Power control
By determining transmission power based on the path loss difference between source and target satellites, the method addresses the issue of inadequate power control during satellite switching in non-terrestrial networks, ensuring reliable transmission and reducing interference.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/109629
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-30
AI Technical Summary
In non-terrestrial communication networks, satellite switching can cause abrupt changes in path loss, leading to inadequate transmission power and increased interference due to outdated power control loops.
A method where a first apparatus determines transmission power based on the difference between path losses associated with a source and target satellite, allowing for accurate power adjustment after satellite switching.
This solution ensures reliable transmission, reduces inter-cell interference, and optimizes power consumption by accurately accounting for changes in path loss during satellite switching.
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Figure CN2023109629_30012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
POWER CONTROL
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for power control.BACKGROUND
[0003] Non-terrestrial communications can be in a complementary manner to terrestrial deployments where satellite connectivity can provide coverage beyond terrestrial deployments. In an unchanged physical cell identification (ID) scenario in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) , a satellite switching occurs transparently to user equipment (UE) . The UE switches from source satellite access node to a target satellite access node without performing layer 3 (L3) mobility and without changing serving new radio (NR) nodeB (or gNB) . Therefore, a path loss experienced by the UE when connects to the target satellite access node might abruptly change as compared with the path loss in the source satellite. Since the UE does not perform L3 mobility, the UE does not reset power control loops, which may cause that the UE relies on outdated path loss compensation to set the transmission power. Therefore, the UE may not transmit with enough power, or it may cause greater UL interference and higher power consumption of the UE.
[0004] Similar issues on power control in an unchanged physical cell ID (PCI) also exist for a changed PCI scenario. When resynchronize to another satellite, the sudden channel change may have impact on the uplink control. Therefore, an improved power control solution is necessary.SUMMARY
[0005] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method at a first apparatus. In the method, the first apparatus obtains a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; and determines a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellite.
[0006] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method at a second apparatus. In the method, the second apparatus determines that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; and transmits, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of: a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, or ephemeris information of the source and target satellites.
[0007] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: obtain a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; and determine a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellite.
[0008] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to: determine that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; and transmit, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of: a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, or ephemeris information of the source and target satellites.
[0009] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises means for obtaining a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; and means for determining a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellite.
[0010] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for determining that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of: a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, or ephemeris information of the source and target satellites.
[0011] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the first or second aspect.
[0012] It is to be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling diagram for an example communication process in the communication environment according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates an example process of power control in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates a flow chart of an example method of power control in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart of another example method of power control in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0023] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0024] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0025] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second” and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0026] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0027] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0028] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0029] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0030] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0031] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0032] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0033] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0034] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0035] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0036] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0037] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0038] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0039] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “resource block, ” “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0040] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined and completed a work item for release 17 (Rel-17) on NTN and a work item for release 18 (Rel-18) on NTN performance enhancements. One of the objectives for Rel-18 NR NTN is to continue enhancements for both NTN-NTN and NTN-TN mobility and service continuity. The work item considers existing approaches from NR TN and Rel-17 NR NTN as baseline for further enhancements including specifying NTN-NTN handover enhancement for radio resource control (RRC) _CONNECTED UEs in a quasi-earth-fixed cell and an earth-moving cell to reduce the signaling overhead.
[0041] In Rel-17 NTN, cells originating from different satellites are associated with different PCIs. A stationary UE may experience continuous L3 mobility as the serving satellite moves out of coverage and a new satellite takes over coverage of a geographic area. An unchanged PCI solution may avoid the need for L3 mobility, and may reduce signaling overhead considering the large number of UEs served within an NTN cell.
[0042] Some agreements related to unchanged PCI solution were discussed. The following is agreed: in a quasi-earth fixed cell case, for hard satellite switch in the same Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) frequency and same gNB, satellite switching without PCI changing (not requiring L3 mobility) is supported.
