Method and apparatus for data transmission
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/100973
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-06-19
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-26
Smart Images

Figure CN2023100973_26122024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DATA TRANSMISSIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the technical field of communications, and specifically to methods and apparatuses for data transmission.BACKGROUND
[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
[0003] In a communication system, various interfaces may be defined between two communication devices. For example, common public radio interface (CPRI) is an interface between two communication devices such as radio equipment (RE) and radio equipment control (REC) .
[0004] FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating a system architecture with a CPRI link between RE and REC. As shown in FIG. 1, CPRI carries control &management, synchronization, and user data. SAP denotes service access point. For example, the control plane and management plane are mapped to SAPCM. The user plane is mapped to a SAPIQ. The synchronization (Sync) is mapped to a SAPs. Each link connects two ports which have asymmetrical functions and roles: a master and a slave. According to CPRI specification 7.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, CPRI line rate can be selected from 10 options: 614.4 Mbps, 1228.8 Mbps, 2457.6 Mbps, 3072.0 Mbps, 4915.2 Mbps, 6144.0 Mbps, 9830.4 Mbps, 10137.6 Mbps, 12165.12 Mbps, and 24330.24 Mbps. At initial start-up procedure, REC and RE can do auto-negotiation on the line rate.
[0005] 8b / 10b coding is widely used for example in high-speed serial buses, such as CPRI, Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394b interface, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, Infini-band interface, 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) , Rapid Input Output (RapidIO) interface, Universal Serial Bus interface, Joint Electron Device Engineering Council standard No. 204B (JESD204B) interface, or Coaxial cable and express speed (CXP) interface, and almost all other high-speed serial protocols. 8b / 10b coding converts 8-bit data to be sent into a 10-bit code group. Its purpose may be to ensure direct current (DC) balance, avoid long-term 0 or 1, and avoid filtering out effective signals.
[0006] FIG. 2 shows an example of 8b / 10b coding. DEC denotes decimal. HEX denotes hexadecimal. As shown in FIG. 2, 8-bit data can be divided into two parts: Least Significant Bit (LSB) , e.g. low 5bit EDCBA (let its decimal value be X) and Most Significant Bit (MSB) , e.g. high 3bit HGF (let its decimal value be Y) , which can be recorded as Dx. y or Kx. y, where Dx. y stands for valid data and Kx. y stands for control symbols.
[0007] The 8b / 10b code contains 12 control symbols (Kx. y) called "comma" . Comma appears as a control symbols part. Comma symbols can be used to indicate the start and end marks of frames or data flow alignment.
[0008] There are 1024 kinds of 10-bit data, some of which can be selected to represent 8-bit data, and the number of ‘0’ and ‘1’ in the selected code pattern should be as equal as possible. If a 8 bits primary data is encodeed as Dx, y, there are 256 kinds of 10-bit encodings. If a 8 bits primary data is encoded as Kx, y, there are 12 kinds of 10-bit encodings control symbols. There are a total of 268 kinds of 10-bit encodings.
[0009] Table 1 is an example of control symbols of 8b / 10b coding. The control symbols are labelled K. 28.0 to K. 30.7 and, by convention, are used to insert 'commas'a nd control characters in a transmitted bit stream. The control symbols within 8b / 10b are 10b symbols that are valid sequences of bits (no more than six 1s or 0s) but do not have a corresponding 8b data byte. They are used for low-level control functions. For instance, in Fiber Channel, K28.5 is used at the beginning of four-byte sequences (called "Ordered Sets" ) that perform functions such as Loop Arbitration, Fill Words, Link Resets, etc.
[0010] For regular 8-bit data, the encoder can accept one of the special control characters or symbols. The decoder has a reciprocal operation to the encoder and decodes the 10-bit data back to the original bytes. All Running Disparity (RD) calculations are handled internally in the encoder core. In addition, the current RD is provided as an output flag from the encoder. Resetting the encoder will initialize the current running disparity to zero by default. In addition, the current RD is also provided as an output flag for use by downstream devices.
[0011] Table 1
[0012] IEEE Standard for Radio over Ethernet Encapsulations and Mappings (referred to as IEEE Std 1914.3-2018) , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, defines encapsulation and mapping of radio protocols for transport over Ethernet frames, using radio over Ethernet (RoE) .
[0013] RoE is encapsulation and mapping of radio protocols for transport over Ethernet frames. Radio data is encapsulated into Ethernet frames and forwarded. Ethernet technology has experienced steady and cost-efficient speed and capacity growth, driven by the enterprise, access, and data-center markets, and has inherent characteristics that allow it to satisfy the other expectations. IEEE Std 1914.3-2018 specifies details that allow Ethernet to partake in the new RoE transport networking solution for cellular service such as fifth generation (5G) cellular services.
[0014] FIG. 3 shows an example of 8b / 10b line coding for radio over Ethernet.
[0015] The mapper may comprise an CPRI interface, a RoE packet encapsulation module, and an Ethernet interface. The mapper may receive CPRI data with 8b / 10b line coding from a communication device via the CPRI interface. The mapper realizes 8b / 10b decoding and decodes 10b data into 8b data according to the rules of Kx. y or Dx. y. The RoE packet encapsulation module may encapsulate the 8b data into RoE packet. The mapper may transmit the RoE packet to the de-mapper over Ethernet.
[0016] The de-mapper may comprise an CPRI interface, a RoE packet assembly module, and an Ethernet interface. De-mapper may receive 8b data from the mapper via an Ethernet interface. The RoE packet assembly module may encode 8b data to 10b data. The de-mapper may transmit the 10b data to a communication device over a CPRI interface.SUMMARY
[0017] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0018] There may be some problems for the existing solution. For example when there are at least two encoding rules used for different types of data such as valid data and control symbols, the existing solution may not work. For example, in 8b / 10b coding, the encoding rules of Kx. y or Dx. y are different. As shown in FIG. 3, because the data stream such as CPRI data is decoded for example from 10b to 8b first at the mapper, the encoding rules of Kx. y will be lost after decoding, and it will not be recovered when the de-mapper uses 8b data to recover 10b data. The de-mapper does not know the data type or encoding rule of the received 8b data and cannot apply the correct encoding rules of received 8b data.
[0019] In addition, IEEE Std 1914.3-2018 does not specify the specific implementation method to solve the above problems.
[0020] To overcome or mitigate at least one of the above mentioned problems or other problems, an improved solution for data transmission may be desirable.
[0021] In a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a first network node. The method may comprise obtaining first information indicating a data type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit. The method may further comprise sending the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.
[0022] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be sent to the second network node over an Ethernet frame.
[0023] In an embodiment, the Ethernet frame may be generated according to radio over Ethernet (RoE) encapsulations and mappings.
[0024] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be carried in a RoE payload.
[0025] In an embodiment, at least one basic data unit may be carried in the RoE payload.
[0026] In an embodiment, when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to a specified data type or a specified encoding rule, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units may be omitted in the Ethernet frame.
