Random access in a-IOT system
By allowing A-IoT devices to determine a target frequency from candidate frequencies and use it for accessing communication devices, the random access process in A-IoT systems is enhanced, addressing inefficiencies and improving flexibility and resource allocation.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/086048
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-13
AI Technical Summary
Current A-IoT systems face challenges in enhancing random access procedures, particularly in determining optimal access resources, which affects efficiency and flexibility in massive inventory scenarios.
An A-IoT device determines a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies and transmits a message for accessing a communication device based on this target frequency, improving the flexibility and efficiency of random access.
This approach enhances the random access process in A-IoT systems by allowing for more efficient and flexible resource allocation, thereby improving the system's ability to handle massive inventory requirements.
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Figure CN2024086048_13022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RANDOM ACCESS IN A-IOT SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to random access in an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) system.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication devices, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] A wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption. In this case, the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system. Multiple topologies, for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device. In Topology 1, the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS. In Topology 2, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate device (also referred to as an intermediate node) between the A-IoT device and a BS. In Topology 3, the A-IoT device communicates uidirectionally with a BS and communicates uidirectionally with an assisting node. In Topology 4, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE. However, transmission enhancements in the A-IoT system, especially, enhancements on random access in the A-IoT system considering one or more of the above multiple topologies, are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support random access in an A-IoT system. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to improve the flexibility and efficiency of the random access for the A-IoT system.
[0005] In some implementations, there is provided an A-IoT device. The base station comprises at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the A-IoT device to: determine a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; and transmit, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency.
[0006] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the A-IoT device. The method comprises: determining a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; and transmitting, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency.
[0007] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: determine a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; and transmit, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies may be indicated by one of the following: a frequency offset of the candidate frequency relative to a center frequency of carrier wave (CW) on which the message is backscattered; or a center frequency. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, the plurality of candidate frequencies may be stored in the A-IoT device.
[0009] Some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include receiving a command from the communication device; and transmitting the message to the communication device may comprise in response to receiving the command, transmitting the message to the communication device, the message comprising a response to the command. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies is indicated by a scaling parameter, and some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include determining the candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies based on the scaling parameter and a reference backscatter link frequency, and the reference backscatter link frequency is determined based on one or more parameters indicated in the command. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, the scaling parameter may be carried by control information in the command.
[0010] Some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include receiving a command from the communication device; and transmitting the message to the communication device may comprise in response to receiving the command, transmitting the message to the communication device, the message comprising a response to the command. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, determining the target frequency from the plurality of candidate frequencies may comprise determining an available set of candidate frequencies from the plurality of candidate frequencies; and determining the target frequency from the available set of candidate frequencies. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, the available set of candidate frequencies may be determined based on remaining power of the A-IoT device. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, a number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies may be associated with the remaining power. Some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include determining available time duration for transmitting the message based on a number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, determining the available time duration may comprise determining the available time duration based on the number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies and a time parameter indicated in the command. In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, the message may comprise a number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies.
[0011] In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, determining the target frequency from the plurality of candidate frequencies may comprise, based on determining that remaining power of the A-IoT device is above a threshold, determining the target frequency from the plurality of candidate frequencies.
[0012] In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, the message may comprise one or more of the following: a random identifier; or a device identifier of the A-IoT device. Some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include receiving, from the communication device, an acknowledgment message for the message, the acknowledgment message comprising a channel index, and the channel index is associated with the target frequency. Some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include transmitting, to the communication device, another message comprising a device identifier of the A-IoT device based on the target frequency. Some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein may further include receiving, from the communication device, another acknowledgment message for the other message, the other acknowledgment message comprising one or more of: the channel index; or partial bits of the device identifier.
[0013] In some implementations of the method and the A-IoT device described herein, the communication device may comprise a BS or a UE.
[0014] In some implementations, there is provided a communication device. The communication device comprises at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the communication device to: monitor a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; and receive the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.
[0015] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the communication device. The method comprises: monitoring a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; and receiving the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.
[0016] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: monitor a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; and receive the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies may be indicated by one of the following: a frequency offset of the candidate frequency relative to a center frequency of carrier wave (CW) on which the message is backscattered; or a center frequency. In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, the plurality of candidate frequencies may be stored in the A-IoT device.
