B, MFS2, RIIC, TAAD2, TGFR-2, TGFbeta- RII, transforming growth factor beta receptor 2, TBR-ii, TBRII) encodes a transmembrane protein that is a member of the serine / threonine protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. Depletion of transforming growth factor-β receptor 2 (TGFBR2) in CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, halts cancer progression as a result of tissue healing and remodelling of the blood vasculature, causing cancer cell hypoxia and death in distant avascular regions (Liu et al. (2020). TGF-β suppresses type 2 immunity to cancer. Nature, 587(7832), 115–120). The amino 64 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 acid sequence of TGFBR2 is SEQ ID NO: 117 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P37173. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 117 and / or the protein level thereof. NRP2: NRP2 (also known as Neuropilin 2, NP2, NPN2, PRO2714, VEGF165R2) encodes a family member of neuropilins, cell surface glycoproteins that often act as co-receptors for plexins and VEGF family receptors. NRP2 has been proposed to be a novel angiogenic player by promoting ITGA5-mediated endothelial cell adhesion and migration on fibronectin. The amino acid sequence of NRP2 is SEQ ID NO: 118 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O60462. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 118 and / or the protein level thereof. CD99: CD99 (also known as single-chain type-1 glycoprotein, HBA71, MIC2, MIC2X, MIC2Y, MSK5X) encodes an O-glycosylated transmembrane protein that is believed to be involved in T-cell adhesion and apoptosis of double positive T-cells. Activation of CD99 is thought to inhibit cell-extracellular matrix adhesion by suppressing β(1) integrin affinity (Lee et al. (2012). The activation of CD99 inhibits cell-extracellular matrix adhesion by suppressing β(1) integrin affinity. BMB reports, 45(3), 159–164). The amino acid sequence of CD99 is SEQ ID NO: 119 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P14209. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 119 and / or the protein level thereof. TIGIT: TIGIT (also known as T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, VSIG9, VSTM3, WUCAM) encodes an immune receptor expressed on T cells and natural killer cells. TIGIT is known to interact with CD155 expressed on antigen-presenting cells or tumour cells to down-regulate T cell and natural killer (NK) cell functions (Harjunpää, H., & Guillerey, C. 65 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 (2020). TIGIT as an emerging immune checkpoint. Clinical and experimental immunology, 200(2), 108–119). The amino acid sequence of TIGIT is SEQ ID NO: 120 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q495A1. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 120 and / or the protein level thereof. IL6ST: IL6ST (also known as Glycoprotein 130, CD130, CDW130, GP130, IL-6RB, interleukin 6 signal transducer) encodes a transmembrane protein that acts as a signal transducing molecule following cytokine engagement. IL6ST is thought to be a predictive biomarker in breast cancer (Martínez-Pérez, C., Leung, J., Kay, C., Meehan, J., Gray, M., Dixon, J. M., & Turnbull, A. K. (2021). The Signal Transducer IL6ST (gp130) as a Predictive and Prognostic Biomarker in Breast Cancer. Journal of personalized medicine, 11(7), 618). The amino acid sequence of IL6ST is SEQ ID NO: 121 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P40189. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 121 and / or the protein level thereof. TGFB2: TGFB2 (also known as LDS4, TGF-beta2, transforming growth factor beta 2, G- TSF, Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, Polyergin, Cetermin) encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta family of proteins. In mice, TGFB2 is known to be secreted from adipose issue in response to exercise and improves glucose tolerance (Takahashi et al. (2019). TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nature metabolism, 1(2), 291–303). The amino acid sequence of TGFB2 is SEQ ID NO: 122 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P61812. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 122 and / or the protein level thereof. 66 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CD74: CD74 (also known as HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain, HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain, DHLAG, HLADG, II, Ia-GAMMA, CD74 molecule, p33, CLIP) encodes a non-polymorphic type II transmembrane glycoprotein that plays important roles in many inflammatory diseases, such as liver fibrosis, type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Alzheimer disease (Su, H., Na, N., Zhang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2017). The biological function and significance of CD74 in immune diseases. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.], 66(3), 209–216). The amino acid sequence of CD74 is SEQ ID NO: 123 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P04233. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 123 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF25: TNFRSF25 (also known as APO-3, DDR3, DR3, LARD, TNFRSF12, TR3, TRAMP, WSL-1, WSL-LR, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25, TNF receptor superfamily member 25, GEF720, PLEKHG5) encodes a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which mediates apoptotic signalling and differentiation. In humans, Tregs are known to express DR2 and demonstrate DR3-mediated activation of p38, ERK, and NFκB (Bittner, S., Knoll, G., & Ehrenschwender, M. (2017). Death receptor 3 signaling enhances proliferation of human regulatory T cells. FEBS letters, 591(8), 1187–1195). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF25 is SEQ ID NO: 124 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q93038. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 124 and / or the protein level thereof. CD55: CD55 (also known as Complement decay-accelerating factor, CR, CROM, DAF, TC, CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group), CHAPLE) encodes a glycoprotein involved in the regulation of the complement cascade. CD55 is a major regulator of the alternative and classical pathways of complement activation and is expressed on all serum-exposed cells (Lea S. (2002). Interactions of CD55 with non-complement ligands. Biochemical Society transactions, 30(Pt 6), 67 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 1014–1019). The amino acid sequence of CD55 is SEQ ID NO: 125 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08174. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 125 and / or the protein level thereof. NRP1: NRP1 (also known as BDCA4, CD304, NP1, NRP, VEGF165R, Neuropilin 1) encodes a membrane-bound coreceptor to a tyrosine kinase receptor for both vascular endothelial growth factor and semaphoring family members. NRP1 is thought to restrict CD8+ T cell reinvigoration in response to checkpoint inhibitors and act as a barrier to the long-term durability of CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor immunosurveillance (Chuckran, C. A., Liu, C., Bruno, T. C., Workman, C. J., & Vignali, D. A. (2020). Neuropilin-1: a checkpoint target with unique implications for cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 8(2), e000967). The amino acid sequence of NRP1 is SEQ ID NO: 126 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O14786. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 126 and / or the protein level thereof. FGFR1: FGFR1 (also known as BFGFR, CD331, CEK, FGFBR, FGFR-1, FLG, FLT-2, FLT2, HBGFR, HH2, HRTFDS, KAL2, N-SAM, OGD, bFGF-R-1, ECCL, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) encodes a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family that possesses tyrosine kinase activity. FGFR-1 is known to be expressed during wound healing (Takenaka, H., Kishimoto, S., Tooyama, I., Kimura, H., & Yasuno, H. (1997). Protein expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in keratinocytes during wound healing in rat skin. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 109(1), 108–112). The amino acid sequence of FGFR1 is SEQ ID NO: 127 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P11362. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 127 and / or the protein level thereof. 68 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ITGAV: ITGAV (also known as CD51, MSK8, VNRA, VTNR, integrin subunit alpha V) encodes a member of integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. ITGAV is overexpressed in gastric cancer and is associated with poorer prognostic outcomes (Wang, H., Chen, H., Jiang, Z., Lin, Y., Wang, X., Xiang, J., & Peng, J. (2019). Integrin subunit alpha V promotes growth, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Pathology, research and practice, 215(9), 152531 ). The amino acid sequence of ITGAV is SEQ ID NO: 128 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P06756. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 128 and / or the protein level thereof. JAM3: JAM3 (also known as JAM-2, JAM-3, JAM-C, JAMC, junctional adhesion molecule 3, Junctional adhesion molecule C) encodes a member of the junctional adhesion molecule family, which has been linked to epithelial and cancer cell proliferation. JAM3 has been found to promote migration and suppresses apoptosis of renal carcinoma cell lines (Li, X., Yin, A., Zhang, W., Zhao, F., Lv, J., Lv, J., & Sun, J. (2018). Jam3 promotes migration and suppresses apoptosis of renal carcinoma cell lines. International journal of molecular medicine, 42(5), 2923–2929). The amino acid sequence of JAM3 is SEQ ID NO: 129 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9BX67. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 129 and / or the protein level thereof. JAM2: JAM2 (also known as C21orf43, CD322, JAM-B, JAMB, PRO245, VE-JAM, VEJAM, junctional adhesion molecule 2, IBGC8, Junctional adhesion molecule B) encodes a receptor that mediates JAM2 adhesion to T-cells. Upregulation of JAM3 protein on peripheral blood lymphocytes has been observed following activation (Arrate, M. P., Rodriguez, J. M., Tran, T. M., Brock, T. A., & Cunningham, S. A. (2001). Cloning of human junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3) and its identification as the JAM2 counter-receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry, 276(49), 45826–45832). The amino acid sequence of JAM2 is SEQ ID NO: 130 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P57087. 69 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 130 and / or the protein level thereof. F11R: F11R (also known as Junctional adhesion molecule A, 9130004G24, AA638916, ESTM33, JAM, JAM-1, JAM-A, Jcam, Jcam1, Ly106, CD321, JAM1, JAMA, KAT, PAM-1, F11 receptor) encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which is mainly located in epithelial and endothelial cell tight junctions and also expressed on circulating platelets and leukocytes. F11R has a role in the regulation of various biological processes, as diverse as paracellular permeability, tight junction formation and maintenance, leukocyte transendothelial migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, reovirus binding, and platelet activation (Czubak-Prowizor, K., Babinska, A., & Swiatkowska, M. (2022). The F11 Receptor (F11R) / Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (JAM-A) (F11R / JAM-A) in cancer progression. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 477(1), 79–98). The amino acid sequence of F11R is SEQ ID NO: 131 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9Y624. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 131 and / or the protein level thereof. PTPRM: PTPRM (also known as Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase mu, PTPRL1, R-PTP-MU, RPTPM, RPTPU, hR-PTPu, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type M, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type M) encodes a transmembrane receptor type tyrosine phosphatase. PTPRM is thought to be a dysregulated candidate tumor suppressor gene in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (Barazeghi, E., Hellman, P., Westin, G., & Stålberg, P. (2019). PTPRM, a candidate tumor suppressor gene in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine connections, 8(8), 1126–1135). The amino acid sequence of PTPRM is SEQ ID NO: 132 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P28827. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 132 and / or the protein level thereof. 70 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ITGA8: ITGA8 (also known as Integrin alpha-8 or integrin subunit alpha 8) encodes a single-pass type 1 membrane protein that plays an important role in wound-healing and organogenesis. ITGA8 signalling is thought to attenuate chronic renal interstitial fibrosis by reducing fibroblast activation (Marek, I., Lichtneger, T., Cordasic, N., Hilgers, K. F., Volkert, G., Fahlbusch, F., Rascher, W., Hartner, A., & Menendez-Castro, C. (2016). Alpha8 Integrin (Itga8) Signalling Attenuates Chronic Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Reducing Fibroblast Activation, Not by Interfering with Regulation of Cell Turnover. PloS one, 11(3), e0150471). The amino acid sequence of ITGA8 is SEQ ID NO: 133 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P53708. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 133 and / or the protein level thereof. ACVR1: ACVR1 (also known as Activin A receptor type I, ACTRI, ACVR1A, ACVRLK2, ALK2, FOP, SKR1, TSRI, activin A receptor type 1) encodes a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor of the TGFβ receptor superfamily. ACVR1 overactivity has been found to result in increased macrophage inflammatory responses (Matsuo, K., Lepinski, A., Chavez, R. D., Barruet, E., Pereira, A., Moody, T. A., Ton, A. N., Sharma, A., Hellman, J., Tomoda, K., Nakamura, M. C., & Hsiao, E. C. (2021). ACVR1R206H extends inflammatory responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages. Bone, 153, 116129). The amino acid sequence of ACVR1 is SEQ ID NO: 134 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q04771. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 134 and / or the protein level thereof. BMPR2: BMPR2 (also known as Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II, BMPR-II, BMPR3, BMR2, BRK-3, POVD1, PPH1, T-ALK, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2) encodes a a serine / threonine receptor kinase that binds binds bone morphogenetic proteins. Loss of function mutations in BMPR2 have been found to be the most common genetic factor in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (Dannewitz Prosseda, S., Ali, M. K., & Spiekerkoetter, E. (2020). Novel Advances in Modifying BMPR2 Signaling in PAH. Genes, 12(1), 8). The amino 71 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 acid sequence of BMPR2 is SEQ ID NO: 135 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q13873. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 135 and / or the protein level thereof. F2R: F2R (also known as Proteinase-activated receptor 1, protease-activated receptor 1, CHTR, PAR-1, PAR1, TR, Coagulation factor II receptor, coagulation factor II thrombin receptor) encodes a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed in platelets and endothelial cells and plays a key role in mediating the interplay between coagulation and inflammation. F2R has been observed to respond to RANKL stimulation to attenuate osteoclastogenesis through inhibiting the both F2r-Akt and F2r-NFκB signaling pathways (Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zhu, G., Qian, A., & Chen, W. (2020). F2r negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis through inhibiting the Akt and NFκB signaling pathways. International journal of biological sciences, 16(9), 1629–1639 ). The amino acid sequence of F2R is SEQ ID NO: 136 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P25116. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 136 and / or the protein level thereof. TGFBR1: TGFBR1 (also known as Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa), AAT5, ACVRLK4, ALK-5, ALK5, ESS1, LDS1, LDS1A, LDS2A, MSSE, SKR4, TGFR-1, tbetaR-I, transforming growth factor beta receptor 1, TBRI, TBR-i) encodes a transmembrane serine / threonine kinase forming with the TGF-beta type II serine / threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR2, the non-promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines. Endothelial cells angiogenesis has been found to be suppressed by miR-210-3p through the suppression of TGFBR1 mRNA translation (Tang, H., Zhu, W., Cao, L., Zhang, J., Li, J., Ma, D., & Guo, C. (2022). miR-210-3p protects against osteoarthritis through inhibiting subchondral angiogenesis by targeting the expression of TGFBR1 and ID4. Frontiers in immunology, 13, 982278). The amino acid sequence of TGFBR1 is SEQ ID NO: 137 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P36897. 72 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 137 and / or the protein level thereof. LRP1: LRP1 (also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor, apolipoprotein E receptor, cluster of differentiation 91, A2MR, APOER, APR, CD91, IGFBP3R, LRP, LRP1A, TGFBR5, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LDL receptor related protein 1, KPA, IGFBP3R1, IGFBP-3R) encodes an endocytic / signaling cell surface receptor which controls cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling in several organs (Wujak, L., Schnieder, J., Schaefer, L., & Wygrecka, M. (2018). LRP1: A chameleon receptor of lung inflammation and repair. Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology, 68-69, 366–381). The amino acid sequence of LRP1 is SEQ ID NO: 138 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q07954. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 138 and / or the protein level thereof. EDNRB: EDNRB (also known as Endothelin receptor type B, ABCDS, ET-B, ET-BR, ETB, ETBR, ETRB, HSCR, HSCR2, WS4A, ETB1) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. EDNRB signaling has been found to promote proliferation and differentiation of melanocyte stem cells (Takeo, M., Lee, W., Rabbani, P., Sun, Q., Hu, H., Lim, C. H., Manga, P., & Ito, M. (2016). EdnrB Governs Regenerative Response of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Crosstalk with Wnt Signaling. Cell reports, 15(6), 1291–1302). The amino acid sequence of EDNRB is SEQ ID NO: 139 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P24530. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 139 and / or the protein level thereof. 73 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ITGB5: ITGB5 (also known as Integrin beta-5 or Integrin, beta 5, integrin subunit beta 5) encodes a subunit of integrin that can interact with several alpha chains to form a variety of integrin heterodimers. ITGB5 is known to promote tumor development in several carcinomas (Wen, X., Chen, S., Chen, X., Qiu, H., Wang, W., Zhang, N., Liu, W., Wang, T., Ding, X., & Zhang, L. (2022). ITGB5 promotes innate radiation resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma by promoting DNA damage repair and the MEK / ERK signaling pathway. Frontiers in oncology, 12, 887068). The amino acid sequence of ITGB5 is SEQ ID NO: 140 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P18084. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 140 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGB8: ITGB8 (also known as Integrin beta-8 or integrin subunit beta 8) encodes a single-pass type I membrane protein with a VWFA domain and four cysteine-rich repeats that is a member of the integrin beta chain family. ITGB8 is thought to mediate release of active TGF- β1 from the latent TGF-β1 / GARP complex on T regulatory cells (Edwards, J. P., Thornton, A. M., & Shevach, E. M. (2014). Release of active TGF-β1 from the latent TGF-β1 / GARP complex on T regulatory cells is mediated by integrin β8. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 193(6), 2843–2849). The amino acid sequence of ITGB8 is SEQ ID NO: 141 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P26012. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 141 and / or the protein level thereof. ACVRL1: ACVRL1 (also known as Serine / threonine-protein kinase receptor R3, ACVRLK1, ALK-1, ALK1, HHT, HHT2, ORW2, SKR3, TSR-I, activin A receptor like type 1) encodes a type I cell-surface receptor for the TGF-beta superfamily of ligands. ACVRL1 is thought to suppress plasmacytoid DC development while enhancing that of CD8α(+) DCs (Verma, R., Jaiswal, H., Chauhan, K. S., Kaushik, M., & Tailor, P. (2016). Cutting Edge: ACVRL1 Signaling Augments CD8α+ Dendritic Cell Development. Journal of immunology 74 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 197(4), 1029–1034). The amino acid sequence of ACVRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 142 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P37023. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 142 and / or the protein level thereof. GLG1: GLG1 (also known as Golgi apparatus protein 1, CFR-1, ESL-1, MG-160, MG160, golgi glycoprotein 1) encodes an intracellular fibroblast growth factor receptor. GLG1 mRNA expression has been found to be upregulated by memantine, an NMDA antagonist, in a concentration dependent manner. The amino acid sequence of GLG1 is SEQ ID NO: 143 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q92896. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 143 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGA6: ITGA6 (also known as Integrin alpha-6, CD49f, ITGA6B, VLA-6, integrin subunit alpha 6, JEB6) encodes a member of the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Down regulation of ITGA6 gene in the human thymic epithelium has been found to trigger a complex cascade of effects upon the expression levels of several other cell migration-related genes, including extracellular matrix and chemokine ligands and receptors (Golbert, D. C., Correa-de- Santana, E., Ribeiro-Alves, M., de Vasconcelos, A. T., & Savino, W. (2013). ITGA6 gene silencing by RNA interference modulates the expression of a large number of cell migration- related genes in human thymic epithelial cells. BMC genomics, 14 Suppl 6(Suppl 6), S3). The amino acid sequence of ITGA6 is SEQ ID NO: 144 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P23229. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 144 and / or the protein level thereof. ALOX5: ALOX5 (also known as Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-LOX, 5-LO) encodes a member of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. Elevated levels of ALOX5 75 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 have been found to contribute to autophagy and ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo (Wang, M., Zeng, G., Xiong, B., Zhu, X., Guo, J., Chen, D., Zhang, S., Luo, M., Guo, L., & Cai, L. (2023). ALOX5 promotes autophagy-dependent ferroptosis by activating the AMPK / mTOR pathway in melanoma. Biochemical pharmacology, 212, 115554). The amino acid sequence of ALOX5 is SEQ ID NO: 145 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P09917. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 145 and / or the protein level thereof. CD4: CD4 (also known as cluster of differentiation 4, OKT4D, IMD79) encodes a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 has a key role in the development of CD4+T lymphocytes (Ravichandran, K. S., Collins, T. L., & Burakoff, S. J. (1996). CD4 and signal transduction. Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 205, 47– 62). The amino acid sequence of CD4 is SEQ ID NO: 146 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01730. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 146 and / or the protein level thereof. CEACAM5: CEACAM5 (also known as Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5, Cluster of Differentiation 66e, CD66e, CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 5, CEA cell adhesion molecule 5) encodes a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family and has a role in adhesion between epithelial cells in the embryonic intestine and colon tumors (Benchimol, S., Fuks, A., Jothy, S., Beauchemin, N., Shirota, K., & Stanners, C. P. (1989). Carcinoembryonic antigen, a human tumor marker, functions as an intercellular adhesion molecule. Cell, 57(2), 327–334). The amino acid sequence of CEACAM5 is SEQ ID NO: 147 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P06731. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 147 and / or the protein level thereof. 76 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ITGAX: ITGAX (also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit), CD11C, SLEB6, integrin subunit alpha X) encodes a type I transmembrane protein found at high levels on most human dendritic cells, but also on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells that induces cellular activation and helps trigger neutrophil respiratory burst. ITGAX has been found to regulate late stage T cell development in the thymus (Hou, L., & Yuki, K. (2022). CD11c regulates late-stage T cell development in the thymus. Frontiers in immunology, 13, 1040818). The amino acid sequence of ITGAX is SEQ ID NO: 148 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P20702. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 148 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF10B: TNFRSF10B (also known as TRAIL receptor 2, CD262, DR5, KILLER, KILLER / DR5, TRAIL-R2, TRAILR2, TRICK2, TRICK2A, TRICK2B, TRICKB, ZTNFR9, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10b, TNF receptor superfamily member 10b) encodes a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TNFSF10 / TRAIL and transduces an apoptosis signal. TNFRSF10B has been shown to promote neuronal injury and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (Dai, M., Yan, L., Yu, H., Chen, C., & Xie, Y. (2023). TNFRSF10B is involved in motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease by regulating exosomal α-synuclein secretion from microglia. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy, 129, 102249). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF10B is SEQ ID NO: 149 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O14763. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 149 and / or the protein level thereof. CSF3R: CSF3R (also known as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, Cluster of Differentiation 114, CD114, GCSFR, colony stimulating factor 3 receptor, SCN7) encodes a a cell-surface receptor for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). CSF3R signaling involves the recruitment of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases and their dependent signaling pathways of serine / threonine kinases, tyrosine phosphatases, and lipid second messengers (Mehta, H. M., & Corey, S. J. (2021). G-CSF, the guardian of granulopoiesis. Seminars in 77 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 immunology, 54, 101515). The amino acid sequence of CSF3R is SEQ ID NO: 150 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q99062. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 150 and / or the protein level thereof. CSF1R: CSF1R (also known as Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, C-FMS, CD115, CSF-1R, CSFR, FIM2, FMS, HDLS, M-CSF-R, BANDDOS, HDLS1) encodes. CSF1R encodes a receptor that is highy expressed in myeloid cells and can be activated by colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). CSF1R has important roles in development and in innate immunity by regulating the development of most tissue macrophages and osteoclasts, of Langerhans cells of the skin, of Paneth cells of the small intestine, and of brain microglia (Stanley, E. R., & Chitu, V. (2014). CSF-1 receptor signaling in myeloid cells. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 6(6), a021857). The amino acid sequence of CSF1R is SEQ ID NO: 151 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P07333. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 151 and / or the protein level thereof. LILRB3: LILRB3 (also known as Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3, CD85A, HL9, ILT-5, ILT5, LILRA6, LIR-3, LIR3, PIRB, PIR-B, leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B3) encodes a receptor expressed on immune cells where it binds to MHC class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immune response. LILRB3 has been proposed as a putative immune cell surface receptor for APOE (Zhou, J., Wang, Y., Huang, G., Yang, M., Zhu, Y., Jin, C., Jing, D., Ji, K., & Shi, Y. (2023). LilrB3 is a putative cell surface receptor of APOE4. Cell research, 33(2), 116–130). The amino acid sequence of LILRB3 is SEQ ID NO: 152 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q6PI73. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 152 and / or the protein level thereof. 78 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 FPR3: FPR3 (also known as N-formyl peptide receptor 3, FML2_HUMAN, FMLPY, FPRH1, FPRH2, FPRL2, RMLP-R-I, FMLP-R-II, formyl peptide receptor 3) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor essential for neutrophil activation. FPR3 has been identified as an important immune-related biomarker for predicting poor prognosis for breast cancer (Qi, J., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Lu, L., Dou, Z., Dai, H., Wang, H., & Yang, W. (2021). Identification of FPR3 as a Unique Biomarker for Targeted Therapy in the Immune Microenvironment of Breast Cancer. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 593247). The amino acid sequence of FPR3 is SEQ ID NO: 153 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P25089. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 153 and / or the protein level thereof. CD28: CD28 (also known as Cluster of Differentiation 28, Tp44) encodes a B7 receptor that has a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation (Esensten, J. H., Helou, Y. A., Chopra, G., Weiss, A., & Bluestone, J. A. (2016). CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity, 44(5), 973–988). The amino acid sequence of CD28 is SEQ ID NO: 154 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P10747. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 154 and / or the protein level thereof. CTLA4: CTLA4 (also known as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, ALPS5, CD, CD152, CELIAC3, CTLA-4, GRD4, GSE, IDDM12, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4) encodes a protein receptor constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells and functions as an immune checkpoint to downregulate immune responses. CTLA4 has been found to inhibit CD28-dependent IL-2 production (Walunas, T. L., Bakker, C. Y., & Bluestone, J. A. (1996). CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation. The Journal of experimental medicine, 183(6), 2541–2550). The amino acid sequence of CTLA4 is SEQ ID NO: 155 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P16410. 79 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 155 and / or the protein level thereof. IGF2R: IGF2R (also known as Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, CD222, CIMPR, M6P-R, MPR1, MPRI, M6P / MPR 300, CI- M6PR, MPR300, insulin like growth factor 2 receptor) encodes a type I transmembrane protein. Activation of IGF2R is known to have a role in dictating anti-inflammatory macrophages (Wang, X., Lin, L., Lan, B., Wang, Y., Du, L., Chen, X., Li, Q., Liu, K., Hu, M., Xue, Y., Roberts, A. I., Shao, C., Melino, G., Shi, Y., & Wang, Y. (2020). IGF2R-initiated proton rechanneling dictates an anti-inflammatory property in macrophages. Science advances, 6(48), eabb7389). The amino acid sequence of IGF2R is SEQ ID NO: 156 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P11717. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 156 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGAL: ITGAL (also known as Integrin alpha L, antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide, CD11A, LFA-1, LFA1A) encodes the integrin alpha L chain and functions in cellular adhesion and costimulatory signaling. ITGAL has been found to be positively associated with most immune checkpoint genes and cytokines (Li, R., Wu, X., Xue, K., & Li, J. (2022). ITGAL infers adverse prognosis and correlates with immunity in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer cell international, 22(1), 268). The amino acid sequence of ITGAL is SEQ ID NO: 157 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P20701. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 157 and / or the protein level thereof. RPSA: RPSA (also known as 40S ribosomal protein SA, 37LRP, 67LR, ICAS, LAMBR, LAMR1, LBP, LBP / p40, LRP, LRP / LR, NEM / 1CHD4, SA, lamR, p40, Ribosomal protein SA) encodes a protein component of the small ribosomal subunit and acts as a cell surface receptor 80 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 for laminin. RPSA governs critical cellular processes including growth, survival, migration, protein synthesis, development, and differentiation (DiGiacomo, V., & Meruelo, D. (2016). Looking into laminin receptor: critical discussion regarding the non-integrin 37 / 67-kDa laminin receptor / RPSA protein. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 91(2), 288– 310). The amino acid sequence of RPSA is SEQ ID NO: 158 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08865. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 158 and / or the protein level thereof. MYLK: MYLK (also known as kinase-related protein, AAT7, KRP, MLCK, MLCK1, MLCK108, MLCK210, MSTP083, MYLK1, smMLCK, myosin light chain kinase, MMIHS, MMIHS1, MYLK-L, telokin) encodes a myosin light-chain kinase, which is a calcium- / calmodulin-dependent enzyme. MYLK promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by altering the cytoskeleton to enhance epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Lin, J., He, Y., Chen, L., Chen, X., Zang, S., & Lin, W. (2018). MYLK promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through regulating cytoskeleton to enhance epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clinical and experimental medicine, 18(4), 523–533). The amino acid sequence of MYLK is SEQ ID NO: 159 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q15746. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 159 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGA1: ITGA1 (also known as CD49a, VLA1, integrin subunit alpha 1) encodes an integrin alpha subunit that makes up half of the α1β1 integrin duplex. ITGA1 has a role in matrix remodeling such as is seen during morphogenesis and wound healing (Carver, W., Molano, I., Reaves, T. A., Borg, T. K., & Terracio, L. (1995). Role of the alpha 1 beta 1 integrin complex in collagen gel contraction in vitro by fibroblasts. Journal of cellular physiology, 165(2), 425–437). The amino acid sequence of ITGA1 is SEQ ID NO: 160 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P56199. 81 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 160 and / or the protein level thereof. SDC4: SDC4 (also known as SYND4, syndecan 4) encodes a transmembrane (type I) heparan sulfate proteoglycan that functions as a receptor in intracellular signaling. SDC4 functions as an independent receptor for heparin-binding growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) (Elfenbein, A., & Simons, M. (2013). Syndecan-4 signaling at a glance. Journal of cell science, 126(Pt 17), 3799–3804). The amino acid sequence of SDC4 is SEQ ID NO: 161 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P31431. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 161. ITGB2: ITGB2 (also known as CD18, LAD, LCAMB, LFA-1, MAC-1, MF17, MFI7, integrin subunit beta 2) encodes an integrin beta chain protein that has roles in cellular adhesion, cell surface signaling, and immune responses. ITGB2 has been found to influence immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenviroment of acute myeloid leukemia (Wei, J., Huang, X. J., Huang, Y., Xiong, M. Y., Yao, X. Y., Huang, Z. N., Li, S. N., Zhou, W. J., Fang, D. L., Deng, D. H., & Cheng, P. (2021). Key immune-related gene ITGB2 as a prognostic signature for acute myeloid leukemia. Annals of translational medicine, 9(17), 1386). The amino acid sequence of ITGB2 is SEQ ID NO: 162 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05107. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 162 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFRSF10D: TNFRSF10D (also known as Decoy receptor 2, TRAIL receptor 4, CD264, DCR2, TRAIL-R4, TRAILR4, TRUNDD, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10d, TNF receptor superfamily member 10d) encodes a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily that has been shown to play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis. TNFRSF10D has been found to promote the anti-tumoral cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells (Tawfik, 82 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 D., Groth, C., Gundlach, J. P., Peipp, M., Kabelitz, D., Becker, T., Oberg, H. H., Trauzold, A., & Wesch, D. (2019). TRAIL-Receptor 4 Modulates γδ T Cell-Cytotoxicity Toward Cancer Cells. Frontiers in immunology, 10, 2044). The amino acid sequence of TNFRSF10D is SEQ ID NO: 163 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9UBN6. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 163 and / or the protein level thereof. FPR2: FPR2 (also known as N-formyl peptide receptor 2, ALXR, FMLP-R-II, FMLPX, FPR2A, FPRH1, FPRH2, FPRL1, HM63, LXA4R, formyl peptide receptor 2, ALX) encodes a G-protein coupled receptor expressed on phagocytic leukocytes and involved in host defense and inflammation. FPR2 has been proposed as a promising target for the treatment of influenza (Alessi, M. C., Cenac, N., Si-Tahar, M., & Riteau, B. (2017). FPR2: A Novel Promising Target for the Treatment of Influenza. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 1719). The amino acid sequence of FPR2 is SEQ ID NO: 164 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P25090. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 164 and / or the protein level thereof. LIFR: LIFR (also known as Cluster of Differentiation 118, CD118, LIF-R, SJS2, STWS, SWS, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha, LIF receptor alpha, LIF receptor subunit alpha) encodes a subunit of a receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor. LIFR is known to be down regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (Yao et al. (2021). A targetable LIFR-NF-κB-LCN2 axis controls liver tumorigenesis and vulnerability to ferroptosis. Nature communications, 12(1), 7333). The amino acid sequence of LIFR is SEQ ID NO: 165 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P42702. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 165 and / or the protein level thereof. 83 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 AREG: AREG (also known as AR, AREGB, CRDGF, SDGF, amphiregulin) encodes a ligand of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor that acts as an autocrine growth factor as well as a mitogen for a broad range of target cells including astrocytes, Schwann cells and fibroblasts. AREG gene expression and release is induced by a plethora of stimuli including inflammatory lipids, cytokines, hormones, growth factors and xenobiotics (Berasain, C., & Avila, M. A. (2014). Amphiregulin. Seminars in cell & developmental biology, 28, 31–41). The amino acid sequence of AREG is SEQ ID NO: 166 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P15514. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 166 and / or the protein level thereof. CD46: CD46 (also known as membrane cofactor protein, AHUS2, MCP, MIC10, TLX, TRA2.10) encodes a ubiquitously expressed complement regulatory protein, serves as a cofactor for serine protease factor I to cleave and inactivate C3b and C4b deposited on host cells and plays roles in human reproduction, autophagy, modulating T cell activation and effector functions. CD46 deficiencies are thought to contribute to inflammatory disorders (Liszewski, M. K., & Atkinson, J. P. (2021). Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46): deficiency states and pathogen connections. Current opinion in immunology, 72, 126–134). The amino acid sequence of CD46 is SEQ ID NO: 167 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P15529. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 167 and / or the protein level thereof. HBEGF: HBEGF (also known as DTR, DTS, DTSF, HEGFL, heparin binding EGF like growth factor) encodes a heparin-binding member of the EGF family that was initially identified in the conditioned medium of human macrophages. HB-EGF has been implicated as a participant in a variety of normal physiological processes such as blastocyst implantation and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as tumor growth, SMC hyperplasia and atherosclerosis (Raab, G., & Klagsbrun, M. (1997). Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Biochimica et biophysica 84 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 acta, 1333(3), F179–F199). The amino acid sequence of HBEGF is SEQ ID NO: 168 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q99075. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 168 and / or the protein level thereof. HLA-DRB1: HLA-DRB1 (also known as DRB1, DRw10, HLA-DR1B, HLA-DRB, SS1, major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1) encodes a beta chain of antigen- presenting major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. DRB1 allese are associated with increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ (November 1987). "The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism.30 (11): 1205–13). The amino acid sequence of HLA-DRB1 is SEQ ID NO: 169 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01911. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 169 and / or the protein level thereof. IL10: IL10 (also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, CSIF, GVHDS, IL-10, IL10A, TGIF, interleukin 10) encodes an anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-10 is known to play important roles in sterile wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer, and homeostasis (Saraiva, M., Vieira, P., & O'Garra, A. (2020). Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10. The Journal of experimental medicine, 217(1), e20190418). The amino acid sequence of IL10 is SEQ ID NO: 170 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P22301. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 170 and / or the protein level thereof. SELL: SELL (also known as L-selectin, CD62L, LAM1, LECAM1, LEU8, LNHR, LSEL, LYAM1, PLNHR, TQ1, selectin L) encodes a cell adhesion molecule found on the cell surface of leukocytes, and the blastocyst. The leukocytic cell adhesion receptor L-selectin is thought to 85 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 mediate the initial step of the adhesion cascade, the capture and rolling of leukocytes on endothelial cells, which enables leukocytes to migrate out of the vasculature into surrounding tissues during inflammation and immune surveillance (Wedepohl, S., Beceren-Braun, F., Riese, S., Buscher, K., Enders, S., Bernhard, G., Kilian, K., Blanchard, V., Dernedde, J., & Tauber, R. (2012). L-selectin--a dynamic regulator of leukocyte migration. European journal of cell biology, 91(4), 257–264). The amino acid sequence of SELL is SEQ ID NO: 171 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P14151. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 171 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFSF13B: TNFSF13B (also known as B-cell activating factor, BAFF, BLYS, CD257, DTL, TALL-1, TALL1, THANK, TNFSF20, ZTNF4, TNLG7A, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 13b, TNF superfamily member 13b) encodes a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. TNFSF13B has been shown to be required for the survival of memory B cells, autoimmune B cells as well as malignant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells (Schweighoffer, E., & Tybulewicz, V. L. (2021). BAFF signaling in health and disease. Current opinion in immunology, 71, 124–131). The amino acid sequence of TNFSF13B is SEQ ID NO: 172 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9Y275. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 172 and / or the protein level thereof. BMP7: BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1, OP-1, bone morphogenetic protein 7) encodes a member of the TGF-β superfamily that plays roles in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, neurogenesis and skeletal morphogenesis. BMP7 as been shown to counteract transforming growth factor-beta-mediated fibrosis (Patel, S. R., & Dressler, G. R. (2005). BMP7 signaling in renal development and disease. Trends in molecular medicine, 11(11), 512–518). The amino acid sequence of BMP7 is SEQ ID NO: 173 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P18075. 86 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 173 and / or the protein level thereof. COL18A1: COL18A1 (also known as KNO, KNO1, KS, Collagen, type XVIII, alpha 1, collagen type XVIII alpha 1, collagen type XVIII alpha 1 chain, GLCC) encodes the alpha chain of type XVIII collagen. COL18A1 has been identified as a candidate eye iridocorneal angle- closure gene in humans (Suri, F., Yazdani, S., Chapi, M., Safari, I., Rasooli, P., Daftarian, N., Jafarinasab, M. R., Ghasemi Firouzabadi, S., Alehabib, E., Darvish, H., Klotzle, B., Fan, J. B., Turk, C., & Elahi, E. (2018). COL18A1 is a candidate eye iridocorneal angle-closure gene in humans. Human molecular genetics, 27(21), 3772–3786). The amino acid sequence of COL18A1 is SEQ ID NO: 174 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P39060. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 174 and / or the protein level thereof. CSF1: CSF1 (also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, MCSF, colony stimulating factor 1) encodes secreted a cytokine which causes hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Administration of recombinant CSF1 to humans or animals has been shown to lead to monocytosis and expansion of tissue macrophage populations and growth of the liver and spleen (Sehgal, A., Irvine, K. M., & Hume, D. A. (2021). Functions of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) in development, homeostasis, and tissue repair. Seminars in immunology, 54, 101509). The amino acid sequence of CSF1 is SEQ ID NO: 175 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P09603. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 175 and / or the protein level thereof. CSF3: CSF3 (also known as Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, C17orf33, CSF3OS, GCSF, colony stimulating factor 3) encodes a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream. CSF3 has been 87 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 shown to be involved in lipid metabolism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Zhang, Y., Zhou, X., Liu, P., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Li, S., Chen, Y., Song, X., Wang, J., Zeng, H., Zhang, X., Tang, C., Yu, C., Li, Y., & Xu, C. (2021). GCSF deficiency attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through regulating GCSFR-SOCS3-JAK-STAT3 pathway and immune cells infiltration. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 320(4), G531–G542). The amino acid sequence of CSF3 is SEQ ID NO: 176 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P09919. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 176 and / or the protein level thereof. CTGF: CTGF (also known as CCN2, HCS24, IGFBP8, NOV2, connective tissue growth factor, cellular communication network factor 2) encodes a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix-associated heparin-binding proteins and plays important roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, skeletal development, and tissue wound repair. CTGF expression has been shown to be associated with tumor development and progression (Chu, C. Y., Chang, C. C., Prakash, E., & Kuo, M. L. (2008). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and cancer progression. Journal of biomedical science, 15(6), 675–685). The amino acid sequence of CTGF is SEQ ID NO: 177 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P29279. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 177 and / or the protein level thereof. FGF2: FGF2 (also known as basic fibroblast growth factor, BFGF, FGF-2, FGFB, HBGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2) encodes a ligand that plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, cell differentiation and cell migration. FGF2 is known to play crucial roles in the growth and development of several tissues, including osteoclastogenesis (Wen, X., Hu, G., Xiao, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Guo, H., Li, X., Liu, Q., & Li, H. (2022). FGF2 positively regulates osteoclastogenesis via activating the ERK-CREB pathway. Archives 88 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 of biochemistry and biophysics, 727, 109348). The amino acid sequence of FGF2 is SEQ ID NO: 178 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P09038. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 178 and / or the protein level thereof. HSPG2: HSPG2 (also known as Perlecan, basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein, HSPG, PLC, PRCAN, SJA, SJS, SJS1, heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2) encodes a multifunctional proteoglycan that preserves the integrity of extracellular matrices, patrols tissue borders, and controls various signaling pathways affecting cellular phenotype. Because of the role of HSPG2 in several fundamental processes, mutations to the gene in organisms are relatively rare (Martinez, J. R., Dhawan, A., & Farach-Carson, M. C. (2018). Modular Proteoglycan Perlecan / HSPG2: Mutations, Phenotypes, and Functions. Genes, 9(11), 556). The amino acid sequence of HSPG2 is SEQ ID NO: 179 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P98160. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 179 and / or the protein level thereof. LAMA2: LAMA2 (also known as Laminin subunit alpha-2, LAMM, Laminin, alpha 2, MDC1A) encodes the α2 subunit of laminins. LAMA2 has been found to regulate osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs by modulating the hedgehog signaling pathway (Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Gu, R., Liu, X., Wang, S., Xia, D., Li, Z., Lian, X., Zhang, P., Liu, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020). LAMA2 regulates the fate commitment of mesenchymal stem cells via hedgehog signaling. Stem cell research & therapy, 11(1), 135). The amino acid sequence of LAMA2 is SEQ ID NO: 180 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P24043. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 180 and / or the protein level thereof. 89 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 LAMB2: LAMB2 (also known as LAMS, NPHS5, Laminin, beta 2, laminin subunit beta 2, PIERS) encodes the β2 subunit of laminins. High concentrations of glucose have been found to reduce expression of this laminin subunit at the translational level (Schaeffer, V., Hansen, K. M., Morris, D. R., LeBoeuf, R. C., & Abrass, C. K. (2012). RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2 / IMP2 is required for laminin-β2 mRNA translation and is modulated by glucose concentration. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 303(1), F75–F82). The amino acid sequence of LAMB2 is SEQ ID NO: 181 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P55268. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 181 and / or the protein level thereof. MIF: MIF (also known as GIF, GLIF, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor), macrophage migration inhibitory factor, L-dopachrome isomerase, phenylpyruvate tautomerase) encodes an inflammatory cytokine that participates in innate and adaptive immune responses and contributes to the resistance against infection agents, but also to the cellular and tissue damage in infectious, autoimmune, and allergic diseases. MIF is known to regulate glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression and has a prominent function in cell survival signaling (Kang, I., & Bucala, R. (2019). The immunobiology of MIF: function, genetics and prospects for precision medicine. Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 15(7), 427–437). The amino acid sequence of MIF is SEQ ID NO: 182 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P14174. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 182 and / or the protein level thereof. NAMPT: NAMPT (also known as 1110035O14Rik, PBEF, PBEF1, VF, VISFATIN, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1) encodes a protein that catalyzes the condensation of nicotinamide with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of NAD. NAMPT is thought to influence oxidative stress response, apoptosis, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation 90 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 and insulin resistance (Garten, A., Schuster, S., Penke, M., Gorski, T., de Giorgis, T., & Kiess, W. (2015). Physiological and pathophysiological roles of NAMPT and NAD metabolism. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 11(9), 535–546). The amino acid sequence of NAMPT is SEQ ID NO: 183 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P43490. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 183 and / or the protein level thereof. NRG1: NRG1 (also known as ARIA, GGF, GGF2, HGL, HRG, HRG1, HRGA, MST131, MSTP131, NDF, NRG1-IT2, SMDF, neuregulin 1) encodes a membrane glycoprotein that mediates cell-cell signaling and plays a critical role in the growth and development of multiple organ systems. NRG1 is known to be secreted by cardiac endothelial cells (ECs) in conditions of cardiac overload / injury (Dugaucquier, L., Feyen, E., Mateiu, L., Bruyns, T. A. M., De Keulenaer, G. W., & Segers, V. F. M. (2020). The role of endothelial autocrine NRG1 / ERBB4 signaling in cardiac remodeling. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 319(2), H443–H455). The amino acid sequence of NRG1 is SEQ ID NO: 184 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q02297. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 184 and / or the protein level thereof. TNC: TNC (also known as Tenascin C, 150-225, DFNA56, GMEM, GP, HXB, JI, TN, TN-C) encodes a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein and an original member of the matricellular protein family. TNC is known to have a role in various types of inflammatory reactions, such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive fibrosis, myocarditis caused by viral infection or autoimmunity, and dilated cardiomyopathy (Imanaka-Yoshida K. (2021). Tenascin- C in Heart Diseases-The Role of Inflammation. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(11), 5828). The amino acid sequence of TNC is SEQ ID NO: 185 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P24821. 91 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 185 and / or the protein level thereof. TSLP: TSLP (also known as thymic stromal lymphopoietin) encodes a cytokine that has been shown to be a key factor in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses at mucosal barriers. Anti-TSLP agents have been proposed for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions (Corren, J., & Ziegler, S. F. (2019). TSLP: from allergy to cancer. Nature immunology, 20(12), 1603–1609). The amino acid sequence of TSLP is SEQ ID NO: 186 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q969D9. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 186 and / or the protein level thereof. VEGFA: VEGFA (also known as MVCD1, VEGF, VPF, vascular endothelial growth factor A) encodes a growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. VEGFA induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. VEGFA is a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer (OVCA) (Jang, K., Kim, M., Gilbert, C. A., Simpkins, F., Ince, T. A., & Slingerland, J. M. (2017). VEGFA activates an epigenetic pathway upregulating ovarian cancer- initiating cells. EMBO molecular medicine, 9(3), 304–318). The amino acid sequence of VEGFA is SEQ ID NO: 187 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P15692. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 187 and / or the protein level thereof. WNT5A: WNT5A (also known as Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family, Member 5A and hWnt family member 5A) encodes a signaling molecule expressed embryonically during gastrulation in various developing body regions including the caudal mesoderm of the primitive streak, lateral mesoderm, cranial neural crest cells, midbrain, frontal face region, limb buds, mammary gland mesenchyme, caudal region, genital primordia and 92 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 tailbud (Chu, E. Y., Hens, J., Andl, T., Kairo, A., Yamaguchi, T. P., Brisken, C., Glick, A., Wysolmerski, J. J., & Millar, S. E. (2004). Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. Development (Cambridge, England), 131(19), 4819–4829). WNT5A has oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities (Wang, K., Ma, F., Arai, S., Wang, Y., Varkaris, A., Poluben, L., Voznesensky, O., Xie, F., Zhang, X., Yuan, X., & Balk, S. P. (2023). WNT5a Signaling through ROR2 Activates the Hippo Pathway to Suppress YAP1 Activity and Tumor Growth. Cancer research, 83(7), 1016–1030). The amino acid sequence of WNT5A is SEQ ID NO: 188 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P41221. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 188 and / or the protein level thereof. BTLA: BTLA (also known as B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, CD272, BTLA1, B and T lymphocyte associated) encodes a cosignaling molecule that belongs to the CD28 superfamily and is similar to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in terms of its structure and function. BTLA has been found to participate in numerous physiopathological processes, such as tumor, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and transplantation rejection (Ning, Z., Liu, K., & Xiong, H. (2021). Roles of BTLA in Immunity and Immune Disorders. Frontiers in immunology, 12, 654960). The amino acid sequence of BTLA is SEQ ID NO: 189 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q7Z6A9. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 189 and / or the protein level thereof. SEMA4D: SEMA4D (also known as C9orf164, CD100, M-sema-G, SEMAJ, coll-4, semaphorin 4D, COLL4, A8, GR3, BB18) encodes a homodimeric protein belonging to the semaphorin family of axonal guidance proteins. SEMA4D has been described to have immune functions and serves important roles in T cell priming, antibody production, and cell-to-cell adhesion (Maleki, K. T., Cornillet, M., & Björkström, N. K. (2016). Soluble SEMA4D / CD100: 93 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 A novel immunoregulator in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 163, 52–59). The amino acid sequence of SEMA4D is SEQ ID NO: 190 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q92854. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 190 and / or the protein level thereof. LRP6: LRP6 (also known as Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, ADCAD2, STHAG7, LDL receptor related protein 6) encodes a key component of the LRP5 / LRP6 / Frizzled co-receptor group that is involved in canonical Wnt pathway. Clinical studies have implicated LRP6 in various kinds of cancer, including bladder and breast cancer (Alrefaei, A. F., & Abu-Elmagd, M. (2022). LRP6 Receptor Plays Essential Functions in Development and Human Diseases. Genes, 13(1), 120). The amino acid sequence of LRP6 is SEQ ID NO: 191 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O75581. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 191 and / or the protein level thereof. ADGRE5: ADGRE5 (also known as Cluster of differentiation 97, BL-Ac[F2], TM7LN1, CD97, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E5) encodes a member of the EGF-TM7 family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) broadly expressed on leukocytes. ADGRE5 has been found to promote spleen dendritic cell homeostasis through the mechanosensing of red blood cells (Liu, D., Duan, L., Rodda, L. B., Lu, E., Xu, Y., An, J., Qiu, L., Liu, F., Looney, M. R., Yang, Z., Allen, C. D. C., Li, Z., Marson, A., & Cyster, J. G. (2022). CD97 promotes spleen dendritic cell homeostasis through the mechanosensing of red blood cells. Science (New York, N.Y.), 375(6581), eabi5965). The amino acid sequence of ADGRE5 is SEQ ID NO: 192 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P48960. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 192 and / or the protein level thereof. 94 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 APOE: APOE (also known as AD2, APO-E, LDLCQ5, LPG, apolipoprotein E, ApoE4) encodes a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids. Genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses have implicated APOE in several neurodegenerative disorders (Forero DA, López-León S, González-Giraldo Y, Dries DR, Pereira-Morales AJ, Jiménez KM, Franco- Restrepo JE. APOE gene and neuropsychiatric disorders and endophenotypes: A comprehensive review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet.2018 Mar;177(2):126-142.). The amino acid sequence of APOE is SEQ ID NO: 193 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P02649. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 193 and / or the protein level thereof. COL1A2: COL1A2 (also known as Collagen alpha-2(I) chain, OI4, collagen type I alpha 2, collagen type I alpha 2 chain, EDSCV, EDSARTH2) encodes one of the chains for type I collagen, the fibrillar collagen found in most connective tissues. COL1A2 has been found to mediate the pro- and anti-migratory effects of TBX3 in chondrosarcoma and fibrosarcoma cells respectively (Omar R, Cooper A, Maranyane HM, Zerbini L, Prince S. COL1A2 is a TBX3 target that mediates its impact on fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cell migration. Cancer Lett. 2019 Sep 10;459:227-239). The amino acid sequence of COL1A2 is SEQ ID NO: 194 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08123. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 194 and / or the protein level thereof. COL4A2: COL4A2 (also known as Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain, ICH, POREN2, collagen type IV alpha 2, collagen type IV alpha 2 chain, BSVD2) encodes one of the six subunits of type IV collagen, the major structural component of basement membranes. COL4A2 in the ECM has been found to promote osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs through negative regulation of the Wnt / β-catenin pathway (Wen Y, Yang H, Wu J, Wang A, Chen X, Hu S, Zhang Y, Bai D, Jin Z. COL4A2 in the tissue-specific extracellular matrix plays important role on osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. Theranostics.2019 May 31;9(15):4265-4286). 95 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 The amino acid sequence of COL4A2 is SEQ ID NO: 195 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P08572. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 195 and / or the protein level thereof. COL6A1: COL6A1 (also known as Collagen alpha-1(VI) chain, OPLL, BTHLM1, UCHMD1, collagen type VI alpha 1, collagen type VI alpha 1 chain) encodes the alpha1 polypeptide of collagen VI. COL6A1 has been found to stimulate tumor growth in vivo (Wan F, Wang H, Shen Y, Zhang H, Shi G, Zhu Y, Dai B, Ye D. Upregulation of COL6A1 is predictive of poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Oncotarget.2015 Sep 29;6(29):27378-87). The amino acid sequence of COL6A1 is SEQ ID NO: 196 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P12109. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 196 and / or the protein level thereof. COL6A2: COL6A2 (also known as Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain, PP3610, BTHLM1, UCMD1, collagen type VI alpha 2, collagen type VI alpha 2 chain) encodes a collagen VI subunit. High expression of COL6A2 has been found to be associated with glioma proliferation, migration, invasion, and immunity (Hong X, Zhang J, Zou J, Ouyang J, Xiao B, Wang P, Peng X. Role of COL6A2 in malignant progression and temozolomide resistance of glioma. Cell Signal. 2023 Feb;102:110560). The amino acid sequence of COL6A2 is SEQ ID NO: 197 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P12110. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 197 and / or the protein level thereof. COL6A3: COL6A3 (also known as Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain, DYT27, BTHLM1, UCMD1, collagen type VI alpha 3, collagen type VI alpha 3 chain) encodes an alpha chain of type VI collagen that aids in microfibril formation. Increased adipocyte COL6A3 expression has 96 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 been found to be associated with insulin resistance in humans (Dankel SN, Svärd J, Matthä S, Claussnitzer M, Klöting N, Glunk V, Fandalyuk Z, Grytten E, Solsvik MH, Nielsen HJ, Busch C, Hauner H, Blüher M, Skurk T, Sagen JV, Mellgren G. COL6A3 expression in adipocytes associates with insulin resistance and depends on PPARγ and adipocyte size. Obesity (Silver Spring).2014 Aug;22(8):1807-13). The amino acid sequence of COL6A3 is SEQ ID NO: 198 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P12111. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 198 and / or the protein level thereof. FGF7: FGF7 (also known as Keratinocyte growth factor, HBGF-7, KGF, fibroblast growth factor 7) encodes a protein that acts as a potent mitogen on epithelial cells, through interaction with the FGF7-specific receptor FGFR2 / IIIb. FGF7 has been found to have a role in initiating invasion of prostatic epithelial cells in humans (Ropiquet F, Huguenin S, Villette JM, Ronflé V, Le Brun G, Maitland NJ, Cussenot O, Fiet J, Berthon P. FGF7 / KGF triggers cell transformation and invasion on immortalised human prostatic epithelial PNT1A cells. Int J Cancer.1999 Jul 19;82(2):237-43). The amino acid sequence of FGF7 is SEQ ID NO: 199 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P21781. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 199 and / or the protein level thereof. HLA-E: HLA-E (also known as HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E, MHC class I antigen E, EA1.2, EA2.1, HLA-6.2, MHC, QA1, major histocompatibility complex, class I, E) encodes a heterodimer involved in immune self-nonself discrimination. HLA-E is thought to be a ligand for the innate and adaptive immune system (Kraemer T, Blasczyk R, Bade-Doeding C. HLA-E: a novel player for histocompatibility. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:352160. doi: 10.1155 / 2014 / 352160. Epub 2014 Oct 20). The amino acid sequence of HLA-E is SEQ ID NO: 200 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P13747. 97 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 200 and / or the protein level thereof. IL6: IL6 (also known as BSF2, HGF, HSF, IFNB2, IL-6, BSF-2, CDF, IFN-beta-2, interleukin 6) encodes an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti- inflammatory myokine. IL-6 blockade has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for acute systemic and chronic inflammatory diseases (Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Interleukin (IL-6) Immunotherapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.2018 Aug 1;10(8):a028456). The amino acid sequence of IL6 is SEQ ID NO: 201 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05231. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 201 and / or the protein level thereof. LAMB1: LAMB1 (also known as Laminin subunit beta-1, CLM, LIS5, Laminin, beta 1, laminin subunit beta 1) encodes the beta chain of laminin, an extracellular matrix protein. LAMB1 is involved in attachment, migration, and organization during development, and its elevated expression has been associated with several cancers including gastric cancer (Lee H, Kim WJ, Kang HG, Jang JH, Choi IJ, Chun KH, Kim SJ. Upregulation of LAMB1 via ERK / c- Jun Axis Promotes Gastric Cancer Growth and Motility. Int J Mol Sci.2021 Jan 10;22(2):626. doi: 10.3390 / ijms22020626). The amino acid sequence of LAMB1 is SEQ ID NO: 202 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P07942. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 202 and / or the protein level thereof. LAMC1: LAMC1 (also known as Laminin subunit gamma-1, LAMB2, Laminin, gamma 1, laminin subunit gamma 1) encodes the gamma chain of laminin, an extracellular matrix protein. LAMC1 has been proposed as a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target in gastric cancer (Xi D, Jia Q, Liu X, Zhang L, Xu B, Ma Z, Ma Y, Yu Y, Zhang F, Chen H. LAMC1 is a Novel Prognostic Factor and a Potential Therapeutic Target in Gastric Cancer. Int J Gen Med. 98 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 2022 Mar 19;15:3183-3198). The amino acid sequence of LAMC1 is SEQ ID NO: 203 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P11047. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 203 and / or the protein level thereof. THBS2: THBS2 (also known as TSP2 and thrombospondin 2) encodes a disulfide-linked homotrimeric glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. THBS2 has been implicated in poor prognosis and immune infiltration of gastric cancer (Zhang S, Yang H, Xiang X, Liu L, Huang H, Tang G. THBS2 is Closely Related to the Poor Prognosis and Immune Cell Infiltration of Gastric Cancer. Front Genet.2022 Feb 3;13:803460). The amino acid sequence of THBS2 is SEQ ID NO: 204 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P35442. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 204 and / or the protein level thereof. ALOXA5AP: ALOXA5AP (also known as Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, FLAP) encodes an integral protein within the nuclear membrane and is necessary for the synthesis of leukotriene, which are lipid mediators of inflammation. ALOX5AP is known to be present in adipose tissue and associated with inflammation and insulin resistance (Kaaman M, Rydén M, Axelsson T, Nordström E, Sicard A, Bouloumié A, Langin D, Arner P, Dahlman I. ALOX5AP expression, but not gene haplotypes, is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond).2006 Mar;30(3):447-52). The amino acid sequence of ALOXA5AP is SEQ ID NO: 205 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P20292. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 205 and / or the protein level thereof. 99 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CALM2: CALM2 (also known as CAMII, PHKD, PHKD2, LQT15, caM, calmodulin 2 (phosphorylase kinase, delta), calmodulin 2, CAMC, CAM1, CAMIII, CAM3, CALM, CALML2) encodes a member of the CALM family that has been found to facilitate gastric cancer metastasis and angiogenesis by modulating the JAK2 / STAT3 / HIF-1 / VEGFA axis and bolstering macrophage polarization (Mu G, Zhu Y, Dong Z, Shi L, Deng Y, Li H. Calmodulin 2 Facilitates Angiogenesis and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer via STAT3 / HIF-1A / VEGF-A Mediated Macrophage Polarization. Front Oncol.2021 Sep 15;11:727306. doi: 10.3389 / fonc.2021.727306). The amino acid sequence of CALM2 is SEQ ID NO: 206 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P0DP24. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 206 and / or the protein level thereof. LGALS9: LGALS9 (also known as Galectin-9, HUAT, LGALS9A, galectin 9) encodes a 36 kDa beta-galactoside lectin protein. High LGALS9 expression has been found to be correlated with poor prognosis in multiple human cancers (Yang R, Sun L, Li CF, Wang YH, Yao J, Li H, Yan M, Chang WC, Hsu JM, Cha JH, Hsu JL, Chou CW, Sun X, Deng Y, Chou CK, Yu D, Hung MC. Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun.2021 Feb 5;12(1):832). The amino acid sequence of LGALS9 is SEQ ID NO: 207 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O00182. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 207 and / or the protein level thereof. CDH1: CDH1 (also known as Arc-1, CD324, CDHE, ECAD, LCAM, UVO, cadherin 1, BCDS1, E-cadherin, uvomorulin) encodes a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region, and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Germline mutations of CDH1 have been found to be associated with the development of multiple cancers (Corso G. Pleiotropic cancer manifestations of germline CDH1 mutations: Risks and management. J Surg Oncol.2022 Jun;125(8):1326-1331. doi: 100 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 10.1002 / jso.26847. Epub 2022 Mar 12). The amino acid sequence of CDH1 is SEQ ID NO: 208 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P55287. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 208 and / or the protein level thereof. IL22: IL22 (also known as Interleukin-22, IL-21, IL-22, IL-D110, IL-TIF, ILTIF, TIFIL- 23, TIFa, zcyto18, interleukin 22) encodes an α-helical cytokine. IL22 has been proposed as a therapeutic target in diseases of the intestine, including inflammatory bowel disease, GvHD, and cancer (Keir M, Yi Y, Lu T, Ghilardi N. The role of IL-22 in intestinal health and disease. J Exp Med.2020 Feb 13;217(3):e20192195). The amino acid sequence of IL22 is SEQ ID NO: 209 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9GZX6. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 209 and / or the protein level thereof. HLA-F: HLA-F (also known as HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F, CDA12, HLA-5.4, HLA-CDA12, major histocompatibility complex, class I, F) encodes a ~40- 41 kDa non-classical heavy chain anchored to the membrane and forming a heterodimer with a β-2 microglobulin light chain. HLA-F is thought to be involved in viral infections, cancer immunology, and may have a role in fertility and reproduction (Persson G, Jørgensen N, Nilsson LL, Andersen LHJ, Hviid TVF. A role for both HLA-F and HLA-G in reproduction and during pregnancy? Hum Immunol.2020 Apr;81(4):127-133). The amino acid sequence of HLA-F is SEQ ID NO: 210 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P30511. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 210 and / or the protein level thereof. ANGPTL2: ANGPTL2 (also known as Angiopoietin-related protein 2, angiopoietin-like protein 2, ARP2, HARP, angiopoietin like 2) encodes a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family that maintains tissue homeostasis by promoting adaptive inflammation and 101 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 subsequent tissue reconstruction. ANGPTL2 has been found to regulate autophagy and affect the progression of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (Huang H, Ni H, Ma K, Zou J. ANGPTL2 regulates autophagy through the MEK / ERK / Nrf-1 pathway and affects the progression of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Transl Res.2019 Sep 15;11(9):5472-5486). The amino acid sequence of ANGPTL2 is SEQ ID NO: 211 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9UKU9. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 211 and / or the protein level thereof. DLL1: DLL1 (also known as Delta-like protein 1, DELTA1, DL1, Delta, Delta-like 1, delta like canonical Notch ligand 1, NEDBAS) encodes a human homolog of the Notch Delta ligand and is a member of the delta / serrate / jagged family that plays a role in mediating cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis (Shimizu K, Chiba S, Hosoya N, Kumano K, Saito T, Kurokawa M, Kanda Y, Hamada Y, Hirai H. Binding of Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2 to Notch2 rapidly induces cleavage, nuclear translocation, and hyperphosphorylation of Notch2. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;20(18):6913-22). The amino acid sequence of DLL1 is SEQ ID NO: 212 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O00548. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 212 and / or the protein level thereof. JAG1: JAG1 (also known as Jagged1, ABE2, Gsfabe2, Htu, Ozz, Ser-1, AGS, AHD, AWS, CD339, HJ1, JAGL1, jagged 1, AGS1, DCHE, jagged canonical Notch ligand 1, CMT2HH) encodes a ligand that interact with four receptors in the mammalian Notch signaling pathway which helps to determine cellular fate and is active during many developmental stages. JAG1 has been proposed as a marker of immunotherapy resistance in lung adenocarcinoma (He J, Li L, Lv L, Chen X, Ge M, Ren Y, Tang X, Liu P, Gao W. JAG1 is correlated to suppressive immune microenvironment and predicts immunotherapy resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol.2023 Feb 27;13:1091488). The amino acid sequence of JAG1 is SEQ ID NO: 213 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P78504. 102 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 213 and / or the protein level thereof. JAG2: JAG2 (also known as Jagged-2, HJ2, SER2, jagged 2, jagged canonical Notch ligand 2, LGMDR27) encodes a ligand that interact with four receptors in the mammalian Notch signaling pathway which helps to determine cellular fate and is active during many developmental stages. JAG2 overexpression has been found to correlate with poor outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (Hatano K, Saigo C, Kito Y, Shibata T, Takeuchi T. Overexpression of JAG2 is related to poor outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Dent Res.2020 Apr;6(2):174-180). The amino acid sequence of JAG2 is SEQ ID NO: 214 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q9Y219. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 214 and / or the protein level thereof. TGFB1: TGFB1 (also known as Transforming growth factor beta 1, CED, DPD1, LAP, TGFB, TGFbeta, transforming growth factor beta 1, IBDIMDE, TGF-beta1) encodes a secreted protein member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines that is involved in cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. TGFB1 has been found to enhance intestinal regeneration (Chen L, Dupre A, Qiu X, Pellon-Cardenas O, Walton KD, Wang J, Perekatt AO, Hu W, Spence JR, Verzi MP. TGFB1 Induces Fetal Reprogramming and Enhances Intestinal Regeneration. bioRxiv [Preprint].2023 Jan 13:2023.01.13.523825). The amino acid sequence of TGFB1 is SEQ ID NO: 215 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01137. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 215 and / or the protein level thereof. TGFB3: TGFB3 (also known as Transforming growth factor beta-3, ARVD, ARVD1, RNHF, TGF-beta3, Transforming growth factor, beta 3, LDS5, transforming growth factor beta 103 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 3, TGF beta 3) encodes encodes a secreted protein member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines that is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. TGFB3 has been identified as a potential mitgator of radiation and chemotherapy induced toxicity (Hanson I, Pitman KE, Edin NFJ. The Role of TGF-β3 in Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci.2023 Apr 20;24(8):7614). The amino acid sequence of TGFB3 is SEQ ID NO: 216 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P10600. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 216 and / or the protein level thereof. VEGFC: VEGFC (also known as Vascular endothelial growth factor C, Flt4-L, LMPH1D, VRP, vascular endothelial growth factor C, LMPHM4) encodes a member of the platelet-derived growth factor / vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF / VEGF) family that functions to promote the growth of lymphatic vessels. Macrophage produced VEGFC has been found to ameliorate cardiac injury and inflammation (Glinton KE, Ma W, Lantz C, Grigoryeva LS, DeBerge M, Liu X, Febbraio M, Kahn M, Oliver G, Thorp EB. Macrophage-produced VEGFC is induced by efferocytosis to ameliorate cardiac injury and inflammation. J Clin Invest.2022 May 2;132(9):e140685). The amino acid sequence of VEGFC is SEQ ID NO: 217 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P49767. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 217 and / or the protein level thereof. PGF: PGF (also known as D12S1900, PGFL, PLGF, PlGF-2, SHGC-10760, Placental growth factor, PIGF) encodes a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub- family and plays a key role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. High levels of PGF has been associated with diabetic retinopathy in the vitreous of patients (Nguyen QD, De Falco S, Behar- Cohen F, Lam WC, Li X, Reichhart N, Ricci F, Pluim J, Li WW. Placental growth factor and its potential role in diabetic retinopathy and other ocular neovascular diseases. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018 Feb;96(1):e1-e9. doi: 10.1111 / aos.13325. Epub 2016 Nov 22). The amino acid sequence of PGF is SEQ ID NO: 218 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P49763. 104 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 218 and / or the protein level thereof. IL18: IL18 (also known as Interleukin-18, IGIF, IL-18, IL-1g, IL1F4, interleukin 18, interferon-gamma inducing factor) encodes a proinflammatory cytokine. IL18 was originally discovered as a factor that enhanced IFN-γ production from anti-CD3-stimulated Th1 cells (Yasuda K, Nakanishi K, Tsutsui H. Interleukin-18 in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci.2019 Feb 2;20(3):649. doi: 10.3390 / ijms20030649). The amino acid sequence of IL18 is SEQ ID NO: 219 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q14116. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 219 and / or the protein level thereof. APP: APP (also known as Amyloid-beta precursor protein, AAA, ABETA, ABPP, AD1, APPI, CTFgamma, CVAP, PN-II, PN2, amyloid beta precursor protein, preA4, alpha-sAPP) encodes an integral membrane protein and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export. It is thought to be critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, Krebs B, Kretzschmar HA, Herms J. Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein. J Neurosci.2006 Jul 5;26(27):7212-21). The amino acid sequence of APP is SEQ ID NO: 220 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05067. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 220 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFSF15: TNFSF15 (also known as TL1, TL1A, VEGI, VEGI192A, Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor, TNLG1B, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15, TNF superfamily member 15) encodes an anti-angiogenic protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. It is the sole ligand of death receptor 3 (Wang EC. On death receptor 3 and 105 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 its ligands. Immunology.2012 Sep;137(1):114-6). The amino acid sequence of TNFSF15 is SEQ ID NO: 221 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O95150. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 221 and / or the protein level thereof. VCAM1: VCAM1 (also known as Vascular cell adhesion protein 1, cluster of differentiation 106, CD106, INCAM-100, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) encodes a cell adhesion molecule and is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. VCAM1 has been found to be expressed in a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells with unique immunomodulatory properties (Yang ZX, Han ZB, Ji YR, Wang YW, Liang L, Chi Y, Yang SG, Li LN, Luo WF, Li JP, Chen DD, Du WJ, Cao XC, Zhuo GS, Wang T, Han ZC. CD106 identifies a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells with unique immunomodulatory properties. PLoS One.2013;8(3):e59354). The amino acid sequence of VCAM1 is SEQ ID NO: 222 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P19320. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 222 and / or the protein level thereof. ITGAM: ITGAM (also known as CD11B, CR3A, MAC-1, MAC1A, MO1A, SLEB6, integrin subunit alpha M) encodes one protein subunit that forms heterodimeric integrin alpha-M beta-2 (αMβ2) molecule, also known as macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) or complement receptor 3 (CR3). ITGAM is known to be highly expressed on the surface of innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils (Khan SQ, Khan I, Gupta V. CD11b Activity Modulates Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis. Front Med (Lausanne).2018 Mar 15;5:52. doi: 10.3389 / fmed.2018.00052). The amino acid sequence of ITGAM is SEQ ID NO: 223 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P11215. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 223 and / or the protein level thereof. 106 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 FGF2: FGF2 (also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), BFGF, FGF-2, FGFB, HBGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2) encodes a growth factor and signaling protein involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF2 is known to interact with APoptosis Inhibitor 5 (API5) to regulate mRNA export (Bong SM, Bae SH, Song B, Gwak H, Yang SW, Kim S, Nam S, Rajalingam K, Oh SJ, Kim TW, Park S, Jang H, Lee BI. Regulation of mRNA export through API5 and nuclear FGF2 interaction. Nucleic Acids Res.2020 Jun 19;48(11):6340-6352). The amino acid sequence of FGF2 is SEQ ID NO: 224 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P09038. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 224 and / or the protein level thereof. POSTN: POSTN (also known as OSF-2, OSF2, PDLPN, periostin) encodes a ligand for alpha-V / beta-3 and alpha-V / beta-5 integrins to support adhesion and migration of epithelial cells. POSTN has been found to be expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells (Coutu DL, Wu JH, Monette A, Rivard GE, Blostein MD, Galipeau J. Periostin, a member of a novel family of vitamin K-dependent proteins, is expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells. J Biol Chem.2008 Jun 27;283(26):17991-8001 ). The amino acid sequence of POSTN is SEQ ID NO: 225 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q15063. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 225 and / or the protein level thereof. LAMA5: LAMA5 (also known as Laminin subunit alpha-5, Laminin, alpha 5, laminin subunit alpha 5) encodes the alpha subunit of laminin which is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. It has been found to play a role in skeletogenesis (Barad M, Csukasi F, Bosakova M, Martin JH, Zhang W, Paige Taylor S, Lachman RS, Zieba J, Bamshad M, Nickerson D, Chong JX, Cohn DH, Krejci P, Krakow D, Duran I. Biallelic mutations in LAMA5 disrupts a skeletal noncanonical focal adhesion pathway and produces a 107 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 distinct bent bone dysplasia. EBioMedicine.2020 Dec;62:103075). The amino acid sequence of LAMA5 is SEQ ID NO: 226 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O15230. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 226 and / or the protein level thereof. LAMB3: LAMB3 (also known as BM600-125KDA, LAM5, LAMNB1, AI1A, Laminin, beta 3, laminin subunit beta 3, JEB1B, JEB1A) encodes the beta subunit of laminin which is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. LAMB3 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer that can be targeted by BET inhibitors and MEK inhibitors (Zhu Z, Song J, Guo Y, Huang Z, Chen X, Dang X, Huang Y, Wang Y, Ou W, Yang Y, Yu W, Liu CY, Cui L. LAMB3 promotes tumour progression through the AKT-FOXO3 / 4 axis and is transcriptionally regulated by the BRD2 / acetylated ELK4 complex in colorectal cancer. Oncogene.2020 Jun;39(24):4666-4680). The amino acid sequence of LAMB3 is SEQ ID NO: 227 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. Q13751. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 227 and / or the protein level thereof. GZMA: GZMA (also known as Granzyme A, CTLA3, HuTPS, T-cell associated protease 1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte serine protease, TSP-1, T-cell derived serine proteinase) encodes a proinflammatory protease that promotes colorectal cancer development. Extracellular GzmA has been found to induce NF-κB-dependent IL-6 production in macrophages (Santiago L, Castro M, Sanz-Pamplona R, Garzón M, Ramirez-Labrada A, Tapia E, Moreno V, Layunta E, Gil-Gómez G, Garrido M, Peña R, Lanuza PM, Comas L, Jaime-Sanchez P, Uranga-Murillo I, Del Campo R, Pelegrín P, Camerer E, Martínez-Lostao L, Muñoz G, Uranga JA, Alcalde A, Galvez EM, Ferrandez A, Bird PI, Metkar S, Arias MA, Pardo J. Extracellular Granzyme A Promotes Colorectal Cancer Development by Enhancing Gut Inflammation. Cell Rep.2020 Jul 7;32(1):107847). The amino acid sequence of GZMA is SEQ ID NO: 228 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P12544. 108 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 228 and / or the protein level thereof. PRSS3: PRSS3 (also known as MTG, PRSS4, T9, TRY3, TRY4, protease, serine 3, serine protease 3) encodes trypsinogen, which is a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. PRSS3 has been proposed as a biomarker for invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (Qian L, Gao X, Huang H, Lu S, Cai Y, Hua Y, Liu Y, Zhang J. PRSS3 is a prognostic marker in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Oncotarget.2017 Mar 28;8(13):21444-21453). The amino acid sequence of PRSS3 is SEQ ID NO: 229 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P35030. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 229 and / or the protein level thereof. SERPING1: SERPING1 (also known as C1-inh, C1 esterase inhibitor, C1IN, C1INH, C1NH, HAE1, HAE2, serpin family G member 1) encodes a serine protease inhibitor (serpins) that inactivates several different proteases in the complement, contact, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Recombinant SERPING1 is used in the treatment of hereditary angioedema (Cicardi M, Zingale L, Zanichelli A, Pappalardo E, Cicardi B. C1 inhibitor: molecular and clinical aspects. Springer Semin Immunopathol.2005 Nov;27(3):286-98. doi: 10.1007 / s00281- 005-0001-4. Epub 2005 Nov 11.). The amino acid sequence of SERPING1 is SEQ ID NO: 230 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05155. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 230 and / or the protein level thereof. EDN1: EDN1 (also known as preproendothelin-1, ARCND3, ET1, HDLCQ7, QME, endothelin 1, PPET1) encodes a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells and is proteolytically processed to release endothelin 1. EDN1 has been found to be sensitive to glucose and glutamine deprivations (Minchenko DO, Khita OO, Tsymbal DO, 109 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 Viletska YM, Sliusar MY, Yefimova YV, Levadna LO, Krasnytska DA, Minchenko OH. ERN1 knockdown modifies the impact of glucose and glutamine deprivations on the expression of EDN1 and its receptors in glioma cells. Endocr Regul.2021 May 21;55(2):72-82. doi: 10.2478 / enr-2021-0009). The amino acid sequence of EDN1 is SEQ ID NO: 231 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P05305. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 231 and / or the protein level thereof. EDN3: EDN3 (also known as ET-3, ET3, HSCR4, PPET3, WS4B, endothelin 3) encodes an endothelium-derived vasoactive peptide. EDN3 is a frequent target of epigenetic inactivation in human breast cancer and has been proposed to act as a natural tumor suppressor in the human mammary gland (Wiesmann F, Veeck J, Galm O, Hartmann A, Esteller M, Knüchel R, Dahl E. Frequent loss of endothelin-3 (EDN3) expression due to epigenetic inactivation in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res.2009;11(3):R34. doi: 10.1186 / bcr2319. Epub 2009 Jun 15). The amino acid sequence of EDN3 is SEQ ID NO: 232 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P14138. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 232 and / or the protein level thereof. HLA.DRA: HLA.DRA (also known as HLA-DRA, HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain, HLA-DRA1, MLRW, major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha) encodes the the alpha subunit of HLA-DR, which plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. HLA-DRA has been proposed to identify immuno-hot tumors and predict the therapeutic response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in NSCLC (Mei J, Jiang G, Chen Y, Xu Y, Wan Y, Chen R, Liu F, Mao W, Zheng M, Xu J. HLA class II molecule HLA-DRA identifies immuno-hot tumors and predicts the therapeutic response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in NSCLC. BMC Cancer.2022 Jul 6;22(1):738. doi: 10.1186 / s12885-022-09840-6). The amino acid sequence of HLA.DRA is SEQ ID NO: 233 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01903. 110 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 233 and / or the protein level thereof. CD1D: CD1D (also known as CD1A, R3, R3G1) encodes a member of the family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. CD1d- deficient macrophages have been found to exhibit a metabolic reprogramming, with a downregulation of lipid metabolic pathways and an increase in exogenous lipid import (Brailey PM, Evans L, López-Rodríguez JC, Sinadinos A, Tyrrel V, Kelly G, O'Donnell V, Ghazal P, John S, Barral P. CD1d-dependent rewiring of lipid metabolism in macrophages regulates innate immune responses. Nat Commun.2022 Nov 7;13(1):6723. doi: 10.1038 / s41467-022-34532-x). The amino acid sequence of CD1D is SEQ ID NO: 234 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P15813. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 234 and / or the protein level thereof. TNFSF10: TNFSF10 (also known as APO2L, Apo-2L, CD253, TL2, TRAIL, TNLG6A, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 10, TNF superfamily member 10) encodes a cytokine that is produced and secreted by most normal tissue cells and is involved in the apoptosis of tumor cells. TNFSF10 has been found to be a prognostic and immune infiltration marker in skin cutaneous melanoma (Xue L, Zhang W, Ju Y, Xu X, Bo H, Zhong X, Hu Z, Zheng C, Fang B, Tang S. TNFSF10, an autophagy related gene, was a prognostic and immune infiltration marker in skin cutaneous melanoma. J Cancer.2023 Jul 31;14(13):2417-2430. doi: 10.7150 / jca.86735). The amino acid sequence of TNFSF10 is SEQ ID NO: 235 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P50591. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 235 and / or the protein level thereof. 111 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 VWF: VWF (also known as F8VWD and von Willebrand factor) encodes a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively as ultra-large VWF in endothelium, megakaryocytes, and subendothelial connective tissue (Sadler JE. Biochemistry and genetics of von Willebrand factor. Annu Rev Biochem.1998;67:395-424. doi: 10.1146 / annurev.biochem.67.1.395.). The amino acid sequence of VWF is SEQ ID NO: 236 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P04275. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 236 and / or the protein level thereof. LIF: LIF (also known as CDF, DIA, HILDA, MLPLI, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6 family cytokine, LIF interleukin 6 family cytokine) encodes an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. LIF expression has been linked to hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as overall patient survival (Jorgensen MM, de la Puente P. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Important Cytokine in Pathologies and Cancer. Biomolecules.2022 Jan 27;12(2):217. doi: 10.3390 / biom12020217). The amino acid sequence of LIF is SEQ ID NO: 237 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P15018. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 237 and / or the protein level thereof. ADAM12: ADAM12 (also known as Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain- containing protein 12, Meltrin, ADAM12-OT1, CAR10, MCMP, MCMPMltna, MLTN, MLTNA, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12) encodes a membrane-anchored protein implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, such as fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. High expression of ADAM12 has been implicated in poor prognosis for patients with primary liver cancer (Du S, Sun L, Wang Y, Zhu W, Gao J, Pei W, Zhang Y. ADAM12 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in liver cancer. Sci Rep.2022 Apr 22;12(1):6634. doi: 10.1038 / s41598-022-10608-y). The amino acid 112 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 sequence of ADAM12 is SEQ ID NO: 238 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. O43184. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 238 and / or the protein level thereof. HLA-DQB1: HLA-DQB1 (also known as Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, CELIAC1, HLA-DQB, IDDM1, major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, HLA-DRB1) encodes one of two proteins that are required to form the DQ heterodimer, a cell surface receptor essential to the function of the immune system. HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms have been found to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (Wu J, Li J, Li S, Zhang TP, Li LJ, Lv TT, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Association of HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J.2017 Oct;93(1104):618-625. doi: 10.1136 / postgradmedj-2016- 134724. Epub 2017 Apr 28). The amino acid sequence of HLA-DQB1 is SEQ ID NO: 239 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P01920. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 239 and / or the protein level thereof. GZMB: GZMB (also known as CCPI, CGL-1, CGL1, CSP-B, CSPB, CTLA1, CTSGL1, HLP, SECT, granzyme B, C11) encodes a serine protease expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. GZMB expression is known to be elevated in chronic disease and inflammatory skin disorders, such as diabetic ulcers, hypertrophic scarring, autoimmune skin disorders, cutaneous leishmaniasis and aging skin (Turner CT, Lim D, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in skin inflammation and disease. Matrix Biol.2019 Jan;75-76:126- 140. doi: 10.1016 / j.matbio.2017.12.005. Epub 2017 Dec 14). The amino acid sequence of GZMB is SEQ ID NO: 240 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P10144. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 240 and / or the protein level thereof. 113 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CCL20: CCL20 (also known as CKb4, Exodus, LARC, MIP-3-alpha, MIP-3a, MIP3A, SCYA20, ST38, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, C-C motif chemokine ligand 20, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3, liver activation regulated chemokine) encodes a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family and that attracts immature dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes. CCL20 has been found to be primarily produced by epithelial cells and inflammatory conditions are known to increase its expression (Meitei HT, Jadhav N, Lal G. CCR6-CCL20 axis as a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev.2021 Jul;20(7):102846. doi: 10.1016 / j.autrev.2021.102846). The amino acid sequence of CCL20 is SEQ ID NO: 241 and can be found under UniProt Accession No. P78556. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include determining a level of expression of a gene (mRNA response marker) encoding SEQ ID NO: 241 and / or the protein level thereof. In certain embodiments, the response markers are selected from any one of (or a combination of, or combinations of) CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, 114 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and CCL20. In an embodiment, a human subject having moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis is predicted to respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin by determining an expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject, wherein the marker, or group of markers, is at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, at least twelve, at least thirteen, at least fourteen, at least fifteen, at least sixteen, at least seventeen, at least eighteen, at least nineteen, at least twenty, at least twenty-one, at least twenty-two, at least twenty-three, at least twenty-four, at least twenty- five, at least twenty-six, at least twenty-seven, at least twenty-eight, at least twenty-nine, at least thirty, at least thirty-one, at least thirty-two, at least thirty-three, at least thirty-four, at least thirty-five, at least thirty-six, at least thirty-seven, at least thirty-eight, at least thirty-nine, at least forty, at least forty-one, at least forty-two, at least forty-three, at least forty-four, at least forty- five, at least forty-six, at least forty-seven, at least forty-eight, at least forty-nine, at least fifty, at least fifty-one, at least fifty-two, at least fifty-three, at least fifty-four, at least fifty-five, at least fifty-six, at least fifty-seven, at least fifty-eight, at least fifty-nine, at least sixty, at least sixty-one, at least sixty-two, at least sixty-three, at least sixty-four, at least sixty-five, at least sixty-six, at least sixty-seven, at least sixty-eight, at least sixty-nine, at least seventy, at least seventy-one, at least seventy-two, at least seventy-three, at least seventy-four, at least seventy-five, at least seventy-six, at least seventy-seven, at least seventy-eight, at least seventy-nine, at least eighty, at least eighty-one, at least eighty-two, at least eighty-three, at least eighty-four, at least eighty-five, at least eighty-six, at least eighty-seven, at least eighty-eight, at least eighty-nine, at least ninety, at least ninety-one, at least ninety-two, at least ninety-three, at least ninety-four, at least ninety- five, at least ninety-six, at least ninety-seven, at least ninety-eight, at least ninety-nine, at least one hundred or more biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, 115 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL- 11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and CCL20. In an embodiment, a human subject having moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis is predicted not to respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin by determining an expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject, wherein the marker, or group of markers, is at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, at least twelve, at least thirteen, at least fourteen, at least fifteen, at least sixteen, at least seventeen, at least eighteen, at least nineteen, at least twenty, at least twenty-one, at least twenty-two, at least twenty-three, at least twenty-four, at least twenty-five, at least twenty-six, at least twenty-seven, at least twenty-eight, at least twenty-nine, at least thirty, at least thirty-one, at least thirty-two, at least thirty-three, at least 116 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 thirty-four, at least thirty-five, at least thirty-six, at least thirty-seven, at least thirty-eight, at least thirty-nine, at least forty, at least forty-one, at least forty-two, at least forty-three, at least forty- four, at least forty-five, at least forty-six, at least forty-seven, at least forty-eight, at least forty- nine, at least fifty, at least fifty-one, at least fifty-two, at least fifty-three, at least fifty-four, at least fifty-five, at least fifty-six, at least fifty-seven, at least fifty-eight, at least fifty-nine, at least sixty, at least sixty-one, at least sixty-two, at least sixty-three, at least sixty-four, at least sixty- five, at least sixty-six, at least sixty-seven, at least sixty-eight, at least sixty-nine, at least seventy, at least seventy-one, at least seventy-two, at least seventy-three, at least seventy-four, at least seventy-five, at least seventy-six, at least seventy-seven, at least seventy-eight, at least seventy- nine, at least eighty, at least eighty-one, at least eighty-two, at least eighty-three, at least eighty- four, at least eighty-five, at least eighty-six, at least eighty-seven, at least eighty-eight, at least eighty-nine, at least ninety, at least ninety-one, at least ninety-two, at least ninety-three, at least ninety-four, at least ninety-five, at least ninety-six, at least ninety-seven, at least ninety-eight, at least ninety-nine or more biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL- 11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, 117 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and CCL20. While individual markers are useful in identifying a subject having ulcerative colitis who will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, a combination of markers may also be used to provide a greater predictive value of response or non-response to treatment. Specifically, the detection of a plurality (or combination) of markers can increase the accuracy, sensitivity, and / or specificity of the prediction. Accordingly, the present invention includes the individual markers described herein, as well as marker combinations, and their use in methods, composition and systems described herein. Optionally, the methods may include the measurement of at least one additional marker to facilitate identifying a subject having ulcerative colitis who will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin. Determining whether a level of a biomarker in a biological sample derived from a “test” subject is different from the level of the biomarker present in a control (e.g., non-response control) subject may be ascertained by comparing the level of the biomarker in the sample from the “test” subject with a suitable control of the same biomarker. The skilled person can select an appropriate control for the assay in question. For example, a suitable control may be a biological sample derived from a known subject (e.g., a non-response control, or e.g., a standard control level, or e.g., a known standard, or, e.g., a reference level). In another example related to mucosal tissue biopsy sample in a UC patient, a control level can result from measurement of the level of a marker in a non-inflamed sample from the patient, such as a non-inflamed colonic biopsy distal from the site where an inflamed biopsy is harvested. Generally, a suitable control may also be a reference standard. A reference standard serves as a reference level for comparison, such that test samples can be compared to the reference standard in order to predict if a UC patient will respond or not respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin. A reference standard may be representative of the level of one or more biomarkers in a sample from a