Imaging systems for capturing different types of images and corresponding operation methods
The imaging system addresses the challenge of capturing and combining different types of images by using an X-ray detector and cameras with non-overlapping wavelength ranges, enabling comprehensive sample analysis and enhanced image detail.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/111418
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-13
AI Technical Summary
Current imaging systems lack the capability to efficiently capture and combine different types of images, such as X-ray absorption images and visible or infrared light images, without overlapping wavelength ranges, which limits their ability to provide comprehensive sample analysis.
The system comprises an X-ray detector, multiple cameras capturing images of different wavelength ranges, and a sample stage with a window transparent to X-rays. The X-ray detector captures X-ray absorption images, while the cameras capture images of visible or infrared light. A mask with parallel slits can be used to form X-ray fan beams, and the system can generate composite images by superimposing these images.
This system enables the simultaneous capture and combination of X-ray absorption images and visible or infrared light images, providing a comprehensive view of the sample without wavelength overlap, and allows for the generation of phase-contrast images, enhancing the detail and clarity of the sample analysis.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023111418_13022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
IMAGING SYSTEMS FOR CAPTURING DIFFERENT TYPES OF IMAGES AND CORRESPONDING OPERATION METHODSBackground
[0001] A radiation detector is a device that measures a property of a radiation. Examples of the property may include a spatial distribution of the intensity, phase, and polarization of the radiation. The radiation measured by the radiation detector may be a radiation that has transmitted through an object. The radiation measured by the radiation detector may be electromagnetic radiation such as infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-ray, or γ-ray. The radiation may be of other types such as α-rays and β-rays. An imaging system may include one or more radiation detectors.Summary
[0002] Disclosed herein is a system, comprising: an X-ray detector; M cameras (cameras (i) , i=1, …, M) , with M being a positive integer; and a sample stage which comprises a window not opaque to X-rays. The X-ray detector is configured to capture an X-ray absorption image of a sample on the window of the sample stage. For each value of i, the camera (i) is configured to capture an image (i) of the sample. For each value of i, essentially all photons from the sample and detected by the camera (i) resulting in the image (i) are of a wavelength range (i) . There is no overlapping among the X-ray wavelength range and the wavelength ranges (i) , i=1, …, M.
[0003] In an aspect, the system further comprises a mask which comprises N parallel slits for respectively forming N X-ray fan beams from the N slits, with N being a positive integer. The mask is configured to be translated in a direction perpendicular to the N slits such that the N X-ray fan beams and the X-ray detector scan the entire sample.
[0004] In an aspect, M=1 and the wavelength range (1) is of visible light.
[0005] In an aspect, M=1 and the wavelength range (1) is of infrared light.
[0006] In an aspect, M=2, the wavelength range (1) is of visible light and the wavelength range (2) is of infrared light.
[0007] In an aspect, M>2.
[0008] In an aspect, the X-ray detector is configured to move between two separate positions respectively closer and farther away from the sample; the X-ray detector is configured to capture two X-ray images of the sample respectively from the two positions; and the system is configured to generate an X-ray phase-contrast image of the sample based on the two X-ray images.
[0009] In an aspect, the system further comprises a processor configured to generate a composite image of the sample by superimposing at least the X-ray absorption image and the images (i) , i=1, …, M.
[0010] In an aspect, the system further comprises a plate which presses the sample on the window of the sample stage so that the sample has a uniform thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to a supporting surface of the window. The plate is not opaque to X-rays and photons of the wavelength ranges (i) , i=1, …, M.
[0011] In an aspect, the system further comprises an X-ray source for capturing the X-ray absorption image. No X-ray photon from the X-ray source hits any camera of the M cameras.
[0012] In an aspect, the sample stage is between the X-ray detector and the M cameras.
[0013] In an aspect, the system further comprises an X-ray source for capturing the X-ray absorption image. The X-ray source and the M cameras are within a right circular cone having a vertex on the sample and an opening angle of at most 10 degrees, at most 20 degrees, at most 30 degrees, or at most 40 degrees.
[0014] In an aspect, an axis of the right circular cone is perpendicular to a best-fit plane of all sensing elements of the X-ray detector.
[0015] In an aspect, the sample comprises human or animal tissue.
[0016] Also disclosed herein is a method of using the system above. The method comprises capturing with the X-ray detector the X-ray absorption image of the sample, capturing with the M cameras the images (i) , i=1, …, M of the sample respectively, and generating a composite image of the sample by superimposing at least the X-ray absorption image and the images (i) , i=1, …, M.