[0018] Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include transmitting a command to the A-IoT device; and monitoring the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message may comprises in response to transmitting the command, monitoring the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message, the message comprising a response to the command. In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies may be indicated by a scaling parameter, and the candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies may be determined based on the scaling parameter and a reference backscatter link frequency, and the reference backscatter link frequency is determined based on one or more parameters indicated in the command. In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, the scaling parameter may be carried by control information in the command.
[0019] Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include transmitting a command to the A-IoT device; and monitoring the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message may comprises in response to transmitting the command, monitoring the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message, the message comprising a response to the command. In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, the message may comprise a number of candidate frequencies in an available set of candidate frequencies, wherein the available set of candidate frequencies may be determined by the A-IoT device from the plurality of candidate frequencies. Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include determining available time duration for receiving the message based on the number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies. In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, determining the available time duration may comprise determining the available time duration based on the number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies and a time parameter indicated in the command. Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include determining a time parameter to be indicated in a further command to the A-IoT device, based on the number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies.
[0020] In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, the message may comprise one or more of the following: a random identifier; or a device identifier of the communication device.
[0021] Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an acknowledgment message for the message, the acknowledgment message comprising a channel index, and the channel index is associated with the target frequency. Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include receiving, from the A-IoT device, on the target frequency, another message comprising a device identifier of the A-IoT device. Some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein may further include transmitting, to the A-IoT device, another acknowledgment message for the other message, the other acknowledgment message comprising one or more of the channel index; or partial bits of the device identifier.
[0022] In some implementations of the method and the communication device described herein, the communication device comprises a BS or a UE.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 3A illustrates an example frequency resource structure in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 3B illustrates example frequency resources of an A-IoT device in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 3C illustrates an example preamble of an inventory command in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 3D illustrates an example frame structure of an inventory command in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 3E illustrates example available time duration for message transmission in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0036] FIGS. 6 through 7 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0039] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0040] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0041] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0042] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0043] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as, 5G new radio (NR) , LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0044] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0045] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0046] As used herein, the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For the A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. A-IoT device can also be called zero-power terminals, near-zero power terminals, passive IoT device, ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, enhance machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
[0047] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0048] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0049] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0050] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0051] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0052] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0053] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0054] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0055] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0056] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0057] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0058] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0059] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0060] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0061] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0062] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0063] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0064] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0065] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0066] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0067] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0068] Reference is made to FIGS. 1B to 1E to give example illustrations of the above Topologies 1 to 4. Reference is first made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, in Topology 1, an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally. The communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling. This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
[0069] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1C, in Topology 2, an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate device 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and base station 133. In this topology, the intermediate device 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate device 132 transfers A-IoT data and / or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
[0070] Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B. FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure. In Topology 3B, an A-IoT device 141 receives data / signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data / signalling to an assisting node 143. In this topology, the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT. For Topology 3A, the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data / signaling. In Topology 3A, an A-IoT device 141 transmits data / signalling to a BS 142, and receives data / signalling from an assisting node 143.
[0071] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1E, in Topology 4, an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152. The communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling.
[0072] In release 19 (Rel-19) , a new study item (SID) on A-IoT has been approved, which includes the study objective of necessary and feasible solutions for A-IoT as follows:
[0073] Moreover, an agreement associated with A-IoT has been made as follows:
[0074] In addition, inventory is a typical use case defined for the A-IoT system in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) . The random access procedure for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) inventory may be regarded as a reference for the 3GPP A-IoT inventory. The procedure of one inventory round in international organization for standardization (ISO) 18000-6C UHF RFID inventory procedure may include the following steps:
[0075] - ‘Query’ is a reader to RFID tag command that triggers inventory round,
[0076] - ‘RN16’ is a random access channel from an RFID tag that carries a 16-bit random number,
[0077] - ‘ACK’ is an reader to RFID tag command that indicates the acknowledgement for the detected ‘RN16’ (echoes the 16-bit random number) , and
[0078] - ‘EPC’ is a unique ID of the RFID tag.
[0079] On this basis, inventors have observed that similar to the above inventory procedure, the following multiple-step random access procedure may be regarded as a starting point for A-IoT inventory:
[0080] - Msg0 (Reader->Device) : Device receives an inventory command (e.g., similar as Query with / without Select in RFID)
[0081] - Msg1 (Device->Reader) : Device transmits of a random identifier (e.g., similar as RN16 in RFID)
[0082] - Msg2 (Reader->Device) : Device receives an acknowledgement of the random identifier (e.g., similar as ACK in RFID)
[0083] - Msg3 (Device->Reader) : Device transmits a device identifier (e.g., similar as PC / XPC, EPC in RFID)
[0084] - Msg4 (Reader->Device) : Device receives an acknowledgement of the device identifier.
