Storage for cross-component merge mode
By employing cross-component prediction using merge mode, where cross-component models are selected and applied to predict pixel blocks, the video coding standards address the challenges of improving coding performance and reducing complexity, achieving efficient encoding and decoding.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/104898
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-07-14
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing video coding standards face challenges in improving coding performance and reducing complexity, particularly in implementing cross-component merge mode for efficient storage and prediction of pixel blocks.
The implementation of cross-component prediction using merge mode, where a video coder selects a cross-component model from a candidate list and applies it to generate predictions for pixel blocks, with the model parameters inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors and stored in a constrained-size table.
This approach enhances coding performance by efficiently utilizing cross-component models to predict pixel blocks, thereby reducing computational complexity and improving encoding and decoding efficiency.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024104898_23012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
STORAGE FOR CROSS-COMPONENT MERGE MODE
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION (S)
[0002] The present disclosure is part of a non-provisional application that claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 526,913 filed on 14 July 2023. Content of above-listed applications is herein incorporated by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to video coding. In particular, the present disclosure relates to methods of coding pixel blocks by cross component merge mode.BACKGROUND
[0004] Unless otherwise indicated herein, approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims listed below and are not admitted as prior art by inclusion in this section.
[0005] High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is an international video coding standard developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) . HEVC is based on the hybrid block-based motion-compensated DCT-like transform coding architecture. The basic unit for compression, termed coding unit (CU) , is a 2Nx2N square block of pixels, and each CU can be recursively split into four smaller CUs until the predefined minimum size is reached. Each CU contains one or multiple prediction units (PUs) .
[0006] Versatile video coding (VVC) is the latest international video coding standard developed by the Joint Video Expert Team (JVET) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC29 / WG11. The input video signal is predicted from the reconstructed signal, which is derived from the coded picture regions. The prediction residual signal is processed by a block transform. The transform coefficients are quantized and entropy coded together with other side information in the bitstream. The reconstructed signal is generated from the prediction signal and the reconstructed residual signal after inverse transform on the de-quantized transform coefficients. The reconstructed signal is further processed by in-loop filtering for removing coding artifacts. The decoded pictures are stored in the frame buffer for predicting the future pictures in the input video signal.
[0007] In VVC, a coded picture is partitioned into non-overlapped square block regions represented by the associated coding tree units (CTUs) . The leaf nodes of a coding tree correspond to the coding units (CUs) . A coded picture can be represented by a collection of slices, each comprising an integer number of CTUs. The individual CTUs in a slice are processed in raster-scan order. A bi-predictive (B) slice may be decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction with at most two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the sample values of each block. A predictive (P) slice is decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction with at most one motion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of each block. An intra (I) slice is decoded using intra prediction only.
[0008] A CTU can be partitioned into one or multiple non-overlapped coding units (CUs) using the quadtree (QT) with nested multi-type-tree (MTT) structure to adapt to various local motion and texture characteristics. A CU can be further split into smaller CUs using one of the five split types: quad-tree partitioning, vertical binary tree partitioning, horizontal binary tree partitioning, vertical center-side triple- tree partitioning, horizontal center-side triple-tree partitioning.
[0009] Each CU contains one or more prediction units (PUs) . The prediction unit, together with the associated CU syntax, works as a basic unit for signaling the predictor information. The specified prediction process is employed to predict the values of the associated pixel samples inside the PU. Each CU may contain one or more transform units (TUs) for representing the prediction residual blocks. A transform unit (TU) is comprised of a transform block (TB) of luma samples and two corresponding transform blocks of chroma samples and each TB correspond to one residual block of samples from one color component. An integer transform is applied to a transform block. The level values of quantized coefficients together with other side information are entropy coded in the bitstream. The terms coding tree block (CTB) , coding block (CB) , prediction block (PB) , and transform block (TB) are defined to specify the 2-D sample array of one-color component associated with CTU, CU, PU, and TU, respectively. Thus, a CTU consists of one luma CTB, two chroma CTBs, and associated syntax elements. A similar relationship is valid for CU, PU, and TU.
[0010] For each inter-predicted CU, motion parameters consisting of motion vectors, reference picture indices and reference picture list usage index, and additional information are used for inter-predicted sample generation. The motion parameter can be signalled in an explicit or implicit manner. When a CU is coded with skip mode, the CU is associated with one PU and has no significant residual coefficients, no coded motion vector delta or reference picture index. A merge mode is specified whereby the motion parameters for the current CU are obtained from neighbouring CUs, including spatial and temporal candidates, and additional schedules introduced in VVC. The merge mode can be applied to any inter-predicted CU. The alternative to merge mode is the explicit transmission of motion parameters, where motion vector, corresponding reference picture index for each reference picture list and reference picture list usage flag and other needed information are signalled explicitly per each CU.
[0011] In order to improve the coding performance and / or to reduce complexity for a system using cross component merge mode, methods and apparatus for implementing storage for cross-component prediction (CCP) using merge mode are disclosed.SUMMARY
[0012] The following summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. That is, the following summary is provided to introduce concepts, highlights, benefits and advantages of the novel and non-obvious techniques described herein. Select and not all implementations are further described below in the detailed description. Thus, the following summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0013] Some embodiments provide methods for implementing cross-component prediction (CCP) using merge mode. A video coder receives data for a block of pixels to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture. The video coder selects a cross-component model or cross-component prediction information from a candidate list comprising cross-component models that are inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors of the current block. The video coder retrieves the selected cross-component model from a table storing a plurality of cross-component models. The table has a size that is constrained by a specified maximum size that may be determined based on a property of a picture or a picture region from which the model is generated. The video coder applies the selected cross-component model to generate a prediction of a component of the current block. The video coder encodes or decodes the current block by using the generated prediction.
[0014] In some embodiments, the video coder retrieves the selected cross-component model by looking up an index based on a position of the selected candidate and using the index to locate the selected cross-component model in the table, the index may be provided by an index buffer storing indices for different positions of a picture.
[0015] In some embodiments, the table is associated with one and only one picture, and the table stores cross-component models used by the associated picture. In some embodiments, the maximum size may be determined based on a property of the picture or the picture region from which the model is generated. In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with an intra frame than when the table is associated with an inter frame. In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is determined based on a picture order count (POC) distance between a picture associated with the table and a closest previously coded intra frame. For example, the maximum size of the table may be greater when the POC distance is shorter than when the POC distance is greater.
[0016] In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with a picture having a smaller temporal ID than when the table is associated with a picture having a larger temporal ID. In some embodiments, no table for storing cross-component models is created for pictures in a largest temporal ID layer. In some embodiments, one table is created for each temporal id such that cross-component models from pictures having a same temporal id are stored in a same table. In some embodiments, multiple tables are used to store cross-component models for the current picture, each table corresponding to a region of a plurality of regions of the current picture and has a size that is constrained by the specified maximum size that is determined based on a property of the region.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate implementations of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present disclosure. It is appreciable that the drawings are not necessarily in scale as some components may be shown to be out of proportion than the size in actual implementation in order to clearly illustrate the concept of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates chroma and luma samples that are used for derivation of linear model parameters.
[0019] FIG. 2 shows an example of classifying the neighbouring samples into two groups.
[0020] FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates the spatial components of a convolutional filter.
[0021] FIG. 4 illustrates gradient filters enabled for Gradient Linear Model (GLM) .
[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates the pre-defined positions of spatial neighboring blocks, from which to inherit model parameters.
[0023] FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates inheriting temporal neighboring model parameters.
[0024] FIGS. 7A-B illustrate a current block and its non-adjacent spatial neighboring blocks, from which model parameters may be inherited.
[0025] FIG. 8 conceptually illustrates a picture level index buffer for storing indices of a CCM information storage table.
[0026] FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates a sequence of pictures in different temporal ID layers.
[0027] FIG. 10 illustrates an example video encoder that may use cross-component merge mode.
[0028] FIG. 11 illustrates portions of the video encoder that implement cross-component merge mode.
[0029] FIG. 12 conceptually illustrates a process for using CCP merge mode to pixel blocks.
[0030] FIG. 13 illustrates an example video decoder that may use cross-component merge mode.
[0031] FIG. 14 illustrates portions of the video decoder that implement cross-component merge mode.
[0032] FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates a process for using CCP merge mode to pixel blocks.
[0033] FIG. 16 conceptually illustrates an electronic system with which some embodiments of the present disclosure are implemented.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. Any variations, derivatives and / or extensions based on teachings described herein are within the protective scope of the present disclosure. In some instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and / or circuitry pertaining to one or more example implementations disclosed herein may be described at a relatively high level without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of teachings of the present disclosure.
[0035] I. Cross Component Linear Model (CCLM)
[0036] Cross Component Linear Model (CCLM) or Linear Model (LM) mode is a cross component prediction mode in which chroma components of a block is predicted from the collocated reconstructed luma samples by linear models. The parameters (e.g., scale and offset) of the linear model are derived from already reconstructed luma and chroma samples that are adjacent to the block. For example, in VVC, the CCLM mode makes use of inter-channel dependencies to predict the chroma samples from reconstructed luma samples. This prediction is carried out using a linear model in the form of: P (i, j) =α·rec′L (i, j) +β (1)
[0037] P (i, j) in eq. (1) represents the predicted chroma samples in a CU (or the predicted chroma samples of the current CU) and rec′L (i, j) represents the down-sampled reconstructed luma samples of the same CU (or the corresponding reconstructed luma samples of the current CU) .
[0038] The CCLM model parameters α (scaling parameter) and β (offset parameter) are derived based on at most four neighboring chroma samples and their corresponding down-sampled luma samples. In LM_Amode (also denoted as LM-T mode) , only the above or top-neighboring template is used to calculate the linear model coefficients. In LM_L mode (also denoted as LM-L mode) , only left template is used to calculate the linear model coefficients. In LM-LA mode (also denoted as LM-LT mode) , both left and above templates are used to calculate the linear model coefficients.
[0039] FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates chroma and luma samples that are used for derivation of linear model parameters. The figure illustrates a current block 100 having luma component samples and chroma component samples in 4: 2: 0 format. The luma and chroma samples neighboring the current block are reconstructed samples. These reconstructed samples are used to derive the cross-component linear model (parameters α and β) . Since the current block in in 4: 2: 0 format, the luma samples are down-sampled first before being used for linear model derivation. In the example, there are 16 pairs of reconstructed luma (down-sampled) and chroma samples neighboring the current block. These 16 pairs of luma versus chroma values are used to derive the linear model parameters.