[0027] In an embodiment, the data type of the decoded data unit may indicate at least one of the decoded data unit is to be encoded as data information or the decoded data unit is to be encoded as control information.
[0028] In an embodiment, the decoded data unit may comprise a data unit at a specified location of a frame.
[0029] In an embodiment, when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the specified location of the frame may comprise word 0 of a basic frame.
[0030] In an embodiment, a length of the decoded data unit may be eight bits.
[0031] In an embodiment, different data types of decoded data units may be encoded using different encoding rules.
[0032] In an embodiment, the method may further comprise sending second information indicating whether the first information is present to the second network node.
[0033] In an embodiment, the method may further comprise receiving the encoded data unit from a communication device via a first interface.
[0034] In an embodiment, the method may further comprise decoding the encoded data unit to obtain the decoded data unit and the first information.
[0035] In an embodiment, the first interface may comprise at least one of common public radio interface (CPRI) , Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394b interface, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, Infini-band interface, 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) , RapidIO interface, Universal Serial Bus interface, JESD204B interface, High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) , or Coaxial cable and express speed (CXP) interface.
[0036] In an embodiment, a coding of a data unit may comprise at least one of 8b / 10b coding, or 64b / 66b coding.
[0037] In a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a second network node. The method may comprise receiving first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node. The first information may indicate a data type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit. The method may further comprise encoding the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information. The method may further comprise sending the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface.
[0038] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be received from the first network node over an Ethernet frame.
[0039] In an embodiment, the Ethernet frame may be generated according to radio over Ethernet (RoE) encapsulations and mappings.
[0040] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be carried in a RoE payload.
[0041] In an embodiment, at least one basic data unit may be carried in the RoE payload.
[0042] In an embodiment, when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to a specified data type or a specified encoding rule, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units may be omitted in the Ethernet frame.
[0043] In an embodiment, the data type of the decoded data unit may indicate at least one of the decoded data unit is to be encoded as data information or the decoded data unit is to be encoded as control information.
[0044] In an embodiment, the decoded data unit may comprise a data unit at a specified location of a frame.
[0045] In an embodiment, when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the specified location of the frame may comprise word 0 of a basic frame.
[0046] In an embodiment, a length of the decoded data unit may be eight bits.
[0047] In an embodiment, different data types of decoded data units may be encoded using different encoding rules.
[0048] In an embodiment, the method may further comprise receiving second information indicating whether the first information is present from the first network node.
[0049] In an embodiment, the second interface may comprise at least one of common public radio interface (CPRI) , Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394b interface, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, Infini-band interface, 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) , RapidIO interface, Universal Serial Bus interface, JESD204B interface, High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) , or Coaxial cable and express speed (CXP) interface.
[0050] In an embodiment, a coding of a data unit may comprise at least one of 8b / 10b coding, or 64b / 66b coding.
[0051] In a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first network node. The first network node comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said first network node is operative to obtain first information indicating a type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit. Said first network node is further operative to send the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.
[0052] In a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second network node. The second network node comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said second network node is operative to receive first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node. The first information may indicate a type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit. Said second network node is further operative to encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information. Said second network node is further operative to send the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface.
[0053] In a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first network node. The first network node may comprise an obtaining module configured to obtain first information indicating a data type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit. The first network node may further comprise a first sending module configured to send the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.
[0054] In an embodiment, the first network node may further comprise a second sending module configured to send second information indicating whether the first information is present to the second network node.
[0055] In an embodiment, the first network node may further comprises a receiving module configured to receive the encoded data unit from a communication device via a first interface.
[0056] In an embodiment, the first network node may further comprise a decoding module configured to decode the encoded data unit to obtain the decoded data unit and the first information.
[0057] In a sixth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second network node. The second network node may comprise a first receiving module configured to receive first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node. The first information may indicate a data type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit. The second network node may further comprise an encoding module configured to encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information. The second network node may further comprise a sending module configured to send the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface.
[0058] In an embodiment, the second network node may further comprise a second receiving module configured to receive second information indicating whether the first information is present from the first network node.
[0059] In a seventh aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product, comprising instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any of the above first to second aspects.
[0060] In an eighth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any of the above first to second aspects.
[0061] Embodiments herein afford many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. Some embodiments herein provide a novel data transmission solution to solve at least one of the above mentioned problems. In some embodiments herein, the network node such as Ethernet node or function can transmit data stream completely and correctly. In some embodiments herein, the first network node such as Ethernet node or function can transmit the (customized) encoding rule of a decoded data unit e.g. defined by the manufacturer to the second network node which can 100%recover the encoded data unit according to the (customized) encoding rule. In some embodiments herein, the first network node such as Ethernet node or function can completely transmit the customized usage of comma to the second network node which can 100%recover the encoded data unit according to the customized usage of comma. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0062] The above and other aspects, features, and benefits of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent, by way of example, from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals or letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements. The drawings are illustrated for facilitating better understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure and not necessarily drawn to scale, in which:
[0063] FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating a system architecture with a CPRI link between RE and REC;
[0064] FIG. 2 shows an example of 8b / 10b coding;
[0065] FIG. 3 shows an example of 8b / 10b line coding for radio over Ethernet;
[0066] FIG. 4 shows a diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system into which an embodiment of the disclosure is applicable;
[0067] FIG. 5 shows a CPRI protocol overview;
[0068] FIG. 6 shows generic basic frame structure for different CPRI line bit rate;
[0069] FIG. 7 shows control words within one hyper frame;
[0070] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating RoE encapsulation in Ethernet frames;
[0071] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating format of the timeStamp field;
[0072] FIG. 10 shows an example of normal use of comma in CPRI according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0073] FIG. 11 shows an example of customized use of comma in CPRI according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0074] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0075] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0076] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0077] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0078] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0079] FIG. 17 shows a relationship between RoE Ethernet packet and the basic data unit (basic frame) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0080] FIG. 18 shows RoE packet format (payload with basic frames) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0081] FIG. 19 shows RoE format (payload with basic frames combined with comma indicator) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0082] FIG. 20 shows an example of a correspondence between basic frame and comma indicator bit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0083] FIG. 21 shows an example of data stream over Ethernet end-end structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0084] FIG. 22 shows an example of signals waveform according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0085] FIG. 23 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for use in practicing some embodiments of the disclosure;
[0086] FIG. 24 is a block diagram showing a first network node according to an embodiment of the disclosure; and
[0087] FIG. 25 is a block diagram showing a second network node according to an embodiment of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0088] The embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are discussed only for the purpose of enabling those skilled persons in the art to better understand and thus implement the present disclosure, rather than suggesting any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.