[0043] In a hard switching unchanged PCI scenario (that is, no handover) , the UE needs to know the time the UE attempts to re-synchronize (for example, whether a new “t-Start” / a t-gap is needed or whether t-service can be reused (that is, no other IE) if the gap is very short / zero) . When hard switching occurs, some new parameters such as timing advance (TA) and ephemeris are applied during resynchronization of the UE to the new satellite.
[0044] In Rel-18, the focus is on a transparent architecture, and there is a case that the cells are provided by the same gNB, that is the same cell with a fixed PCI is provided by the same gNB. In this case, only the satellite node is changed. The transparent architecture could also work with different gNBs and potentially even for a regenerative case.
[0045] Considering the position of the target satellite may be different as compared with the source satellite, the radio channel including the path loss associated with the source and target satellites may be different, which may affect measurement-related control functions such as radio link monitoring and uplink power control.
[0046] Uplink power control plays an important role in mobile communication systems. By controlling the transmit power of different uplink physical channels and signals, the uplink channel is guaranteed to be received at appropriate power, so as to maintain the link quality corresponding to the required Quality of Service (QoS) . To achieve this, power control need adapt to the characteristics of radio transmission channels.
[0047] The power control scheme in LTE and NR employs a combination of open-loop and closed-loop control for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) as: P = P0 + α ·PL + delta. (1)
[0048] The open-loop power control (P0 + α ·PL) sets a coarse operating point for the transmission power spectrum density (PSD) based on path-loss measurement. The closed-loop power control (denoted by delta) can adjust the transmission power around the open-loop operating point fast to suit the channel condition as well as the interference level. In the open-loop power control for a PUSCH and a sounding reference signal (SRS) , the path-loss is compensated via path-loss compensation factors alpha (i.e., α) , which not only ensures the reliable reception of the uplink channel, but also controls the interference to other cells.
[0049] When satellite switching occurs, the pathloss between UE and the service satellite may suddenly changes. Therefore, the transmit power obtained according to the previous measurement is inaccurate. For example, if the pathloss becomes lager, the transmit power obtained according to the previous measurement cannot compensate for the large pathloss and ensure the received power at expected level. If the path loss becomes smaller, the transmit power based on the previous measurement is large which may cause greater interference to other cells. Therefore, it is worth studying how to set the appropriate transmission power when the service satellite switches in unchanged PCI case.
[0050] In addition, the similar concept for a changed PCI as an unchanged PCI was discussed which can solve the issue of the unchanged PCI that it will not be supported by Rel 17 terminals. With the changed PCI, the following features can be supported: there is no handover (for Rel-18 UEs) ; the cell configuration remains the same (except system information block 19 (SIB19) ) ; but the PCI is changed.
[0051] Therefore, the similar issue on power control in the unchanged PCI exists for the changed PCI. When resynchronize to another satellite, the sudden channel change should have impact on the uplink control and the improved uplink power control solution should be considered.
[0052] Example embodiments of the present disclosure propose a power control scheme for satellite switching. With this scheme, based on an obtained difference between path losses associated with a source satellite and a target satellite, the first apparatus such as a UE determines a transmission power after the satellite switching. The proposed scheme may be used in both an unchanged PCI scenario and a changed PCI scenario.
[0053] In this way, A power control based on the difference between path losses associated with a source satellite and a target satellite may avoid failed transmissions, reduce an inter-cell interference, and reduce power consumption of the first apparatus.
[0054] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. In the communication environment 100, first apparatuses 110-1 and 110-2 (individually or collectively referred to as the first apparatus 110) and a second apparatus 120 can communicate with each other through a source satellite 130 or a target satellite 140. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may be a terminal device, for example, a UE. The second apparatus 120 may be a network device such as a gNB.
[0055] A link between the second apparatus 120 and the satellite 130 or 140 may be referred to as a feeder link, and a link between the satellite 130 or 140 and the first apparatus 110 may be referred to as an access link.
[0056] In some example embodiments, if the first apparatus 110 is a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 is a network device, a link from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In DL, the second apparatus 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the first apparatus 110 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the first apparatus 110 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the second apparatus 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0057] In the following, for the purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 operating as a network device. However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented at a network device or other device, and operations described in connection with a network device may be implemented at a terminal device or another device.