known subject, e.g., a subject known to respond to treatment or a subject known to not respond to 118 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 treatment with an antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin. Likewise, a reference standard may be representative of the level of one or more biomarkers in a population of known subjects, e.g., a population of subjects known to respond to treatment or a population of subjects known to not respond to treatment with an antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin. The reference standard may be obtained, for example, by pooling samples from a plurality of individuals and determining the level of a biomarker in the pooled samples, to thereby produce a standard over an averaged population. Such a reference standard represents an average level of a biomarker among a population of individuals. A reference standard may also be obtained, for example, by averaging the level of a biomarker determined to be present in individual samples obtained from a plurality of individuals. Such a standard is also representative of an average level of a biomarker among a population of individuals. A reference standard may also be a collection of values each representing the level of a biomarker in a known subject in a population of individuals. In certain embodiments, test samples may be compared against such a collection of values in order to determine if a subject with UC will respond or not respond to treatment with an antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin. In certain embodiments, the reference standard is an absolute value. In such embodiments, test samples may be compared against the absolute value in order to determine if a subject with UC will respond or not respond to treatment with an antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin. In one embodiment, a comparison between the level of at least one biomarker in a sample relative to a suitable control is made by executing a software classification algorithm. The skilled person can readily envision additional suitable controls that may be appropriate depending on the assay in question. The aforementioned suitable controls are exemplary, and are not intended to be limiting. In certain embodiments, a human subject having ulcerative colitis is determined to respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin if the level of the at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, 119 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 in a biological sample correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has responded to treatment with the humanized antibody. In certain embodiments, a human subject having ulcerative colitis is determined to not respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin if the level of the at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, 120 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 in a biological sample correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has not responded to treatment with the humanized antibody. In certain embodiments, a human subject having ulcerative colitis is treated by determining an expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, 121 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 in a biological sample, determining that the level correlates with a reference level for a human subject with UC who has responded to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, and administering a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin to treat the human subject. In certain embodiments, a human subject having ulcerative colitis is treated by determining an expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, 122 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 in a biological sample, determining that the level correlates with a reference level for a human subject with UC who has not responded to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, and administering a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin at a higher dose, with more frequent dosing, or in combination with another agent to treat the human subject. In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin is given in combination with another agent such as a JAK inhibitor, an anti-TNFα inhibitor, or an IL-23 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the other agent given in combination with the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin is infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol, ustekinumab, risankizumab, guselkumab, mirikizumab, or tofacitinib to treat a UC patient predicted to not respond to treatment with an anti-α4β7 integrin antibody. In certain embodiments, the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received an anti-α4β7 integrin antibody for treatment. In certain embodiments, the human subject having ulcerative colitis is treatment naïve or not previously exposed to biologic therapy. Multiple studies have shown that IBD patients with no prior use of anti-TNFα agents were significantly more likely to respond to VDZ treatment compared to patients previously exposed to anti-TNFα agents (Sands BE, et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis. (2017); Stallmach A, et al., Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut. (2016); Narula N, et al., Am J Gastroenterol. (2018)). One possible explanation for this difference in response rates is that the failure of anti-TNFα agents may lead to increased immunogenicity, which might affect the efficacy of a subsequent biological treatment such as vedolizumab. In other embodiments, the human subject having ulcerative colitis had a lack of an adequate response with, loss response to, or was intolerant to treatment with at least one of an immunomodulator, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist or combinations thereof. 123 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In certain embodiments, the mRNA expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 is determined from cells collected from a peripheral blood sample (i.e., PBMCs) or a gut mucosal biopsy sample from a human subject having ulcerative colitis. Subsets of PBMCs may include myeloid cells, including monocytes, natural killer cells (NKs) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), B cells, and T cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). In certain embodiments, the protein expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, 124 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 is determined from cells collected from a peripheral blood sample (i.e., PBMCs) or a gut mucosal biopsy sample from a human subject having ulcerative colitis. Subsets of PBMCs may include myeloid cells, including monocytes, natural killer cells (NKs) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), B cells, and T cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). In an embodiment, PBMCs may include CD4+ T cells, such as CD4+ naïve cells, CD4+ TCM cells, CD4+ TEM cells, CD4+ CTL cells, CD4+ proliferating cells, and / or Tregs. In another embodiment, PBMCs may include CD8+ T cells, such as CD8+ naïve cells, CD8+ TCM cells, CD8+ TEM cells, CD8+ proliferating cells, and / or MAIT cells. In another embodiment, PBMCs may include Gamma delta (γδ) T cells and / or CD3+CD4−CD8− T cells (double- negative T cells; DNT cells). In another embodiment, PBMCs may include B cells, such as naïve 125 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 B cells, intermediate B cells, memory B cells, and / or plasmablasts. In another embodiment, PBMCs may include NK cells, such as CD56bright NK cells and / or proliferating NK cells. In another embodiment, PBMCs may include myeloid cells, such as conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s), conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC1s), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), ASDCs (AXL+SIGLEC6+ dendritic cells), CD14+ monocytes, and / or CD16+ monocytes. In some embodiments, PBMCs may include erythrocytes, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and / or platelet cells. Subsets of gut mucosal biopsy cells may include epithelial cells, including M cells, fibroblasts, including inflammatory fibroblasts, myeloid cells, including dendritic cells and inflammatory monocytes, B cells, and T cells, including Tregs and CD8 positive / IL17 positive T cells, NKs, and ILCs. M cells (microfold cells) are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that primarily overlie GALT structures, such as Peyer's patches in ileum. Secretory CD8 positive / IL17 positive T cells make pro-inflammatory cytokine IL17A. In an embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include T cells, such as CD4+ activated Fos-hi cells, CD4+ activated Fos-lo cells, CD4+ memory cells, CD+ PD1+ cells, Tregs, CD8+ intraepithelial intestinal lymphocytes (IELs), CD8+ IL17+ cells, CD8+ lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells, and / or cycling cells. In an embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include B cells, such as follicular B cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and / or cycling B cells. In an embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include IgA cells, IgG cells, IgM cells, or Ig-negative cells. In an embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include myeloid cells, NK cells, and / or ILCs. In an embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include CD69- mast cells, CD69+ mast cells, macrophages, inflammatory monocytes, DC1 cells, DC2 cells, pDC cells. In an embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include enterocytes, for example, BEST4+ enterocytes. In another embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include enterocyte progenitors, immature enterocytes 1, and / or immature enterocytes 2. In another embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include secretory cells, such as enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, immature goblet cells, tuft cells, Paneth-like cells, and M cells. In another embodiment, gut mucosal biopsy cells may include stem cells, transit-amplifying (TA) 1 cells, transit-amplifying (TA) 2 cells, secretory TA cells, and / or cycling TA cells. In some embodiments, gut mucosal cells may include post-capillary venules, microvascular cells, endothelial cells, and / or pericytes. In another embodiment, gut mucosal cells 126 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 may include myofibroblasts, WNT5B+ 2 cells, WNT5B+ 1 cells, WNT2B+ Fos-lo 1 cells, WNT2B+ Fos-lo 2 cells, WNT2B+ Fos-hi cells, RSPO3+ cells, and / or inflammatory fibroblasts. In some embodiments, gut mucosal cells may include glia. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, IL18RAP, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, ITGA5_ITGB1, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, CD74_CXCR4, CD74_CD44, TLR4, ITGA4_ITGB1, CD44, CD47, NOTCH2, IL7R, CD40, TGFBR2, NRP2, ITGB2, PECAM1, MIF, NAMPT, LGALS9, CD99, HLA-F, IL10, ADGRE5, VCAM1, VEGFA, AREG, CD46, CXCL10, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, ICAM1, SELL, TNFSF13B, ITGA5, CXCR4, CD74, IL6ST, CD4, ITGA4, CSF3R, CSF1R, IL1RAP, FPR2, IL1R1, TGM2 , S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, SELE, LTB, OSM, ALOX5, CEACAM5, ITGAX_ITGB2, TNFRSF10B_TNFRSF10D, CSF1R / CSF3R, LILRB3, ITGAV, FPR3 / FPR2, MYLK, ITGA1, ITGB8, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, IL6ST / LIFR, and / or HLA-E is determined in colonic inflammatory monocytes. In another embodiment, the inflammatory monocytes express galectin-3 and CD68 at immunofluorescence staining. In an embodiment, cell-types (e.g., inflammatory monocytes) as described herein are based on the annotations described in Smillie, C. S. et al. Intra- and Inter-cellular Rewiring of the Human Colon during Ulcerative Colitis. Cell 178, 714-730.e22 (2019). In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, IL18RAP, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, ITGA5_ITGB1, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, CD74_CXCR4, 127 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 CD74_CD44, TLR4, ITGA4_ITGB1, CD44, CD47, NOTCH2, IL7R, CD40, TGFBR2, NRP2, ITGB2, PECAM1, MIF, NAMPT, LGALS9, CD99, HLA-F, IL10, ADGRE5, VCAM1, VEGFA, AREG, CD46, CXCL10, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, ICAM1, SELL, TNFSF13B, ITGA5, CXCR4, CD74, IL6ST, CD4, ITGA4, CSF3R, CSF1R, IL1RAP, FPR2, and / or IL1R1 is determined in colonic inflammatory monocytes and the human subject is determined to respond to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of TREM1, TGM2 , S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, IL1R1, IL1RAP, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX_ITGB2, TNFRSF10B_TNFRSF10D, CD99, CSF3R, CSF1R / CSF3R, LILRB3, ITGAV, FPR3 / FPR2, IL6ST, MYLK, ITGA1, ITGB8, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, IL6ST / LIFR, ADGRE5, HLA-E, ITGB2, and / or CXCR4 is determined in colonic inflammatory monocytes and the human subject is determined to not respond to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from RGS2 and MAFB is determined in colonic mucosal macrophages. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from RGS2 and MAFB is determined in colonic mucosal macrophages and the human subject is determined to respond to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of ADAM17, TNF, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, GLG1, NOTCH1, TGFBR2, CD74, TNFRSF25, HLA-F, SEMA4D, BTLA, ITGB2, ITGAL, CD28, CD46, ITGA4, LTB, CD44, IL1R2, IL1R1, IL12RB, CXCR4, ITGB1, CTLA4, CD28_CTLA4, CD4, IGF2R, ITGAL_ITGB2, RPSA, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, AREG, and / or HLA-E is determined in regulatory T cells (Tregs). In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of ADAM17, TNF, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, GLG1, NOTCH1, TGFBR2, CD74, TNFRSF25, HLA-F, SEMA4D, BTLA, ITGB2, ITGAL, CD28, CD46, ITGA4, LTB, CD44, IL1R2, and / or IL1R1 is determined in Tregs and the human subject is determined to respond to treatment. 128 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of IL12RB, IL2RG, TNFRSF1B, CXCR4, ITGB1, CD28, CTLA4, CD28_CTLA4, CD4, IGF2R, ITGAL_ITGB2, RPSA, CCR6, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, AREG, and / or HLA-E is determined in Tregs and the human subject is determined to not respond to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of TNFRSF1A, CD47, CD55, ITGA4_ITGB1, NRP1, NRP2, NRP1_NRP2, ICAM1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TNFRSF14, FGFR1, CD74_CD44, ITGAV_ITGB5, ITGAV_ITGB8, CD44, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ITGAV, IL6ST, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1_TGFBR2_ACVRL1, LRP1, BMPR2_ACVR1, EDNRB, CD74, MIF, THBS2, CD99, ANGPTL2, LAMA2, LAMB2, DLL1, TSLP, CD40, IL11, VEGFA, FGF, POSTN, LAMA4, LAMB1, LAMC1, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A3, TNC, BMP7, ANXA1, CD46, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, IL-11, NAMPT, NRG1, WNT5A, ITGB1, LRP6, ITGB8, CXCL12, CXCL16, CCL2, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, IL6ST / LIFR, APOE, COL6A2, FGF7, HLA-E, and / or IL6 is determined in inflammatory fibroblasts. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of TNFRSF1A, CD47, CD55, ITGA4_ITGB1, NRP1, NRP2, NRP1_NRP2, ICAM1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TNFRSF14, FGFR1, CD74_CD44, ITGAV_ITGB5, ITGAV_ITGB8, CD44, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ITGAV, IL6ST, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1_TGFBR2_ACVRL1, LRP1, BMPR2_ACVR1, EDNRB, CD74, MIF, THBS2, CD99, ANGPTL2, LAMA2, LAMB2, DLL1, TSLP, CD40, IL11, VEGFA, FGF, POSTN, LAMA4, LAMB1, LAMC1, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A3, TNC, BMP7, ANXA1, CD46, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, IL-11, NAMPT, NRG1, WNT5A, ITGB1, LRP6, and / or ITGB8 is determined in inflammatory fibroblasts and the human subject is determined to respond to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CXCL12, CXCL16, CCL2, MYLK, ITGA1, ITGB8, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, IL6ST / LIFR, APOE, CD99, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMA4, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, and / or ITGB1 is determined in inflammatory fibroblasts and the human subject is determined to not respond to treatment. 129 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 is determined in cells from a subject with UC collected within two weeks prior to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker is determined in cells from a subject with UC 14 days, 13 days, 12 days, 11 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2 days, 1 day, or 0 days prior to treatment. In certain embodiments, the expression level of at least one response marker selected from the group consisting of CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, IL1RN, PLAU, SMAD3, REV3L, HCAR3, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, 130 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, PDPN, RGS2, MAFB, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, TNF, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL3, S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1, LGALS3, TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4, WNT2B, CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, DCHS2, SELE, LTB, OSM, CXCL10, SEC63, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13C, SDC1, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL7R, TNFRSF14, IL12RB, TNFRSF1B, IL-11, CXCL12, CXCL16, ICAM1, PECAM1, CXCR4, CD44, PTPRC, ITGAE, ITGA5, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TLR4, ITGA4, CD47, NOTCH2, TGFBR2, NRP2, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, CD74, TNFRSF25, CD55, NRP1, FGFR1, ITGAV, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1, LRP1, EDNRB, ITGB5, ITGB8, ACVRL1, GLG1, ITGA6, ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX, TNFRSF10B, CSF3R, CSF1R, LILRB3, FPR3, CD28, CTLA4, IGF2R, ITGAL, RPSA, MYLK, ITGA1, SDC4, ITGB2, TNFRSF10D, FPR2, LIFR, AREG, CD46, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, IL10, SELL, TNFSF13B, BMP7, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, LRP6, BTLA, SEMA4D, ADGRE5, APOE, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ALOXA5AP, CALM2, LGALS9, CDH1, IL22, HLA-F, ANGPTL2, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, TGFB1, TGFB3, VEGFC, PGF, IL18, APP, TNFSF15, VCAM1, ITGAM, FGF2, POSTN, LAMA5, LAMB3, GZMA, PRSS3, SERPING1, EDN1, EDN3, HLA.DRA, CD1D, TNFSF10, VWF, LIF, ADAM12, HLA-DQB1, GZMB, and / or CCL20 is determined in a biological sample from a UC patient only with left- sided disease or pancolitis (i.e., not a patient with exclusively right-sided disease). In certain embodiments, response is evaluated at 14 weeks after the start of treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, such as vedolizumab. In an embodiment, response is evaluated by Physician Global Assessment (PGA). In an embodiment, PGA incorporates clinical response, endoscopic response and biochemical measurements such as C-Reactive Protein, hemoglobin, and calprotectin. In an embodiment, PGA is scored by three independent physicians. In certain embodiments, response is evaluated by Mayo score (i.e., Mayo Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity). In an embodiment, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to a reduction in complete Mayo score of 3 or greater points and 30% from baseline, (or a partial Mayo score of 2 or greater points and 25% or greater from 131 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2 baseline, if the complete Mayo score was not performed at the visit) with an accompanying decrease in rectal bleeding subscore of 1 or greater points or absolute rectal bleeding score of 1 or less point. In certain embodiments, clinical remission as used herein with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to a complete Mayo score of 2 or less points and no individual subscore greater than 1 point. In certain embodiments, clinical remission with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to a stool frequency (SF) subscore ≤1, a rectal bleeding subscore (RBS) of 0, and an endoscopic subscore of ≤1. The SF subscore, rectal bleeding subscore, and endoscopic subscore refer to the subscores used in the Mayo Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity. This is also referred to as “clinical remission per Adapted Mayo Score”. In an embodiment, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to a decrease from baseline in the Adapted Mayo score ≥2 points and ≥30% from baseline accompanied by a decrease in RBS≥1 or an absolute RBS≤1. In certain embodiments, a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to at least one response selected from the group consisting of a clinical response of a decrease in SCCAI by at least 3 points post-VDZ with no reported rectal bleeding, endoscopic response, and mucosal healing. In certain embodiments, a responder has corticosteroid-free [CSF] symptomatic remission. In other embodiments, a responder has corticosteroid-free [CSF] symptomatic remission and corticosteroid-free [CSF] endoscopic remission. In other embodiments, a responder has corticosteroid-free [CSF]...

