Vectored DEV avian influenza h9 vaccines
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/114152
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-08-25
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-23
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Developing a safe and effective live Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) vector that is genetically modified for vaccines against diseases in chickens remains a challenge, as traditional attenuation methods result in unspecific genetic modifications and risk of virulence return.
A modified DEV is created by inserting a heterologous gene coding for a chicken pathogen antigen, such as the H9HA gene, into the DEV genome, and by inactivating non-essential genes like US7, US8, UL2, and UL24, resulting in a virus that is attenuated and capable of expressing foreign genes for protective immunity.
The modified DEV shows reduced or no morbidity and mortality in chickens, is stable for long-term expression of antigens, and induces protective immunity against avian influenza virus H9, making it a safe and effective vaccine candidate.
Abstract
Description
VECTORED DEV AVIAN INFLUENZA H9 VACCINES
[0001] Cross-Reference to Related Application
[0002] This application claims the priority of PCT / CN2023 / 114926 filed on August 25, 2023 entitled by “COMPOSITION COMPRISING MODIFIED DEVs” , the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.Technical Field
[0003] The present invention relates to the field of animal health. Particularly, the present invention relates to a composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a composition, comprising the modified DEV as a vector-vaccine for chicken, and the use thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a vaccine composition against a chicken pathogen, comprising a modified DEV that shows no or reduced pathogenicity in chicken.
[0004] Technical background
[0005] Duck plague, also known as duck virus enteritis, is an acute and septic infection in Anseriformes, such as ducks, geese, etc. It is caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV) , which naturally infects ducks and geese. However, DEV does not only cause duck plague in ducks and geese, it also infects and kills chicken. DEV is also known as Anatid herpesvirus 1, duck herpesvirus 1, duck viral enteritis virus (DVEV) or duck plague virus (DPV) . The complete nucleotide sequence of DEV has been determined and is available online (see for instance Genbank Accession No. JQ673560) . The viral genome contains about 162Kb, encoding nearly 80 distinct proteins. Several strains of DEV have been isolated, such as the Jansen strain, the CSC strain, the CHv strain, the VAC strain, and the 2085 strain. The complete sequences of several DEV strains are available in Genbank, such as the VAC strain: ID EU082088.2; the Anatid isolate C-KCE: ID KF263690.1; the Anatid strain CHv: ID JQ647509.1; the Anatid strain 2085: ID JF999965; the Anatid strain CV: ID KJ549663.1 or the Anatid strain CSC: ID JQ673560.1.
[0006] As a member of the Herpesvirus family, the DEV genome has a stable double-stranded DNA structure and contains a plurality of non-essential regions for virus replication, which can accommodate the insertion of a plurality of heterologous genes. DEV strains that are attenuated through traditional passaging in chicken embryos or duck embryos have become a promising vaccine live vector system for developing vaccines against avian diseases. However, attenuation through traditional passaging in chicken embryos or duck embryos results in unspecific and mainly unknown genetic modifications with the risk, that such modifications can get lost and the attenuated virus returns to virulence. At present, expressing heterologous genes with DEV as a vector is mainly studied for developing vaccines against diseases in ducks. It has been reported that DEV vectored-vaccine which expresses a heterologous gene would be safe in duck, but it showed virulence for chicken (see Wang, J., (2015) . Construction of a recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV) expressing hemagglutinin of H5N1 avian influenza virus based on an infectious clone of DEV vaccine strain and evaluation of its effcacy in ducks and chickens. Virology Journal, 12 (1) . ) . Developing a safe and effective live DEV vector that is genetically modified for developing vaccines against diseases in chickens remains a challenge in the art.
[0007] Brief Description of the Invention
[0008] The present invention is based on the surprising finding that a heterologous gene of interest, for example of a chicken pathogen (e.g. H9HA gene) can be inserted into the genome of Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) and can provide protection against the respective pathogen (e.g. avian influenza virus H9) . The heterologous gene of interest can be inserted into or in replacement of a portion or the whole sequence of a non-essential gene or region of the DEV genome. Particularly non-essential genes or regions comprises or consists of the UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, both US7 gene and US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region. Such modified DEVs are stable and capable of expressing the heterologous gene of interest coding for the antigen in a manner suitable for inducing protective immunity against the respective pathogen, including at very early stage (i.e., at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) . Thus, such modified DEVs can be used as very potent vaccine candidates for vaccinating chicken, and for conferring early protective immunity.
[0009] According to a further aspect, the present invention is based on a further surprising finding that the DEV, in particular the DEV which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous gene of interest, can be modified in such that it shows a reduced or no morbidity or mortality in chicken as compared to the non-modified DEV. This attenuation of DEV with respect to chicken can be obtained by the inactivation of non-essential genes of the DEV genome, such as by the inactivation of i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, or viii) UL41, alone or in combination with other DEV genes such as for example the combinations of: i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or v) UL41 gene and US8. While wild-type DEV is lethal in young chickens, these modified DEVs of the invention are safe and can effectively deliver and express a gene of interest (e.g. H9HA gene) in vivo. Particularly, such DEVs are (i) attenuated in vivo with respect to chicken, and (ii) are stable and capable of expressing foreign genes in a manner suitable for inducing protective immunity, including at very early stage (i.e., at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) . Furthermore, these modified DEVs retain a fast growth rate, allowing high titer production.
[0010] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition, comprising a modified DEV which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen, wherein the chicken pathogen is avian influenza virus.
[0011] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising a modified DEV which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen and wherein the modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in chicken as compared to the non-modified wildtype DEV.
[0012] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a chicken pathogen, comprising at least one administration of the composition of the present invention.
[0013] In one aspect, the present invention provides the composition of the invention for the use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in chicken against a pathogen, wherein such method comprises or consists of one or more administration of the composition of the invention to the chicken.
[0014] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the composition of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a chicken pathogen.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] Figure 1: shows gene structure map of plasmid pB12.
[0016] Figure 2: illustrates schematic diagrams of (A) bacterial artificial chromosome rDEV4 BAC, (B) recombinant construct with deleted gene rDEV4 ΔUL39 and (C) recombinant construct with inserted H9HA gene rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27.
[0017] Figure 3: shows the result of transfection of DEFs (duck embryo fibroblasts) to rescue rDEV4 ΔUL39.
[0018] Figure 4: shows the result of RFLP analysis of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 by Xho I digestion.
[0019] Figure 5: shows the result of mini-F deletion to rescue rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 by co-transfection.
[0020] Figure 6: shows the result of the genetic stability test of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 by PCR.
[0021] Figure 7: shows the result of the expression test of H9HA from rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 by IFA.
[0022] Figure 8: shows the result of HI Ab level of different groups induced by different rDEV4 H9HA vaccine candidate strains.Detailed Description
[0023] Before the aspects of the present invention are described, it must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a" , "an" , and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "a gene" includes a plurality of genes, a reference to the "virus" is a reference to one or more viruses and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. The term “and / or” is intended to encompass any combinations of the items connected by this term, equivalent to listing all the combinations individually. For example, “A, B and / or C” encompasses “A” , “B” , “C” , “A and B” , “A and C” , “B and C” , and “A and B and C” . Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the virus strains, the cell lines, vectors, and methodologies as reported in the publications which might be used in connection with the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
[0024] The invention relates to a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) , wherein said modified virus has specific inactive gene (s) . The invention indeed shows that by inactivating such gene (s) , viable, stable and replicative DEVs can be obtained, and that such viruses may be used to create modified DEVs by insertion of foreign genetic material. The results further show that such foreign genetic material is highly expressed from such viruses upon cell infection, and that such expression remains stable over time. Moreover, and strikingly, while native DEV as well as many other deleted DEV constructs produced by the inventors were found pathogenic or lethal in young chicken (at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) , inactivation of specific gene (s) in the DEV genome generates attenuated viruses which can be used safely to express antigens in chicken. As shown in the Examples, as compared with 100%morbidity and 100%mortality caused by non-modified DEV strain in chicken, the morbidity and mortality caused by the modified DEVs of the present invention was surprisingly reduced to less than 30%, mostly even surprisingly reduced to 0%. Such modified DEVs could be used as a safe live virus vector in the future.