[0040] Suppose the current chroma block dimensions are W×H, then W' and H' are set as
[0041] – W’ = W, H’ = H when LM-LT mode is applied;
[0042] – W’ = W + H when LM-T mode is applied;
[0043] – H’ = H+W when LM-L mode is applied
[0044] The above neighboring positions are denoted as S [0, -1 ] . . . S [W’ -1, -1 ] and the left neighboring positions are denoted as S [-1, 0 ] . . . S [-1, H’ -1 ] . Then the four samples are selected as
[0045] – S[W’ / 4, -1 ] , S [3 *W’ / 4, -1 ] , S [-1, H’ / 4 ] , S [-1, 3 *H’ / 4 ] when LM-LT mode is applied (both above and left neighboring samples are available) ;
[0046] – S [W’ / 8, -1 ] , S [3 *W’ / 8, -1 ] , S [5 *W’ / 8, -1 ] , S [7 *W’ / 8, -1 ] when LM-T mode is applied (only the above neighboring samples are available) ;
[0047] – S [-1, H’ / 8 ] , S [-1, 3 *H’ / 8 ] , S [-1, 5 *H’ / 8 ] , S [-1, 7 *H’ / 8 ] when LM-L mode is applied (only the left neighboring samples are available) ;
[0048] The four neighboring luma samples at the selected positions are down-sampled and compared four times to find two larger values: x0A and x1A, and two smaller values: x0B and x1B. Their corresponding chroma sample values are denoted as y0A, y1A, y0B and y1B. Then XA, XB, YA and YB are derived as: Xa = (x0A + x1A +1) >>1; Xb = (x0B + x1B +1) >>1; (2) Ya = (y0A + y1A +1) >>1; Yb = (y0B + y1B +1) >>1 (3)
[0049] The linear model parameters α and β are obtained according to the following equations: β=Yb-α·Xb (5)
[0050] In some embodiments, to get more samples for calculating the CCLM model parameters α and β, the above template is extended to contain (W+H) samples for LM-T mode, the left template is extended to contain (H+W) samples for LM-L mode. For LM-LT mode, both the left template and the above templates are used to calculate the linear model coefficients.
[0051] To match the chroma sample locations for 4: 2: 0 video sequences, two types of down-sampling filters are applied to luma samples to achieve 2 to 1 down-sampling ratio in both horizontal and vertical directions. The selection of down-sampling filter is specified by a sequence parameter set (SPS) level flag. The two down-sampling filters are as follows, which correspond to “type-0” and “type-2” content, respectively. rec′L (i, j) = [recL (2i-1, 2j-1) +2*recL (2i, 2j-1) +recL (2i+1, 2j-1) +recL (2i- 1, 2j) +2*recL (2i, 2j) +recL (2i+1, 2j) +4] >>3 (6) rec′L (i, j) = [recL (2i, 2j-1) +recL (2i-1, 2j) +4*recL (2i, 2j) +recL (2i+1, 2j) + recL (2i, 2j+1) +4] >>3 (7)
[0052] Since separate block partitioning structure for luma and chroma components is enabled in I slices, one chroma block may correspond to multiple luma blocks. Therefore, for chroma derived mode (DM) mode, the intra prediction mode of the corresponding luma block covering the center position of the current chroma block is directly inherited.
[0053] A single unified binarization table (mapping to bin string) is used for chroma intra prediction mode according to the following table:
[0054] In the Table, the first bin indicates whether it is regular (0) or LM mode (1) . If it is LM mode, then the next bin indicates whether it is LM_CHROMA (0) or not. If it is not LM_CHROMA, next 1 bin indicates whether it is LM_L (0) or LM_A (1) . For this case, when sps_cclm_enabled_flag is 0, the first bin of the binarization table for the corresponding intra_chroma_pred_mode can be discarded prior to the entropy coding. Or, in other words, the first bin is inferred to be 0 and hence not coded. This single binarization table is used for both sps_cclm_enabled_flag equal to 0 and 1 cases. The first two bins in the table are context coded with its own context model, and the rest bins are bypass coded.
[0055] II. Multi-Model CCLM (MMLM)
[0056] Multiple model CCLM mode (MMLM) uses two models for predicting the chroma samples from the luma samples for the whole CU. Similar to CCLM, three multiple model CCLM modes (MMLM_LA, MMLM_A, and MMLM_L) are used to indicate if both above and left neighboring samples, only above neighboring samples, or only left neighboring samples are used in model parameters derivation.
[0057] In MMLM, neighbouring luma samples and neighbouring chroma samples of the current block are classified into two groups, each group is used as a training set to derive a linear model (i.e., a particular α and β are derived for a particular group) . Furthermore, the samples of the current luma block are also classified based on the same rule for the classification of neighbouring luma samples.
[0058] FIG. 2 shows an example of classifying the neighbouring samples into two groups. Threshold is calculated as the average value of the neighbouring reconstructed luma samples. A neighbouring sample at [x, y] with Rec′L [x, y] <= Threshold is classified into group 1; while a neighbouring sample at [x, y] with Rec′L [x, y] > Threshold is classified into group 2. Thus, the multi-model CCLM prediction for the chroma samples is: Predc [x, y] = α1×RecˊL [x, y] + β1 if Rec′L [x, y] ≤ Threshold Predc [x, y] = α2×RecˊL [x, y] + β2 if Rec′L [x, y] > Threshold
[0059] III. Convolutional Cross-Component Model (CCCM)
[0060] In some embodiments, a convolutional cross-component model (CCCM) is applied to improve the cross-component prediction performance. For some embodiment, the convolutional model has 7-tap filter having a 5-tap plus sign shape spatial component, a non-linear term and a bias term. The input to the spatial 5-tap component of the filter includes a center (C) luma sample (which is collocated with the chroma sample to be predicted) and the center luma sample’s above / north (N) , below / south (S) , left / west (W) and right / east (E) neighbors. FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates the spatial components of a convolutional filter. The nonlinear term (denoted as P) is represented as power of two of the center luma sample C and scaled to the sample value range of the content: P = (C*C + midVal) >> bitDepth (8)
[0061] Thus, for 10-bit content the non-linear term P is calculated as: P = (C*C + 512) >> 10
[0062] The bias term (denoted as B) represents a scalar offset between the input and output (similarly to the offset term in CCLM) and is set to middle chroma value (512 for 10-bit content) . Output of the filter is calculated as a convolution between the filter coefficients ci and the input values and clipped to the range of valid chroma samples: predChromaVal = c0C + c1N + c2S + c3E + c4W + c5P + c6B (9)
[0063] IV. Gradient Linear Model (GLM)
[0064] For YUV 4: 2: 0 color format, a gradient linear model (GLM) method can be used to predict the chroma samples from luma sample gradients. Two modes are supported: a two-parameter GLM mode and a three-parameter GLM mode.
[0065] Compared with the CCLM, instead of down-sampled luma values, the two-parameter GLM utilizes luma sample gradients to derive the linear model. Specifically, when the two-parameter GLM is applied, the input to the CCLM process, i.e., the down-sampled luma samples L, are replaced by luma sample gradients G. C = α·G + β
[0066] The other parts of the CCLM (e.g., parameter derivation, prediction sample linear transform) are kept unchanged. In the three-parameter GLM, a chroma sample can be predicted based on both the luma sample gradients and down-sampled luma values with different parameters: C = α0·G + α1·L + α2·β
[0067] The model parameters of the three-parameter GLM are derived from 6 rows and columns adjacent samples by the LDL decomposition based MSE minimization method as used in the CCCM.
[0068] For signaling, when the CCLM mode is enabled to the current CU, one flag is signaled to indicate whether GLM is enabled for both Cb and Cr components; if the GLM is enabled, another flag is signaled to indicate which of the two GLM modes is selected and one syntax element is further signaled to select one of 4 gradient filters for the gradient calculation. FIG. 4 illustrates gradient filters enabled for Gradient Linear Model (GLM) , specifically, the figure illustrates four Sobel based gradient patterns 401-404 for GLM.
[0069] V. Cross-Component Merge Mode
[0070] a. Inheriting parameters for refining the cross-component model parameters
[0071] In some embodiments, if the inherited neighbor block is coded in CCLM mode, the final scaling parameter of the current block is inherited from the neighboring blocks. Once the final scaling parameter is determined, the offset parameter (e.g., β in CCLM) is derived based on the inherited scaling parameter and the average value of neighboring luma and chroma samples of the current block.
[0072] In some embodiments, if the inherited neighbor block is coded in CCLM mode, after inheriting model parameters, the offset parameter can be inherited or can be further refined by dB. For example, if the offset parameter is inherited from a selected neighboring block, and the inherited offset parameter is β′nei, then the final offset parameter is (β′nei + dB) . dB can be zero.
[0073] In some embodiments, if the inherited neighbor block is coded with CCCM, the filter coefficients (ci) are inherited. The offset parameter (e.g., c6×B or c6 in CCCM) can be re-derived based on the inherited parameter and the average value of neighboring corresponding position luma and chroma samples of the current block. In some embodiments, if the inherited neighbor block is coded with CCCM, the filter coefficients (ci) are inherited. The offset parameter (e.g., c6×B or c6 in CCCM) is also inherited and is not re-derived. In some embodiments, if the inherited candidate applies GLM gradient pattern to its luma reconstruction samples, the current block shall also inherit the GLM gradient pattern of the candidate and apply to the current luma reconstruction samples.
[0074] In some embodiments, if the inherited neighbor block is coded with multiple cross-component models (e.g., MMLM, or CCCM with multi-model) , the classification threshold is also inherited to classify the neighboring samples of the current block into multiple groups, and the inherited multiple cross-component model parameters are further assigned to each group.
[0075] b. Inheriting CCM information
[0076] When applying cross-component prediction coding tool on the current block to generate prediction signals, the cross-component model (CCM) information, including model parameters can be inherited from neighboring blocks. In some embodiments, the CCM information of the inherited cross-component model can be stored together with the inherited model parameters. The CCM information can be inherited together with the inherited model parameters. The prediction of the current block can be generated based on the inherited CCM information and inherited model parameters. The CCM information may include, but not limited to, (cross-component) prediction mode (e.g., CCLM, MMLM, CCCM, CCCM with multi-models, 2-parameter GLM, 3-parameter GLM (GLM with luma terms) , CCRM) , information indicating whether non-linear terms are used in the model, model index for indicating which model shape is used in convolutional model, classification threshold for multi-model, information indicating whether non-down-sampled samples are used in convolutional model, down-sampling filter flag, down-sampling filtering index when multiple down-sampling filters are used, information indicating whether multiple down-sampling filters are used, number of neighboring lines used to derive model, types of templates used to derive model (e.g., top-left, top, left) , multi-model flag, post-filtering flag or model parameters.
[0077] In some embodiments, a mixed CCCM model having various terms (e.g., spatial term, gradient term, location term, non-linear term, and bias term) can be inherited. In addition to storing model parameters, a prediction mode can be included in the CCM information to indicate that the inherited model is a mixed CCCM model having various terms. If there are multiple types of mixed CCCM models, a model index can also be stored in the CCM information to indicate which type of mixed CCCM model is inherited. For example, gradient and location based CCCM (GL-CCCM) may be a mixed CCCM model which consists of one spatial term in center position, two gradient terms for horizontal direction and vertical direction, two location term X and Y for the relative horizontal location and relative vertical location, one non-linear term and one bias term. A prediction mode can be stored in the CCM information to indicate that the inherited model is a GL-CCCM model.