[0089] As used herein, the term “network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards such as new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Time Division Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) , Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and other wireless networks. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) , etc. UTRA includes WCDMA and other variants of CDMA. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) . An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) , Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, Ad-hoc network, wireless sensor network, etc. In the following description, the terms “network” and “system” can be used interchangeably. Furthermore, the communications between two devices in the network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the communication protocols as defined by a standard organization such as 3GPP. For example, the communication protocols may comprise the first generation (1G) , 2G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 6G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0090] The term “network device” or “network node” or “network function” refers to any suitable function which can be implemented in a network entity (physical or virtual) of a communication network. For example, the network function can be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualized function instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g. on a cloud infrastructure. For example, the 5G system (5GS) may comprise a plurality of NFs such as Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Service Function (AUSF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Policy Control Function (PCF) , Application Function (AF) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , User plane Function (UPF) and Network Repository Function (NRF) , radio access network (RAN) , service communication proxy (SCP) , network data analytics function (NWDAF) , Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) , Network Slice-Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) , etc. For example, the 4G system (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) ) may include Mobile Management Entity (MME) , home subscriber server (HSS) , Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) , Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) , PGW control plane (PGW-C) , Serving gateway (SGW) , SGW control plane (SGW-C) , E-UTRA network Node B (eNB) , etc. In other embodiments, the network function may comprise different types of NFs for example depending on a specific network.
[0091] Virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a provider edge node and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks) .
[0092] In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments hosted by one or more of hardware nodes. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node) , then the provider edge node or PE may be entirely virtualized.
[0093] The functions may be implemented by one or more applications (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications are run in virtualization environment which provides hardware comprising processing circuitry and memory. Memory contains instructions executable by processing circuitry whereby application is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and / or functions disclosed herein.
[0094] Virtualization environment, comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) , or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions or software executed by processing circuitry. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface. Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media -having stored therein software and / or instructions executable by processing circuitry. Software may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers (also referred to as hypervisors) , software to execute virtual machines as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.
[0095] Virtual machines, comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines, and the implementations may be made in different ways.
[0096] During operation, processing circuitry executes software to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) . Virtualization layer may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine.
[0097] References in the specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0098] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.
[0099] As used herein, the phrase “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” should be understood to mean “only A, only B, or both A and B. ” The phrase “A and / or B” should be understood to mean “only A, only B, or both A and B” .
[0100] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0101] It is noted that these terms as used in this document are used only for ease of description and differentiation among nodes, devices or networks etc. With the development of the technology, other terms with the similar / same meanings may also be used.
[0102] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0103] It is noted that some embodiments of the present disclosure are mainly described in relation to RoE and CPRI being used as non-limiting examples for certain exemplary network device and network interface. As such, the description of exemplary embodiments given herein specifically refers to terminology which is directly related thereto. Such terminology is only used in the context of the presented non-limiting examples and embodiments, and does naturally not limit the present disclosure in any way. Rather, any other network device and network interface may equally be utilized as long as exemplary embodiments described herein are applicable.
[0104] FIG. 4 shows a diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system into which an embodiment of the disclosure is applicable. As shown, the communication system may comprise a first communication device, a second communication device, a first network node and a second network node.
[0105] The first communication device and the second communication device may be any suitable communication devices which require information exchange between them. As a first example, the first communication device may be a RE and the second communication device may be a REC. As a second example, the first communication device may be a RE and the second communication device may be a RE. As a third example, the first communication device may be a REC and the second communication device may be a RE. As a fourth example, the first communication device may be a REC and the second communication device may be a REC. As a fifth example, the first communication device may be a first part of a radio base station and the second communication device may be a second part of the radio base station. As a sixth example, the first communication device may be a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) and the second communication device may be a Baseband Unit (BBU) . As a seventh example, the second communication device may be a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) and the first communication device may be a Baseband Unit (BBU) .
[0106] For example, the radio base station can be a decomposed into two basic building blocks, i.e., the REC and the RE or BBU and RRU. Both parts may be physically separated (i.e., the RE or RRU may be close to the antenna, whereas the REC or BBU may be located in a conveniently accessible site) or both may be co-located as in a conventional radio base station design. The REC or BBU may contain the radio functions of the digital baseband domain, whereas the RE or RRU may contain the analogue radio frequency functions. The functional split between both parts may be done in such a way that a generic interface based on In-Phase and Quadrature (IQ) data can be defined. For example, for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio access network, the REC or BBU may provide access to the Radio Network Controller via the Iub interface, whereas the RE or RRU may serve as the air interface, called the Uu interface, to the user equipment. For Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX ) , the REC or BBU may provide access to network entities (e.g. other base station, Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW) ) , whereas the RE or RRU may serve as the air interface to the subscriber station / mobile subscriber station (SS / MSS) . For Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) , the REC may provide access to the Evolved Packet Core for the transport of user plane and control plane traffic via S1 interface, whereas the RE or RRU may serve as the air interface to the user equipment. For Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) , the REC or BBU may provide access to the Base Station Controller via the Abis interface, whereas the RE may serve as the air interface, called the Um interface, to the mobile station.
[0107] The first network node and the second network node may be any suitable network devices which are able to support at least data transmission function. For example, the first network node may be one of a RoE device or an Ethernet device. The second network node may be one of a RoE device or an Ethernet device. In an embodiment, the first network node and the second network node may have the same device type.
[0108] As shown, the first network node is connected with the first communication device through a first link such as CPRI link. The second network node is connected with the second communication device through a second link such as CPRI link. The first and second links may be any suitable link. The first and second links may belong to the same type of link. Take CPRI link as an example, there is a CPRI port in the first network node which is connected to the first communication device. There is a CPRI port in the second network node which is connected to the second communication device. It is noted that though only one link is shown in each of the first network node and the second network node, there may be two or more links which can be connected to two or more communication devices respectively.
[0109] The first network node is connected with the second network node through a third link. The third link may be any suitable link. Examples of the third link may include, but not limited to, an RoE link or a Ethernet link, etc. Note that there may be other equipment (s) between the first and second network nodes.
[0110] In an embodiment, the first network node and the second network node belong to a transport network over which a link connected between the first communication device and the second communication device is bridged. The transport network may be any transport network either currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0111] SerializerDeserializer (SERDES) data stream service can be transmitted over Ethernet. The performance of Ethernet can be guaranteed, and some previous dedicated link services can be transmitted through Ethernet, for example, Abis over Internet protocol (IP) / Radio over Ethernet / AV (audio video) over IP etc. The Abis is an interface within the GSM architecture, between a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and a Base Station Controller (BSC) . The cost has dropped significantly. For example, a network device can divide the stream service into cells, and then encapsulate the cells into Ethernet for transmission.
[0112] An example of SERDES stream service such as CPRI may be as following. The CPRI specification 7.0 enables flexible and efficient product differentiation for radio base stations and independent technology evolution for Radio Equipment (RE) and Radio Equipment Control (REC) .
[0113] FIG. 5 shows a CPRI protocol overview, which is same as FIG. 6 of CPRI Specification V7.0. The data that CPRI needs to transmit may be divided into three parts: baseband IQ data, control management data and synchronization data. It is transmitted through the user (U) plane, control (C) management (C&M) plane and synchronization (S) plane of the CPRI protocol, which are commonly known as U plane, C plane and S plane.