[0025] In addition, the inventors also found that some insertion regions of an antigen coding sequence of a chicken pathogen (e.g. AIV H9 HA gene) , in combination of inactivation of specific gene (s) in the DEV genome result in a high efficacy in the protection against the corresponding pathogen (e.g. AIV subtype H9) . Such modified DEVs may be suitable for providing a safe and effective protection against the corresponding pathogen in chicken. Such finding was totally surprising and offers high advantages and utility to the present viruses. Particularly, as shown in the Examples, such modified DEVs show a protection rate of more than 30%against H9N2, thus such modified DEVs can serve as a safe and effective vaccine against attack from the H9 virus.
[0026] Modified or attenuated DEV
[0027] In one aspect, the present invention provides a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen.
[0028] The term “modified” or “recombinant” used herein refer to a DEV that has been altered, rearranged, or modified by genetic engineering. However, the term does not refer to alterations in polynucleotide, amino acid sequence, or nucleotide sequence that result from naturally occurring events, such as spontaneous mutations. In this regard, the DEV comprising one or more inactivated genes in its genome and / or a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a heterologous antigen of a pathogen as described below is also called a modified or recombinant DEV herein. The modified / recombinant DEV of the present invention can be used a vector. The terms “modified / recombinant DEV” , “rDEV” and “modified / recombinant DEV vector” are used interchangeably herein.
[0029] Within the context of the invention, a DEV with an "inactive" gene designates a DEV that cannot express a functional protein or RNA encoded by said gene. An inactive gene thus designates a mutated, an interrupted, a replaced or a deleted gene that cannot encode a wild-type protein encoded by said gene.
[0030] The term "virus" designates in particular a viral particle comprising a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a genome) encapsulated in a capsid or capsule. The term "virus" also designates a viral vector or an isolated viral genome.
[0031] The term “DEV” as used herein refers to all viruses belonging to species of Duck enteritis virus (DEV) in the genus Mardivirus within subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae.
[0032] The DEV of the invention may be prepared from any DEV species or strain. In a preferred embodiment, the DEV of the invention is derived or prepared from a parental strain selected from the Jansen strain, the VAC strain (ID EU082088.2) , the C-KCE strain (ID KF263690.1) , the CHv strain (ID JQ647509.1) , the 2085 strain (ID JF999965) , the CV strain (ID KJ549663.1) or the CSC strain (ID JQ673560.1) , or any DEV strain having at least 90%sequence identity to the Jansen strain, the VAC strain (ID EU082088.2) , the C-KCE strain (ID KF263690.1) , the CHv strain (ID JQ647509.1) , the 2085 strain (ID JF999965) , the CV strain (ID KJ549663.1) or the CSC strain (ID JQ673560.1) , more preferably at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%. In a preferred embodiment, the DEV of the invention is derived or prepared from the DEV4 strain, which is deposited at China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) on August 4, 2023 under CCTCC NO: V202378, or any DEV strain having at least 90%sequence identity to the DEV4 strain, more preferably at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%.
[0033] The term "heterologous polynucleotide" in relation to a virus designates a polynucleotide which is not found naturally in the genome of the virus, or which is found naturally in said genome but in a different form or at a different position.
[0034] An "antigen" as used herein refers to, but is not limited to, components which elicit an immune response in a host.
[0035] The chicken pathogen may be or the antigen may be derived from viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc. In some embodiments, the chicken pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus. In some embodiments, the chicken pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus selected from the group consisting of Influenza A virus, Influenza B virus, Influenza C virus, and Influenza D virus. Preferentially, the chicken pathogen is or the antigen is derived from Influenza A virus. More preferentially, the chicken pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus type H9. Most preferentially, the chicken pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0036] In some embodiments, the antigen of a chicken pathogen is the HA protein of the subtype H9 avian influenza virus (H9 HA protein) . In some embodiments, the antigen of a pathogen is the HA protein of the avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0037] In some embodiments, the H9 HA protein has an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0038] In some embodiments, the complete H9 HA coding sequence has a nucleotide sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0039] "Sequence identity" between two polypeptide / nucleotide sequences indicates the percentage of amino acids / nucleotides that are identical between the sequences. Methods for evaluating the level of sequence identity between amino acid or nucleotide sequences are known in the art. For example, sequence analysis software is often used to determine the identity of amino acid / nucleotide sequences. For example, identity can be determined by using the BLAST program in the NCBI database. For determination of sequence identity, see, e.g., Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987 and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M.and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991.
[0040] As used herein, it is in particular understood that the term “sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: X” is equivalent to the term “sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: X over the length of SEQ ID NO: X” or to the term “sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: X over the whole length of SEQ ID NO: X” , respectively. In this context, “X” is any integer, such as 1 or 2, so that “SEQ ID NO: X” represents any of the SEQ ID NOs mentioned herein.
[0041] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is generally operably linked to a promoter. The promoter may be any natural or synthetic promoter, derived from cellular or viral genes. Examples of suitable promoters include, for instance, an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen is generally operably linked to mCMV promoter. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for H9 HA is generally operably linked to mCMV promoter.
[0042] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a transcription terminator. The transcription terminator may be derived from human Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) , thymidine kinase (TK) gene, from the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of Feline Herpesvirus (FHV) , from the immediate early (IE) gene of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) , strain AD 169 or from simian virus 40 (SV40) , or may be a synthetic terminator. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for H9 HA is generally operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.
[0043] One embodiment of the invention provides a modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the H9 HA protein. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the H9 HA protein is operably linked to the mouse CMV promoter and therefore the expression of the H9 HA protein is regulated by the mouse CMV promoter. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the H9 HA protein is operably linked to the SV40 polyA signal and therefore the expression of H9 HA protein is regulated by the SV40 polyA signal. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the H9 HA protein is operably linked to the mouse CMV promoter and the SV40 polyA signal, and therefore the expression of H9 HA protein is regulated by the mouse CMV promoter and the SV40 polyA signal.
[0044] In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the H9 HA protein comprises an expression cassette containing in 5' to 3' direction in the following order, a) a promoter, b) a heterologous polynucleotide, c) a transcription terminator. In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the H9 HA protein comprises an expression cassette containing in 5' to 3' direction in the following order, a) the mouse CMV promoter, b) the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the H9 HA protein, c) a transcription terminator. In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the H9 HA protein comprises an expression cassette containing in 5' to 3' direction in the following order, a) the mouse CMV promoter, b) the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the H9 HA protein, c) the SV40 polyA signal.
[0045] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a suitable host cell.
[0046] In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV. In a particular embodiment, the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV genome is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a gene or a region selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene of the DEV genome. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of one or more genes of the DEV genome selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or inserted into UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the DEV genome.
[0047] US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41, UL26 and UL27 are highly conserved between DEV strains. It is understood that the skilled artisan may easily identify the exact location of the US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41, UL26 and UL27 gene in any DEV strain using the information contained in the present application and general common knowledge, or by sequence alignment. For example, the exact location of the US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41, UL26 and UL27 gene may be identified by reference to a DEV strain with Genbank accession No. EU082088.2.
[0048] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a region of both US7 gene and US8 gene. In a particular embodiment, the DEV of the invention has inactive US8 gene, and the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the US7 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing US7 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the US7 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated US7 gene sequence. In a particular embodiment, the DEV of the invention has inactive US7 gene, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the US8 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing US8 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the US8 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated US8 gene sequence. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the US7 and US8 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 and US8 gene, or in replacement of the whole sequence of the US7 and US8 gene.
[0049] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL2 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the UL2 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL2 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL2 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL2 gene sequence.
[0050] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL24 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the UL24 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL24 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL24 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL24 gene sequence.
[0051] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL39 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the UL39 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL39 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL39 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL39 gene sequence.
[0052] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL26-UL27 intergenic region. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the DEV viral genome.
[0053] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL40 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the UL40 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL40 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL40 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL40 gene sequence.
[0054] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL23 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the UL23 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL23 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL23 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL23 gene sequence.
[0055] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide is located in US8 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into the US8 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing US8 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the US8 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated US8 gene sequence.
[0056] Furthermore, the modified DEV of the invention may comprise several heterologous polynucleotides coding for one or more antigens of one or more pathogens. In this regard, the several heterologous polynucleotides may be inserted in the same position in the virus, under the control of a single or several distinct promoters. Alternatively, the heterologous polynucleotides may be inserted into different cloning sites of the virus.