[0058] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) , and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0059] It is to be understood that the number of apparatuses and their connections shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of apparatuses configured to implement example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0060] In some example embodiments, a satellite switching may take place in some situations. For example, it may be assumed that the first apparatus 110-1 is stationary or moving, and it is being served by the source satellite 130 (that is, a serving satellite is currently the source satellite 130) . As the source satellite 130 moves away from the first apparatus 110-1, for example in a moving direction 180, and the target satellite 140 gets closer, then at a time the satellite switching will occur. The network (for example, the second apparatus 120) may indicate the first apparatus 110 when the satellite switching will occur and how to perform re-synchronization to the new cell. Once the target satellite 140 takes over, the first apparatus 110 may perform DL / UL synchronization operations to adjust time and frequency.
[0061] In some example embodiments, for a quasi-earth fixed cell (EFC) scenario, a geographic area 150 is associated with a physical cell ID (PCI) and the second apparatus 120. For the unchanged PCI scenario, the second apparatus 120 may provide services to a same coverage (for example, the geographic area 150) with connecting to different satellites (for example, the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140) and the PCI can be kept unchanged after the satellite switching. In this case, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) cell is deployed as an EFC since the coverage area of the cell is not change. The second apparatus 120 indicates the first apparatus 110 when and how to perform DL and UL synchronization after satellite switching, or may accept an interruption gap for the first apparatus 110 to detect the new timing and adapt to it. Since the PCI, the second apparatus 120, security keys and SSB frequency remain the same, the satellite switching may be mostly transparent to the first apparatus 110.
[0062] When the satellite switching occurs, the serving satellite is changed from the source satellite 130 to the target satellite 140. For the first apparatus 110-1, the path loss between the first apparatus 110-1 and the serving satellite may suddenly become larger. For example, a communication path 160 between the first apparatus 110-1 and the source satellite 130 may change to a longer communication path 170 between the first apparatus 110-1 and the target satellite 140, and the path loss becomes larger due to increasement of a path length. Therefore, the transmission power obtained according to a previous measurement may not compensate for the larger path loss. For the first apparatus 110-2, the path loss between the first apparatus 110-2 and the serving satellite may become smaller. For example, a communication path loss between the first apparatus 110-2 and the source satellite 130 may change to a shorter communication path 175 between the first apparatus 110-2 and the target satellite 140. Therefore, the transmission power based on a previous measurement may be larger which may cause greater interference to neighbor cells.
[0063] For the changed PCI scenario, no handover may take place, and the cell configuration may remain the same. Therefore, the similar issue on power control in the unchanged PCI scenario exists for the changed PCI scenario. When the first apparatus 110 resynchronizes from the source satellite 130 to the target satellite 140, the sudden channel change may impact on the power control of the first apparatus 110.
[0064] According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, for both the unchanged PCI case and the changed PCI case, a transmission power is determined by the first apparatus 110 based on a difference between a first path loss associated with the source satellite 130 and a second path loss associated with the target satellite 140. By using an improved UL power control solution which sets an appropriate transmission power when the serving satellite switches may reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption of the first apparatus 110, and avoid a failed transmission.
[0065] Some example implementations will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.
[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling diagram for an example communication process 200 between the first apparatus 110 and the second apparatus 120 in the communication environment 100 according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0067] As shown in FIG. 2, the first apparatus 110 may obtain (215) a difference between a first path loss associated with the source satellite 130 and a second path loss associated with the target satellite 140, also referred to as a path loss difference between the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140. This path loss difference may be obtained upon switching from the source satellite 130 to the target satellite 140.
[0068] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus 120 may determine that switching from the source satellite 130 to the target satellite 140 is to be performed for the first apparatus 110. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus 120 may transmit, to the first apparatus 110, a first indication for a time of the switching. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from the second apparatus 120, the first indication for the time of the switching. For example, the first apparatus 110 may be notified when the satellite switching will occur based on a parameter t-Service introduced in SIB. T-Service in SIB may be interpreted by Rel-18 UE in Connected mode to know that a satellite change or feeder link change happens.