[0078] c. Inheriting Spatial Neighboring Model Parameters
[0079] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters can be from a block that is an immediate neighboring block. The models from blocks at pre-defined positions are added into a CCP merge candidate list in a pre-defined order. The CCP merge candidate list may include models from spatial, temporal, and non-adjacent neighbors, and / or from history tables and / or from default models.
[0080] A video encoder may signal the index to select a CCP merge candidate from the list. The video decoder may generate the corresponding predictor of the current block based on the selected inherited candidate model parameters. In some embodiments, the video encoder may signal a flag to indicate whether CCP Merge mode is used (e.g., after cclm_mode_flag) . In some embodiments, an on / off flag is signaled to indicate if the current block inherits the cross-component model parameters from neighboring blocks or not (i.e., CCP Merge mode is used or not) . The flag can be signaled per CU / CB, per PU, per TU / TB, or per color component, or per chroma color component. In some embodiments, when the flag is true, an index is signaled to indicate which CCP Merge candidate is selected. If the current block inherits the cross-component model parameters from neighboring blocks, the inherit candidate index is signalled. The index can be signalled (e.g., signalled using truncate unary code, Exp-Golomb code, or fix length code) and shared among both the current Cb and Cr blocks.
[0081] In some embodiments, the pre-defined positions and the pre-defined order can be the same as those of spatial candidates for inter merge mode. FIG. 5 illustrates the pre-defined positions of spatial neighboring blocks, from which to inherit model parameters. The pre-defined order can be B0, A0, B1, A1 and B2 as their respective model parameters are added to the CCP merge candidate list.
[0082] In some embodiments, assuming the position, width, and height of the current block are (x, y) , W and H respectively, the pre-defined positions may include positions immediate above the current block, such as (x + W >> 1, y-1) or (x + (W+1) >> 1, y-1) , if W is greater than or equal to a threshold TH. The pre-defined positions may also include positions immediate left to the current blocks, such as (x-1, y+H>>1) or (x-1, y+ (H+1) >>1) , if H is greater than or equal to a threshold TH. TH can be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64. The pre-defined positions include the positions at the immediate above (W >> 1) or ( (W >> 1) –1) position if W is greater than or equal to TH, and the positions at the immediate left (H >> 1) or ( (H >> 1) –1) position if H is greater than or equal to TH.
[0083] In some embodiments, there is a maximum number of inherited models from spatial neighbors that can be added into the CCP merge candidate list, and the maximum number is smaller than the number of pre-defined positions.
[0084] d. Inheriting temporal neighboring model parameters
[0085] In some embodiments, if the current slice / picture is a non-intra slice / picture, the inherited model parameters can be from the block in the previous coded slices / pictures.
[0086] FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates inheriting temporal neighboring model parameters. As illustrated, the current position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at position (x’ , y’ ) , (x’ , y’ + h / 2) , (x’ + w / 2, y’ ) , (x’ + w / 2, y’ + h / 2) , (x’ + w, y’ ) , (x’ , y’ + h) , or (x’ + w, y’ + h) of the previous coded slices / picture, where x’ = x + Δx and y’ = y + Δy. In some embodiments, if the prediction mode of the current block is intra, Δx and Δy are set to 0. If the prediction mode of the current block is inter, Δx and Δy are set to the horizontal and vertical motion vector of the current block. In some embodiments, if the current block is inter bi-prediction, Δx and Δy are set to the horizontal and vertical motion vector in reference picture list 0. In some embodiments, if the current block is inter bi-prediction, Δx and Δy are set to the horizontal and vertical motion vector in reference picture list 1.
[0087] In some embodiments, if the current slice / picture is a non-intra slice / picture, the inherited model parameters can be from the block in the previous coded slices / pictures. In one embodiment, the current block position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The two value sets αx and αy are defined as: αx={αx1, αx2, αx3, …, αxn} , αxi<αxj if i<j αy={αy1, αy2, αy3, …, αyn} , αyi<αyj if i<j
[0088] In some embodiments, all values in αx and αy are positive numbers. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (xmid±αxi×w, ymid±αyi×h) , (xmid±αxi×w, ymid) , (xmid, ymid±αyi×h) of the previous coded slices / picture.
[0089] In some embodiments, the current block position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (x+αxi×w, y+αyi×h) , (x+αxi×w, y-αyi×h) , (x-αxi×w, y+αyi×h) , (x-αxi×w, y-αyi×h) , (x+αxi×w, y) , (x-αxi×w, y) , (x, y+αyi×h) , (x, y-αyi×h) of the previous coded slices / picture.
[0090] In some embodiments, αx= αy , e.g., αx=αy= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} . In some embodiments, αx ≠ αy, e.g., and αy= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} .
[0091] In some embodiments, the models from the positions closer to (xmid, ymid) are added into the final (CCP) merge candidate list first. In some embodiments, the models from the positions closer to (x, y) are added into the final (CCP) merge candidate list first.
[0092] In some embodiments, let δx and δy be two fixed positive numbers, the inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (xmid+αxi×δx, ymid+αyi×δy) , (xmid+αxi×δx, ymid-αyi×δy) , (xmid-αxi×δx, ymid+αyi×δy) , (xmid-αxi×δx, ymid-αyi×δy) , (xmid+αxi×δx, ymid) , (xmid-αxi×δx, ymid) , (xmid, ymid+αyi×δy) , (xmid, ymid-αyi×δy) of the previous coded slices / picture.
[0093] Let the current block position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. Let δx and δy be two fixed positive numbers The inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (x+αxi×δx, y+αyi×δy) , (x+αxi×δx, y-αyi×δy) , (x-αxi×δx, y+αyi×δy) , (x-αxi×δx, y-αyi×δy) , (x+αxi×δx, y) , (x-αxi×δx, y) , (x, y+αyi×δy) , (x, y-αyi×δy) of the previous coded slices / picture.
[0094] In some embodiments, the current block position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at some pre-defined positions (x′, y′) of the previous coded slices / picture. For one example, the positions are inside the corresponding area of the current encoding block, i.e., x≤x′<x+w and y≤y′<y+h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at (x, y) , (x+w-1, y) , (x, y+h-1) , (x+w-1, y+h-1) , For another example, the positions are outside of the corresponding area of the current encoding block, i.e., x′<x+or x′≥x+w, and y′<y or y′≥y+h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at (x-1, y) , (x, y-1) , (x-1, y-1) , (x+w, y) , (x+w-1, y-1) , (x+w, y-1) , (x, y+h) , (x-1, y+h-1) , (x-1, y+h) , (x+w, y+h-1) , (x+w-1, y+h) , (x+w, y+h) .
[0095] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters can be from the block at some pre-defined positions. The pre-defined positions and the inclusion order can be the same as those of inter merge mode. The previous coded picture which the inherited parameter model is from is referred as the collocated picture hereafter. In some embodiments, the previous coded picture the inherited parameter model is from, i.e., the collocated picture, is one of the pictures in the reference lists.
[0096] In some embodiments, the collocated picture can be the same as the collocated picture of inter merge mode. In some embodiments, the collocated picture is signaled in the picture / slice header. The reference list and the reference index are signaled in the picture / slice header. For example, the collocated picture is selected as L0 [0] . For another example, the collocated picture is selected as L1 [0] . In some embodiments, the collocated picture is selected as the picture in the reference lists whose picture order count (POC) difference with the current picture is the smallest. (Apicture order count of a picture is a value that indicates the temporal order of the picture in a sequence of pictures. ) For example, if the POC of current picture is 8, the POCs of pictures in reference list 0 are {7, 6, 5, 0} and POCs of pictures in reference list 1 are {7, 6, 5, 4} , then L0 [0] (equivalent to L1 [0] ) is selected since its POC difference is the smallest. In some embodiment, if there are two pictures whose POC difference between it and the current picture are both the smallest, the picture with the smaller POC is selected. In some embodiment, if there are two pictures whose POC difference between it and the current picture are both the smallest, the picture with the larger POC is selected. In some embodiments, if there are two pictures whose POC difference between it and the current picture are both the smallest, the picture with smaller QP difference between it and the current picture is selected. In some embodiments, if there are two pictures whose POC difference between it and the current picture are both the smallest, the picture with the smaller QP is selected. In some embodiments, if there are two pictures whose POC difference between it and the current picture are both the smallest, the picture with the larger QP is selected.
[0097] In some embodiments, the collocated picture is selected as the picture in the reference lists whose QP difference between it and the current picture is the smallest. For example, if the QP of current picture is 28, and the QPs of the pictures in reference list 0 are {19, 26, 23} and the QPs of the pictures in reference list 1 are {23, 22, 21} . Then L0 [1] is selected. In some embodiments, if there are more than one picture in the reference lists whose QP difference between it and the current picture are the smallest, the picture with the smaller QP is selected. In some embodiments, if there are more than one picture in the reference lists whose QP difference between it and the current picture are the smallest, the picture with the larger QP is selected. In some embodiments, if there are more than one picture whose QP difference between it and the current picture are the smallest, the picture with the smaller POC distance is selected. In some embodiments, the collocated picture is selected as the picture in the reference lists whose QP is the smallest. In some embodiments, the collocated picture is selected as the picture in the reference lists whose QP is the largest.
[0098] In some embodiments, the previous coded picture which the inherited parameter model is from, i.e., the collocated picture, is the most recently coded I-picture. The cross-component model information of the most recently coded I-slice / picture is stored in a long-term reference buffer.
[0099] In some embodiments, the collocated picture and the pre-defined positions where the inherited parameter model is from is determined by the motion vector of a neighboring block. For example, if the current block position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at position (x’ , y’ ) , (x’ , y’ + h / 2) , (x’ + w / 2, y’ ) , (x’ + w / 2, y’ + h / 2) , (x’ + w, y’ ) , (x’ , y’ + h) , or (x’ + w, y’ + h) of the collocated picture, where x’ = x + Δx and y’ = y + Δy. In some embodiments, Δx and Δy are set to the L0 horizontal and vertical motion vector of the neighboring block, and the collocated picture is the L0 reference picture indicated by the L0 motion vector of the neighboring block. In some embodiments, if the neighboring block is inter bi-prediction, Δx and Δy are set to the L1 horizontal and vertical motion vector of the neighboring block, and the collocated picture is the L1 reference picture indicated by the L1 motion vector of the neighboring block. In some embodiments, the neighboring block is the left block of the current block. In some embodiments, the neighboring block is the above block of the current block.