[0114] C-plane data and S-plane data are transmitted through control words. The CPRI protocol only specifies the composition of control words, telling where to put S-plane data and C-plane data in a hyper frame. However, the specific content of C-plane data is stipulated by the higher-level protocol, and the CPRI protocol itself does not stipulate it.
[0115] CPRI defines the layer 1 and layer 2 protocols for the transfer of user plane, C&M as well as synchronization information between REC and RE as well as between two REs2. The interface supports the following types of information flows:
[0116] ·IQ Data: User plane information in the form of in-phase and quadrature modulation data (digital baseband signals) .
[0117] ·Synchronization: Synchronization data used for frame and time alignment.
[0118] ·L1 Inband Protocol: Signaling information that is related to the link and is directly transported by the physical layer. This information is required, e.g. for system start-up, layer 1 (L1) link maintenance and the transfer of time critical information that has a direct time relationship to layer 1 user data.
[0119] ·C&M data: Control and management (C&M) information exchanged between the control and management entities within the REC and the RE. This information flow is given to the higher protocol layers.
[0120] ·Protocol Extensions: This information flow is reserved for future protocol extensions. It may be used to support, e.g., more complex interconnection topologies or other radio standards.
[0121] ·Vendor Specific Information: This information flow is reserved for vendor specific information.
[0122] The user plane information is sent in the form of IQ data. The IQ data of different antenna carriers are multiplexed by a time division multiplexing scheme onto an electrical or optical transmission line. The control and management data are either sent as inband protocol (for time critical signaling data) or by layer 3 protocols (not defined by CPRI) that reside on top of appropriate layer 2 protocols. Two different layer 2 protocols for C&M data –subset of High level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Ethernet –are supported by CPRI. These additional control and management data are time multiplexed with the IQ data. Finally, additional time slots are available for the transfer of any type of vendor specific information.
[0123] To achieve the required flexibility and cost efficiency, several different line bit rates are defined. Therefore, the CPRI line bit rate may be selected from the following option list.
[0124] ·CPRI line bit rate option 1: 614.4 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (1 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0125] ·CPRI line bit rate option 2: 1228.8 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (2 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0126] ·CPRI line bit rate option 3: 2457.6 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (4 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0127] ·CPRI line bit rate option 4: 3072.0 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (5 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0128] ·CPRI line bit rate option 5: 4915.2 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (8 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0129] ·CPRI line bit rate option 6: 6144.0 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (10 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0130] ·CPRI line bit rate option 7: 9830.4 Mbit / s, 8b / 10b line coding (16 x 491.52 x 10 / 8 Mbit / s)
[0131] ·CPRI line bit rate option 7A: 8110.08 Mbit / s, 64b / 66b line coding (16 x 491.52 x 66 / 64 Mbit / s)
[0132] ·CPRI line bit rate option 8: 10137.6 Mbit / s, 64b / 66b line coding (20 x 491.52 x 66 / 64 Mbit / s)
[0133] ·CPRI line bit rate option 9: 12165.12 Mbit / s, 64b / 66b line coding (24 x 491.52 x 66 / 64 Mbit / s)
[0134] ·CPRI line bit rate option 10: 24330.24 Mbit / s, 64b / 66b line coding (48 x 491.52 x 66 / 64 Mbit / s)
[0135] CPRI option and the data bit width of CPRI interface module may be as following. Different line rates mean that the data bit width of CPRI interface module is different. The working clock of the chip is fixed, and the data bit width changes to adapt to different line rates.
[0136] For example, the data bit width of CPRI option 3 is 1 byte, the line rate of CPRI option 5 is doubled, and the data bit width of CPRI interface module is also expanded to 2 bytes, and the data bit width of option 7 is 4 bytes.
[0137] A basic frame consists of 16 words with index W=0…15. Table 2 shows control words for layer 1 synchronization and timing, which is same as table 8 of CPRI Specification V7.0.
[0138] Table 2
[0139] The first Tcw bits of the word with index W=0 are used for one control word. Table 3 shows a length of control word, which is same as table 3 of CPRI Specification V7.0.
[0140] Table 3
[0141] The remaining words (W=1…15) , 15 / 16 of the basic frame, are dedicated to the U-plane IQ data transport (IQ data block) .
[0142] FIG. 6 shows generic basic frame structure for different CPRI line bit rate, which is same as Figure. 9A of CPRI Specification V7.0. The control BYTES of one basic frame are always transmitted first. The basic frame structure varies with the line bit rate.
[0143] FIG. 7 shows control words within one hyper frame, which is same as Figure. 16 of CPRI Specification V7.0. The first word of each basic frame is control word, i.e. word 0 of each basic frame. The data bit width of word 0 is different with different CPRI line rates.
[0144] An example of SERDES stream transmitted over Ethernet, Radio over Ethernet may be as following.
[0145] RoE is the encapsulation and mapping of radio protocols for transport over Ethernet packets. Radio data is encapsulated into Ethernet packets and forwarded because today’s transport networking solutions cannot satisfy all these expectations. On the other hand, Ethernet technology has experienced steady and cost-efficient speed and capacity growth, driven by the enterprise, access, and data-center markets, and has inherent characteristics that allow it to satisfy the other expectations;
[0146] IEEE Std 1914.3-2018 specifies details that allow Ethernet to partake in the new RoE transport networking solution for 5G.
[0147] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating RoE encapsulation in Ethernet frames, which is same as Figure 7 of IEEE Std 1914.3-2018.
[0148] DA denotes destination address. SA denotes source address. FCS denotes frame check sequence. The SA, DA, and FCS are implicit to all RoE packets. The RoE EtherType value is specified in section 4.2 of IEEE Std 1914.3-2018.
[0149] As described in section 8.2 of IEEE Std 1914.3-2018, the structure-agnostic RoE mapper captures bits from one end of a constant bit rate link, packetizes the bits into Ethernet frames, sends the packets across the network, and then recreates the bit stream at the far end of the link. While the constant bit-rate data stream is commonly encoded with the CPRI protocol, it could also be of any other protocol, provided it is within the range of data rates supported by that equipment.
[0150] The structure-agnostic RoE mapper has a line-coding-aware mode of operation. Line-coding-aware mode removes the line coding bits such as for CPRI encoded with 8b / 10b or 64b / 66b. If the source data is 8b / 10b-encoded, the 8-bit symbols present on the line will be tunneled by this RoE mapper as 8 bits of data. This mode removes any 8b / 10b encoding and extracts / stores . lenPack octets from / to the source stream. Similarly, if the source data is 64b / 66bencoded, the 64-bit symbols present on the line will be tunneled by this RoE mapper as 64 bits of data. This mode removes any line encoding and extracts / stores . lenPack octets from / to the source stream. For a CPRI type of source stream, the RoE mapper does not de-interleave the I / Q samples. Likewise, as part of the decoding, the forward error correction (FEC) and scrambling (when supported) shall also be undone.