[0085] However, one inventory round in the above multiple-step random access procedure may inventory only one A-IoT device. Moreover, only in an ideal status where there is no back-off for random access, no collision, and a single A-IoT device for inventory without back-off time, it is possible to meet the inventory target of 100 devices per sec as required for 3GPP. Thus, to meet the massive inventory design target of a limited time, there is a need to provide an improved solution for the random access procedure in the A-IoT system, especially, considering an improved approach to determine the access resource to be used.
[0086] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for random access in an A-IoT system. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, an A-IoT device determines a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies. Moreover, the A-IoT device transmits, to a communication device (for example, a BS or a UE) , a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency.
[0087] By allowing the use of a target frequency of a plurality of candidate frequencies to transmit the message for accessing, this solution can facilitate random access for the A-IoT system. In this way, it is possible to improve the flexibility and efficiency of the random access for the A-IoT system.
[0088] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the processes 200 will be described with reference to FIGS. 1B to 1E. The process 200 may involve an A-IoT device 201 and a communication device 202. For example, the A-IoT 201 may comprise the A-IoT device121 as shown in FIG. 1B, or the A-IoT device 131 as shown in FIG. 1C, or the A-IoT device 141 as shown in FIG. 1D, or the A-IoT device 151 as shown in FIG. 1E. For example, the communication device 202 may comprise one of the following: the BS 122 as shown in FIG. 1B, the BS 133 or the intermediate node 132 as shown in FIG. 1C, the BS 142 or the assisting node 143 as shown in FIG. 1D, or the UE 152 as shown in FIG. 1E. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0089] As shown in FIG. 2, the A-IoT device 201 determines (205) a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies. For example, the A-IoT device 201 may be configured with the plurality of candidate frequencies available for random access, and in this case, the determined target frequency may be used for transmitting a message for the random access to the communication device 202. As an example implementation, the utilization of frequency multiplexing of random access may be triggered by a pre-defined threshold for the remaining power of the A-IoT device 201. In this case, if the remaining power of the A-IoT device 201 is above the threshold, the determination of the target frequency from the plurality of candidate frequencies may be triggered.
[0090] In some embodiments, the communication device 202 may transmit a command to the A-IoT device 201. For example, the command may comprise an inventory command, i.e., Msg0 as described above. In this case, in response to receiving the command, the A-IoT device 201 may need to transmit the message for the random access to the communication device 202 as a response to the command. Thus, the determination of the target frequency from the plurality of candidate frequencies may be performed accordingly. In this case, accordingly, the communication device 202 monitors (210) the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message from the A-IoT device 201.
[0091] In some embodiments, in the frequency domain, the resources may be organized into a list of candidate frequencies, denoted by S, which may be considered as a full set of candidate frequencies. FIG. 3A illustrates an example frequency resource structure for S in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. There are 4 candidate frequencies #1, #2, #3, and #4 shown in FIG. 3A. The respective frequency resource associated with each of the 4 candidate frequencies may occupy a channel bandwidth, for example, denoted by CHBW.
[0092] Based on the above full set of candidate frequencies (i.e., S) , each A-IoT device (for example, one of the A-IoT device 201 or one or more other A-IoT devices (not shown in FIG. 2) communicating with the communication device 202) may be provided with a list of candidate frequencies within S, for example, denoted by Sj, In some implementations, the list of candidate frequencies may be stored in the respective A-IoT device. For example, different A-IoT devices may be provided with different Sj. In the embodiments where the example frequency resource structure in FIG. 3A is used, a first A-IoT device may be provided with candidate frequencies #1, #2, #3, and #4, a second A-IoT device may be provided with candidate frequencies #1 and #3, and a third A-IoT device may be provided with only the candidate frequency #4. Hereinafter, taking the A-IoT device 201 configured with a list of candidate frequencies S1 (i.e., the plurality of candidate frequencies from which the target frequency is determined as described above) as an example to discuss some embodiments for the transmission resource determination, it should be appreciated that similar steps or features can be equally or similarly applicable to the one or more other A-IoT devices communicating with the communication device 202 if any.