[0100] In some embodiments, the pre-defined positions in the previous coded slices / pictures where the inherited parameter model is from is determined by the motion vector of a neighboring block. Let Δx and Δy be the horizontal and vertical displacement determined based on the selected motion vector of the neighboring block, the current block position is at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at position (x’ , y’ ) , where x’ = x + Δx and y’ = y + Δy, or where x’ = x +w / 2 +Δx and y’ = y + h / 2 +Δy.
[0101] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters can also be from the positions in the patterns described in earlier paragraphs. The positions are centered at (x’ , y’ ) , where x’ = x + Δx and y’ = y + Δy, or where x’ = x + w / 2 +Δx and y’ = y + h / 2 +Δy. That is, denote the pre-defined positions as (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3) , …, (xN, yN) , the inherited model parameters can be from (x1+Δx, y1+Δy) , (x2+Δx, y2+Δy) , (x3+Δx, y3+Δy) , …, (xN+Δx, yN+Δy) , where Δx and Δy are the horizontal and vertical displacements determined based on the selected motion vector of the neighbouring block. For example, let the current block size be w×h. The two value sets αx and αy are defined as: αx={αx1, αx2, αxx, …, αxn} , αxi<αxj if i<j αy={αy1, αy2, αy3, …, αyn} , αyi<αyj if i<j
[0102] All values in αx and αy are positive numbers. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (x′+αxi×w, y′+αyi×h) , (x′+αxi×w, y′-αyi×h) , (x′-αxi×w, y′+αyi×h) , (x′-αxi×w, y′-αyi×h) , (x′+αxi×w, y′) , (x′-αxi×w, y′) , (x′, y′+αyi×h) , (x′, y′-αyi×h) of the previous coded slices / picture. For another example, let δx and δy be two fixed positive numbers. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (x′+αxi×δx, y′+αyi×δy) , (x′+αxi×δx, y′-αyi×δy) , (x′-αxi×δx, y′+αyi×δy) , (x′-αxi×δx, y′-αyi×δy) , (x′+αxi×δx, y′) , (x′-αxi×δx, y′) , (x′, y′+αyi×δy) , (x′, y′-αyi×δy) of the previous coded slices / picture. For another example, the inherited model parameters can be from the block at some pre- defined positions relative to (x′, y′) of the previous coded slices / picture. The positions can be (x′, y′) , (x′+w-1, y′) , (x′, y′+h-1) , (x′+w-1, y′+h-1) , For another example, the positions can be (x′-1, y′) , (x′, y′-1) , (x′-1, y′-1) , (x′+w, y′) , (x′+w-1, y′-1) , (x′+w, y′-1) , (x′, y′+h) , (x′-1, y′+h-1) , (x′-1, y′+h) , (x′+w, y′+h-1) , (x′+w-1, y′+h) , (x′+w, y′+h) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the neighboring block can be at a pre-defined position. For example, the position can be at the A0 position as depicted in FIG. 5. The pre-defined position can also be at A1, B0, B1, B2. If the block at the pre-defined position is not an inter block, no neighboring block is selected.
[0104] In some embodiments, when selecting the neighboring block, there can be a list of pre-defined positions. The positions are placed according to the checking order. For example, the positions can be B0, A0, B1, A1 and B2 as depicted in FIG. 5. The selected neighboring block can be the first position in the list that is an inter block. The L0 motion vector is selected. If the L0 motion vector is not available, select the L1 motion vector. For another example, the L1 motion vector is selected. If the L1 motion vector is not available, select the L0 motion vector.
[0105] In some embodiments, if the collocated picture has been determined (e.g., it can be determined with the methods described in earlier paragraphs in this section) , the positions in the list of pre-defined positions are checked in the pre-defined checking order. The selected motion vector is the first whose reference picture is the collocated picture. For example, the positions can be B0, A0, B1, A1 and B2 as depicted in FIG. 5. For each position, the L0 motion vector is first checked, and then the L1 motion vector. That is, the checking order is (B0, L0) , (B0, L1) , (A0, L0) , (A0, L1) , …, (B2, L1) . In some embodiments, the L1 motion vector is first checked, and then the L0 motion vector.
[0106] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters can also be from the positions in the patterns described above. The positions are centered at (x’ , y’ ) , where x’ = x + Δx and y’ = y + Δy. The horizontal and vertical displacement Δx and Δy are determined based on the selected motion vector of the neighboring block. For example, if the reference picture of the selected motion vector and the collocated picture are the same picture, Δx equals to the horizontal part of the selected motion vector and Δy equals to the vertical part of the selected motion vector. If the horizontal part or the vertical part of the selected motion vector is fractional, Δx equals to the horizontal part of the selected motion vector after rounding and Δy equals to the vertical part of the selected motion vector after rounding. The rounding method used can be but not limited to the following methods: rounding toward negative infinity, rounding toward positive infinity, rounding toward zero, or rounding to the nearest integer (e.g., rounding away from zero, rounding half up, rounding half down, …) . For another example, if the reference picture of the selected motion vector and the collocated picture are not the same. The reference picture can be one of the pictures in the reference list, while the collocated picture is signaled in the picture / slice header. Let the POC distance between the current picture and the reference picture of the selected motion vector be tb, and the POC distance between the current picture and the collocated picture be td, the selected motion vector be (mv_x, mv_y) . Δx = mv_x * (td / tb) and Δy = mv_y * (td / tb) . If mv_x * (td / tb) or mv_y * (td / tb) is fractional, Δx equals to mv_x * (td / tb) after rounding or the horizontal part of the selected motion vector after rounding and Δy equals to mv_y * (td / tb) after rounding or the vertical part of the selected motion vector after rounding. The rounding method used can be but not limited to the following methods: rounding toward negative infinity, rounding toward positive infinity, rounding toward zero, or rounding to the nearest integer (e.g., rounding away from zero, rounding half up, rounding half down, …) .
[0107] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters are derived by using the luma and chroma reconstruction samples of the collocated block. Let the current block position be at (x, y) and the block size is w×h. The collocated block is a block positioned at (x’ , y’ ) in the collocated picture with block size w×h, when the inherited model is from position (x’ , y’ ) . For another example, the collocated block can be a block positioned at (x’ , y’ ) in the collocated picture with block size m×n, where m and n are fixed positive values. For example, the collocated block can be at (x, y) . For another example, if Δx and Δy are the L0 horizontal and vertical motion vector of the neighboring block, and the collocated picture is the L0 reference picture indicated by the L0 motion vector of the neighboring block, the collocated block can be at (x+Δx, y+Δy) in the collocated picture. (x’ , y’ ) can be the positions in the patterns described in earlier paragraphs. For example, (x’ , y’ ) can be (x+αxi×w, y+αyi×h) , (x+αxi×w, y-αyi×h) , (x-αxi×w, y+αyi×h) , (x-αxi×w, y-αyi×h) , (x+αxi×w, y) , (x-αxi×w, y) , (x, y+αyi×h) , (x, y-αyi×h) .
[0108] In some embodiments, the cross-component parameter model can be inherited from more than one previous coded picture. The cross-component parameter model can be inherited from any picture in a picture set, which contains N previous coded pictures. An index can be signaled / parsed in the bitstream to indicate the selected picture. The index ranges from 0 to N-1. In some embodiments, the picture whose POC difference between it and the current picture is smaller is associated with the smaller index. In another sub-embodiment, the picture whose QP difference between it and the current picture is smaller is associated with the smaller index. In some embodiments, the picture whose QP is smaller is associated with the smaller index. In some embodiments, the picture whose QP is larger is associated with the smaller index.
[0109] e. Inherit Non-Adjacent Spatial Neighboring Models
[0110] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters can be from blocks that are non-adjacent spatial neighboring blocks (that are not adjacent to the current block) . The models from blocks at pre-defined positions are added into the CCP merge candidate list in a pre-defined order. In some embodiments, the pre-defined positions and the pre-defined order are the same as those of non-adjacent spatial neighboring candidates for inter merge mode.
[0111] FIGS. 7A-B illustrate a current block 700 and its non-adjacent spatial neighboring blocks, from which model parameters may be inherited. The figure also illustrates the pre-defined positions and their pre-defined order. FIG. 7A shows non-adjacent spatial positions in their pre-defined order according to a first pattern (Pattern 1) . FIG. 7B shows non-adjacent spatial positions in their pre-defined order according to a second pattern (Pattern 2) . The positions of the numbered squares are the pre-defined positions. The number inside each square indicates the pre-defined order. Positions in Pattern 1 is added into the list before positions in Pattern 2. The distance between each pre-defined positions are proportional to the width and height of the current block.
[0112] In some embodiments, there is a maximum number of inherited models from non-adjacent spatial neighbors that can be added into the CCP merge candidate list, and the maximum number is smaller than the number of pre-defined positions.
[0113] In some embodiments, let the current block position be (x, y) and the block size be w×h. The two value sets αx and αy are defined as: αx={αx1, αx2, αx3, …, αxn} , αxi<αxj if i<j αy={αy1, αy2, αy3, …, αyn} , αyi<αyi if i<j
[0114] All values in αx and αy are positive numbers. Let x’ = x + Δx and y’ = y + Δy. The inherited model parameters can be from the positions determined by x’ and y’ . For example, the inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (x′+αxi×w, y′+αyi×h) , (x′+αxi×w, y′-αyi×h) , (x′-αxi×w, y′+αyi×h) , (x′-αxi×w, y′-αyi×h) , (x′+αxi×w, 0) , (x′-αxi×w, 0) , (0, y′+αyi×h) , (0, y′-αyi×h) , (x′+αxi×w, y′) , (x′-αxi×w, y′) , (x′, y′+αyi×h) , (x′, y′-αyi×h) . For another example, let δx and δy be two fixed positive numbers. The inherited model parameters can be from the block at positions (x′+αxi×δx, y′+αyi×δy) , (x′+αxi×δx, y′-αyi×δy) , (x′-αxi×δx, y′+αyi×δy) , (x′-αxi×δx, y′-αyi×δy) , (x′+αxi×δx, 0) , (x′-αxi×δx, 0) , (0, y′+αyi×δy) , (0, y′-αyi×δy) , (x′+αxi×δx, y′) , (x′-αxi×δx, y′) , (x′, y′+αyi×δy) , (x′, y′-αyi×δy) . For another example, the inherited model parameters can be from the block at some pre-defined positions relative to (x′, y′) of the previous coded slices / picture. The positions can be (x′, y′) , (x′+w-1, y′) , (x′, y′+h-1) , (x′+w-1, y′+h-1) , For another example, the positions can be (x′-1, y′) , (x′, y′-1) , (x′-1, y′-1) , (x′+w, y′) , (x′+w-1, y′-1) , (x′+w, y′-1) , (x′, y′+h) , (x′-1, y′+h-1) , (x′-1, y′+h) , (x′+w, y′+h-1) , (x′+w-1, y′+h) , (x′+w, y′+h) . For another example, the position can be (x’ , y’ ) , (x’, y’ + h / 2) , (x’ + w / 2, y’ ) , (x’ + w / 2, y’ + h / 2) , (x’ + w, y’ ) , (x’ , y’ + h) , or (x’ + w, y’ + h) .