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed:

1. A method for determining whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, said method comprising determining an expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), or inflammatory fibroblasts, wherein the human subject will respond to treatment if the level of the at least one response marker correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has responded to treatment with the humanized antibody, or wherein the human subject will not respond to treatment if the level of the at least one response marker correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has not responded to treatment with the humanized antibody, wherein the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received the humanized antibody for treatment, and wherein the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin comprises the CDRs: Light chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 4 CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 5 and CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 6; and Heavy chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 1 CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 2 and CDR3 SEQ ID NO:

3.

2. A method for determining whether a human subject having ulcerative colitis will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin, said method comprising 289 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2comparing the expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject to a non-response control level of the at least one response marker; wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), or inflammatory fibroblasts, and determining whether the level of the at least one response marker from the biological sample is equal to or higher than the level of the at least one response marker of a non- response control, wherein a higher level of the at least one response marker from the biological sample from the human subject relative to the level of the at least one response marker from the non-response control indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment, wherein the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received the humanized antibody for treatment, and wherein the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin comprises the CDRs: Light chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 4 CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 5 and CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 6; and Heavy chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 1 CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 2 and CDR3 SEQ ID NO:

3.

3. A method of treating ulcerative colitis in a human subject, said method comprising determining an expression level of at least one response marker in a biological sample from the human subject, wherein the human subject will respond to treatment with a humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin if the level of the at least one response marker correlates with a reference level for a human subject who has responded to treatment, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), or inflammatory fibroblasts, further comprising administering to the human subject the humanized antibody, 290 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2wherein the human subject having ulcerative colitis has not previously received the humanized antibody for treatment, and wherein the humanized antibody having binding specificity for human α4β7 integrin comprises the CDRs: Light chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 4 CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 5 and CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 6; and Heavy chain: CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 1 CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 2 and CDR3 SEQ ID NO:

3.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the biological sample is a peripheral blood sample or a gut mucosal biopsy sample from the human subject.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sample comprises colonic inflammatory monocytes that express galectin-3 and CD68 at immunofluorescence staining.

6. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein the sample is collected within two weeks prior to treatment.

7. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein the expression level of the at least one response marker is determined by single-cell RNAseq.

8. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein the ulcerative colitis is moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis.

9. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein the human subject had a lack of an adequate response with, loss response to, or was intolerant to treatment with at least one of an immunomodulator, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist or combinations thereof. 291 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v210. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein the human subject previously received treatment with at least one corticosteroid.

11. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein response to treatment is assessed by Physician Global Assessment (PGA) score at 14 weeks after the start of treatment.

12. The method of any one of the previous claims, further comprising measuring the level of dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and / or inflammatory monocytes in the sample from the human subject, wherein an increased level relative to a response control level of DCs, ILCs, NK cells, and / or inflammatory monocytes indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is selected from a gene expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and involved in neutrophil mediated immunity, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, and / or the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one response marker is selected from a gene expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and involved in the regulation of T cell apoptotic process, ribosome assembly and biogenesis, and / or cellular metabolic process, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from CYP27A1, C4orf3, IRAK3, CXCL9, SLCO4A1, CLEC4E, TREM1, IL1B, FLT1, SOD2, HIF1A, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, BCL2L1, SOCS3, DUSP7, PLEK, SPP1, TGM2, EGR2, INHBA, and / or IL1RN, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. 292 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v216. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from HIF1A, SOCS3, and / or IL1RN.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from PLAU, CYP27A1, SMAD3, C4orf3, IRAK3, SLCO4A1, REV3L, CLEC4E, IL1B, FLT1, HCAR3, SOD2, HIF1A, TLR8, BMF, APOL3, ARHGEF10L, GSDMD, GBP2, SLAMF1, IL1A, PTGS2, PDPN, BCL2L1, SOCS3, PLEK, SPP1, EGR2 and / or IL1RN, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from TREM1 and / or TGM2, wherein increased expression of TREM1 and / or TGM2 indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and selected from IL1B, IL1RN, CCL2, ANXA1, ADAM17, CXCL9, and / or TNF, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

20. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL1B, IL1RN, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2 and / or CXCL3, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

21. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from S10011A, S100A6, S100A4, LGALS1 and / or LGALS3, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. 293 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v222. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and selected from ADAM17 and / or TNF, wherein increased expression of ADAM17 and / or TNF indicates the human subject will respond to treatment.

23. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from TIMP3, ADAMDEC1, CXCL14, AGT, LAMA4 and / or WNT2B, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

24. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from CCL5, CEBPB, IL23A, and / or DCHS2, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

25. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from SELE, LTB, OSM, and / or CXCL10, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL18RAP, ITGB1, IL17RA, IL10RA, IFNGR1, and / or IFNGR2, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the at least one response marker is ITGB1 and / or IL10RA.

28. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in colonic inflammatory monocytes and is IL1R1 and / or IL1RAP, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. 294 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v229. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from TNFRSF1, CCR6, CD80, CD40LG, IL2RG, CD40, IL2RB, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, and / or TNF, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one response marker is CD40LG, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, and / or TNFRSF14.

31. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is IL12RB, IL2RG, and / or TNFRSF1B, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

32. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from IL-11, CXCL2, and / or CXCL14, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

33. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from CXCL12, CXCL16, and / or CCL2, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

34. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from IL10RA, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, ITGA5_ITGB1, HAVCR2, CD36, PILRA, LILRB1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, CD74_CXCR4, CD74_CD44, TLR4, ITGA4_ITGB1, CD44, CD36, CD47, NOTCH2, IL7R, CD40, TGFBR2, NRP2, and / or FLT1, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment. 295 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v235. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from CD40LG, IL18R1, IL10RA, IL7R, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD99, TIGIT, IL6ST, TGFB2, GLG1, NOTCH1, TGFBR2, CD74, and / or TNFRSF25, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

36. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from TNFRSF1A, CD47, CD55, ITGA4_ITGB1, NRP1, NRP2, NRP1_NRP2, ICAM1, NECTIN2, PLXNB2, TNFRSF14, FGFR1, CD74_CD44, ITGAV_ITGB5, ITGAV_ITGB8, CD44, JAM3, JAM2, F11R, PTPRM, ITGA8, ITGAV, IL6ST, ACVR1, BMPR2, F2R, TGFBR1_TGFBR2_ACVRL1, LRP1, BMPR2_ACVR1, EDNRB, and / or CD74, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

37. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from ALOX5, CD4, CEACAM5, ITGAX_ITGB2, TNFRSF10B_TNFRSF10D, CD99, CSF3R, CSF1R / CSF3R, LILRB3, ITGAV, FPR3 / FPR2, and / or IL6ST, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

38. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from CXCR4, ITGB1, CD28, CTLA4, CD28_CTLA4, CD4, IGF2R, ITGAL_ITGB2, RPSA, and / or CCR6, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

39. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from MYLK, ITGA1, ITGB8, SDC4_ITGB1, RPSA, and / or IL6ST / LIFR, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. 296 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v240. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from ANXA1, AREG, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CD46, CXCL10, CXCL3, HBEGF, HLA-DRB1, ICAM1, IL10, IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, SELL, TNF, TNFSF13B, IL7R, CD47, PLXNB2, ITGA5, CD74, IL6ST, CD4, ITGA4, CSF3R, CSF1R, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, CD36, IL1RAP, FPR2, IL1R1, and / or ITGB1, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

41. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from ANXA1, BMP7, CD40, CD46, COL18A1, CSF1, CSF3, CTGF, FGF2, HSPG2, ICAM1, IL-11, JAM3, LAMA2, LAMB2, MIF, NAMPT, NECTIN2, NRG1, TNC, TSLP, VEGFA, WNT5A, NRP1, TNFRSF1A, PLXNB2, IL6ST, FGFR1, LRP6, TNFRSF14, BMPR2, and / or ITGAV, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

42. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from BTLA, CD28, CD46, ITGA4, ITGB2, LTB, SEMA4D, TNF, IL7R, TIGIT, CD74, IL6ST, IL10RA, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1B, CD44, IL1R2, and / or IL1R1, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will respond to treatment.

43. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory monocytes and is selected from ADGRE5, CD99, HLA-E, ITGB2, and / or ALOX5, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

44. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in inflammatory fibroblasts and is selected from APOE, CCL2, CD99, COL1A2, COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, CXCL12, FGF7, HLA-E, IL6, LAMA4, LAMB1, LAMC1, THBS2, ITGA1, and / or MYLK, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment. 297 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v245. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one response marker is expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is selected from ALOXA5AP, AREG, CALM2, HLA-E, and / or CXCR4, wherein increased expression of the at least one response marker indicates that the human subject will not respond to treatment.

46. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein mRNA expression level and / or protein expression level of the at least one response marker is determined.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the mRNA expression level is determined by in situ hybridization or RNA sequencing.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the protein expression level is determined by flow cytometry, mass cytometry, or immunohistochemistry.

49. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a human subject that is determined to respond to treatment is administered the humanized antibody.

50. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a human subject that is determined not to respond to treatment is further treated with a higher dose and / or more frequent administration of the humanized antibody.

51. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a human subject that is determined not to respond to treatment is further treated with a combination therapy that includes the humanized antibody and a second agent.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the second agent is a JAK inhibitor, an anti-TNFα inhibitor, or an IL-23 inhibitor.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the anti-TNFα inhibitor is infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab pegol; wherein the IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab, risankizumab, 298 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2guselkumab, or mirikizumab; wherein the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib.

54. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to at least one response selected from the group consisting of a clinical response of a decrease in SCCAI by at least 3 points post-VDZ with no reported rectal bleeding, endoscopic response, and mucosal healing.

55. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to corticosteroid-free (CSF) symptomatic remission.

56. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to corticosteroid-free (CSF) symptomatic remission and CSF endoscopic remission.

57. The method of any one of the previous claims, wherein a response with reference to ulcerative colitis subjects refers to corticosteroid-free (CSF) symptomatic remission, CSF endoscopic remission, and CSF histologic remission.

58. The method of any one of claims 1-57, wherein the humanized antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

10.

59. The method of any one of claims 1-57, wherein the humanized antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

8.

60. The method of any one of claims 1-57, wherein the humanized antibody is vedolizumab. 299 WBD (US) 4854-8046-9185v2

Images