[0069] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus 120 may transmit, to the first apparatus 110, a second indication that a difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for the power control. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from the second apparatus 120, the second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for power control. For example, the second apparatus 120 may indicate whether the proposed power control scheme is enabled for the first apparatus 110. If it is enabled, the first apparatus 110 may use the path loss difference between the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140 for power control. In some example embodiments, the second indication may be transmitted from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 via an SIB message or a radio resource control (RRC) message.
[0070] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus 120 may determine whether the proposed power control scheme applies for the first apparatus 110 based on the cell size. For example, if the cell coverage is large, the second apparatus 120 may configure the first apparatus 110 to use the proposed power control scheme via RRC or SIB signaling. If the cell coverage is small, the second apparatus 120 will not configure to use the proposed power control scheme, and the first apparatus 110 may be provided with a direct delta compared to the old power through the closed power control command.
[0071] To obtain the path loss difference, the first apparatus 110 may receive the difference from the second apparatus 120, or may determine the difference by itself. In some example embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, before the switching from the source satellite 130 to the target satellite 140, the second apparatus 120 may transmit (205) , to the first apparatus 110, information for power control of the first apparatus 110. The information may comprise the difference between the first path loss associated with the source satellite 130 and the second path loss associated with the target satellite 140. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 may receive (210) , from the second apparatus 120, the difference between the first and second path losses. For example, the second apparatus 120 may estimate the path loss difference and provide it together with system information of a new cell before the interruption (for example, the satellite switching) to the first apparatus 110.
[0072] In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses may be transmitted from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 via an SIB message before the switching. In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses may be transmitted via an RRC message before the switching. In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses may be transmitted via a message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.
[0073] Alternatively, or in addition, the first apparatus 110 may determine the difference between the first and second path losses by itself based on ephemeris information of the source and target satellites, a position of the first apparatus 110, and a path loss model. In some example embodiments, instead of the difference between the first and second path losses, the information for power control provided by the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 may include the ephemeris information of the source and target satellites. For example, the ephemeris information may be provided by the second apparatus 120 before the satellite switch. Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 may obtain the ephemeris information of the source satellite 130 and target satellite 140. The first apparatus 110 may determine as its own position using any positioning approach or algorithm. The scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard.
[0074] In some example embodiments, the path loss model may be predefined or configured by the second apparatus 120. For example, a configuration of the path loss model may be transmitted by the second apparatus 120, and the first apparatus 110 may receive the configuration from the second apparatus 120.
[0075] In some example embodiments, the path loss model may be a free space path loss model or the like. Taking the free space path loss model as an example, the first apparatus 110 may calculate the distance and the path loss with the source satellite 130 and target satellite 140 respectively according to the following equation: FSPL (d, fc) =32.45+20 log10 (fc) +20 log10 (d) . (2)
[0076] FSPL represents the free space path loss (for example, in dB) , d represents a separation distance (for example, in meter) , and fc represents a frequency (for example, in GHz) . Based on the above equation, the first apparatus 110 may estimate the path loss difference between the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140.
[0077] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may determine (220) a transmission power based on the first path loss associated with the source satellite 130 and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite 130 to the target satellite 140. For example, the following path loss may be used to determine the transmission power: PL = PL0 + PLdifference, (3)
[0078] where PL0 represents the first path loss associated with the source satellite 130, and PLdifference represents the path loss difference between the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140.
[0079] In some example embodiments, the first PL associated with the source satellite 130 may be derived through the measurement of received Reference Signal Receiving Power (RSRP) and a reference signal power indicated from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110. The path loss may be calculated by the following equation: PL = Reference signal power -filtered RSRP, (4) where Reference signal power represents a reference signal power indicated by the second apparatus 120, and filtered RSRP represents the measurement of RSRP obtained by filtering operation.