[0057] In some embodiments, the invention relates to a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) , wherein said modified virus has inactive non-essential gene (s) and wherein the inactivation of such non-essential gene (s) causes attenuation of the modified DEV with respect to chicken. Non-essential gene (s) which cause (s) attenuation when inactivated within the genome of DEV, are for example i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, or viii) UL41, alone or in combination with other DEV genes such as for example the combinations of: i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or v) UL41 gene and US8. While native DEV as well as many other DEV constructs with gene deletions produced by the inventors were found pathogenic or even lethal in young chicken (at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) , inactivation of certain non-essential gene (s) in the DEV genome generates an attenuated DEV virus which can be used safely to express antigens in vivo in chicken. As shown in the Examples, as compared with 100%morbidity and 100%mortality caused by non-modified DEV strain in chicken, the morbidity and mortality caused by the modified DEVs of the present invention was surprisingly reduced to less than 30%, mostly even surprisingly reduced to 0%.
[0058] Thus, in some embodiments, one or more non-essential genes of the modified DEV are inactivated.
[0059] A "gene" designates a nucleic acid molecule or sequence which comprises an open reading frame encoding a product, such as a polypeptide (e.g., a peptide, protein, etc. ) or an RNA.
[0060] A "non-essential gene / region" is a gene / region in the modified DEV genome in which inactivation (including mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion) on that gene / region or insertion of a heterologous polynucleotide into that gene / region does not prevent the modified DEV from replicating in a host cell.
[0061] In some embodiments, the gene is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the gene. In some embodiments, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the gene is replaced or deleted.
[0062] In a particular embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of one or more mutations in the coding sequence, particularly point mutations in the coding sequence that prevent the expression of a full length protein. Such mutations may cause substitution of essential amino acid residue (s) in the encoded protein, resulting in an inactive protein.
[0063] In a particular embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of one or more interruptions in the coding sequence that prevent the expression of a full length protein. Such interruptions may introduce a stop or non-sense codon in the sequence, resulting in an inactive protein.
[0064] In another embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of a deletion of a portion of the (coding) sequence of said gene or the whole (coding) sequence of said gene, more particularly of at least 20%of the (coding) sequence of the gene, more preferably at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, up to 100%. Such deletion removes the coding sequence and thus prevents the expression of a wild-type protein.
[0065] In another embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of a replacement of a portion of the (coding) sequence of said gene or the whole (coding) sequence of said gene with a heterologous polynucleotide, more particularly of at least 20%of the (coding) sequence of the gene, more preferably at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, up to 100%. Such replacement removes the coding sequence and thus prevents the expression of a wild-type protein.
[0066] In some embodiments, the inactivated non-essential gene in the modified DEV (that causes attenuation with respect to chicken) is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, and UL41. In some embodiments, the inactivated non-essential gene in such attenuated DEV is selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, and viii) UL41, alone or in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of DEV. In some embodiments, the one or more further non-essential gene of DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, and viii) UL41. In some embodiments, any one of i) -viii) , i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL24 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL40 gene; vii) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or viii) UL41 gene and US8 gene is inactivated in the modified DEV genome.
[0067] The phrase “The inactivation of one or more (non-essential) genes of DEV genome causes the attenuation of the DEV with respect to chicken” means that the modified DEVs of the present invention are attenuated with respect to chicken.
[0068] The term "attenuated" as used herein refers to a modified virus that is essentially not virulent in chicken, i.e. does not cause or causes reduced illness, especially does not cause death, in a chicken as compared to the non-modified wildtype parent virus. More particularly, an attenuated virus can typically replicate in a chicken without causing death thereof. More particularly, the modified DEV of the present invention has no or lower virulence in a chicken, than the corresponding non-modified wildtype parent DEV which does not comprise the inactivated gene (s) in its genome. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a chicken when injected at a dose of 104.0-107.0TCID50 / chicken, such as 106.0TCID50 / chicken. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a chicken at a dose of 104.0-107.0TCID50 / chicken, such as 106.0TCID50 / chicken in at least 10%injected chickens, in at least 20%injected chickens, in at least 30%injected chickens, in at least 40%injected chickens, in at least 50%injected chickens, in at least 60%injected chickens, in at least 70%injected chickens, more preferably in at least 80%injected chickens, even more preferably in at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, an attenuated virus more particularly designates a virus that is not virulent in an embryo when injected at a dose of 104.0-107.0TCID50 / egg, such as 106.0TCID50 / egg. Most preferred an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in an embryo at a dose of 104.0-107.0TCID50 / egg, such as 106.0TCID50 / egg in at least 10%injected eggs, in at least 20%injected eggs, in at least 30%injected eggs, in at least 40%injected eggs, in at least 50%injected eggs, in at least 60%injected eggs, in at least 70%injected eggs, more preferably in at least 80%injected eggs, even more preferably in at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more. The modified DEV of the invention is also not virulent for injection post-hatch, including at Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 post-hatch (i.e., between 0.1 and 72 hours post-hatch) .
[0069] In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising the inactivated non-essential gene (s) as described above has reduced or no mortality and / or morbidity in a chicken. More particularly, the modified DEV of the invention has a reduced or no mortality and / or morbidity as compared to the non-modified DEV in chicken. The phrase “modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in chicken (as compared to the non-modified DEV) ” means that the modified DEV of the present invention is attenuated with respect to chicken. Thus, the modified DEV of the present invention is attenuated with respect to chicken. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in chicken caused by the modified DEV of the invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in chicken caused by the modified DEV of the invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV.
[0070] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated gene (s) selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL24 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL40 gene; vii) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or viii) UL41 gene and US8 gene. The heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen (e.g. avian influenza H9N2) can be anyone as described herein (e.g. avian influenza HA H9) , can be inserted into any non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV as described herein (e.g. both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region) , and can be expressed under the control of any of the genetic elements (e.g. promotors, terminators, etc. ) or be part of any of the expression cassettes as described herein.
[0071] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a contiguous region spanning a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 gene, the entire US7-US8 intergenic region, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the US7 gene, all of the intergenic region between the US7 gene and the US8 gene, and the whole sequence of the US8 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a replacement of the whole sequence of the US7 gene, all of the intergenic region between the US7 gene and the US8 gene, and the whole sequence of the US8 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8 (see Example 3) .
[0072] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, and a replacement of the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HA ΔUL2 (see Example 3) .
[0073] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, and a replacement of the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HA ΔUL2 (see Example 3) .
[0074] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL24 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL24 (see Example 2) , rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL24 (see Example 3) or rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HA-UL27 (see Example 3) .
[0075] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL39 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 (see Example 2) , rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL39 (see Example 3) or rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 (see Example 3) .
[0076] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL40 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL40 (see Example 2) or rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL40 (see Example 3) .
[0077] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a replacement of the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL23 ΔUL41 (see Example 3) .
[0078] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL41 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL41 gene, and a replacement of the whole sequence of the US8 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HA ΔUS8 (see Example 3) .
[0079] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL41 (see Example 2) .
[0080] In an alternative embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has an inactive gene, preferably a deleted gene, and contains (and is capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen located in a different gene or region. In this case, the heterologous polynucleotide may be cloned in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of said different gene, or it may be inserted within said different gene, or inserted into said different gene after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of said different gene (thus rendering the different gene also inactive) . For example, the modified DEV of the invention has an inactive UL24 gene, and contains (and is capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen located in UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene or inserted within UL2 gene (thus rendering UL2 gene also inactive) .
[0081] In some embodiments, the preferred modified DEV of the present invention containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against the corresponding pathogen. In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the present invention containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against avian influenza virus, particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, more particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2. In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the present invention containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against the corresponding pathogen in chicken. In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the present invention containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against avian influenza virus, particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, more particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2 in chicken.
[0082] In a particular embodiment, the modified DEV of the present invention is a live virus vector. A “live virus vector” is a virus (in the present case a DEV) that is competent to replicate in a host when such host is infected with the live virus or the genomic nucleic acid of such virus and wherein such virus encodes, delivers and express a heterologous polynucleotide sequence in such host.
[0083] In one aspect, the present invention provides the modified DEV of the present invention for use as vector vaccine in chicken. The term “vector vaccine” is a vaccine that uses a virus (in the present case a DEV) as vector to deliver and express a polynucleotide sequence coding for an antigen, wherein such antigen provides protection against a pathogen. The virus that is used as vector shows no or only limited pathogenicity to the target species in which the virus is used as a vector.
[0084] Thus, in one aspect, the present invention also provides the modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) of the invention as a live vector vaccine in chicken.