[0093] In some embodiments, S1 may be determined according to the capability of the A-IoT device 201. As an example, S1 may be determined based on the frequency accuracy of the A-IoT device 201. The frequency accuracy may be specified in terms of reference oscillator frequency accuracy or synthesizer output frequency accuracy. The frequency accuracy may be expressed as a deviation from the center frequency in parts per million (ppm) . As another example, S1 may be determined based on the sampling frequency offset (SFO) of the A-IoT device 201. The sampling frequency offset (SFO) may refer to a mismatch between the oscillator of the transmitter and the oscillator of the receiver. As per the A-IoT design targets, the initial SFO for the A-IoT device 201 may be up to 10X ppm if the A-IoT device 201 is of ~1 μW peak power consumption or of ≤a few hundred μW peak power consumption.
[0094] In some embodiments, a candidate frequency in S1 may be indicated in a variety of approaches, for example, considering whether uplink transmission from the A-IoT device 201 to the communication device 202 is backscattered on a carrier wave (CW) provided by a carrier wave node externally, or the uplink transmission is generated internally by the A-IoT device 201.
[0095] In the implementations where the uplink transmission from the A-IoT device 201 to the communication device 202 is backscattered on a CW provided by a carrier wave node externally, a candidate frequency of S1 may be indicated by a frequency offset (for example, denoted as ΔFi) of the candidate frequency relative to a center frequency of the CW. FIG. 3B illustrates example candidate frequency resources of the A-IoT device 201 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3B, the four candidate frequencies are indicated by ΔFi, where i=1, 2, 3, and 4. In this case, S1 may be stored in the A-IoT device 201.
[0096] In some other implementations where the uplink transmission from the A-IoT device 201 to the communication device 202 is backscattered on a CW provided by a carrier wave node externally, a candidate frequency of S1 may be indicated by a scaling parameter (also referred to as a scale ratio (SR) ) . In this case, a candidate frequency of S1 may be determined based on the scaling parameter and a reference backscatter link frequency (BLF) . The reference BLF may be determined based on one or more parameters indicated in the inventory command. For example, as specified in the ISO 18000-6C UHF RFID inventory procedure, the BLF may be calculated as follows:
[0097] The BLF as specified in the ISO 18000-6C UHF RFID inventory procedure may be used as a reference for determining a candidate frequency of S1. As described above, TRcal may be carried by the preamble, on which the measurement shows the required length of TRcal for the reference BLF. FIG. 3C illustrates an example preamble of an inventory command in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The reference BLF may also be referred to as BLF0, and may be calculated as BLF0=DR / TRcal as described above. Based on the determined reference BLF and the introduced scaling parameter (for example, SRi for the i-th candidate frequency BLFi of S1) , BLFi may be determined as follows:
[0098] BLFi= BLF0*SRi = DR*SRi / TRcal
[0099] The above scaling parameter may be carried by control information in the inventory command. FIG. 3D illustrates an example frame structure of an inventory command in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3D, the control information comprising the scaling parameter may follow the preamble , such as for TRcal.
[0100] In the implementations where the uplink transmission from the A-IoT device 201 to the communication device 202 is generated internally by the A-IoT device 201, a candidate frequency of S1 may be indicated by a center frequency. In other words, the candidate frequency may be indicated by its center frequency directly. In this case, S1 may be stored in the A-IoT device 201.
[0101] In some embodiments, based on the indicated S1, the A-IoT device 201 may determine an available set of candidate frequencies (for example, denoted as S1a) from S1, and then determine the target frequency from S1a. As an example, S1a may be determined as the full set of candidate frequencies, i.e., S1, that is, S1a=S1. As another example, the A-IoT device 201 may further adjust the available candidate frequencies according to its remaining power. In this case, S1a may be determined based on the remaining power of the A-IoT device 201. The number of candidate frequencies in S1a may be associated with the remaining power. As an example implementation, if the remaining power is lower than a pre-defined threshold, the A-IoT device 201 may decrease the available candidate frequencies from S1, i.e., For instance, the number of candidate frequencies in S1a may be indicated in the message to be transmitted to the communication device 202.
[0102] After determining the target frequency as described above, referring back to FIG. 2, the A-IoT device 201 transmits (215) , to the communication device 202, the message for accessing the communication device 202 based on the target frequency. Accordingly, the communication device 202 receives the message from the A-IoT device 201 on the target frequency.
[0103] In some embodiments, in addition to the frequency resource determination for the message transmission as described above, the time-domain resource for transmitting the message may also need to be considered. For example, the A-IoT device 201 may determine the available time duration for transmitting the message based on the number of candidate frequencies in S1a. As an example implementation, the available time duration may be determined based on the number of candidate frequencies in S1a and a time parameter (for example, Q value if Q protocol is applied) indicated in the inventory command.