[0080] Taking a power control for a PUSCH as an example, the transmission power may be set based on the following equation after the time window: P (target satellite) =P (source satellite) +α·delta PL+delta, (5)
[0081] where P (target satellite) represents a transmission power for the target satellite 140, P (source satellite) represents a transmission power for the source satellite 130, α represents a path loss compensation factor, delta represents the power adjustment from the closed power control command separately, delta PL represents the path loss difference between the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140.
[0082] It is to be understood that the power control for the PUSCH is only illustrative but not limited. The proposed power control scheme may be applied for other channels or signals such as a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , a physical random access channel (PRACH) , and a sounding reference signal (SRS) .
[0083] In some example embodiments, the transmission power is determined by the first apparatus 110 based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses in a time window after the switching. The time window may be used to allow a certain amount of time to properly measure new channel conditions. The time window may be counted by a window timer. In some example embodiments, the time window may be predefined or configured by the second apparatus 120, and the configuration of the time window may be transmitted from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110.
[0084] In some example embodiments, after the time window, the first apparatus 110 may determine the transmission power based on measurements for the second path loss. For example, after the time window, measurements for the second path loss are used instead of the path loss difference for determining the transmission power for power control.
[0085] In some example embodiments, after the switching, the first apparatus 110 may discard the measurements associated with the source satellite 130 and may record the new measurements associated with the target satellite 140 to improve an estimation accuracy by averaging the new values with the channel of the target satellite 140. The first apparatus 110 may use the newly estimated path loss value (that is, measurements for the second path loss) to calculate the transmission power when the proper measurement of new channel conditions can be derived. In some embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may generate a report related to measurements for the second path loss, and deliver it to the second apparatus 120 after the satellite switching.
[0086] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may perform, using the transmission power, transmission associated with at least one of a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , a physical random access channel (PRACH) , or a sounding reference signal (SRS) . Other channels and / or signals are also possible.
[0087] FIG. 3 shows an example process 300 of power control for a PUSCH in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, the second apparatus 120 may operate as a network device, and the first apparatus 110 may operate as a terminal device.
[0088] As shown in FIG. 3, in the process 300, at block 305, the second apparatus 120 may indicate that the proposed power control scheme applies for the first apparatus 110, and the second apparatus 120 may indicate when the satellite switch occurs and the ephemeris information of the target satellite 140.
[0089] If it is determined that satellite switching occurs at block 307, then, at block 310, the first apparatus 110 may discard the measurements associated with the source satellite 130 and record the new measurements to the target satellite 140, and the first apparatus 110 may start a window timer.
[0090] At block 313, it is determined whether a count-up window timer is smaller than a predetermined value T. If it is determined that the window timer is smaller than the predetermined value T at block 313, then, at block 315, the first apparatus 110 may calculate the path loss difference between the source satellite 130 and the target satellite 140, and determine a UL transmission power for the PUSCH based on the following formula: P (target satellite) = P (source satellite ) +alpha *Delta PL + delta.
[0091] If it is determined that the window timer is not smaller than the predetermined value T at block 313, then, at block 320, the first apparatus 110 may determine a UL transmission power for the PUSCH based on P=P0+α·PL+delta.
[0092] It is to be understood that the process 300 as shown in FIG. 3 takes power control of a PUSCH as an example. The formula as shown in FIG. 3 is used for the transmission power of the PUSCH. For other channels and signals, the formula will be different and can reference the defined formula in 3GPP standards such as TS 38.213 and TS 36.213.
[0093] Example Methods
[0094] FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of an example method 400 implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 400 may be implemented at the first apparatus 110. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the first apparatus 110 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0095] At block 410, the first apparatus 110 obtains a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite. At block 420, the first apparatus 110 determines a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellite.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from a second apparatus, a first indication for a time of the switching.
[0097] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may determine the difference between the first and second path losses based on ephemeris information of the source and target satellites, a position of the first apparatus, and a path loss model.
[0098] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may receive the ephemeris information of the source and target satellites from the second apparatus.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the path loss model is predefined or configured by a second apparatus 120.
[0100] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from a second apparatus, the difference between the first and second path losses.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses is received via at least one of: a system information block message before the switching; a radio resource control message before the switching; or a message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.