[0085] Virus construction and cloning may be accomplished by techniques known per se in the art. Gene cloning and plasmid construction are well known to one person of ordinary skill in the art and may be essentially performed by standard molecular biology techniques (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, 2012) . Typically, the modified viruses may be prepared by homologous recombination between the viral genome and a construct (e.g., a homology plasmid) comprising the nucleic acid to be inserted, flanked by nucleotides from the insertion site to allow recombination. Cloning can be made with or without the deletion of endogenous sequences.
[0086] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of making the modified DEV of the invention, comprising the inactivation of one or more genes of the DEV genome as indicated above. The inactivation of the one or more selected genes leads to a reduced or no mortality of the modified DEV in chicken as compared to the non-modified DEV.
[0087] Preferred DEVs
[0088] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes, rendering the US7 and US8 genes inactive. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8 (see Example 3) .
[0089] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HA ΔUL2 (see Example 3) .
[0090] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HA ΔUL2 (see Example 3) .
[0091] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, rendering the UL24 gene inactive. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL24 (see Example 3) .
[0092] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene, rendering the UL39 gene inactive. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL39 (see Example 3) .
[0093] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HA-UL27 (see Example 3) .
[0094] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, rendering the UL40 gene inactive. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL40 (see Example 3) .
[0095] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 (see Example 3) .
[0096] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, rendering the UL23 gene inactive, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL23 ΔUL41 (see Example 3) .
[0097] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, rendering the US8 gene inactive, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HA ΔUS8 (see Example 3) .
[0098] In a preferred modified DEV of the invention, the heterologous polynucleotide encodes H9 HA protein.
[0099] Host cell
[0100] The invention also relates to a host cell, expressing the modified DEV as defined above. The invention also relates to a host cell, expressing the modified DEV and the heterologous polynucleotide as defined above. In some embodiments, the host cell is CEF cell (Liang Z., et. al, Animal (Basel) , 2022, 12 (24) : 3523) , EB66 cell (Alexander Nikolay, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2018) 102: 8725-8737) , DEF cell (Chenghuai Yang, Arch virol 2015, 160: 267-274) , embryonated egg, or chicken kidney cell (Andres Rodrl′guez-Avila et. al, Avian diseases 2007, 51:905-911) .
[0101] The modified DEV of the present invention may be propagated in any competent cell cultures. After the required growth of the viruses is achieved, the cells may be detached from the wells using a scraper or with trypsin and the infected cells may be separated from the supernatant by centrifugation.
[0102] Examples of competent cell include CEF, EB66, DEF, embryonated egg, chicken kidney cells, and the like. The cells or viruses may be cultured in a culture medium such as MEM containing 5%FBS at about 37℃ for 1h to 6 days.
[0103] Composition
[0104] The invention also relates to a composition, which comprises the modified DEV of the present invention.
[0105] The term “composition” as used herein refers to a composition that comprises at least one antigen, which elicits an immune response in the host to which the composition is administered. Such immune response may be a cellular and / or antibody-mediated immune response to the composition of the invention. The host is also described as a “subject” . Preferably, any of the hosts or subjects described or mentioned herein is a chicken.
[0106] An "immune response" to a composition is the development in the host of a cellular and / or antibody-mediated immune response to a composition of interest. Usually, an "immune response" includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects: the production of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, and / or cytotoxic T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition of interest. Preferably, the host will display either a therapeutic or protective immune response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and / or the clinical severity of the disease reduced.
[0107] A "protective immune response" or "protective response" will be demonstrated by either a reduction or lack of clinical signs normally displayed by an infected host, a quicker recovery time and / or a lowered duration of infectivity or lowered pathogen titer in the tissues or body fluids or excretions of the infected host.
[0108] In case where the host displays a protective immune response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and / or the clinical severity of the disease reduced, the composition of the invention is described as a “vaccine” . In one aspect, the composition of the present invention is a vaccine.
[0109] In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vector vaccine. In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vector vaccine in chicken. In some embodiments, the modified DEV is used as a vector in the vector vaccine.
[0110] Compositions and vaccines of the invention may further comprise a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle, or adjuvant.
[0111] The pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carriers or adjuvant or vehicles or excipients are well known to the one skilled in the art. For example, a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or adjuvant or vehicle or excipient includes, but is not limited to, 0.9%NaCl (e.g., saline) solution or a phosphate buffer, poly- (L-glutamate) , the Lactated Ringer's Injection diluent (sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride) , or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or vehicle or adjuvant or excipients may be any compound or combination of compounds facilitating the administration of the vector (or protein expressed from an inventive vector in vitro) , or facilitating transfection or infection and / or improving the preservation of the vector (or protein) .
[0112] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises a lyoprotectant. In a particular embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises a preservative.
[0113] The composition of the invention may be liquid (solutions, suspensions, emulsions) or solid (powder, gel, paste, oil) . The composition of the invention may be formulated for any administration route. Preferably, the composition may be formulated for oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal administration.
[0114] The composition of the invention may contain a suitable dose sufficient to elicit a protective response in a chicken. Doses and dose volumes are herein discussed in the general description and can also be determined by the skilled artisan from this disclosure in conjunction with the knowledge in the art, without any undue experimentation. The viral vector may be titrated based on any virus titration methods including, but not limited to, FFA (Focus Forming Assay) or FFU (Focus Forming Unit) , TCID50 (50%Tissue Culture Infective Dose) , PFU (Plaque Forming Units) , and FAID50 (50%Fluorescent Antibody Infectious Dose) , and the VLPs produced in vitro can be titrated by hemagglutination assay, ELISA, and electron microscopy. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in a dose from 1×102 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x107 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in a dose from 1x104 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in a dose of 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the dose volumes can be between about 0.01 and about 10 ml, between about 0.01 and about 5 ml.
[0115] The composition of the invention can be administered in a single dose or in repeated doses, depending on the vaccination protocol. The vaccines of the invention can be formulated as single doses or in repeated doses, depending on the vaccination protocol.
[0116] Use and Method
[0117] In one aspect, the present invention provides the modified DEV of the invention, or the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention, for the use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in chicken against a pathogen, wherein such method comprises or consists of one or more administration of the modified DEV of the invention, or the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention to the chicken.
[0118] In one aspect, the present invention provides the modified DEV of the invention, the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention, for use in vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen.
[0119] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen, comprising or consisting of at least one administration of the modified DEV of the invention, the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention.
[0120] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the composition of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen.
[0121] The term "vaccinating" relates to an active immunization by the administration of an immunogenic composition to a chicken to be immunized, thereby causing a protective immune response against the antigen included in such immunogenic composition.
[0122] In some embodiments, the chicken is 0 day-old, 1 day-old, 2 day-old, 3 day-old, 4 day-old, 5 day-old, 6 day-old, or 7 day-old at the day of vaccination.
[0123] In some embodiments, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administrated at Day 0 post-hatch, Day 1 post-hatch, Day 2 post-hatch, Day 3 post-hatch, Day 4 post-hatch, Day 5 post-hatch, Day 6 post-hatch, or Day 7 post-hatch.
[0124] As indicated in the experimental section, the modified DEVs of the invention are particularly advantageous for vaccinating young chicken (at Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, or Day 3 post-hatch) . Indeed, the invention surprisingly shows that the modified DEVs of the invention are safe upon such early administration to chicken, while native or wild-type DEV is lethal to chicken. Such early administration, combined with the early onset of immunity caused by modified DEV, is particularly advantageous to induce early protective immunity, before chicken can be substantially exposed to pathogens.
[0125] In some embodiments, the pathogen is a chicken pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza virus. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza A virus. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza A virus of subtype H9. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2.
[0126] The administration or the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention results in lessening of the incidence of the particular pathogen infection in a chicken or in the reduction in the severity of clinical signs caused by or associated with the specific pathogen infection. Preferably, the administration, or the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention results in lessening of the incidence of the particular avian influenza virus infection in a chicken or in the reduction in the severity of clinical signs caused by or associated with the specific avian influenza virus infection. It is to be understood that the administration, or the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention may not be effective in all chickens administrated, but there is a significant portion (for example, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%) of chickens effectively immunized.
[0127] In some embodiments, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administered by oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal. In some embodiments, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine may be formulated for oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal administration. However, depending on the nature and mode of action of a compound, the immunogenic composition may be administered by other routes as well.