[0151] To allow the restoration of the 10-bit or 66-bit symbols at the de-mapper, the RoE mapper / de-mapper must have some awareness of the protocol it is mapping / de-mapping. The locations of the special characters must be known a priori relative to an event that is indicated in the RoE frame. For the CPRI protocol, special characters (Kx. y) occur at the start of every hyper-frame. The location of these events is determined using RoE’s SoF = 1 event.
[0152] Since the structure-agnostic RoE mapper encapsulates the entire data stream (with or without line coding) , there are no associated control packets for the structure-agnostic RoE mapper. Any control or management information embedded in the data stream is not interpreted by the RoE mapper but is passed through as binary data.
[0153] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating format of the timeStamp field, which is same as Figure 10 of IEEE Std 1914.3-2018.
[0154] Bit 0 is the start of frame (SoF) marker and is an indication of a radio frame boundary. An SoF bit is set to 1 indicates that the start of the payload field is the start of the radio frame. An SoF bit is set to 0 indicates that the start of the payload is not the start of the radio frame. For data packets, the orderInfo value is the sequence number or timestamp that applies to the start of the RoE payload data.
[0155] Bit 1 and bit 2 contain the 2 least significant bits (LSBs) of the p-counter from the seqNum information.
[0156] Bit 3 to bit 26 of the timeStamp field is the integer nanosecond portion of the presentation timestamp. It counts in units of nanoseconds, and the value ranges from 0 ns to 16 777 215 ns (0x0 to 0xFF FFFF, respectively) .
[0157] Bit 27 to bit 31 of the timeStamp field is the fractional nanosecond portion of the presentation timestamp.
[0158] In an embodiment, manufacturers may customize the usage of comma beyond the standard mandatory provisions. Take CPRI as an example.
[0159] CPRI protocol leaves a spare position, allowing manufacturers use Kx. y encoding for customized control words, and the control words of different manufacturers can be different. For example, IDLE symbols are defined for C-plane protocol packets. IDLE symbols are sent during idle condition on CPRI link when no packets are sent. Manufacturers can define IDLE symbols by themselves, and they can also define whether IDLE symbols use Dx. y or Kx. y encoding. That is to say, part of the contents of control word can be customized, and whether a certain byte of control word is the Kx. y encoding of 8b / 10b can also be customized.
[0160] FIG. 10 shows an example of normal use of comma in CPRI according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. BF denotes basic frame. HF denotes hyper frame. As shown in FIG. 10, the control word is the Dx. y encoding of 8b / 10b.
[0161] FIG. 11 shows an example of customized use of comma in CPRI according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 11, IDLE symbols are encoded with 8b / 10b Kx. y which may be a customized usage of comma.
[0162] When it is necessary to decode 10b to 8b before transmitting 8b data, such as the structure-agnostic line-coding-aware mode / the structure-aware mode, there may be a problem. For example, because serdes data stream are decoded from 10b to 8b first at the mapper, the customized encoding rules of Kx. y defined by the manufacturer will be lost after decoding, and it will not be 100%recovered when the remote end uses 8b data to recover 10b data. The de-mapper cannot get the special coding rules of a data unit such as Kx. y defined by the manufacturer. RoE standard does not specify the specific implementation method.
[0163] To overcome or mitigate at least one of the above mentioned problems or other problems, an improved solution for data transmission may be desirable.
[0164] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or as or communicatively coupled to a first network node or any other entity having similar functionality. As such, the first network node may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 1200 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components.
[0165] At block 1202, the first network node may obtain first information indicating a data type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit.
[0166] Examples of the first network node have been described with reference to FIG. 4. In an embodiment, the first network node may be a Radio over Ethernet (RoE) device.
[0167] The encoded data unit may be any suitable encoded data unit of various communication protocols. For example, the encoded data unit may be encoded data unit of various serial protocols or serial interfaces or serial buses. For example, the serial interface may comprise common public radio interface (CPRI) , Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394b interface, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, Infini-band interface, 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) , RapidIO interface, Universal Serial Bus interface, JESD204B interface, High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) , or Coaxial cable and express speed (CXP) interface, etc.
[0168] A coding of a data unit may be any suitable coding and the present disclosure has no limit on it. In an embodiment, a coding of a data unit may comprise at least one of 8b / 10b coding, or 64b / 66b coding.
[0169] The encoded data unit may be received and decoded by the first network node or a third network node. When the encoded data unit is received and decoded by the third network node, the third network node may send the first information and the decoded data unit to the first network node.
[0170] The decoded data unit may have any suitable length and the present disclosure has no limit on it. For example, the length of the decoded data unit may depend on a specific communication protocol. In an embodiment, a length of the decoded data unit may be eight bits, i.e., a byte.
[0171] The decoded data unit may be located at any suitable position of a data stream. For example, the decoded data unit may be located at a specified position of a data stream.
[0172] In an embodiment, the decoded data unit may comprise a data unit at a specified location of a frame. The specified location may be specified by the operator or depend on a specific communication protocol.
[0173] In an embodiment, when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the specified location of the frame may comprise word 0 of a basic frame.
[0174] The encoding rule may be any suitable encoding rule which may be specified by the operator or depend on a specific communication protocol. For example, different types of data units may be encoded using different encoding rules. For example, when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the encoding rules of Kx. y or Dx. y are different. For example, the first information may indicate whether the encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit is Kx. y encoding or Dx. y encoding.
[0175] The data type of the decoded data unit may comprise any suitable data types, such as valid data, control data, management data, etc.
[0176] In an embodiment, different data types of decoded data units may be encoded using different encoding rules. For example, the valid data may be encoded using a first encoding rule. The control data may be encoded using a second encoding rule. The management data may be encoded using a third encoding rule.
[0177] In an embodiment, one data type of decoded data unit may be encoded using any of two or more encoding rules. For example, the encoding rule of control information may be Kx. y encoding or Dx. y encoding for example which may be selected by the operator.
[0178] In an embodiment, the data type of the decoded data unit may indicate the encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit. For example, the data type of the decoded data unit may indicate whether the encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit is Kx. y encoding or Dx. y encoding.
[0179] In an embodiment, the data type of the decoded data unit may indicate at least one of the decoded data unit is to be encoded as data information, or the decoded data unit is to be encoded as control information.
[0180] In an embodiment, when different types of data such as the valid data and the control data is encoded using the same encoding rule, the data types of their corresponding decoded data units are the same.
[0181] The first information may be any suitable information such as a bit, a flag, an indicator, etc.
[0182] The first network node may obtain the first information in various ways. For example, the first network node may receive the encoded data unit from a communication device and decode the encoded data unit to obtain the decoded data unit and the first information. Alternatively, the first network node may obtain the decoded data unit and the first information from another network node.
[0183] At block 1204, the first network node may send the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.
[0184] Examples of the second network node have been described with reference to FIG. 4. In an embodiment, the second network node may be a Radio over Ethernet (RoE) device. In an embodiment, the first and second network nodes may be RoE device.