[0104] The starting time point (for example, denoted as TPs) of the available time duration may be determined based on an offset (for example, TR2D_min) relative to the end of the inventory command transmission (i.e., Msg0 transmission) , where TR2D_min may indicate the minimum time between an R2D transmission and the corresponding D2R transmission following it as described above. Assuming that k (for example, 1, 2, 4, and so on) available candidate frequencies are selected by the A-IoT device 201, the ending time point of the available time duration may be denoted as TPe_k. Thus, the available time duration may be expressed by TPe_k-TPs. As an example, considering the fairness among multiple A-IoT devices, that is, considering that the candidate resources in the frequency and time domain (i.e., F / T candidate resources) are set as the same for each A-IoT device, the available time duration may be determined as follows:
[0105] TPe_k-TPs = (TPe_1-TPs) / k.
[0106] For example, TPe_1-TPs (in this case, k=1, that is, there is only one candidate frequency) may be calculated based on the Q value indicated in the inventory command if Q protocol is applied as TPe_1-TPs = 2Q. In this case, the available time duration may be calculated as TPe_k-TPs = 2Q / k. FIG. 3E illustrates example available time duration for message transmission in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3E, for k=1, 2, and 4, there is a relation of TPe_1 -TPs =2* (TPe_2 -TPs) = 4* (TPe_4 -TPs) .
[0107] After determining the available candidate resources in the frequency and time domain as described above, the A-IoT device 201 may further determine a resource in the frequency and time domain for transmitting the message by random selection within the available candidate resources in the frequency and time domain. In the embodiments where the A-IoT device 201 indicates the number of candidate frequencies in S1a in the message, the communication device 202 may determine the available time duration for receiving the message based on the number of candidate frequencies in S1a likewise. Moreover, the number of candidate frequencies in S1a may help the communication device 202 to adjust the time parameter (e.g., Q value) indicated in a further inventory command in the next inventory round (s) . For example, if all A-IoT devices have multiple available frequencies, the communication device 202 may decrease the Q value in the next inventory round (s) .
[0108] In some embodiments, the above message may comprise one or more of a random identifier; or a device identifier of the A-IoT device 201. In other words, the above message may comprise Msg1 or Msg3, or a combination of the information carried by Msg1 and Msg3. After receiving the message, the communication device 202 may transmit, to the A-IoT device 201, an acknowledgment message for the message. Accordingly, the acknowledgment message may comprise Msg2 or Msg4, or a combination of the information carried by Msg2 and Msg4.
[0109] For example, if one frequency is used for R2D transmission (e.g., Msg0, Msg2, or Msg4) , while multiple candidate frequencies may be used for D2R transmission (e.g., Msg1 or Msg4) , in the case of multiplexing for D2R transmission, it is still possible for different A-IoT devices to transmit Msg1 with the same random identifier (e.g., similar as RN16 in RFID) on different channels. In this case, if the communication device 202 transmits Msg2 to indicate an acknowledgment of the random identifier, which A-IoT device is the target receiver of this Msg2 is unclear. Thus, to diminish the ambiguity, the acknowledgment message may comprise a channel index (such as i for ΔFi) that is associated with the target frequency on which the corresponding Msg1 is received. As an example, in the following step, if the A-IoT device 201 intends to transmit Msg3 comprising the device identifier of the A-IoT device 202, the A-IoT device 201 may utilize the same target frequency candidate as that for Msg1 transmission. After that, if the communication device 202 intends to transmit Msg4, the communication device 202 may indicate in Msg 4 the channel index on which the corresponding Msg3 is received. Alternatively or additionally, the communication device 202 may indicate partial bits of the device identifier of the A-IoT device 201 in Msg4 to diminish ambiguity to which A-IoT device the Msg4 is intended.
[0110] According to some embodiments with reference to FIGS. 2 to 3E, D2R transmission (for example, the above Msg1 or Msg3) from different A-IoT devices can be frequency-multiplexed within the same frequency range by selecting different candidate frequencies for D2R transmission in the A-IoT inventory. Thus, it is allowed to increase inventory efficiency for the A-IoT system.
[0111] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 400 may be an example of an A-IoT device 201 or the communication device 202 as described herein. The device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more devices in the A-IoT system. The device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I / O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0112] The processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0113] In some implementations, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
[0114] For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for determining a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; and a means for transmitting, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for monitoring a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an A-IoT device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; and a means for receiving the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.