[0102] In some example embodiments, the transmission power is determined based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses in a time window after the switching.
[0103] In some example embodiments, the time window is predefined or configured by a second apparatus.
[0104] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may discard measurements for the first path loss after the switching; and determine, after the time window, the transmission power based on measurements for the second path loss.
[0105] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from a second apparatus, a second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for power control.
[0106] In some example embodiments, the second indication is received via at least one of a system information block message or a radio resource control message.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may perform, using the transmission power, transmission associated with at least one of a physical uplink control channel, a physical uplink shared channel, a physical random access channel, or a sounding reference signal.
[0108] FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of an example method 500 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 500 may be implemented at the second apparatus 120. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 120 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0109] At block 510, the second apparatus 120 determines that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus. At block 520, the second apparatus 120 transmit, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of: a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, or ephemeris information of the source and target satellites.
[0110] In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses is transmitted via at least one of: a system information block message before the switching; a radio resource control message before the switching; or a message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.
[0111] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus 120 may transmit, to the first apparatus, a first indication for a time of the switching.
[0112] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may transmit, to the first apparatus, a configuration of a time window. The power control may be performed by the first apparatus based on the difference between the first and second path losses in the time window after the switching.
[0113] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may transmit, to the first apparatus, a second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for the power control.
[0114] In some example embodiments, the second indication is transmitted via at least one of a system information block message or a radio resource control message.
[0115] All operations and features related to the first apparatus 110 and the second apparatus 120 as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 are likewise applicable to the methods 400 and 500 and have similar effects. For the purpose of simplification, the details will be omitted.
[0116] Example Apparatus, Device and Medium
[0117] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing the method 400 (for example, the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 400. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0118] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for obtaining a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; and means for determining a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellite.
[0119] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a first indication for a time of the switching.
[0120] In some example embodiments, the means for determining the transmission power comprises means for determining the difference between the first and second path losses based on ephemeris information of the source and target satellites, a position of the first apparatus, and a path loss model.
[0121] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving the ephemeris information of the source and target satellites from the second apparatus.
[0122] In some example embodiments, the path loss model is predefined or configured by a second apparatus.
[0123] In some example embodiments, the means for obtaining the difference between the first and second path losses comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, the difference between the first and second path losses.
[0124] In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses is received via at least one of: a system information block message before the switching; a radio resource control message before the switching; or a message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.
[0125] In some example embodiments, the transmission power is determined based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses in a time window after the switching.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the time window is predefined or configured by a second apparatus.
[0127] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for discarding measurements for the first path loss after the switching; and determining, after the time window, the transmission power based on measurements for the second path loss.
[0128] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for power control.
[0129] In some example embodiments, the second indication is received via at least one of a system information block message or a radio resource control message.
[0130] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for performing, using the transmission power, transmission associated with at least one of a physical uplink control channel, a physical uplink shared channel, a physical random access channel, or a sounding reference signal.
[0131] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing the method 500 (for example, the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0132] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for determining that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of: a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, or ephemeris information of the source and target satellites.
[0133] In some example embodiments, the difference between the first and second path losses is transmitted via at least one of: a system information block message before the switching; a radio resource control message before the switching; or a message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.
[0134] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a first indication for a time of the switching.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a configuration of a time window, wherein the power control is performed by the first apparatus based on the difference between the first and second path losses in the time window after the switching.
[0136] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for the power control.
[0137] In some example embodiments, the second indication is transmitted via at least one of a system information block message or a radio resource control message.
[0138] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 500 or the second apparatus 120. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the performance of the second apparatus.
[0139] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a device 600 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 600 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first apparatus 110 or the second apparatus 120 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 600 includes one or more processors 610, one or more memories 620 coupled to the processor 610, and one or more communication modules 640 coupled to the processor 610.
[0140] The communication module 640 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 640 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, the communication module 640 may include at least one antenna.
[0141] The processor 610 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 600 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0142] The memory 620 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 624, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , an optical disk, a laser disk, and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 622 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0143] A computer program 630 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 610. The instructions of the program 630 may include instructions for performing operations / acts of some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 630 may be stored in the memory, e.g., the ROM 624. The processor 610 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 630 into the RAM 622.