[0185] In an embodiment, the first network node may send multiple first information and multiple decoded data units to the second network node.
[0186] The first information and the decoded data unit may be sent to the second network node in various communication protocols. In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be sent to the second network node over an Ethernet frame.
[0187] The Ethernet frame may be generated according to various encapsulations and mappings for example depending on the specific communication protocols. In an embodiment, the Ethernet frame may be generated according to radio over Ethernet (RoE) encapsulations and mappings for example as described in IEEE Std 1914.3-2018.
[0188] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be carried in a RoE payload.
[0189] In an embodiment, at least one basic data unit may be carried in the RoE payload. The basic data unit may be any suitable basic data unit for example depending on a specific communication protocol. In an embodiment, the basic data unit may be a basic frame such as CPRI basic frame.
[0190] In an embodiment, when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to a specified data type or a specified encoding rule, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units is omitted in the Ethernet frame. The specified data type or the specified encoding rule may be any suitable data type or encoding rule for example specified by an operator. For example, suppose 8b / 10b coding is used and the specified encoding rule is Dx, y coding, when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to Dx, y coding, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units may be omitted in the Ethernet frame. In this embodiment, the first information may be implicitly sent to the second network node. For example, when the second network node does not receive the explicit first information, it may know one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to the specified data type or the specified encoding rule such as Dx, y coding.
[0191] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or as or communicatively coupled to a first network node or any other entity having similar functionality. As such, the first network node may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 1300 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, detailed description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0192] At block 1302, the first network node may send second information indicating whether the first information is present to the second network node. The second information may be any suitable information such as a bit, a flag, an indicator, etc. In an embodiment, the second information may be a valid flag. The valid flag may be set as 0x5A5A but other value is possible. The second information may be used as the starting position of the first information.
[0193] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or as or communicatively coupled to a first network node or any other entity having similar functionality. As such, the first network node may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 1400 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, detailed description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0194] At block 1402, the first network node may receive the encoded data unit from a communication device via a first interface.
[0195] Examples of the communication device have been described with reference to FIG. 4.
[0196] The first interface may be any suitable interface. In an embodiment, the first interface may comprise at least one of common public radio interface (CPRI) , Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394b interface, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, Infini-band interface, 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) , RapidIO interface, Universal Serial Bus interface, JESD204B interface, High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) , or Coaxial cable and express speed (CXP) interface.
[0197] At block 1404, the first network node may decode the encoded data unit to obtain the decoded data unit and the first information.
[0198] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or as or communicatively coupled to a second network node or any other entity having similar functionality. As such, the second network node may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 1500 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, detailed description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0199] At block 1502, the second network node may receive first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node. The first information may indicate a data type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit.
[0200] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be received from the first network node over an Ethernet frame.
[0201] In an embodiment, the Ethernet frame may be generated according to radio over Ethernet (RoE) encapsulations and mappings.
[0202] In an embodiment, the first information and the decoded data unit may be carried in a RoE payload.
[0203] In an embodiment, at least one basic data unit may be carried in the RoE payload.
[0204] In an embodiment, when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to a specified data type or a specified encoding rule, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units may be omitted in the Ethernet frame.
[0205] In an embodiment, the data type of the decoded data unit may indicate at least one of the decoded data unit is to be encoded as data information, or the decoded data unit is to be encoded as control information.
[0206] In an embodiment, the decoded data unit may comprise a data unit at a specified location of a frame.
[0207] In an embodiment, when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the specified location of the frame may comprise word 0 of a basic frame.
[0208] In an embodiment, a length of the decoded data unit may be eight bits.
[0209] In an embodiment, different data types of decoded data units may be encoded using different encoding rules.
[0210] In an embodiment, a coding of a data unit may comprise at least one of 8b / 10b coding, or 64b / 66b coding.
[0211] At block 1504, the second network node may encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information. For example, when the first information indicates the encoding rule of the decoded data unit is the encoding rule of Dx, y, the decoded data unit may be encoded according to the encoding rule of Dx, y. When the first information indicates the encoding rule of the decoded data unit is the encoding rule of Kx, y, the decoded data unit may be encoded according to the encoding rule of Kx, y.
[0212] For example, when the first information indicates the data type of the decoded data unit is valid data, the decoded data unit may be encoded according to the encoding rule of valid data such as Dx, y encoding. When the first information indicates the data type of the decoded data unit is control information such as Kx, y, the decoded data unit may be encoded according to the encoding rule of control information such as Kx, y encoding.
[0213] At block 1506, the second network node may send the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface.
[0214] Examples of the communication device have been described with reference to FIG. 4.
[0215] The second interface may be any suitable interface. In an embodiment, the second interface may comprise at least one of common public radio interface (CPRI) , Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394b interface, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, Infini-band interface, 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) , RapidIO interface, Universal Serial Bus interface, JESD204B interface, High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) , or Coaxial cable and express speed (CXP) interface.
[0216] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or as or communicatively coupled to a second network node or any other entity having similar functionality. As such, the second network node may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 1600 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, detailed description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0217] At block 1602, the second network node may receive second information indicating whether the first information is present from the first network node. When the second information indicating the first information is present, the second network node may correctly find the first information and then encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information. When the second information indicating the first information is not present, the second network node then encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on a predefined encoding rule such as Dx, y encoding.
[0218] In an embodiment, an end-to-end solution for 8b / 10b coding is proposed below.
[0219] In an embodiment, it can use the basic data unit (such as basic frame) as the payload of packet.
[0220] In an embodiment, the stream service is segmented by a basic data unit (for CPRI, the basic frame is the basic data unit) and encapsulated in Ethernet packet.
[0221] FIG. 17 shows a relationship between RoE Ethernet packet and the basic data unit (basic frame) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0222] 4 basic frames per RoE packet is taken as an example in FIG. 17. In other embodiments, there may be any suitable number of basic frames per RoE packet.
[0223] FIG. 18 shows RoE packet format (payload with basic frames) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0224] According to RoE packet format of IEEE Std 1914.3-2018, there is no special restrictions for RoE Payload.
[0225] For normal 8b / 10b control encoding scenario, Kx. y is only at hyper frame (HF) starts. For this scenario, the content of RoE Payload is the basic data unit (basic frame) as shown in FIG. 18.
[0226] FIG. 19 shows RoE format (payload with basic frames combined with comma indicator) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0227] In an embodiment, if the Ethernet packet needs to carry comma indicator, it extends Radio over Ethernet packet formats definition. For customized 8b / 10b control encoding scenario, Kx.y is at hyper frame (HF) starts and other basic frame’s word 0.
[0228] If there is customized requirement of 8b / 10b Kx. y, an additional field (comma indicator) may be inserted into the payload as the 8b / 10b Kx. y instruction of the basic frame carried in this packet, and each basic frame corresponds to one field, one bit in the field corresponds to one byte in control word 0.
[0229] DA denotes Ethernet packet destination Media Access Control (MAC) .