[0017] In an aspect, the system further comprises a mask which comprises N parallel slits, with N being a positive integer, and the method further comprises forming N X-ray fan beams respectively from the N slits, and translating the mask in a direction perpendicular to the N slits thereby scanning the entire sample with the N X-ray fan beams and the X-ray detector.
[0018] In an aspect, the method further comprises capturing, with the X-ray detector, two X-ray images of the sample from two separate positions respectively closer and farther away from the sample; and generating an X-ray phase-contrast image of the sample based on the two X-ray images. Generating the composite image comprises superimposing the X-ray absorption image, the images (i) , i=1, …, M, and the X-ray phase-contrast image.
[0019] Brief Description of Figures
[0020] Fig. 1 schematically shows a radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0021] Fig. 2 schematically shows a simplified cross-sectional view of the radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0022] Fig. 3 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0023] Fig. 4 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector, according to an alternative embodiment.
[0024] Fig. 5 schematically shows an imaging system, according to an embodiment.
[0025] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart generalizing the operation of the imaging system, according to an embodiment.Detailed Description
[0026] RADIATION DETECTOR
[0027] Fig. 1 schematically shows a radiation detector 100, as an example. The radiation detector 100 may include an array of pixels 150 (also referred to as sensing elements 150) . The array may be a rectangular array (as shown in Fig. 1) , a honeycomb array, a hexagonal array, or any other suitable array. The array of pixels 150 in the example of Fig. 1 has 4 rows and 7 columns; however, in general, the array of pixels 150 may have any number of rows and any number of columns.
[0028] Each pixel 150 may be configured to detect radiation from a radiation source (not shown) incident thereon and may be configured to measure a characteristic (e.g., the energy of the particles, the wavelength, and the frequency) of the radiation. The radiation may include radiation particles such as photons (X-rays, gamma rays, etc. ) and subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles, etc. ) Each pixel 150 may be configured to count numbers of particles of radiation incident thereon whose energy falls in a plurality of bins of energy, within a period of time. All the pixels 150 may be configured to count the numbers of particles of radiation incident thereon within a plurality of bins of energy within the same period of time. When the incident particles of radiation have similar energy, the pixels 150 may be simply configured to count numbers of particles of radiation incident thereon within a period of time, without measuring the energy of the individual particles of radiation.
[0029] Each pixel 150 may have its own analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to digitize an analog signal representing the energy of an incident particle of radiation into a digital signal, or to digitize an analog signal representing the total energy of a plurality of incident particles of radiation into a digital signal. The pixels 150 may be configured to operate in parallel. For example, when one pixel 150 measures an incident particle of radiation, another pixel 150 may be waiting for a particle of radiation to arrive. The pixels 150 may not have to be individually addressable.
[0030] The radiation detector 100 described here may have applications such as in an X-ray telescope, X-ray mammography, industrial X-ray defect detection, X-ray microscopy or microradiography, X-ray casting inspection, X-ray non-destructive testing, X-ray weld inspection, X-ray digital subtraction angiography, etc. It may be suitable to use this radiation detector 100 in place of a photographic plate, a photographic film, a PSP plate, an X-ray image intensifier, a scintillator, or another semiconductor X-ray detector.
[0031] Fig. 2 schematically shows a simplified cross-sectional view of the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 along a line 2-2, according to an embodiment. Specifically, the radiation detector 100 may include a radiation absorption layer 110 and an electronics layer 120 (which may include one or more ASICs or application-specific integrated circuits) for processing and analyzing electrical signals which incident radiation generates in the radiation absorption layer 110. The radiation detector 100 may or may not include a scintillator (not shown) . The radiation absorption layer 110 may include a semiconductor material such as silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, or a combination thereof. The semiconductor material may have a high mass attenuation coefficient for the radiation of interest.
[0032] Fig. 3 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 along the line 2-2, as an example. Specifically, the radiation absorption layer 110 may include one or more diodes (e.g., p-i-n or p-n) formed by a first doped region 111, one or more discrete regions 114 of a second doped region 113. The second doped region 113 may be separated from the first doped region 111 by an optional intrinsic region 112. The discrete regions 114 may be separated from one another by the first doped region 111 or the intrinsic region 112. The first doped region 111 and the second doped region 113 may have opposite types of doping (e.g., region 111 is p-type and region 113 is n-type, or region 111 is n-type and region 113 is p-type) . In the example of Fig. 3, each of the discrete regions 114 of the second doped region 113 forms a diode with the first doped region 111 and the optional intrinsic region 112. Namely, in the example in Fig. 3, the radiation absorption layer 110 has a plurality of diodes (more specifically, 7 diodes corresponding to 7 pixels 150 of one row in the array of Fig. 1, of which only 2 pixels 150 are labeled in Fig. 3 for simplicity) . The plurality of diodes may have an electrode 119A as a shared (common) electrode. The first doped region 111 may also have discrete portions.