[0128] In one aspect of the invention, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administered once and is efficacious by such single administration.
[0129] However, while a single dose administration is preferred, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine can also be administered twice or several times, with a first dose being administered prior to the administration of a second (booster) dose. Preferably, the second dose is administered at least 15 days after the first dose. More preferably, the second dose is administered between 15 and 40 days after the first dose. Even more preferably, the second dose is administered at least 17 days after the first dose. Still more preferably, the second dose is administered between 17 and 30 days after the first dose. Even more preferably, the second dose is administered at least 19 days after the first dose. Still more preferably, the second dose is administered between 19 and 25 days after the first dose. Most preferably the second dose is administered at least 21 days after the first dose. In a preferred aspect of the two-time administration regimen, both the first and second doses of the immunogenic composition are administered in the same amount. In addition to the first and second dose regimen, an alternate embodiment comprises further subsequent doses. For example, a third, fourth, or fifth dose could be administered in these aspects. Preferably, subsequent third, fourth, and fifth dose regimens are administered in the same amount as the first dose, with the time frame between the doses being consistent with the timing between the first and second doses mentioned above.
[0130] The modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention may be administrated in a suitable dose sufficient to elicit a protective response in a chicken. Doses and dose volumes are herein discussed in the general description and can also be determined by the skilled artisan from this disclosure in conjunction with the knowledge in the art, without any undue experimentation. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in a dose from 1×102 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x107 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in a dose from 1x104 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in a dose of 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the dose volumes can be between about 0.01 and about 10 ml, between about 0.01 and about 5 ml.
[0131] The present invention further relates to vaccination kits for vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a chicken pathogen, which comprises an effective amount of the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine as described above and a means for administering the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine to said chicken. For example, such kit comprises an injection device filled with the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine according to the invention and instructions for intradermic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or in ovo injection. Alternatively, the kit comprises a spray / aerosol or eye drop device filled with the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine according to the invention and instructions for oro-nasal administration, oral or mucosal administration.
[0132] The following clauses are also described herein and part of disclosure of the invention:
[0133] Clause 1. A composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) (as a live vector vaccine in chicken) which comprises (and is capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen.
[0134] Clause 2. The composition of clause 1, wherein the pathogen is a chicken pathogen or the antigen is an antigen of a chicken pathogen.
[0135] Clause 3. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus.
[0136] Clause 4. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from an avian influenza virus selected from the group consisting of an Influenza A virus, an Influenza B virus, an Influenza C virus, and an Influenza D virus.
[0137] Clause 5. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus type H9.
[0138] Clause 6. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from an avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0139] Clause 7. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the antigen of a pathogen is the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the subtype H9N2 avian influenza virus.
[0140] Clause 8. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the amino acid sequence of the antigen has at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0141] Clause 9. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the sequence of the heterologous polynucleotide has at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0142] Clause 10. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0143] Clause 11. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0144] Clause 12. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene.
[0145] Clause 13. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a gene or a region selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene of the modified DEV.
[0146] Clause 14. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of one or more genes of the modified DEV selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or inserted into UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the modified DEV.
[0147] Clause 15. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein one or more non-essential genes of the modified DEV are inactivated.
[0148] Clause 16. The composition of clause 15, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, and UL41.
[0149] Clause 17. The composition of clause 15, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, and viii) UL41, in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV.
[0150] Clause 18. The composition of clause 17, wherein the one or more further non-essential gene of the modified DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, or viii) UL41.
[0151] Clause 19. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated gene (s) selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL24 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL40 gene; vii) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or viii) UL41 gene and US8 gene.
[0152] Clause 20. The composition of any one of clauses 15-19, wherein the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the inactivated non-essential gene.
[0153] Clause 21. The composition of any one of clauses 15-19, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is replaced or deleted.
[0154] Clause 22. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein said modified DEV comprises any one of the followings:
[0155] i) the heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes;
[0156] ii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0157] iii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene;
[0158] iv) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene;
[0159] v) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene;
[0160] vi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0161] vii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene;
[0162] viii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene;
[0163] ix) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene; or
[0164] x) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0165] Clause 23. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.
[0166] Clause 24. The composition of clause 23, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof.
[0167] Clause 25. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.
[0168] Clause 26. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a suitable host cell.
[0169] Clause 27. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV is attenuated (with respect to chicken) .
[0170] Clause 28. The composition of any one of clauses 15-27, wherein the inactivation of the selected genes causes the attenuation of DEV.
[0171] Clause 29. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in chicken as compared to the non-modified wildtype DEV.
[0172] Clause 30. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the mortality in chicken caused by the modified DEV is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV.
[0173] Clause 31. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, further comprising a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle or adjuvant.
[0174] Clause 32. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the composition is a vaccine.
[0175] Clause 33. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the composition is a vector vaccine in chicken.
[0176] Clause 34. The composition of clause 33, wherein the modified DEV is used as a vector.
[0177] Clause 35. A modified DEV (as a live vector vaccine in chicken) , comprising (and being capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a pathogen.
[0178] Clause 36. The modified DEV of clause 35, wherein the pathogen is a chicken pathogen or the antigen is an antigen of a chicken pathogen.
[0179] Clause 37. The modified DEV of clause 36, wherein the pathogen is avian influenza virus.
[0180] Clause 38. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-37, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from an avian influenza virus selected from the group consisting of an Influenza A virus, an Influenza B virus, an Influenza C virus, and an Influenza D virus.
[0181] Clause 39. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-38, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from avian influenza virus type H9.
[0182] Clause 40. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-39, wherein the pathogen is or the antigen is derived from an avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0183] Clause 41. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-40, wherein the antigen of a pathogen is the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the subtype H9N2 avian influenza virus.
[0184] Clause 42. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-41, wherein the amino acid sequence of the antigen has at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0185] Clause 43. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-42, wherein the sequence of the heterologous polynucleotide has at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0186] Clause 44. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-43, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0187] Clause 45. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-44, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0188] Clause 46. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-45, wherein the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene.
[0189] Clause 47. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-46, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a gene or a region selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene of the modified DEV.
[0190] Clause 48. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-47, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of one or more genes of the modified DEV selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or inserted into UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the modified DEV.
[0191] Clause 49. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-48, wherein one or more non-essential genes of the modified DEV genome are inactivated.
[0192] Clause 50. The modified DEV of clause 49, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, and UL41.
[0193] Clause 51. The modified DEV of clause 50, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, and viii) UL41, alone or in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV.
[0194] Clause 52. The modified DEV of clause 51, wherein the one or more further non-essential gene of the modified DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, or viii) UL41.
[0195] Clause 53. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-52, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated non-essential gene (s) selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL24 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL40 gene; vii) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or viii) UL41 gene and US8 gene.
[0196] Clause 54. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 49-53, wherein the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene.
[0197] Clause 55. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 49-54, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is replaced or deleted.
[0198] Clause 56. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-55, wherein said modified DEV comprises any one of the followings:
[0199] i) the heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes;
[0200] ii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0201] iii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene;
[0202] iv) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene;
[0203] v) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene;
[0204] vi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0205] vii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene;
[0206] viii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene;
[0207] ix) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene; or
[0208] x) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0209] Clause 57. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-56, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.
[0210] Clause 58. The modified DEV of clause 57, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof.
[0211] Clause 59. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-58, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.
[0212] Clause 60. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-59, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a suitable host cell.
[0213] Clause 61. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-60, wherein the modified DEV is attenuated (with respect to chicken) .
[0214] Clause 62. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 49-61, wherein the inactivation of the selected genes causes the attenuation of DEV.
[0215] Clause 63. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-62, wherein the modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in chicken as compared to the non-modified wildtype DEV.
[0216] Clause 64. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-63, wherein the mortality in chicken caused by the modified DEV is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV.
[0217] Clause 65. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64 for use as vector vaccine in chicken.
[0218] Clause 66. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64, or the composition of any one of clauses 1-34, or the vector vaccine of clause 65, for the use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in chicken against a pathogen, wherein such method comprises or consists of one or more administration of the modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64, or the composition of any one of clauses 1-34, or the vector vaccine of clause 65 to the chicken.
[0219] Clause 67. The modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64, or the composition of any one of clauses 1-34, or the vector vaccine of clause 65, for use in vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen.