[0230] SA denotes Ethernet packet source MAC.
[0231] Ether Type is set as FC3D, which is required by IEEE Std 1914.3-2018.
[0232] SubType: The 8-bit subType field is used to define the RoE subtype and the type of flow carried by the RoE packets.
[0233] Flow identifier (ID) : RoE session flow ID, the unique ID to identify one RoE session.
[0234] Length: Cover everything after this field, in octets; Fixed to 25 bytes for this packet format.
[0235] Orderinfo: Ordering information is assigned to each flow and is presented in one of two methods: a sequence number or timestamp; this is timestamp mode.
[0236] RoE Payload: Comma indicator combined with basic data unit.
[0237] FIG. 20 shows an example of a correspondence between basic frame and comma indicator bit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0238] The Ethernet packet payload comprise a comma indicator and a primary basic frame. The comma indicator comprises a valid flag set as 0x5A5A which is used to identify the starting position of the comma indicator field. The comma indicator further comprises n BF fields. n may be any suitable number. Each BF field comprise m bits. m may be any suitable number. Each BF field comprise m bits. In an embodiment, BF field n in comma indicator and the BF n in payload correspond one to one. Comma bit m and the byte m in word 0 correspond one to one.
[0239] In an embodiment, the local end (Mapper) function may be as following. The mapper may use basic data unit (basic frame) of serdes data stream as Ethernet payload, which requires that serdes interface module can segment data stream by cell. Take CPRI as example, the interface module divides the stream data according to the basic frame. After 10b / 8b decoding in the receiving (RX) direction of CPRI interface at mapper end, it outputs hyper frame (HF) start, basic frame (BF) start and comma indicator along with the CPRI data to the RoE packet encapsulation module. The RoE packet encapsulation module encapsulates CPRI RX data into RoE packet (s) . The RoE packet encapsulation module not only encapsulates CPRI BF as RoE payload, but also carries comma indicator.
[0240] In an embodiment, in the part of Ethernet payload, a field is extended as a comma indicator field to mark which basic frames in the Ethernet packet use comma in control word 0.
[0241] In an embodiment, one field in the comma indicator field corresponds to a basic frame, and the starting position of the comma indicator field uses special characters (such as 0x5A5A) as the starting mark, which is convenient for identification and distinction.
[0242] In an embodiment, with different serdes line rates, the data bit width in serdes interface module will be different, and the data bit width will have multiple bytes, and each bit in BF field corresponds to one byte.
[0243] In an embodiment, comma indication is valid, which means that at least one byte in word 0 of a BF is Kx. y encoded.
[0244] In an embodiment, comma indication is invalid, which means that all bytes in the word 0 of a BF is Dx. y encoded.
[0245] In an embodiment, the remote end (de-mapper) function may be as following.
[0246] In an embodiment, the de-mapper may receive the RoE packet, parse the BF and comma indicator fields in the payload, and place the basic frame in the payload into the serdes TX interface for 8b / 10b coding.
[0247] In an embodiment, 8b / 10b coding should be carried out according to the corresponding bit in the comma BF field. Dx. y coding is used if the corresponding bit is invalid (e.g. set as “0”) , and Kx. y coding is used if the corresponding bit is valid (e.g. set as “1” ) . In this way, the serdes data stream can be completely restored.
[0248] In an embodiment, manufacturers or users may have customized requirements, for example, at least one byte of control word 0 is coded as Kx. y.
[0249] In an embodiment, the network device such as Ethernet device must transmit serdes data streams completely, including customized usage of Kx. y codes, but the existing Ethernet standards do not stipulate this.
[0250] In an embodiment, a solution proposes an end-to-end method to transmit customized usage of Kx. y as following.
[0251] In an embodiment, it expands the Ethernet packet format and inserts comma indicator in payload field. Payload basic frame and BF field in comma indicator are one-to-one correspondence.
[0252] FIG. 21 shows an example of data stream over Ethernet end-end structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0253] In an embodiment, after realizing 10b->8b decoding, the stream interface of local end needs to transmit stream data cell (RX data) , HF start, BF start and comma indicator synchronously to the Ethernet packet encapsulation module.
[0254] In an embodiment, de-mapper parses the BF and comma indicator carried in the Ethernet packet, transmits the comma indicator synchronously when sending BF to the serdes transmitting (TX) interface, and serdes interface encodes 8b->10b according to comma indicator.
[0255] FIG. 22 shows an example of signals waveform according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0256] key signals definition is as following.
[0257] BF field n in comma indicator and the BF n in payload correspond one to one. Comma bit m and the byte m in word 0 correspond one to one.
[0258] Embodiments herein afford many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. Some embodiments herein provide a novel data transmission solution to solve at least one of the above mentioned problems. In some embodiments herein, the network node such as Ethernet node or function can transmit data stream completely and correctly. In some embodiments herein, the first network node such as Ethernet node or function can transmit the (customized) encoding rule of a decoded data unit e.g. defined by the manufacturer to the second network node which can 100%recover the encoded data unit according to the (customized) encoding rule. In some embodiments herein, the first network node such as Ethernet node or function can completely transmit the customized usage of comma to the second network node which can 100%recover the encoded data unit according to the customized usage of comma. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.
[0259] FIG. 23 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for use in practicing some embodiments of the disclosure. For example, any one of the first network node or the second network node described above may be implemented through the apparatus 2300.
[0260] The apparatus 2300 comprises at least one processor 2321, such as a DP, and at least one MEM 2322 coupled to the processor 2321. The apparatus 2320 may further comprise a transmitter TX and receiver RX 2323 coupled to the processor 2321. The MEM 2322 stores a PROG 2324. The PROG 2324 may include instructions that, when executed on the associated processor 2321, enable the apparatus 2320 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. A combination of the at least one processor 2321 and the at least one MEM 2322 may form processing means 2325 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0261] Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by computer program executable by one or more of the processor 2321, software, firmware, hardware or in a combination thereof.
[0262] The MEM 2322 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memories and removable memories, as non-limiting examples.
[0263] The processor 2321 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors DSPs and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.
[0264] In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the first network node, the memory 2322 contains instructions executable by the processor 2321, whereby the first network node operates according to any of the methods performed by the first network node .
[0265] In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the second network node, the memory 2322 contains instructions executable by the processor 2321, whereby the first network node operates according to any of the methods performed by the second network node.
[0266] FIG. 24 is a block diagram showing a first network node according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the first network node 2400 may comprise an obtaining module 2401 configured to obtain first information indicating a data type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit. The first network node 2400 may further comprise a first sending module 2402 configured to send the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.
[0267] In an embodiment, the first network node 2400 may further comprise a second sending module 2403 configured to send second information indicating whether the first information is present to the second network node.
[0268] In an embodiment, the first network node 2400 may further comprises a receiving module 2404 configured to receive the encoded data unit from a communication device via a first interface.
[0269] In an embodiment, the first network node 2400 may further comprise a decoding module 2405 configured to decode the encoded data unit to obtain the decoded data unit and the first information.