[0115] In some embodiments, if the prediction mode of the current block is based on a block vector that references the current picture (e.g., intra-block copy mode, or IBC) , Δx and Δy can be set according to the horizontal and vertical block vector of the current block. For example, Δx and Δy can be equal to the horizontal and vertical block vector of the current block. In some embodiments, Δx and Δy can be set according to the horizontal and vertical block vector of a neighboring block. For example, Δx and Δy can be equal to the horizontal and vertical block vector of a neighboring block.
[0116] f. Inheriting Model Parameters from History Table
[0117] In some embodiments, the inherited model parameters can be from a cross-component model history table. The history table stores CCM information of valid previous coded blocks. The valid previous coded block refers to any blocks containing valid CCM information. The cross-component models in the history table can be added into the CCP merge candidate list according to a pre-defined order. In some embodiments, the adding order of historical candidate can be from the beginning of the table to the end of the table. In some embodiments, the adding order of historical candidate can be from the end of the table to the beginning of the table.
[0118] In some embodiments, one cross-component model history table can be maintained for storing the previous cross-component model (i.e., CCM information) , and the cross-component model history table can be reset at the start of the current picture, current slice, current tile, every M CTU rows or every N CTUs, where N and M can be any value greater than 0. In some embodiments, the cross-component model history table can be reset at the end of the current picture, current slice, current tile, current CTU row or current CTU.
[0119] In some embodiments, multiple history tables are used for storing different types of cross- component models. For example, the first history table is used for storing single model, and the second history table is used for storing multi-model. For another example, the first history table is used for storing gradient model, and the second history table is used for storing non-gradient model. For another example, the first history table is used for storing simple linear model (e.g., y = ax + b) , and the second history table is used for storing complicated model (e.g., CCCM) .
[0120] In some embodiments, when adding historical candidates from multiple history tables to the CCP merge candidate list, the adding order can be from the beginning of to the end of a certain table, and then the next history table is added in the same order or in a reversed order.
[0121] g. Inheriting from fusion mode
[0122] Fusion mode refers to a mode that fuses two predictions to generate the final prediction. In the chroma intra fusion mode, a chroma intra prediction that is not generated using a cross-component prediction (CCP) coding tool (e.g., CCLM, MMLM, CCCM) is fused with another chroma intra prediction generated using a cross-component prediction coding tool. For example, a non-CCLM coded intra prediction and a CCLM coded intra prediction are fused together to obtain the final intra prediction.
[0123] In some embodiments, when inheriting the cross-component model parameters from the block / position coded by chroma intra fusion mode, the model parameters for obtaining the CCP coded intra prediction are inherited and further refined. In some embodiments, in addition to inheriting and refining the CCP model parameters, the fusion weight, the coding mode of non-CCP coded intra prediction are also inherited. That is, the chroma intra fusion mode is inherited.
[0124] h. Constructing Candidate List
[0125] In some embodiments, the CCP merge candidate list is constructed by adding candidates in a pre-defined order until the maximum candidate number is reached. The candidates added can include all or some of the forementioned candidates, but not limited to the forementioned candidates. For example, the pre-defined order can be spatial adjacent candidates, temporal candidates, spatial non-adjacent candidates, historical candidates, and then default candidates.
[0126] In some embodiments, if all the pre-defined neighboring and historical candidates are added but the maximum candidate number is not reached, some default candidates are added into the CCP merge candidate list until the maximum candidate number is reached. In some embodiments, the default candidates can be CCLM models. The scaling parameter α is from the set {0, 1 / 8, –1 / 8, 2 / 8, –2 / 8, …., N / 8, –N / 8} , where N is a positive integer.
[0127] The offset parameter β can be or can be derived based on neighboring luma and chroma samples. For example, if the average value of neighboring luma and chroma samples are lumaAvg and chromaAvg, β = chromaAvg –α·lumaAvg.
[0128] In some embodiments, the inclusion order of the default candidates can depend on the absolute value and the sign of the scaling parameter α. For example, the default candidates for α are added into the list in the following order: 0, 1 / 8, –1 / 8, 2 / 8, –2 / 8, …, N / 8, –N / 8.
[0129] In some embodiments, a default candidate can be an earlier candidate with a delta scaling parameter refinement. The earlier candidate is a CCLM model. If the scaling parameter of an earlier candidate is α, the scaling parameter of a default candidate is (α+Δα) . For example, Δα can be 1 / 8, -1 / 8, 2 / 8, -2 / 8, …N / 8, -N / 8, where N is a positive integer. The offset parameter β can be derived based on (α+Δα) and the average values of neighboring luma and chroma samples of the current block. In some embodiments, the earlier candidate is the first CCLM candidate added into the list. In some embodiments, the inclusion order of the default candidates can depend on the absolute value and the sign of the refinement Δα. For example, the default candidates for Δα are added into the list in the following order: 0, 1 / 8, –1 / 8, 2 / 8, –2 / 8, …, N / 8, –N / 8.
[0130] j. Remove or Modify Similar Neighboring Model Parameters
[0131] When inheriting cross-component model parameters from other blocks as a candidate, the similarity between the inherited model and the existing models in the CCP merge candidate list can be checked. If the inherited model of a candidate (i.e., the model parameter of a candidate) is similar to one of the existing models, the inherited model will not be included into the CCP merge candidate list. Otherwise, the model is included. In some embodiments, if a candidate position point to a CU which is the same one as that of the existing candidates, the model of the candidate is similar to that existing candidate and hence is not included.
[0132] In some embodiments, if the mode of the model of a candidate is not the same as that of the existing model, the model of a candidate is not similar to the existing model. In some embodiments, the parameters of the inherited model of a candidate can be compared with the parameters of existing models. If all of the corresponding parameters are the same, or all the differences between the corresponding parameters are smaller than pre-defined thresholds, the two models are similar. Otherwise, they are not similar. For example, when the models are both CCLM mode, α, or α and β, of the inherited model can be compared with those of existing candidates to decide whether to include the model of a candidate or not. For example, in some embodiments, if α, or α and β of the candidate is / are the same as that of the existing candidates, the model of the candidate is not included. In some embodiments, if the difference of α, or αand β between the candidate and those of existing candidates is / are less than respective thresholds, the model of the candidate is not included. The thresholds can be adaptive based on coding information (e.g., the current block size or area) . For example, when the models are both CCCM mode, the similarity of the CCCM parameters (c0, to c6) can be checked to decide whether to include the model of a candidate or not.
[0133] In some embodiments, the similarity of two models can be determined by computing the output of the model based on some pre-defined input. For example, when the models are both CCLM mode, it can compare (α × lumaAvg + β) with those of existing models, where lumaAvg is the average value of the neighboring luma samples, to decide whether to include the model of a candidate or not. For example, if (α × lumaAvg + β) of the candidate is the same as that of the existing candidates, the model of the candidate is not included. For example, if the difference of (α × lumaAvg + β) between the candidate and one of existing candidates is less than a threshold, the model of the candidate is not included. The threshold can be adaptive based on coding information (e.g., the current block size or area) .
[0134] In some embodiments, only partial model parameters are compared. For example, a CCLM candidate has scale and offset parameters, only the scale or the offset parameters of the inherited model are compared with those of existing candidates. If the scale or offset parameters of both models are the same or similar, the inherited model will not be included into the CCP merge candidate list. For example, a CCCM candidate has c0 to c6 parameters, only n parameters (n < 7) of the inherited models are compared with those of existing candidates. If all of the n parameters are the same or similar, the inherited model will not be included into the CCP merge candidate list.
[0135] In some embodiments, a video coder may apply a candidate model to the neighboring reconstruction samples of the current block to generate prediction and compare the prediction with the prediction generated by applying the existing candidate models to the neighboring reconstruction samples. If the difference value is less than or equal to a threshold, the model will not be included into the CCP merge candidate list. For example, assume the applied result is and the corresponding results of the existing models in the CCP merge candidate list are to th, …, or the model will not be included into the CCP merge candidate list. For the selection of the neighboring reconstruction samples, the video coder may choose the neighboring reconstruction sample with the maximal value, the neighboring reconstruction sample with the minimal value, the mean / median / mode of the neighboring reconstruction samples, the left-side neighboring reconstruction samples, the above-side neighboring reconstruction samples, or the above-left neighboring reconstruction samples.
[0136] VI. Storing Temporal Models in an Indexed Table
[0137] In some embodiments, CCM information from previous coded (i.e., encoded or decoded) slices / pictures are stored in a table, and a picture-level index buffer is created to store the index of the table. The index buffer has the same size as a picture.
[0138] FIG. 8 conceptually illustrates a picture level index buffer for storing indices of a CCM information storage table. The CCM information or the parameter model used to encode a pixel block in the current picture is to be inherited from a previously coded picture (or collocated picture) . The collocated picture has a corresponding index buffer 820. When referencing the CCM information at position (x, y) (which may be a pixel position or a block position) inside the collocated picture, an index value is retrieved from the position (x, y) in the index buffer 820. If the index value indicates that no CCM information is available at position (x, y) , no CCM information can be referenced. Otherwise, an item in an indexed CCM table 830 indicated by the index value is obtained as the CCM information to be referenced. In the example, position (4, 0) (position 824) in the index buffer 820 has index value ‘2’ , which correspond to index 2 position in the indexed CCM table 830. The index 2 position in the indexed CCM table 830 stores a set of CCM information labeled “CCP2” . (Index value ‘0’ indicates no CCM information) .
[0139] In some embodiments, the table storing the CCM information (e.g., the indexed table 830 in FIG. 8, also called a CCM table) is a picture-level table. CCM information from different pictures are stored in separate tables. In some embodiments, one table is created to store CCM information from all pictures. In some embodiments, one table is created for each temporal id (or ID for each temporal layer) . CCM information from the layer with the same temporal id is stored in the same table. In some embodiments, several tables are used to store CCM information from one picture. A picture can be divided into several regions, with each region corresponding to its own table.
[0140] FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates a sequence of pictures in different temporal ID layers. The figure shows pictures with different picture order counts (POC) being assigned different temporal IDs. For example, pictures with POCs 8 and 24 are assigned temporal ID = 2, pictures with POCs 4, 12, 20, and 28 are assigned temporal ID = 3, pictures with POCs 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 30 are assigned temporal ID = 4, etc.
[0141] In some embodiments, after storing CCM information at position (x, y) of the current encoding / decoding picture into the corresponding table, the table index value of that CCM information is saved in the index buffer of the current encoding / decoding picture at position (x, y) . If no CCM information is available at position (x, y) (e.g., the CU covering position (x, y) is not coded in cross-component prediction modes, such as CCLM, MMLM, CCCM, CCCM multi-models, chroma fusion, or other cross-component models. ) , the value at position (x, y) in the index buffer is set to indicate that no CCM information is available.