[0033] The electronics layer 120 may include an electronic system 121 suitable for processing or interpreting signals generated by the radiation incident on the radiation absorption layer 110. The electronic system 121 may include an analog circuitry such as a filter network, amplifiers, integrators, and comparators, or a digital circuitry such as a microprocessor, and memory. The electronic system 121 may include one or more ADCs (analog to digital converters) . The electronic system 121 may include components shared by the pixels 150 or components dedicated to a single pixel 150. For example, the electronic system 121 may include an amplifier dedicated to each pixel 150 and a microprocessor shared among all the pixels 150. The electronic system 121 may be electrically connected to the pixels 150 by vias 131. Space among the vias may be filled with a filler material 130, which may increase the mechanical stability of the connection of the electronics layer 120 to the radiation absorption layer 110. Other bonding techniques are possible to connect the electronic system 121 to the pixels 150 without using the vias 131.
[0034] When radiation from the radiation source (not shown) hits the radiation absorption layer 110 including diodes, particles of the radiation may be absorbed and generate one or more charge carriers (e.g., electrons, holes) by a number of mechanisms. The charge carriers may drift to the electrodes of one of the diodes under an electric field. The electric field may be an external electric field. The electrical contact 119B may include discrete portions each of which is in electrical contact with the discrete regions 114. The term “electrical contact” may be used interchangeably with the word “electrode. ” In an embodiment, the charge carriers may drift in directions such that the charge carriers generated by a single particle of the radiation are not substantially shared by two different discrete regions 114 ( “not substantially shared” here means less than 2%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow to a different one of the discrete regions 114 than the rest of the charge carriers) . Charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident around the footprint of one of these discrete regions 114 are not substantially shared with another of these discrete regions 114. A pixel 150 associated with a discrete region 114 may be an area around the discrete region 114 in which substantially all (more than 98%, more than 99.5%, more than 99.9%, or more than 99.99%of) charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident therein flow to the discrete region 114. Namely, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow beyond the pixel 150.
[0035] Fig. 4 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 along the line 2-2, according to an alternative embodiment. More specifically, the radiation absorption layer 110 may include a resistor of a semiconductor material such as silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, or a combination thereof, but does not include a diode. The semiconductor material may have a high mass attenuation coefficient for the radiation of interest. In an embodiment, the electronics layer 120 of Fig. 4 is similar to the electronics layer 120 of Fig. 3 in terms of structure and function.
[0036] When the radiation hits the radiation absorption layer 110 including the resistor but not diodes, it may be absorbed and generate one or more charge carriers by a number of mechanisms. A particle of the radiation may generate 10 to 100,000 charge carriers. The charge carriers may drift to the electrical contacts 119A and 119B under an electric field. The electric field may be an external electric field. The electrical contact 119B may include discrete portions. In an embodiment, the charge carriers may drift in directions such that the charge carriers generated by a single particle of the radiation are not substantially shared by two different discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B ( “not substantially shared” here means less than 2%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow to a different one of the discrete portions than the rest of the charge carriers) . Charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident around the footprint of one of these discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B are not substantially shared with another of these discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B. A pixel 150 associated with a discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B may be an area around the discrete portion in which substantially all (more than 98%, more than 99.5%, more than 99.9%or more than 99.99%of) charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident therein flow to the discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B. Namely, less than 2%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow beyond the pixel associated with the one discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B.
[0037] The term “image” in the present patent application (including the claims) is not limited to spatial distribution of a property of a radiation (such as intensity) . For example, the term “image” may also include the spatial distribution of density of a substance or element.
[0038] IMAGING SYSTEM
[0039] Fig. 5 schematically shows a perspective view of an imaging system 500, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the imaging system 500 may include a sample stage 540, an X-ray detector 505, and one or more cameras 510 (e.g., cameras 510.1 and 510.2) . In an embodiment, the sample stage 540 may be between (A) the X-ray detector 505 and (B) the cameras 510.1 and 510.2 (as shown) .