[0270] FIG. 25 is a block diagram showing a second network node according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the second network node 2500 may comprise a first receiving module 2501 configured to receive first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node. The first information may indicate a data type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit. The second network node 2500 may further comprise an encoding module 2502 configured to encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information. The second network node 2500 may further comprise a sending module 2503 configured to send the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface..
[0271] In an embodiment, the second network node 2500 may further comprise a second receiving module 2504 configured to receive second information indicating whether the first information is present from the first network node.
[0272] According to an aspect of the disclosure it is provided a computer program product being tangibly stored on a computer readable storage medium and including instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods as described above.
[0273] According to an aspect of the disclosure it is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods as described above.
[0274] In addition, the present disclosure may also provide a carrier containing the computer program as mentioned above, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, an optical compact disk or an electronic memory device like a RAM (random access memory) , a ROM (read only memory) , Flash memory, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD, Blue-ray disc and the like.
[0275] The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means so that an apparatus implementing one or more functions of a corresponding apparatus described with an embodiment comprises not only prior art means, but also means for implementing the one or more functions of the corresponding apparatus described with the embodiment and it may comprise separate means for each separate function, or means that may be configured to perform two or more functions. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware (one or more apparatuses) , firmware (one or more apparatuses) , software (one or more modules) , or combinations thereof. For a firmware or software, implementation may be made through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
[0276] Exemplary embodiments herein have been described above with reference to block diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods and apparatuses. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by various means including computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
[0277] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the subject matter described herein, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0278] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any implementation or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.
[0279] It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as the technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The above described embodiments are given for describing rather than limiting the disclosure, and it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as those skilled in the art readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims. The protection scope of the disclosure is defined by the accompanying claims.
Claims
1.A method (1200) performed by a first network node, comprising:obtaining (1202) first information indicating a data type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit; andsending (1204) the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the first information and the decoded data unit are sent to the second network node over an Ethernet frame.3.The method according to claim 2, wherein the Ethernet frame is generated according to radio over Ethernet, RoE, encapsulations and mappings.4.The method according to claim 3, wherein the first information and the decoded data unit are carried in a RoE payload.5.The method according to claim 4, wherein at least one basic data unit is carried in the RoE payload.6.The method according to any of claims 2-5, wherein when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to a specified data type or a specified encoding rule, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units is omitted in the Ethernet frame.7.The method according to any of claims 1-6, wherein the data type of the decoded data unit indicates at least one of:the decoded data unit is to be encoded as data information, orthe decoded data unit is to be encoded as control information.8.The method according to any of claims 1-7, wherein the decoded data unit comprises a data unit at a specified location of a frame.9.The method according to claim 8, wherein when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the specified location of the frame comprises word 0 of a basic frame.10.The method according to any of claims 1-9, wherein a length of the decoded data unit is eight bits.11.The method according to any of claims 1-10, wherein different data types of decoded data units are encoded using different encoding rules.12.The method according to any of claims 1-11, further comprising:sending (1302) second information indicating whether the first information is present to the second network node.13.The method according to any of claims 1-12, further comprising:receiving (1402) the encoded data unit from a communication device via a first interface; anddecoding (1404) the encoded data unit to obtain the decoded data unit and the first information.14.The method according to claim 13, wherein the first interface comprises at least one of:common public radio interface,Institute of electrical and electronics engineers 1394b interface,Serial Advanced Technology Attachment interface,Peripheral Component Interconnect Express interface,Infini-band interface,10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface,Rapid Input Output interface,Universal Serial Bus interface,Joint Electron Device Engineering Council standard No. 204B interface,High Definition Multimedia Interface, orCoaxial cable and express speed interface.15.The method according to any of claims 1-14, wherein a coding of a data unit comprises at least one of:8b / 10b coding, or64b / 66b coding.16.A method (1500) performed by a second network node, comprising:receiving (1502) first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node, wherein the first information indicates a data type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit;encoding (1504) the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information; andsending (1506) the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface.17.The method according to claim 16, wherein the first information and the decoded data unit are received from the first network node over an Ethernet frame.18.The method according to claim 17, wherein the Ethernet frame is generated according to radio over Ethernet (RoE) encapsulations and mappings.19.The method according to claim 18, wherein the first information and the decoded data unit are carried in a RoE payload.20.The method according to claim 19, wherein at least one basic data unit is carried in the RoE payload.21.The method according to any of claims 17-20, wherein when one or more decoded data units carried in the Ethernet frame belong to a specified data type or a specified encoding rule, one or more first information corresponding to the one or more decoded data units is omitted in the Ethernet frame.22.The method according to any of claims 16-21, wherein the data type of the decoded data unit indicates at least one of:the decoded data unit is to be encoded as data information, orthe decoded data unit is to be encoded as control information.23.The method according to any of claims 16-22, wherein the decoded data unit comprises a data unit at a specified location of a frame.24.The method according to claim 23, wherein when 8b / 10b coding is used for encoding a data unit, the specified location of the frame comprises word 0 of a basic frame.25.The method according to any of claims 16-24, wherein a length of the decoded data unit is eight bits.26.The method according to any of claims 16-25, wherein different data types of decoded data units are encoded using different encoding rules.27.The method according to any of claims 16-26, further comprising:receiving (1602) second information indicating whether the first information is present from the first network node.28.The method according to any of claims 16-27, wherein the second interface comprise at least one of:common public radio interface,Institute of electrical and electronics engineers 1394b interface,Serial Advanced Technology Attachment interface,Peripheral Component Interconnect Express interface,Infini-band interface,10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface,Rapid Input Output interface,Universal Serial Bus interface,Joint Electron Device Engineering Council standard No. 204B interface,High Definition Multimedia Interface, orCoaxial cable and express speed interface.29.The method according to any of claims 16-28, wherein a coding of a data unit comprises at least one of:8b / 10b coding, or64b / 66b coding.30.A first network node (2300) , comprising:a processor (2321) ; anda memory (2322) coupled to the processor (2321) , said memory (2322) containing instructions executable by said processor (2321) , whereby said first network node (2300) is operative to:obtain first information indicating a type or an encoding rule of a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit; andsend the first information and the decoded data unit to a second network node.31.The first network node according to claim 30, wherein the first network node is further operative to perform the method of any one of claims 2 to 15.32.A second network node (2300) , comprising:a processor (2321) ; anda memory (2322) coupled to the processor (2321) , said memory (2322) containing instructions executable by said processor (2321) , whereby said second network node (2300) is operative to:receive first information and a decoded data unit of an encoded data unit from a first network node, wherein the first information indicates a type or an encoding rule of the decoded data unit of the encoded data unit;encode the decoded data unit to obtain the encoded data unit based on the first information; andsend the encoded data unit to a communication device via a second interface.33.The second network node according to claim 32, wherein the second network node is further operative to perform the method of any one of claims 17 to 29.34.A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 29.35.A computer program product comprising instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any of claims 1 to 29.
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