[0144] The example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 630 so that the device 600 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 5. The example embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0145] In some example embodiments, the program 630 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 600 (such as in the memory 620) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 600. The device 600 may load the program 630 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 622 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer readable medium may include any types of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0146] FIG. 7 shows an example of the computer readable medium 700 which may be in form of CD, DVD or other optical storage disk. The computer readable medium 700 has the program 630 stored thereon.
[0147] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, and other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0148] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to carry out any of the methods as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0149] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0150] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0151] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0152] Further, although operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, although several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Unless explicitly stated, certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in a plurality of embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0153] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to:obtain a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; anddetermine a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellite.2.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the first apparatus to:receive, from a second apparatus, a first indication for a time of the switching.3.The first apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor cause the first apparatus to:determine the difference between the first and second path losses based on ephemeris information of the source and target satellites, a position of the first apparatus, and a path loss model.4.The first apparatus of claim 3, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the first apparatus to:receive the ephemeris information of the source and target satellites from the second apparatus.5.The first apparatus of claim 3 or 4, wherein the path loss model is predefined or configured by a second apparatus.6.The first apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor cause the first apparatus to:receive, from a second apparatus, the difference between the first and second path losses.7.The first apparatus of claim 6, wherein the difference between the first and second path losses is received via at least one of:a system information block message before the switching;a radio resource control message before the switching; ora message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.8.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-7, wherein the transmission power is determined based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses in a time window after the switching.9.The first apparatus of claim 8, wherein the time window is predefined or configured by a second apparatus.10.The first apparatus of claim 8 or 9, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the first apparatus to:discarding measurements for the first path loss after the switching; anddetermine, after the time window, the transmission power based on measurements for the second path loss.11.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-10, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the first apparatus to:receive, from a second apparatus, a second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for power control.12.The first apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second indication is received via at least one of a system information block message or a radio resource control message.13.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-12, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the first apparatus to:perform, using the transmission power, transmission associated with at least one of a physical uplink control channel, a physical uplink shared channel, a physical random access channel, or a sounding reference signal.14.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to:determine that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; andtransmit, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of:a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, orephemeris information of the source and target satellites.15.The second apparatus of claim 14, wherein the difference between the first and second path losses is transmitted via at least one of:a system information block message before the switching;a radio resource control message before the switching; ora message during a random access procedure with the target satellite.16.The second apparatus of claim 14 or 15, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the second apparatus to:transmit, to the first apparatus, a first indication for a time of the switching.17.The second apparatus of any of claims 14-16, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the second apparatus to:transmit, to the first apparatus, a configuration of a path loss model.18.The second apparatus of any of claims 14-17, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the second apparatus to:transmit, to the first apparatus, a configuration of a time window,wherein the power control is performed by the first apparatus based on the difference between the first and second path losses in the time window after the switching.19.The second apparatus of any of claims 14-18, wherein the at least one memory and the at least one processor further cause the second apparatus to:transmit, to the first apparatus, a second indication that the difference between the first and second path losses is enabled for the power control.20.The second apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second indication is transmitted via at least one of a system information block message or a radio resource control message.21.A method comprising:at a first apparatus,obtaining a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; anddetermining a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellites.22.A method comprising:at a second apparatus,determining that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; andtransmitting, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of:a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, orephemeris information of the source and target satellites.23.A first apparatus comprising:means for obtaining a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite; andmeans for determining a transmission power based on the first path loss and the difference between the first and second path losses after switching from the source satellite to the target satellites.24.A second apparatus comprising:means for determining that switching from a source satellite to a target satellite is to be performed for a first apparatus; andmeans for transmitting, to the first apparatus, before the switching, information for power control of the first apparatus, the information comprising at least one of:a difference between a first path loss associated with a source satellite and a second path loss associated with a target satellite, orephemeris information of the source and target satellites.25.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform the method of claim 21 or claim 22.
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