[0142] In some embodiments, the size for a table used to store CCM information (e.g., the indexed table 830) has a maximum size limit. A high-level syntax can be signaled in SPS, PPS, PH or SH to indicate the maximum size limit. If a table has reached its maximum size when attempting to store new CCM information into the table, the new CCM information is not stored into the table. In some embodiments, if a table has reached its maximum size when attempting to store new CCM information into the table, the CCM information stored earliest is deleted to free up space in the table.
[0143] In some embodiments, when the tables to store CCM information are picture-level tables, the maximum size limit for tables of intra frames are larger than the maximum size limit for tables of the inter frames. (An intra frame is a frame or picture that is coded using only intra prediction, e.g., having only intra (I) slices. An inter frame is frame or picture that is at least partially coded using inter prediction, e.g., having one or more bi-predictive (B) or predictive (P) slices. )
[0144] In some embodiments, tables associated with pictures with larger temporal id (layer) have smaller maximum size limit. In some embodiments, one table is created for each temporal id, and cross component models (and / or other CCM information) from (pictures of) the layer with the same temporal id are stored in the same table. In the example of FIG. 9, indexed table 910 is used to store CCM information from pictures with temporal ID=0 (i.e., pictures 0 and 32) , indexed table 911 is used to store CCM information from pictures with temporal ID=1 (i.e., picture 16) , indexed table 912 is used to store CCM information from pictures with temporal ID=2 (i.e., pictures 8 and 24) , etc. In some embodiments, for random access configuration, the CCM information from pictures in the largest temporal id layer is not stored. In the example of FIG. 9, the largest temporal id layer is temporal id = 5, which includes pictures 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…. Thus, the CCM information of pictures 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 are not stored, and the indexed table for storing CCM / CCP information are not created. Hence the size of the table is 0 (i.e., the table is not created) . The associated index buffers are also not created.
[0145] In some embodiments, the maximum size limit of a table is related to the POC distance between the picture associated with the CCM table and the closest intra frame of the associated picture (in terms of POC distance) that’s previously coded. The shorter the POC distance is, the larger the maximum size limit is.
[0146] In some embodiments, when several tables are used to store CCM information from one picture. A picture can be divided into several regions, with each region corresponding to its own table. The CCM tables can have different maximum size limits or can have the same maximum size limit. In some embodiments, the tables associated with pictures with larger temporal id have smaller maximum size limit.
[0147] It is empirically observed that the number of cross-component model stored in (CCM tables of) inter frames are significantly smaller than the number in (CCM tables of) intra frames. In random access configuration, the number of cross-component model stored in inter frames is highly related to the frame’s temporal id. In low-delay configuration, the number of cross-component model stored in inter frames is highly related to the frame’s POC distance from an intra frame.
[0148] In some embodiments, when attempting to store CCM information at position (x, y) of the picture into the table, the similarity between the to-be-added CCM information and the existing CCM information in the table can be compared. If the to-be-added CCM information is similar to an existing CCM information, the to-be-added CCM information will not be stored, and the index of that existing CCM information is stored at the position (x, y) in the index buffer. The similarity between CCM information can be determined through methods that are the same as those used to compare models when adding models into the (CCP) merge candidate list, as described in Section V. h above “Remove or modify similar neighboring model parameters” .
[0149] In some embodiments, the CCM information to be stored in the table can be explicitly signaled in the bitstream in SPS, PPS, PH or SH. The corresponding positions of the CCM information can also be signaled.
[0150] In some embodiments, the table can be reset at the beginning of encoding / decoding of an IDR (Instantaneous Decoder Refresh) picture. In some embodiments, the table can be reset after encoding / decoding of an IDR picture. In some embodiments, the table can be reset at the beginning of encoding / decoding of a CRA (Clean Random Access) picture. In some embodiments, the table can be reset after encoding / decoding of a CRA picture. In some embodiments, the reset mechanism can be the same as that used in parameter set or reference pictures.
[0151] In some embodiments, indexes stored in the index buffer can only be referenced by a unit larger than or equal to the smallest coding unit. For example, if the smallest coding unit is 4x4, the indexes can be reference by an 8x8 grid. That is, one 8x8 block has the same index value. To retrieve index value at position (x, y) , the position (x, y) can be rounded to a point on the grid (e.g., (x >> 3) << 3, (y >> 3) <<3) or to its nearest point on the grid.
[0152] Any of the foregoing proposed methods can be implemented in encoders and / or decoders. For example, any of the proposed methods can be implemented in an inter / intra / prediction module of an encoder, and / or an inter / intra / prediction module of a decoder. Alternatively, any of the proposed methods can be implemented as a circuit coupled to the inter / intra / prediction module of the encoder and / or the inter / intra / prediction module of the decoder, so as to provide the information needed by the inter / intra / prediction module.
[0153] VII. Example Video Encoder
[0154] FIG. 10 illustrates an example video encoder 1000 that may use cross-component merge mode. As illustrated, the video encoder 1000 receives input video signal from a video source 1005 and encodes the signal into bitstream 1095. The video encoder 1000 has several components or modules for encoding the signal from the video source 1005, at least including some components selected from a transform module 1010, a quantization module 1011, an inverse quantization module 1014, an inverse transform module 1015, an intra-picture estimation module 1020, an intra-prediction module 1025, a motion compensation module 1030, a motion estimation module 1035, an in-loop filter 1045, a reconstructed picture buffer 1050, a MV buffer 1065, and a MV prediction module 1075, and an entropy encoder 1090. The motion compensation module 1030 and the motion estimation module 1035 are part of an inter-prediction module 1040.
[0155] In some embodiments, the modules 1010 –1090 are modules of software instructions being executed by one or more processing units (e.g., a processor) of a computing device or electronic apparatus. In some embodiments, the modules 1010 –1090 are modules of hardware circuits implemented by one or more integrated circuits (ICs) of an electronic apparatus. Though the modules 1010 –1090 are illustrated as being separate modules, some of the modules can be combined into a single module.
[0156] The video source 1005 provides a raw video signal that presents pixel data of each video frame without compression. A subtractor 1008 computes the difference between the raw video pixel data of the video source 1005 and the predicted pixel data 1013 from the motion compensation module 1030 or intra-prediction module 1025 as prediction residual 1009. The transform module 1010 converts the difference (or the residual pixel data or residual signal 1008) into transform coefficients (e.g., by performing Discrete Cosine Transform, or DCT) . The quantization module 1011 quantizes the transform coefficients into quantized data (or quantized coefficients) 1012, which is encoded into the bitstream 1095 by the entropy encoder 1090.
[0157] The inverse quantization module 1014 de-quantizes the quantized data (or quantized coefficients) 1012 to obtain transform coefficients, and the inverse transform module 1015 performs inverse transform on the transform coefficients to produce reconstructed residual 1019. The reconstructed residual 1019 is added with the predicted pixel data 1013 to produce reconstructed pixel data 1017. In some embodiments, the reconstructed pixel data 1017 is temporarily stored in a line buffer (not illustrated) for intra-picture prediction and spatial MV prediction. The reconstructed pixels are filtered by the in-loop filter 1045 and stored in the reconstructed picture buffer 1050. In some embodiments, the reconstructed picture buffer 1050 is a storage external to the video encoder 1000. In some embodiments, the reconstructed picture buffer 1050 is a storage internal to the video encoder 1000.
[0158] The intra-picture estimation module 1020 performs intra-prediction based on the reconstructed pixel data 1017 to produce intra prediction data. The intra-prediction data is provided to the entropy encoder 1090 to be encoded into bitstream 1095. The intra-prediction data is also used by the intra-prediction module 1025 to produce the predicted pixel data 1013.
[0159] The motion estimation module 1035 performs inter-prediction by producing MVs to reference pixel data of previously decoded frames stored in the reconstructed picture buffer 1050. These MVs are provided to the motion compensation module 1030 to produce predicted pixel data.
[0160] Instead of encoding the complete actual MVs in the bitstream, the video encoder 1000 uses MV prediction to generate predicted MVs, and the difference between the MVs used for motion compensation and the predicted MVs is encoded as residual motion data and stored in the bitstream 1095.
[0161] The MV prediction module 1075 generates the predicted MVs based on reference MVs that were generated for encoding previously video frames, i.e., the motion compensation MVs that were used to perform motion compensation. The MV prediction module 1075 retrieves reference MVs from previous video frames from the MV buffer 1065. The video encoder 1000 stores the MVs generated for the current video frame in the MV buffer 1065 as reference MVs for generating predicted MVs.
[0162] The MV prediction module 1075 uses the reference MVs to create the predicted MVs. The predicted MVs can be computed by spatial MV prediction or temporal MV prediction. The difference between the predicted MVs and the motion compensation MVs (MC MVs) of the current frame (residual motion data) are encoded into the bitstream 1095 by the entropy encoder 1090.
[0163] The entropy encoder 1090 encodes various parameters and data into the bitstream 1095 by using entropy-coding techniques such as context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) or Huffman encoding. The entropy encoder 1090 encodes various header elements, flags, along with the quantized transform coefficients 1012, and the residual motion data as syntax elements into the bitstream 1095. The bitstream 1095 is in turn stored in a storage device or transmitted to a decoder over a communications medium such as a network.
[0164] The in-loop filter 1045 performs filtering or smoothing operations on the reconstructed pixel data 1017 to reduce the artifacts of coding, particularly at boundaries of pixel blocks. In some embodiments, the filtering or smoothing operations performed by the in-loop filter 1045 include deblock filter (DBF) , sample adaptive offset (SAO) , and / or adaptive loop filter (ALF) .
[0165] FIG. 11 illustrates portions of the video encoder 1000 that implement cross-component merge mode. The luma component of the current block may be coded by intra-prediction (intra prediction module 1025) and generate a reconstruction 1115 for the luma component. A cross-component model 1110 is applied to the reconstruction 1115 to generate a cross-component predictor 1125. A prediction generator 1120 may include samples of the cross-component predictor 1125 in the predicted pixel data 1013.
[0166] The cross-component model 1110 may be generated by a model constructor 1105 based on reference samples and / or current samples (in and / or around the current block and / or a reference block) retrieved from the reconstructed picture buffer 1050. Sections I-IV above describe several types of cross-component models that may be used as the cross-component model 1110.
[0167] The cross-component model 1110 may also be provided by a CCP merge mode module 1130, which provide a cross-component model (CCM) information or other cross-component prediction (CCP) information that are inherited from one of a plurality of candidates as a CCP merge mode. CCP merge mode is described in Section V above in greater detail. A CCM storage 1135 stores CCM tables (or indexed tables) for different pictures, different temporal IDs or different regions of different pictures, including cross-component models generated by the model constructor 1105. A CCM table may be associated with a video picture and stores CCM information or other CCP information of the associated picture. A CCM table may also be associated with a temporal ID and stores CCM information or other CCP information of pictures having the associated temporal ID. A CCM table may associated with a region in a video picture and stores CCM information or other CCP information of the associated region. The stored CCM information and / or CCP information are made available to be inherited by subsequent blocks as merge mode candidates.