[0220] Clause 68. A method of vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen, comprising or consisting of at least one administration of the modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64, or the composition of any one of clauses 1-34 or the vector vaccine of clause 65 to the chicken.
[0221] Clause 69. Use of the modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64 in the manufacture of a composition for vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen.
[0222] Clause 70. The method and the use of any one of clauses 66-69, wherein the pathogen is avian influenza virus.
[0223] Clause 71. The method and the use of clause 70, wherein the pathogen is avian influenza virus, optionally avian influenza A virus, optionally avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, optionally avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2.
[0224] Clause 72. The method and the use of any one of clauses 66-71, wherein the chicken is 0 day-old, 1 day-old, 2 day-old, 3 day-old, 4 day-old, 5 day-old, 6 day-old, or 7 day-old at the day of vaccination.
[0225] Clause 73. The method and the use of any one of clauses 66-72, wherein the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administrated at Day 0 post-hatch, Day 1 post-hatch, Day 2 post-hatch, Day 3 post-hatch, Day 4 post-hatch, Day 5 post-hatch, Day 6 post-hatch, or Day 7 post-hatch.
[0226] Clause 74. The method and the use of any one of clauses 66-73, wherein the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administrated by oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal.
[0227] Clause 75. A vaccination kit for vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in a chicken against a pathogen, which comprises an effective amount of the modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64, or the composition of any one of clauses 1-34 or the vector vaccine of clause 65 and a means for administering said modified DEV, the composition or said vector vaccine to said chicken.
[0228] Clause 76. A host cell, expressing the modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64.
[0229] Clause 77. A host cell, expressing the modified DEV and the heterologous polynucleotide of any one of clauses 35-64.
[0230] Clause 78. The host cell of clause 76 or 77, wherein the host cell is CEF cell, EB66 cell or DEF cell.
[0231] Clause 79. A method of making the modified DEV of any one of clauses 35-64, comprising the inactivation of one or more genes of the modified DEV genome as defined in any one of clauses 49-64, wherein said inactivation of the one or more selected genes let to a reduced or no mortality of the modified DEV in chicken as compared to the non-modified DEV.
[0232] Examples
[0233] The subsequent examples further illustrate the invention in an exemplified manner. It is understood that the invention is not limited to any of those examples as described below. A person skilled in the art understands that the performance, results and findings of these examples can be adapted and applied in a broader sense in view of the general description of the present invention.
[0234] Example 1: Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) of DEV
[0235] The duck plague virus DEV4 strain used in this study is deposited at China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) , Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 P. R. China, on August 4, 2023 under CCTCC NO: V202378.
[0236] In order to attenuate the DEV4 strain and make it a safe vector, a bacterial artificial chromosome system was constructed with the genome of the DEV4 strain for subsequent gene deletion and insertion. The specific steps include:
[0237] 1. The sequences of the homologous arms on the left and right side of the insertion site (between UL44 and UL44.5 of the DEV4 genome) for mini-F element were amplified by PCR using the primers as shown in Table 1. The digestion sites were introduced simultaneously. The plasmids pB12 (constructed according to B. Karsten Tischer et al, 2007, Journal of Virology, p. 13200-13208 and gene structure map of pB12 is shown in Figure 1) containing the mini-F gene fragments were digested with BamH I, to obtain the mini-F DNA fragments having BamH I on both sides. Then, the obtained DNA fragments of the left and right homologous arms and the mini-F DNA fragment were ligated to obtain the Mini-F transfer vector, and then transformed into E. coli TOP10 competent cells (purchased from Tiangen) . The plasmid with the mini F transfer vector was extracted and identified by enzyme digestion.
[0238] Table 1. PCR Primers
[0239]
[0240] 2. The linearized mini-F transfer vector obtained in above step 1 and the extracted DEV4 genomic DNA were co-transfected into DEFs according to the instructions of the commercial transfection kit LipofectamineTM 3000 (purchased from Invitrogen) , to construct the recombinant virus rDEV4 (i.e. recombinant DEV4) -BAC by homologous recombination. Upon screening and purification, the recombinant virus rDEV4-BAC was obtained (see Figure 2A) .
[0241] 3. The extracted rDEV4-BAC genomic DNA was electroporated into MegaX competent cell (purchased from Invitrogen, catalog No. C6400-03) according to the instruction of the competent cell. Then, the bacmid rDEV4-BAC was extracted and identified.
[0242] 4. The bacmid rDEV4-BAC was electroporated into gs1783 competent cells containing redE / T recombinase (Wang et al, 2015, Virology Journal, 12: 126) to obtain GS1783-DEV4-BAC strain.
[0243] Example 2: Construction of DEV strains having deleted virulence genes
[0244] Based on the constructed rDEV4-BAC, different virulence-associated genes of DEV4 were deleted, including UL24, UL40, UL39, and UL41 (hereinafter referred to as X in general) , so as to construct DEV strains having deleted virulence genes, including rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL39, and rDEV4 ΔUL41.
[0245] “Δ” refers to inactivation (such as deletion or replacement) of the gene herein, for example, ΔUL24 refers to deletion or replacement of UL24.
[0246] The construction method comprises the following steps.
[0247] 1. The DNA fragment I_SceI-Kana-X (X represents the virulence gene to be deleted) containing I_SceI site, Kana resistance gene and 50bp homologous arms of upstream and downstream of the virulence gene to be deleted was obtained by Not I digestion from the plasmid pKan which was synthesized by GenScript company.
[0248] 2. GS1783-DEV4-BAC (obtained in Example 1) competent cells for electroporation were prepared by conventional method. Then, the I_SceI-Kana-X fragment was electroporated into the GS178-DEV4-BAC competent cells. Recombinant clones were then selected on chloramphenicol and kanamycin double-resistant LB agar plates. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Thus, the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔX-Kana strain and the recombinant bacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔX-Kana were obtained. In the 2nd step of Red recombination, 2%arabinose was used to induce expression of the homing endonuclease I-SceI, resulting in the cleavage of the I-SceI restriction site upstream of the kanamycin gene and, ultimately, the excision of the kanamycin cassette. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Then, the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔX strain and the bacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔX were obtained.
[0249] 3. To rescue the recombinant rDEV4 ΔX (see Figure 3) and to delete the mini-F sequence, the recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and co-transfected with mini-F homologous arm DNA into DEFs (prepared from 11-day-old or 12 day-old clean duck embryos (purchased from Harbin Veterinary Research Institute) according to conventional methods) using lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) . After co-transfection, cells were observed to check the formation of both GFP-positive and -negative plaques. Limiting dilution or plaque purification was performed to separate the GFP-negative recombinant virus, in which mini-F containing EGFP gene was removed via intra-molecular homologous recombination mechanism. Thus, the rDEV4 ΔX was obtained (see Figure 2B) , including rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL39, and rDEV4 ΔUL41.
[0250] Example 3: Construction of recombinant DEV containing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0251] Based on DEV strains having deleted virulence genes, the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus was inserted into different sites. The following recombinant viruses were finally constructed: rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HA ΔUL2, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HA ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL24, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HA-UL27, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL23 ΔUL41, and rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HA ΔUS8.
[0252] In this example, the construction method will be described using the construction of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27 as an example. Particularly, the construction method comprises the following steps.
[0253] 1. The heterologous gene fragment comprising HA gene and Kana resistant gene UL26- mCMV-H9HA-kana-UL27 with 50bp homologous arms on both sides was obtained by PCR amplification using the plasmid puc57-mCMV-H9HA-kana-SV40 (constructed by Nanjing GenScript) as a template and L26L27HA-F and L26L27HA-R as primers (see Table 2) . The primers used for the construction of other rDEV4 H9HA viruses are also listed in Table 2.
[0254] Table 2. PCR primers
[0255]
[0256] 2. GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 (obtained in Example 2) competent cells for electroporation were prepared by conventional method. Then, the heterologous gene fragment UL26-mCMV-H9HA-kana-UL27 was electroporated into the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 competent cells. Recombinant clones were then selected on chloramphenicol and kanamycin double-resistant LB agar plates. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP (see Figure 4) methods. Thus, the recombinant blacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA-kana-UL27 was obtained. In the 2nd step of Red recombination, 2%arabinose was used to induce expression of the homing endonuclease I-SceI, resulting in the cleavage of the I-SceI restriction site upstream of the kanamycin gene and, ultimately, the excision of the kanamycin cassette. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Then, the bacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA-UL27 was obtained.