[0040] In an embodiment, the sample stage 540 may include a window 542 for supporting a sample 590. Specifically, the sample 590 may reside on a supporting surface 542ss of the window 542 (as shown) . In an embodiment, the sample 590 may include human or animal tissues. In an embodiment, the window 542 may not be opaque to X-rays.
[0041] In an embodiment, the X-ray detector 505 may be similar to the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 –Fig. 4 in terms of structure and function. In an embodiment, the X-ray detector 505 may be arranged such that a best-fit plane 507 of all sensing elements 150 of the X-ray detector 505 is parallel to the supporting surface 542ss of the window 542.
[0042] X-RAY ABSORPTION IMAGE OF SAMPLE
[0043] In an embodiment, the X-ray detector 505 may capture an X-ray absorption image of the sample 590 on the window 542 of the sample stage 540. Specifically, in an embodiment, an X-ray source 530 may send an X-ray beam 532 toward the sample 590; and the X-ray detector 505 may capture the X-ray absorption image of the sample 590 based on the interaction between the X-ray beam 532 and the sample 590.
[0044] The interaction between the X-ray beam 532 and the sample 590 may include scenarios such as: (A) some of the X-ray photons of the X-ray beam 532 that are incident on the sample 590 are absorbed by the sample 590, (B) some of the X-ray photons of the X-ray beam 532 that are incident on the sample 590 travel through the sample 590 without changing their directions, and (C) some of the X-ray photons of the X-ray beam 532 that are incident on the sample 590 collide with atoms of the sample 590 and thereby change their directions.
[0045] In an embodiment, the X-ray source 530 may be arranged such that the sample 590 is between the X-ray source 530 and the X-ray detector 505. In an embodiment, the X-ray source 530 may be arranged such that a straight line (not shown) going through both the X-ray source 530 and the sample 590 is perpendicular to the supporting surface 542ss of the window 542.
[0046] With reference to Fig. 5, although the X-ray source 530 is shown as a point, the X-ray source 530 may have any size and shape (i.e., the X-ray source 530 is not necessarily a point source) .
[0047] VISIBLE LIGHT IMAGE AND INFRARED LIGHT IMAGE OF SAMPLE
[0048] In an embodiment, the camera 510.1 may capture a visible light image of the sample 590; and the camera 510.2 may capture an infrared light image of the sample 590.
[0049] In an embodiment, essentially all the photons from the sample 590 and detected by the camera 510.1 resulting in the visible light image of the sample 590 may be of a first wavelength range of visible light. In the present patent application, “essentially all” means at least 90%. In other words, essentially all the photons from the sample 590 and detected by the camera 510.1 resulting in the visible light image of the sample 590 are visible light photons.
[0050] Similarly, in an embodiment, essentially all the photons from the sample 590 and detected by the camera 510.2 resulting in the infrared light image of the sample 590 may be of a second wavelength range of infrared light. In other words, essentially all the photons from the sample 590 and detected by the camera 510.2 resulting in the infrared light image of the sample 590 are infrared light photons.
[0051] In an embodiment, there may be no overlapping among the X-ray wavelength range (i.e., 0.01 nm -10 nm) , the first wavelength range, and the second wavelength range. In other words, no wavelength is in at least 2 wavelength ranges of the X-ray wavelength range, the first wavelength range, and the second wavelength range.
[0052] For example, the first wavelength range can be 500 nm -600 nm (i.e., within the visible light wavelength range of 400 nm –700 nm) ; and the second wavelength range can be 800 nm –900 nm (i.e., within the infrared light wavelength range of 700 nm –1 mm) .
[0053] OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM
[0054] In an embodiment, the imaging system 500 may operate as follows. The X-ray detector 505 may capture the X-ray absorption image of the sample 590. The camera 510.1 may capture the visible light image of the sample 590. The camera 510.2 may capture the infrared light image of the sample 590.
[0055] In an embodiment, the X-ray absorption image, the visible light image, and the infrared light image may be captured simultaneously. In an alternative embodiment, the X-ray absorption image, the visible light image, and the infrared light image may be captured one image at a time.
[0056] In an embodiment, a composite image of the sample 590 may be generated by superimposing at least the X-ray absorption image, the visible light image, and the infrared light image.
[0057] FLOWCHART GENERALIZING OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM
[0058] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart 600 generalizing the operation of the imaging system 500 of Fig. 5, according to an embodiment.