[0168] Each CCM table has a corresponding index buffer for mapping a position in a picture to a location in the CCM table. To retrieve CCM information and / or CCP information for a selected CCP merge mode candidate, the encoder identifies the CCM table and the corresponding index buffer for the selected merge candidate (based on picture, temporal ID, or region in a picture) , then uses the candidate’s position in the picture to look up an index in the identified index buffer. The index is in turn used to access the selected CCM information and / or CCP information in the CCM table.
[0169] In some embodiments, each CCM table is limited to a maximum size limit, the maximum size limit for a CCM table is determined based a characteristic or property of the picture associated with the CCM table, such as the picture’s prediction type (inter or intra frame) , POC distance from the closest previous intra frame, the temporal ID layer that the picture belongs to. In some embodiments, several tables are used to store CCM information from one picture, and the picture may be divided into several regions, with each region having its own corresponding table. These CCM tables of the different picture regions may have same or different maximum size limits that are determined based on properties of the different picture regions.
[0170] FIG. 12 conceptually illustrates a process 1200 for using CCP merge mode to pixel blocks. In some embodiments, one or more processing units (e.g., a processor) of a computing device implementing the encoder 1000 performs the process 1200 by executing instructions stored in a computer readable medium. In some embodiments, an electronic apparatus implementing the encoder 1000 performs the process 1200.
[0171] The encoder receives (at block 1210) data to be encoded as a current block of pixels in a current picture. The encoder selects (at block 1220) a cross-component model (CCM) information (or cross-component prediction information) from a candidate list comprising cross-component models that are inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors of the current block. In some embodiments, the cross-component model includes parameters for generating a prediction for a current component (e.g., chroma U or V) of a current pixel based on a reference component (e.g., luma) of a reference pixel or the current pixel. In some embodiments, the parameters of the cross-component model specify a spatial filter centered at the current pixel. Sections I-IV above describe several types of cross-component models that may be included in the candidate list. Section V.b above describes CCM information or CCP information that can be inherited in a CCP merge mode. Sections V.c, V.d, V.e, and V.f above describe spatial and temporal neighbors that may provide CCM information or CCP information as CCP merge mode candidates.
[0172] The encoder retrieves (at block 1230) the selected cross-component model from a table storing a plurality of cross-component models, the table having a size that is constrained by a specified maximum size. In some embodiments, the encoder retrieves the selected cross-component model by looking up an index based on a position of the selected candidate and using the index to locate the selected cross-component model in the table, the index may be provided by an index buffer storing indices for different positions of a picture.
[0173] In some embodiments, the table is associated with one and only one picture, and the table stores cross-component models used by the associated picture. In some embodiments, the maximum size may be determined based on a property of the picture or picture region from which the model is generated. In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with an intra frame than when the table is associated with an inter frame. In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is determined based on a picture order count (POC) distance between a picture associated with the table and a closest previously coded intra frame. For example, the maximum size of the table may be greater when the POC distance is shorter than when the POC distance is greater.
[0174] In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with a picture having a smaller temporal ID than when the table is associated with a picture having a larger temporal ID. In some embodiments, no table for storing cross-component models is created for pictures in a largest temporal ID layer. In some embodiments, one table is created for each temporal id such that cross-component models from pictures having a same temporal id are stored in a same table. In some embodiment, one table is created for each region in a picture such that cross-component models from different regions are stored in different tables.
[0175] The encoder applies (at block 1240) the selected cross-component model to generate a prediction of a component the current block. The encoder encodes (at block 1250) the current block by using the generated prediction of the component.
[0176] VIII. Example Video Decoder
[0177] In some embodiments, an encoder may signal (or generate) one or more syntax element in a bitstream, such that a decoder may parse said one or more syntax element from the bitstream.
[0178] FIG. 13 illustrates an example video decoder 1300 that may use cross-component merge mode. As illustrated, the video decoder 1300 is an image-decoding or video-decoding circuit that receives a bitstream 1395 and decodes the content of the bitstream into pixel data of video frames for display. The video decoder 1300 has several components or modules for decoding the bitstream 1395, including some components selected from an inverse quantization module 1311, an inverse transform module 1310, an intra-prediction module 1325, a motion compensation module 1330, an in-loop filter 1345, a decoded picture buffer 1350, a MV buffer 1365, a MV prediction module 1375, and a parser 1390. The motion compensation module 1330 is part of an inter-prediction module 1340.
[0179] In some embodiments, the modules 1310 –1390 are modules of software instructions being executed by one or more processing units (e.g., a processor) of a computing device. In some embodiments, the modules 1310 –1390 are modules of hardware circuits implemented by one or more ICs of an electronic apparatus. Though the modules 1310 –1390 are illustrated as being separate modules, some of the modules can be combined into a single module.
[0180] The parser 1390 (or entropy decoder) receives the bitstream 1395 and performs initial parsing according to the syntax defined by a video-coding or image-coding standard. The parsed syntax element includes various header elements, flags, as well as quantized data (or quantized coefficients) 1312. The parser 1390 parses out the various syntax elements by using entropy-coding techniques such as context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) or Huffman encoding.
[0181] The inverse quantization module 1311 de-quantizes the quantized data (or quantized coefficients) 1312 to obtain transform coefficients, and the inverse transform module 1310 performs inverse transform on the transform coefficients 1316 to produce reconstructed residual signal 1319. The reconstructed residual signal 1319 is added with predicted pixel data 1313 from the intra-prediction module 1325 or the motion compensation module 1330 to produce decoded pixel data 1317. The decoded pixels data are filtered by the in-loop filter 1345 and stored in the decoded picture buffer 1350. In some embodiments, the decoded picture buffer 1350 is a storage external to the video decoder 1300. In some embodiments, the decoded picture buffer 1350 is a storage internal to the video decoder 1300.
[0182] The intra-prediction module 1325 receives intra-prediction data from bitstream 1395 and according to which, produces the predicted pixel data 1313 from the decoded pixel data 1317 stored in the decoded picture buffer 1350. In some embodiments, the decoded pixel data 1317 is also stored in a line buffer (not illustrated) for intra-picture prediction and spatial MV prediction.
[0183] In some embodiments, the content of the decoded picture buffer 1350 is used for display. A display device 1305 either retrieves the content of the decoded picture buffer 1350 for display directly, or retrieves the content of the decoded picture buffer to a display buffer. In some embodiments, the display device receives pixel values from the decoded picture buffer 1350 through a pixel transport.
[0184] The motion compensation module 1330 produces predicted pixel data 1313 from the decoded pixel data 1317 stored in the decoded picture buffer 1350 according to motion compensation MVs (MC MVs) . These motion compensation MVs are decoded by adding the residual motion data received from the bitstream 1395 with predicted MVs received from the MV prediction module 1375.
[0185] The MV prediction module 1375 generates the predicted MVs based on reference MVs that were generated for decoding previous video frames, e.g., the motion compensation MVs that were used to perform motion compensation. The MV prediction module 1375 retrieves the reference MVs of previous video frames from the MV buffer 1365. The video decoder 1300 stores the motion compensation MVs generated for decoding the current video frame in the MV buffer 1365 as reference MVs for producing predicted MVs.
[0186] The in-loop filter 1345 performs filtering or smoothing operations on the decoded pixel data 1317 to reduce the artifacts of coding, particularly at boundaries of pixel blocks. In some embodiments, the filtering or smoothing operations performed by the in-loop filter 1345 include deblock filter (DBF) , sample adaptive offset (SAO) , and / or adaptive loop filter (ALF) .
[0187] FIG. 14 illustrates portions of the video decoder 1300 that implement cross-component merge mode. The luma component of the current block may be coded by intra-prediction (intra prediction module 1325) and generate a reconstruction 1415 for the luma component. A cross-component model 1410 is applied to the reconstruction 1415 to generate a cross-component predictor 1425. A prediction generator 1420 may include samples of the cross-component predictor 1425 in the predicted pixel data 1313.
[0188] The cross-component model 1410 may be generated by a model constructor 1405 based on reference samples and / or current samples (in and / or around the current block and / or a reference block) retrieved from the decoded picture buffer 1350. Sections I-IV above describe several types of cross-component models that may be used as the cross-component model 1410.
[0189] The cross-component model 1410 may also be provided by a CCP merge mode module 1430, which provide a cross-component model (CCM) information or other cross-component prediction (CCP) information that are inherited from one of a plurality of candidates as a CCP merge mode. CCP merge mode is described in Section V above in greater detail. A CCM storage 1435 stores CCM tables (or indexed tables) for different pictures, different temporal IDs or different regions of different pictures, including cross-component models generated by the model constructor 1105. A CCM table may be associated with a video picture and stores CCM information or other CCP information of the associated picture. A CCM table may also be associated with a temporal ID and stores CCM information or other CCP information of pictures having the associated temporal ID. A CCM table may associated with a region in a video picture and stores CCM information or other CCP information of the associated region. The stored CCM information and / or CCP information are made available to be inherited by subsequent blocks as merge mode candidates.
[0190] Each CCM table has a corresponding index buffer for mapping a position in a picture to a location in the CCM table. To retrieve CCM information and / or CCP information for a selected CCP merge mode candidate, the decoder identifies the CCM table and the corresponding index buffer for the selected merge candidate (based on picture, temporal ID, or region in a picture) , then uses the candidate’s position in the picture to look up an index in the identified index buffer. The index is in turn used to access the selected CCM information and / or CCP information in the CCM table.
[0191] In some embodiments, each CCM table is limited to a maximum size limit, the maximum size limit for a CCM table is determined based a characteristic or property of the picture associated with the CCM table, such as the picture’s prediction type (inter or intra frame) , POC distance from the closest previous intra frame, the temporal ID layer that the picture belongs to. In some embodiments, several tables are used to store CCM information from one picture, and the picture may be divided into several regions, with each region having its own corresponding table. These CCM tables of the different picture regions may have same or different maximum size limits that are determined based on properties of the different picture regions.
[0192] FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates a process 1500 for using CCP merge mode to pixel blocks. In some embodiments, one or more processing units (e.g., a processor) of a computing device implementing the decoder 1300 performs the process 1500 by executing instructions stored in a computer readable medium. In some embodiments, an electronic apparatus implementing the decoder 1300 performs the process 1500.
[0193] The decoder receives (at block 1510) data to be decoded as a current block of pixels in a current picture. The decoder selects (at block 1520) a cross-component model (CCM) information (or cross-component prediction information) from a candidate list comprising cross-component models that are inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors of the current block. In some embodiments, the cross-component model includes parameters for generating a prediction for a current component (e.g., chroma U or V) of a current pixel based on a reference component (e.g., luma) of a reference pixel or the current pixel. In some embodiments, the parameters of the cross-component model specify a spatial filter centered at the current pixel. Sections I-IV above describe several types of cross-component models that may be included in the candidate list. Section V. b above describes CCM information or CCP information that can be inherited in a CCP merge mode. Sections V.c, V.d, V.e, and V.f above describe spatial and temporal neighbors that may provide CCM information or CCP information as CCP merge mode candidates.