[0257] 3. To rescue the recombinant rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA-UL27 and to delete the mini-F sequence, the recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and co-transfected with mini-F homologous arm DNA into DEFs (prepared from 11-day-old or 12 day-old clean duck embryos (purchased from Harbin Veterinary Research Institute) according to conventional methods) using lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) . After transfection, cells were observed to check the formation of both GFP-positive and -negative plaques (see Figure 5) . Limiting dilution or plaque purification was performed to separate the GFP-negative recombinant virus, in which mini-F containing EGFP gene was removed via intra-molecular homologous recombination mechanism. Thus, the recombinant DEV containing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA-UL27 was obtained (see Figure 2C) .
[0258] 4. According to above steps 1-3, additional recombinant viruses expressing the H9N2 HA gene were constructed, including rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HA ΔUL2, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HA ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL24, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HA-UL27, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL40, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL23 ΔUL41 and rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HAΔUS8.
[0259] Example 4: Preparation and in vitro characterization of the seed batch of the recombinant virus
[0260] 4.1. Preparation of seed batch of recombinant DEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0261] 1.4E7 DEFs were inoculated on a 10cm cell culture dish. The medium was 10ml of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of DEFs covered more than 90%of the dish. Then the cells were inoculated with the recombinant DEVs expressing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus, respectively. The cells were continued to incubate at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃ for later use.
[0262] Next, 1.4E7 CEF cells were inoculated on a 10cm cell culture dish. The medium was 10ml of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of CEF cells covered more than 90%of the dish. The cells were inoculated with the recombinant DEVs that have been passaged to P7 in DEF, respectively. The cells were continued to be incubated at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃.
[0263] 4.2. In vitro identification of the rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0264] 1. Stability of the HA gene. The rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus were continuously passaged to 15th generation in CEF. The DNA of the recombinant viruses in the 5th, 10th, and 15th generations was extracted by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) . The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR using primers to identify the insertion of HA gene (see Figure 6) . PCR products were identified by sequencing, indicating that the HA gene was stably present in the genome.
[0265] Table 3. PCR primers
[0266]
[0267] 2. Detection of sterility and mycoplasma. The harvested rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus were subjected to detection of sterility and mycoplasma. Sterility detection was performed by a conventional method, and mycoplasma detection was performed by qPCR. Results showed that these recombinant viruses had no exogenous microbial contamination.
[0268] 3. Determination of titers of rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus: the titer of rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus was determined on CEFs (TCID50) .
[0269] Table 4. TCID50 of rDEVs
[0270]
[0271] 4. Expression of the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0272] The rDEV containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus was inoculated into CEFs in 48-well plate at a dilution of 10-2-10-4.4 hours after inoculation, the medium was replaced with MEM+5%FBS containing 0.75%methylcellulose, and incubation was continued at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for 4 days. The expression of DEV virus and HA gene was detected using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) .
[0273] Indirect immunofluorescence assay comprises the following steps. The cell culture medium was removed. The surface was washed slightly with PBS once, each well was added with 96%cold ethanol and fixed at room temperature for 10 minutes. The ethanol was discarded. The wells were dried in air. The wells were then added with appropriate dilutions of chicken anti-DEV serum and polyclonal rabbit antibody against H9N2 HA (Sino Biological Inc, Catalog#11229-RP02) , respectively, and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. Then the antibody was discarded. The wells were washed three times with PBS and added with appropriate amounts of anti-chicken IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-chicken IgG (H+L) and Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen)) , and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. Then the antibody was discarded. The wells were washed three times with PBS and observed under a fluorescence-inverted microscope. All of the rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus showed specific fluorescence for DEV and H9HA. The results indicate the successful expression of HA protein from the recombinant viruses in CEF (see Figure 7) .
[0274] Example 5: Safety of the recombinant DEVs in chicken
[0275] 5.1. Introduction
[0276] In this example, the safety of the recombinant DEVs, including rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HA ΔUL2, rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HA ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL39, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL40, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HA ΔUS8, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL23 ΔUL41, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HA-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27, in chicken was verified.
[0277] 5.2. Experimental design
[0278] On the day of the experiment, 120 1-day-old SPF experimental chickens were randomly divided into 12 groups, with 10 chickens in each group. Groups 1-10 were inoculation groups, and corresponding materials to be tested were inoculated to the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Group 11 was a positive control group, and a DEV4 virus was inoculated to the chickens in Group 11 subcutaneously through the neck. Group 12 was a negative control group, and the same volume of MEM + 5%FBS (a diluent of the material to be tested) was injected into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Specific experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 5.
[0279] Table 5. Experimental design and grouping
[0280] On the day of the experiment, as shown in Table 5, the experimental chickens in each group were subcutaneously inoculated with 0.5 ml of the materials to be tested or their diluents into the necks. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens including those in the negative control group were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days; and abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were recorded, including: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0281] 5.3. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0282] After inoculating the experimental chickens, all the experimental chickens in Group 11 (the positive control group) died. The experimental chickens in Group 12 (the negative control group) showed no abnormal clinical symptoms or death during the whole experiment. The experimental chickens in Groups 2-10 showed no abnormal clinical symptom or death during the whole experiment, with both of the morbidity and the mortality of 0%. The experimental chickens in Group 1 (rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8) showed both of the morbidity and the mortality of 30%. However, both morbidity and mortality was significantly reduced when compared to the DEV4 challenge group. Results of the morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 6.
[0283] Table 6. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group
[0284] 5.4. DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0285] The experimental chickens in Group 12 was negative for the DEV antibody during the whole experiment. On Day 28 after inoculation, the serum of the experimental chickens in other groups became positive for the DEV antibody. It was verified that the chickens in all the experimental groups were successfully inoculated without missing. The DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens also proved that these recombinant viruses had a certain degree of replication in vivo.
[0286] 5.5. Conclusion
[0287] We investigated the safety of the rDEVs expressing H9N2 HA protein in chickens. Four aspects were detected and analyzed, including morbidity, mortality, and DEV sero-conversion in 1-day-old SPF chickens. rDEV4 H9HA ΔUS7US8 resulted in both of morbidity and mortality of 30%in 1 day-old SPF chicken. Other recombinant viruses did not cause any morbidity and mortality, and resulted in the production of anti-DEV antibody. The original DEV4 virus without genetic modification caused 100%mortality in the experimental chickens. In summary, these rDEVs are completely or partially attenuated as compared with the wild-type DEV strain by deleting different virulence-associated genes and inserting H9HA gene, offering the possibility of being used as safe live virus vectors for use in chicken.
[0288] We also verified the effect of successive passages on the virulence of the recombinant viruses. The results showed that successive passages would not significantly affect the virulence of the recombinant viruses.
[0289] Example 6: Horizontal spreading ability of the recombinant DEVs among chickens
[0290] 6.1. Experimental design
[0291] This example aims to evaluate the horizontal spreading ability of the constructed recombinant DEVs among the 1-day-old SPF chickens. 105 SPF chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 15 chickens in each group, and transferred to corresponding isolators for feeding after being hatched (1 day old) . On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of chickens) , 70 1-day-old chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups, with 10 chickens in each group. Groups 1-5 were test groups for live rDEV vectors, and corresponding materials to be tested were inoculated into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Group 6 was a positive control group, and the DEV4 virus was inoculated into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Group 7 was a negative control group, and the same volume of MEM solution containing 5%FBS (a diluent of the material to be tested, hereinafter referred to as MEM + 5%FBS) was injected into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. In addition, on the day of inoculation, 35 homologous 1-day-old SPF chickens of the same batch were selected and placed in separate isolators, and randomly divided into 7 groups, with 5 chickens in each group, as contact chickens. After 24 h of inoculating immunized chickens, the contact chickens in each group were transferred into the corresponding groups. Specific experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 7.
[0292] Table 7. Experimental design and grouping
[0293] Note: *10 for immunized chickens, and 5 for contact chickens; and the contact chickens were fed in the corresponding groups after 24 h of inoculating the immunized chickens.
[0294] On the day of the experiment, as shown in Table 7, the experimental chickens in Groups 1-5 were subcutaneously inoculated with 0.5 ml of the corresponding recombinant DEV into the necks at an inoculation dose of 106.0TCID50 / chicken. The chickens in Group 6, as a positive control group, were subcutaneously inoculated with 0.5 ml of DEV4 into the necks at an inoculation dose of 106.0TCID50 / chicken. The chickens in Group 7, as a negative control group, were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 ml of MEM + 5%FBS into the necks.