[0059] In step 610, the operation may include capturing with the X-ray detector the X-ray absorption image of the sample. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the X-ray detector 505 captures the X-ray absorption image of the sample 590.
[0060] In step 620, the operation may include capturing with the M cameras the images (i) , i=1, …, M of the sample respectively. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the camera 510.1 captures the visible light image of the sample 590, and the camera 510.2 captures the infrared light image of the sample 590 (here, M=2) .
[0061] In step 630, the operation may include generating a composite image of the sample by superimposing at least (A) the X-ray absorption image and (B) the images (i) , i=1, …, M. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the composite image of the sample 590 is generated by superimposing at least (A) the X-ray absorption image and (B) the visible light image and the infrared light image of the sample 590.
[0062] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0063] TRANSPARENT FILMS TO CREATE COMPOSITE IMAGE
[0064] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5 and step 630 of Fig. 6, the composite image of the sample 590 may be generated as follows. An X-ray transparent film may be created for the X-ray absorption image. Also, a first transparent film may be created for the visible light image of the sample 590; and a second transparent film may be created for the infrared light image of the sample 590. Then, the X-ray transparent film, the first transparent film, and the second transparent film may be placed on top of each other and on a projector (not shown) for projecting the composite image of the sample 590 to a screen (not shown) .
[0065] In an embodiment, the creation of the first transparent film may include making corrections for Keystone distortion of the visible light image. Similarly, in an embodiment, the creation of the second transparent film may include making corrections for Keystone distortion of the infrared light image.
[0066] In an embodiment, the placement of the X-ray transparent film, the first transparent film, and the second transparent film on top of each other and on the projector may include aligning images of the window 542 on the X-ray transparent film, the first transparent film, and the second transparent film.
[0067] In an embodiment, the X-ray transparent film, the first transparent film, and the second transparent film may have false colors.
[0068] REFRACTIVE INDEX OF SAMPLE
[0069] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the imaging system 500 may further include a mask 550 which may include N parallel slits, with N being a positive integer (e.g., 3 slits 552 as shown) . In an embodiment, the 3 slits 552 together with the X-ray source 530 respectively form 3 X-ray fan beams 553 from the 3 slits 552. For simplicity, only the X-ray fan beam 553 emitting from the middle slit 552 is shown in Fig. 5 (i.e., the 2 remaining X-ray fan beams 553 emitting from the 2 remaining slits 552 are not shown) .
[0070] In an embodiment, the mask 550 may be translated in a direction 555 perpendicular to the 3 slits 552 such that the 3 X-ray fan beams 553 and the X-ray detector 505 scan the entire sample 590. Note that if the sample 590 has a uniform refractive index throughout the sample 590, then the sample 590 should not cause any distortion, and the system operator should expect to see illuminated strips on the X-ray detector 505 that match the shape of the slits 552. Distortion (if any) of the illuminated strips on the X-ray detector 505 indicates non-uniform refractive index in the sample 590.
[0071] X-RAY PHASE-CONTRAST IMAGE OF SAMPLE
[0072] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the X-ray detector 505 may be configured to move in a direction 506 between 2 separate positions (as shown) respectively closer and farther away from the sample 590. The X-ray detector 505 is configured to capture 2 X-ray images of the sample 590 respectively from the 2 positions, and the imaging system 500 is configured to generate an X-ray phase-contrast image of the sample 590 based on the 2 X-ray images.
[0073] In an embodiment, the direction 506 may not be parallel to the supporting surface 542ss of the window 542. For example, the direction 506 may be perpendicular to the supporting surface 542ss of the window 542 (as shown) .
[0074] In an embodiment, the generation of the composite image of the sample 590 as described in step 630 of Fig. 6 may include superimposing (A) the X-ray absorption image of the sample 590, (B) the visible light image and the infrared light image of the sample 590, and (C) the X-ray phase-contrast image of the sample 590.
[0075] PROCESSOR
[0076] In an embodiment, the imaging system 500 may include a processor (not shown) configured to generate the composite image of the sample 590 by superimposing at least the X-ray absorption image, the visible light image, and the infrared light image of the sample 590.
[0077] SAMPLE HAS UNIFORM THICKNESS
[0078] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the imaging system 500 may include a plate (not shown) which presses the sample 590 on the window 542 of the sample stage 540 such that the sample 590 has a uniform thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to the supporting surface 542ss of the window 542.