[0115] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0116] The memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0117] The I / O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400. The I / O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 406. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 400 via the I / O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 408.
[0118] In some implementations, the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410. The transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0119] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0120] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0121] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 500. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0122] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0123] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0124] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
[0125] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
[0126] The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0127] The one or more ALUs 500 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 500 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 500 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . One or more ALUs 500 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 500 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 500 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 500 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 500 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0128] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for determining a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; and a means for transmitting, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for monitoring a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an A-IoT device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; and a means for receiving the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.
[0129] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by an A-IoT device 201 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0130] At 610, the method may include determining a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by an A-IoT device 201 as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0131] At 620, the method may include transmitting, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency. The operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by an A-IoT device 201 as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0132] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 that supports random access in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 700 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 700 may be performed by a communication device 202 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0133] At 710, the method may include monitoring a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device. The operations of 710 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 710 may be performed by a communication device 202 as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0134] At 720, the method may include receiving the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies. The operations of 720 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 720 may be performed by a communication device 202 as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0135] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0136] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0137] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0138] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0139] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0140] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.An ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the A-IoT device to:determine a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; andtransmit, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency.2.The A-IoT device of claim 1, wherein a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies is indicated by one of the following:a frequency offset of the candidate frequency relative to a center frequency of carrier wave (CW) on which the message is backscattered; ora center frequency.3.The A-IoT device of claim 1, wherein:the at least one processor is further configured to cause the A-IoT device to:receive a command from the communication device; andtransmitting the message to the communication device comprises:in response to receiving the command, transmitting the message to the communication device, the message comprising a response to the command.4.The A-IoT device of claim 3, wherein a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies is indicated by a scaling parameter, and the at least one processor is further configured to cause the A-IoT device to:determine the candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies based on the scaling parameter and a reference backscatter link frequency, the reference backscatter link frequency being determined based on one or more parameters indicated in the command.5.The A-IoT device of claim 4, wherein the scaling parameter is carried by control information in the command.6.The A-IoT device of claim 3, wherein determining the target frequency from the plurality of candidate frequencies comprises:determining an available set of candidate frequencies from the plurality of candidate frequencies; anddetermining the target frequency from the available set of candidate frequencies.7.The A-IoT device of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the A-IoT device to:determine available time duration for transmitting the message based on a number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies.8.The A-IoT device of claim 6, wherein the message comprises a number of candidate frequencies in the available set of candidate frequencies.9.The A-IoT device of claim 1, wherein the message comprises one or more of the following:a random identifier; ora device identifier of the A-IoT device.10.The A-IoT device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the A-IoT device to:receive, from the communication device, an acknowledgment message for the message, the acknowledgment message comprising a channel index, the channel index being associated with the target frequency.11.The A-IoT device of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the A-IoT device to:transmit, to the communication device, another message comprising a device identifier of the A-IoT device based on the target frequency.12.The A-IoT device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the A-IoT device to:receive, from the communication device, another acknowledgment message for the other message, the other acknowledgment message comprising one or more of:the channel index; orpartial bits of the device identifier.13.A communication device comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the communication device to:monitor a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; andreceive the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.14.The communication device of claim 13, wherein a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies is indicated by one of the following:a frequency offset of the candidate frequency relative to a center frequency of carrier wave (CW) on which the message is backscattered; ora center frequency.15.The communication device of claim 13, wherein:the at least one processor is further configured to cause the communication device to:transmit a command to the A-IoT device; andmonitoring the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message comprises:in response to transmitting the command, monitoring the plurality of candidate frequencies for the message, the message comprising a response to the command.16.The communication device of claim 15, wherein a candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies is indicated by a scaling parameter, and the candidate frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies is determined based on the scaling parameter and a reference backscatter link frequency, the reference backscatter link frequency being determined based on one or more parameters indicated in the command.17.The communication device of claim 16, wherein the scaling parameter is carried by control information in the command.18.The communication device of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the communication device to:transmit, to the A-IoT device, an acknowledgment message for the message, the acknowledgment message comprising a channel index, the channel index being associated with the target frequency.19.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:determine a target frequency from a plurality of candidate frequencies; andtransmit, to a communication device, a message for accessing the communication device based on the target frequency.20.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:monitor a plurality of candidate frequencies for a message from an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, the message being used for the A-IoT device to access the communication device; andreceive the message on a target frequency of the plurality of candidate frequencies.
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