[0295] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens (the immunized chickens and the contact chickens) including those in the negative control group were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days; and abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were recorded, including: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0296] On Day 28 after inoculation, blood samples of all the immunized chickens were collected. Serum was separated to detect DEV sero-conversion. On Day 21 and Day 28 after inoculation, blood samples of the contact chickens were collected. Serum was separated to detect DEV sero-conversion.
[0297] 6.2. DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0298] The experimental chickens in Group 7 (the negative control) were negative for the antibody against DEV during the whole experiment; and on Day 28 after inoculating the serum of the immunized chickens in other groups became positive for the antibody against DEV. On Day 20 and Day 27 after contact (i.e., on Day 21 and Day 28 after inoculating the immunized chickens) , the serum of all the contact chickens in all the groups was negative for the antibody against DEV. The results of DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens in each group are specifically shown in Table 8.
[0299] Table 8. DEV sero-conversion of experimental chickens in each group
[0300] Note: * 10 for immunized chickens, and 5 for contact chickens; and the contact chickens were fed in the corresponding groups after 24 h of inoculating the immunized chickens.
[0301] 6.3. Conclusion
[0302] According to laboratory detection, no sero-conversion was detected in all the contact chickens on Day 20 and Day 27 after contact with the inoculated chickens, which proved that the recombinant DEVs with deletion of these genes or insertion of the H9N2 HA gene involved in this example did not horizontally spread among the chickens. In particular, these recombinant viruses, which neither cause diseases and death in the chickens nor cause horizontal spreading among chicken flocks, can be used as safe vectors in the future.
[0303] Example 7: Efficacy of vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing H9N2-HA
[0304] 7.1. Experimental design
[0305] In this example, 10 vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the HA gene of avian influenza virus (subtype H9) were inoculated subcutaneously to 1-day-old SPF chickens through the neck. On Day 28 after inoculation, the SPF chickens were challenged with an avian influenza virus (subtype H9) challenge strain (A / chicken / Jiangsu / TX10 / 2010 strain) . It aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccine candidate strains upon the challenge.
[0306] The recombinant viruses tested in this example included rDEV4 H9HAΔUS7US8, rDEV4ΔUL40 H9HAΔUL2, rDEV4ΔUL24 H9HAΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HAΔUL39, rDEV4 H9HAΔUL40, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HA ΔUS8, rDEV4 H9HA ΔUL23 ΔUL41, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HA-UL27, and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HA-UL27.
[0307] On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of the SPF chickens) , 110 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into 11 groups, with 10 chickens in each group. Groups 1-10 were test groups for the vaccine candidate strains containing the live rDEV vectors, and Group 11 was a control group. As shown in Table 9, all the experimental chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with corresponding materials to be tested through the neck. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were clinically observed for 28 consecutive days. On Day 28, all experimental chickens were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9 subtype avian influenza virus by nasal drip, with a challenge dose of 106.0EID50 / chicken. Experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 9.
[0308] Table 9. Experimental design and grouping
[0309] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. Abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were observed, including, but not limited to: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0310] On Day 28 after inoculation (before challenge) , blood samples of all the chickens were collected; and serum was collected by centrifugation for detection with an HI antibody of the H9 subtype avian influenza.
[0311] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9 virus isolation. If it was negative for the virus isolation, it was determined that the vaccine candidate strains provided protection to the experimental chickens. Specific operation steps were as follows: on Day 5 after the challenge, the cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected. The collected cotton swabs were placed in a centrifuge tube containing 1.6 ml of a six-antibiotics swab buffer. All cotton swab samples were inoculated into the chicken embryos for virus isolation. The operation steps were as follows: each cotton swab sample was inoculated to five 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryos through allantoic cavities with 0.2 ml per embryo, then the embryos were incubated for 96 h. Then the HA titers of all allantoic fluids were determined. As long as the HA titer of allantoic fluid of one chicken embryo among the chicken embryos inoculated with each cotton swab sample was no less than 1: 16, it could be determined as positive for H9 virus isolation. The samples that were negative for virus isolation were determined again after blind passage for 1 generation. If it was still negative for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as negative for H9 virus isolation; if it was positive for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as positive for H9 virus isolation.
[0312] 7.2. Level of anti-H9 antibody in the experimental chickens
[0313] On Day 28 after inoculation, blood of the experimental chickens in each group was collected; and serum was separated to detect the level of anti-H9 antibody. Results showed that the serums of all the experimental chickens in Group 11 (the control group) were negative for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9; the average HI antibody titers of the experimental chickens in Group 4 and Group 7 were lower than 4 log2; and the average HI antibody titers of the experimental chickens in other groups were higher than or equal to 4 log2. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 10 and Figure 8.
[0314] Table 10. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group
[0315] 7.3. Protection rate of the recombinant viruses to H9N2
[0316] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9N2 virus isolation. Results showed that 10 experimental chickens in Group 11 (a challenge control group) were positive for virus isolation, that is, the positive rate of virus isolation from the experimental chickens in the challenge control group was 100 %; and the challenge control was valid. The results of H9N2 virus isolation from the cotton swab samples and the protection rates for H9N2 in each group are shown in Table 11.
[0317] Table 11. H9N2 virus isolation and protection rates for H9N2
[0318] 7.4. Conclusion
[0319] The vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the HA gene of avian influenza virus (subtype H9) can provide protection to H9N2 to varying degrees up to 90%, proving that these different insertion sites are effective. These are the first vaccine candidates in which the DEV is used as a vector to express H9N2-HA protein. Overall, this invention provides new, safe and efficacious vaccines for chickens based on DEV vectors.
Claims
1.A composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for an antigen of a chicken pathogen, wherein the chicken pathogen is avian influenza virus.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the chicken pathogen is avian influenza A virus.3.The composition of claim 1, wherein the chicken pathogen is avian influenza virus type H9.4.The composition of claim 1, wherein the chicken pathogen is avian influenza virus H9N2.5.The composition of claim 1, wherein the antigen of a chicken pathogen is the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus H9N2.6.The composition of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the antigen of a chicken pathogen has at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 1.7.The composition of claim 1, wherein the sequence of the heterologous polynucleotide has at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 2.8.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.9.The composition of claim 8, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.10.The composition of claim 8 or 9, wherein the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region.11.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a non-essential gene of the modified DEV is inactivated.12.The composition of claim 11, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, and UL41.13.The composition of claim 12, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from any one of i) -viii) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, and viii) UL41, in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV.14.The composition of claim 13, wherein the one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, or viii) UL41.15.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated non-essential gene (s) selected from any one of i) -viii)i) US7 gene and US8 gene;ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene;iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene;iv) UL24 gene;v) UL39 gene;vi) UL40 gene;vii) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; orviii) UL41 gene and US8 gene.16.The composition of any one of claims 11-15, wherein the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene.17.The composition of any one of claims 11-16, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is replaced or deleted.18.The composition of any one of claims 11-16, wherein the modified DEV is attenuated.19.The composition of claim 18, wherein the modified DEV of any one of claims 11-16 has a reduced or no mortality in chicken as compared to the non-modified wildtype DEV.20.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said modified DEV comprises any one of the followings:i) the heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes;ii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;iii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene;iv) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene;v) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene;vi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;vii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene;viii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and further comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene;ix) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene; orx) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, and further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.21.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.22.The composition of claim 21, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof.23.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.24.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle or adjuvant.25.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a vaccine.26.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a vector vaccine in chicken.27.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified DEV is used as a vector.28.A method of vaccinating a chicken by inducing a protective immune response in chicken against a chicken pathogen, comprising at least one administration of the composition of any one of claims 1-27.29.The composition of any one of claims 1-27 for the use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in chicken against a chicken pathogen, wherein such method comprises or consists of one or more administration of the composition of any one of claims 1-27 to said chicken.30.The method of claim 28 or the use of claim 29, wherein the chicken pathogen is avian influenza virus type H9, optionally avian influenza virus H9N2.31.The method of claim 28 or 30, or the use of claim 29 or 30, wherein the chicken is 1 day-old, 2 day-old, 3 day-old, 4 day-old, 5 day-old, 6 day-old or 7 day-old at the day of vaccination.32.The method of any one of claims 28 or 30-31, or the use of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the administration is by oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal.
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