[0079] In an embodiment, the plate may not be opaque to any photon of X-rays, visible light, and infrared light. As a result, the plate does not interfere with the capturing of the X-ray absorption image, the visible light image, and the infrared light image.
[0080] X-RAYS NOT HIT CAMERAS
[0081] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, no X-ray photon from the X-ray source 530 may hit any camera of the cameras 510.1 and 510.2.
[0082] X-RAY SOURCE AND CAMERAS NEAR EACH OTHER
[0083] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the X-ray source 530 and the cameras 510.1 and 510.2 may be within a right circular cone 560 having (A) a vertex X on the sample 590, and (B) an opening angle α of at most 10 degrees, at most 20 degrees, at most 30 degrees, or at most 40 degrees. In an embodiment, an axis 562 of the right circular cone 560 may be perpendicular to the best-fit plane 507.
[0084] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1.A system, comprising:an X-ray detector;M cameras (cameras (i) , i=1, …, M) , with M being a positive integer; anda sample stage which comprises a window not opaque to X-rays,wherein the X-ray detector is configured to capture an X-ray absorption image of a sample on the window of the sample stage,wherein for each value of i, the camera (i) is configured to capture an image (i) of the sample,wherein for each value of i, essentially all photons from the sample and detected by the camera (i) resulting in the image (i) are of a wavelength range (i) , andwherein there is no overlapping among the X-ray wavelength range and the wavelength ranges (i) , i=1, …, M.2.The system of claim 1, further comprising a mask which comprises N parallel slits for respectively forming N X-ray fan beams from the N slits, with N being a positive integer, wherein the mask is configured to be translated in a direction perpendicular to the N slits such that the N X-ray fan beams and the X-ray detector scan the entire sample.3.The system of claim 1,wherein M=1, andwherein the wavelength range (1) is of visible light.4.The system of claim 1,wherein M=1, andwherein the wavelength range (1) is of infrared light.5.The system of claim 1,wherein M=2,wherein the wavelength range (1) is of visible light, andwherein the wavelength range (2) is of infrared light.6.The system of claim 1, wherein M>2.7.The system of claim 1,wherein the X-ray detector is configured to move between two separate positions respectively closer and farther away from the sample,wherein the X-ray detector is configured to capture two X-ray images of the sample respectively from the two positions, andwherein the system is configured to generate an X-ray phase-contrast image of the sample based on the two X-ray images.8.The system of claim 1, further comprising a processor configured to generate a composite image of the sample by superimposing at least the X-ray absorption image and the images (i) , i=1, …, M.9.The system of claim 1, further comprising a plate which presses the sample on the window of the sample stage so that the sample has a uniform thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to a supporting surface of the window, wherein the plate is not opaque to X-rays and photons of the wavelength ranges (i) , i=1, …, M.10.The system of claim 1, further comprising an X-ray source for capturing the X-ray absorption image, wherein no X-ray photon from the X-ray source hits any camera of the M cameras.11.The system of claim 1, wherein the sample stage is between the X-ray detector and the M cameras.12.The system of claim 1, further comprising an X-ray source for capturing the X-ray absorption image, wherein the X-ray source and the M cameras are within a right circular cone having a vertex on the sample and an opening angle of at most 10 degrees, at most 20 degrees, at most 30 degrees, or at most 40 degrees.13.The system of claim 12, wherein an axis of the right circular cone is perpendicular to a best-fit plane of all sensing elements of the X-ray detector.14.The system of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises human or animal tissue.15.A method of using the system of claim 1, comprising:capturing with the X-ray detector the X-ray absorption image of the sample;capturing with the M cameras the images (i) , i=1, …, M of the sample respectively; andgenerating a composite image of the sample by superimposing at least the X-ray absorption image and the images (i) , i=1, …, M.16.The method of claim 15,wherein the system further comprises a mask which comprises N parallel slits, with N being a positive integer, andwherein the method further comprises forming N X-ray fan beams respectively from the N slits, and translating the mask in a direction perpendicular to the N slits thereby scanning the entire sample with the N X-ray fan beams and the X-ray detector.17.The method of claim 15, further comprising:capturing, with the X-ray detector, two X-ray images of the sample from two separate positions respectively closer and farther away from the sample; andgenerating an X-ray phase-contrast image of the sample based on the two X-ray images,wherein said generating the composite image comprises superimposing the X-ray absorption image, the images (i) , i=1, …, M, and the X-ray phase-contrast image.
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