[0194] The decoder retrieves (at block 1530) the selected cross-component model from a table storing a plurality of cross-component models, the table having a size that is constrained by a specified maximum size. In some embodiments, the decoder retrieves the selected cross-component model by looking up an index based on a position of the selected candidate and using the index to locate the selected cross-component model in the table, the index may be provided by an index buffer storing indices for different positions of a picture.
[0195] In some embodiments, the table is associated with one and only one picture, and the table stores cross-component models used by the associated picture. In some embodiments, the maximum size may be determined based on a property of the picture or the picture region from which the model is generated. In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with an intra frame than when the table is associated with an inter frame. In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is determined based on a picture order count (POC) distance between a picture associated with the table and a closest previously coded intra frame. For example, the maximum size of the table may be greater when the POC distance is shorter than when the POC distance is greater.
[0196] In some embodiments, the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with a picture having a smaller temporal ID than when the table is associated with a picture having a larger temporal ID. In some embodiments, no table for storing cross-component models is created for pictures in a largest temporal ID layer. In some embodiments, one table is created for each temporal id such that cross-component models from pictures having a same temporal id are stored in a same table. In some embodiment, one table is created for each region in a picture such that cross-component models from different regions are stored in different tables.
[0197] The decoder applies (at block 1540) the selected cross-component model to generate a prediction of a component the current block. The decoder reconstructs (at block 1550) the current block by using the generated prediction of the component. The decoder may then provide the reconstructed current block for display as part of the reconstructed current picture.
[0198] IX. Example Electronic System
[0199] Many of the above-described features and applications are implemented as software processes that are specified as a set of instructions recorded on a computer readable storage medium (also referred to as computer readable medium) . When these instructions are executed by one or more computational or processing unit (s) (e.g., one or more processors, cores of processors, or other processing units) , they cause the processing unit (s) to perform the actions indicated in the instructions. Examples of computer readable media include, but are not limited to, CD-ROMs, flash drives, random-access memory (RAM) chips, hard drives, erasable programmable read only memories (EPROMs) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) , etc. The computer readable media does not include carrier waves and electronic signals passing wirelessly or over wired connections.
[0200] In this specification, the term “software” is meant to include firmware residing in read-only memory or applications stored in magnetic storage which can be read into memory for processing by a processor. Also, in some embodiments, multiple software inventions can be implemented as sub-parts of a larger program while remaining distinct software inventions. In some embodiments, multiple software inventions can also be implemented as separate programs. Finally, any combination of separate programs that together implement a software invention described here is within the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the software programs, when installed to operate on one or more electronic systems, define one or more specific machine implementations that execute and perform the operations of the software programs.
[0201] FIG. 16 conceptually illustrates an electronic system 1600 with which some embodiments of the present disclosure are implemented. The electronic system 1600 may be a computer (e.g., a desktop computer, personal computer, tablet computer, etc. ) , phone, PDA, or any other sort of electronic device. Such an electronic system includes various types of computer readable media and interfaces for various other types of computer readable media. Electronic system 1600 includes a bus 1605, processing unit (s) 1610, a graphics-processing unit (GPU) 1615, a system memory 1620, a network 1625, a read-only memory 1630, a permanent storage device 1635, input devices 1640, and output devices 1645.
[0202] The bus 1605 collectively represents all system, peripheral, and chipset buses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices of the electronic system 1600. For instance, the bus 1605 communicatively connects the processing unit (s) 1610 with the GPU 1615, the read-only memory 1630, the system memory 1620, and the permanent storage device 1635.
[0203] From these various memory units, the processing unit (s) 1610 retrieves instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of the present disclosure. The processing unit (s) may be a single processor or a multi-core processor in different embodiments. Some instructions are passed to and executed by the GPU 1615. The GPU 1615 can offload various computations or complement the image processing provided by the processing unit (s) 1610.
[0204] The read-only-memory (ROM) 1630 stores static data and instructions that are used by the processing unit (s) 1610 and other modules of the electronic system. The permanent storage device 1635, on the other hand, is a read-and-write memory device. This device is a non-volatile memory unit that stores instructions and data even when the electronic system 1600 is off. Some embodiments of the present disclosure use a mass-storage device (such as a magnetic or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device 1635.
[0205] Other embodiments use a removable storage device (such as a floppy disk, flash memory device, etc., and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device. Like the permanent storage device 1635, the system memory 1620 is a read-and-write memory device. However, unlike storage device 1635, the system memory 1620 is a volatile read-and-write memory, such a random access memory. The system memory 1620 stores some of the instructions and data that the processor uses at runtime. In some embodiments, processes in accordance with the present disclosure are stored in the system memory 1620, the permanent storage device 1635, and / or the read-only memory 1630. For example, the various memory units include instructions for processing multimedia clips in accordance with some embodiments. From these various memory units, the processing unit (s) 1610 retrieves instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of some embodiments.
[0206] The bus 1605 also connects to the input and output devices 1640 and 1645. The input devices 1640 enable the user to communicate information and select commands to the electronic system. The input devices 1640 include alphanumeric keyboards and pointing devices (also called “cursor control devices” ) , cameras (e.g., webcams) , microphones or similar devices for receiving voice commands, etc. The output devices 1645 display images generated by the electronic system or otherwise output data. The output devices 1645 include printers and display devices, such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) or liquid crystal displays (LCD) , as well as speakers or similar audio output devices. Some embodiments include devices such as a touchscreen that function as both input and output devices.
[0207] Finally, as shown in FIG. 16, bus 1605 also couples electronic system 1600 to a network 1625 through a network adapter (not shown) . In this manner, the computer can be a part of a network of computers (such as a local area network ( “LAN” ) , a wide area network ( “WAN” ) , or an Intranet, or a network of networks, such as the Internet. Any or all components of electronic system 1600 may be used in conjunction with the present disclosure.
[0208] Some embodiments include electronic components, such as microprocessors, storage and memory that store computer program instructions in a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (alternatively referred to as computer-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or machine-readable storage media) . Some examples of such computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, read-only compact discs (CD-ROM) , recordable compact discs (CD-R) , rewritable compact discs (CD-RW) , read-only digital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM) , a variety of recordable / rewritable DVDs (e.g., DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc. ) , flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc. ) , magnetic and / or solid state hard drives, read-only and recordable discs, ultra-density optical discs, any other optical or magnetic media, and floppy disks. The computer-readable media may store a computer program that is executable by at least one processing unit and includes sets of instructions for performing various operations. Examples of computer programs or computer code include machine code, such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter.
[0209] While the above discussion primarily refers to microprocessor or multi-core processors that execute software, many of the above-described features and applications are performed by one or more integrated circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) . In some embodiments, such integrated circuits execute instructions that are stored on the circuit itself. In addition, some embodiments execute software stored in programmable logic devices (PLDs) , ROM, or RAM devices.
[0210] As used in this specification and any claims of this application, the terms “computer” , “server” , “processor” , and “memory” all refer to electronic or other technological devices. These terms exclude people or groups of people. For the purposes of the specification, the terms display or displaying means displaying on an electronic device. As used in this specification and any claims of this application, the terms “computer readable medium, ” “computer readable media, ” and “machine readable medium” are entirely restricted to tangible, physical objects that store information in a form that is readable by a computer. These terms exclude any wireless signals, wired download signals, and any other ephemeral signals.
[0211] While the present disclosure has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present disclosure can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. In addition, a number of the figures (including FIG. 12 and FIG. 15) conceptually illustrate processes. The specific operations of these processes may not be performed in the exact order shown and described. The specific operations may not be performed in one continuous series of operations, and different specific operations may be performed in different embodiments. Furthermore, the process could be implemented using several sub-processes, or as part of a larger macro process. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the present disclosure is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims.
[0212] Additional Notes
[0213] The herein-described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected" , or "operably coupled" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.
[0214] Further, with respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
[0215] Moreover, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims, e.g., bodies of the appended claims, are generally intended as “open” terms, e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to, ” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least, ” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to, ” etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to implementations containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an, " e.g., “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more; ” the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number, e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations, " without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B. ”
[0216] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various implementations of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various implementations disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1.A video coding method comprising:receiving data for a block of pixels to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture;selecting a cross-component model from a candidate list comprising cross-component models that are inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors of the current block;retrieving the selected cross-component model from a table storing a plurality of cross-component models, the table having a size that is constrained by a specified maximum size;applying the selected cross-component model to generate a prediction of a component of the current block; andencoding or decoding the current block by using the generated prediction.2.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein retrieving the selected cross-component model comprises looking up an index based on a position of the selected candidate and using the index to locate the selected cross-component model in the table.3.The video coding method of claim 2, wherein the index is provided by an index buffer storing indices for different positions of a picture.4.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the table is associated with one and only one picture.5.The video coding method of claim 4, wherein the table stores cross-component models used by the associated picture.6.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with an intra frame than when the table is associated with an inter frame.7.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the maximum size of the table is determined based on a picture order count (POC) distance between a picture associated with the table and a closest previously coded intra frame.8.The video coding method of claim 7, wherein the maximum size of the table is greater when the POC distance is shorter than when the POC distance is greater.9.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein one table is created for each temporal ID such that cross-component models from pictures having a same temporal ID are stored in a same table.10.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein no table for storing cross-component models is created for pictures in a largest temporal ID layer.11.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the maximum size of the table is greater when the table is associated with a picture having a smaller temporal ID than when the table is associated with a picture having a larger temporal ID.12.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein a cross-component model comprises parameters for generating a prediction for a current component of a current pixel based on a reference component of a reference pixel.13.The video coding method of claim 1, wherein multiple tables are used to store cross-component models for the current picture, each table corresponding to a region of a plurality of regions of the current picture and has a size that is constrained by the specified maximum size that is determined based on a property of the region.14.An electronic apparatus comprising:a video coder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:receiving data for a block of pixels to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture;selecting a cross-component model from a candidate list comprising cross-component models that are inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors of the current block;retrieving the selected cross-component model from a table storing a plurality of cross-component models, the table having a size that is constrained by a specified maximum size;applying the selected cross-component model to generate a prediction of a component the current block; andencoding or decoding the current block by using the generated prediction.15.A video decoding method comprising:receiving data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture;selecting a cross-component model from a candidate list comprising cross-component models that are inherited from spatial or temporal neighbors of the current block;retrieving the selected cross-component model from a table storing a plurality of cross-component models, the table having a size that is constrained by a specified maximum size;applying the selected cross-component model to generate a prediction of a component the current block; andreconstructing the current block by using the generated prediction.
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