Reactor device for treating water

Abstract

The present invention relates to a reactor device (2) for treating water (1) that comprises at least one electrochemical cell (3) with a first piece (4), said first piece comprising a first cavity (41) with at least one inner channel (42), wherein said inner channel (42) has a path (42a) with at least one backwater chamber (42c) for the flow of water (1) and provided as a divergent-convergent nozzle. The invention further relates to an associated system comprising said reactor device (2). The aim is to improve efficiency in the availability of water (1) and help protect the environment by preventing pollution, reducing the consumed volume and mitigating the impact of climate change.

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] REACTOR DEVICE FOR WATER TREATMENT

[0003] OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The present patent application relates to a reactor device for water treatment comprising an electrochemical cell with a first part with a first cavity with at least one interior channel, where the interior channel has a path with at least one water flow retention chamber, incorporating notable innovations and advantages.

[0005] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0006] It has been observed that the composition of wastewater is changing along with society's production and consumption activities. Biological treatment of urban wastewater is not adapted to the removal of the new recalcitrant chemical contaminants it receives, compounded by the global water shortage.

[0007] Currently, several methodologies are known in the state of the art to alleviate this problem, such as: a) Adsorption processes on porous materials, in which chemical contaminants are removed from water by adsorption onto the surface of these materials; b) Disinfection of water and / or removal of organic contaminants by direct photolysis or advanced oxidation processes; c) Membrane filtration, which separates contaminants from water; d) Coagulation-flocculation.

[0008] However, these water treatment techniques present drawbacks, such as the transfer of contaminants from the water to a solid medium in the adsorption process, their concentration as permeate in membrane filtration, or the generation of sludge in coagulation-flocculation, generating other, more polluting waste products that must be treated, thus increasing the process cost. Additionally, certain treatments require the addition of chemical oxidants, which, in addition to being dependent on this oxidizing compound, react with organic matter, generating undesirable disinfection byproducts due to their high toxicity. Also worth mentioning, as an illustrative example, is the case of hospitals, as large producers of wastewater with high concentrations of widely used pharmaceuticals of a wide variety (antibiotics, contrast agents, anticancer agents, analgesics, etc.).) that are discharged directly into the urban wastewater collector until they reach the treatment plant, where conventional systems are not equipped to remove them. As a result, the water leaving the urban wastewater treatment plant is discharged into the environment with huge concentrations and types of pollutants, which have even been detected in tap water. Given this situation, in addition to the environmental damage that water pollution causes to ecosystems, reuse is a very difficult option.

[0009] Also known in the prior art, as described in document WO2009143629, is a method for decontaminating waste containing toxic organic molecules and for degrading them. This method comprises using a surfactant to form micelles that trap the toxic organic molecules present in the waste. The waste is then decontaminated by extracting an aqueous solution comprising the micelles. An electrolytic cell is then filled with the aqueous solution, the electrolytic cell comprising at least one pair of electrodes; and a current is applied to said at least one pair of electrodes for a period of time suitable for electro-oxidizing said toxic organic molecules. A cylindrical electrolytic cell that can be used to carry out this method is also described. The electrolytic cell comprises cylindrical electrodes and a tubular weir that allows for uniform distribution of the electrolyte to the electrodes.The method and electrolytic cell of the invention allow the decontamination of waste from the aluminum industry that contains creosote, oil and grease.

[0010] In view of the above, however, there is a need to improve the efficiency of water availability and help conserve the environment by preventing its contamination, reducing the volume consumed, and mitigating the impact that climate change generates with water scarcity. Thus, it is desirable to obtain a simple and economical wastewater treatment system that allows its safe reuse, applicable as a tertiary treatment system for wastewater, understanding tertiary systems as the additional processes necessary to reduce the contaminant load of water so that it can be reused. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] As mentioned, as water scarcity increases, driven by both ecosystem pollution and the decline in rainfall due to climate change, the need to implement new, viable systems that guarantee safe access to water, an essential resource for life, also increases exponentially. The application of advanced electrochemical oxidation processes has been identified as a promising strategy for developing viable technologies that guarantee both the disinfection of water for consumption and sanitation, as well as the safe reuse of wastewater.

[0012] Electrochemical systems applied to water treatment simultaneously mineralize chemical contaminants and inactivate pathogens by generating oxidation-reduction reactions where water is the only reagent used in the treatment. Electrodes can react by direct contact electrolysis on the molecules of organic compounds and microorganisms, as well as produce oxidizing radicals that inactivate pathogens through damage to DNA, lipids, and cell wall proteins, while simultaneously oxidizing chemical contaminants until they are eliminated from the water.

[0013] The proposed electrochemical system is of great interest for water disinfection, for the decontamination of wastewater in industries, hospitals, and urban wastewater treatment plants. Regarding water purification, it is of great interest for disinfection processes carried out by public administrations because the proposed reactor dispenses with the addition of chemical oxidants, which eliminates the risk of producing disinfection byproducts such as those generated in chlorination and ozonation processes. Furthermore, it is an alternative to the application of UV-C radiation with Hg lamps, which are being withdrawn from the market due to their highly polluting after-use residue.The proposed electrochemical reactor is even suitable for use as an alternative for water purification in isolated and disadvantaged regions, as the applied voltages are so low that they can be supplied, for example, by solar photovoltaic energy, making it independent of the existence of large electrical installations. Due to its affordable scalability, it has great potential for industrial application to meet the standards established by environmental legislation, both to reduce water pollution prior to discharge and to make its reuse viable in the industrial process from which it originates or for irrigation water. In the food, ceramics, pharmaceutical and cosmetics, wood, chemical and plastics, and textile and footwear industries, water is generated with high concentrations of very specific chemical contaminants that are recalcitrant to conventional water treatment.The proposed invention guarantees the production of safe wastewater, both for discharge and for reuse and reintroduction into the production system, which results in economic savings due to the reduction in both water consumption and discharged water volume fees.

[0014] More specifically, the reactor device for water treatment comprises at least one electrochemical cell with a first part, which comprises a first cavity with at least one interior channel, where the interior channel has a path with at least one water flow retention chamber. Said interior hydrodynamic channel is through which the water to be treated circulates, presenting an optimized hydrodynamic design consisting of a zigzag path from the inlet to the outlet thereof. Specifically, the first part of the electrochemical cell comprises at least one interior channel, including a water inlet hole and an outlet hole at the ends of the geometry designed to circulate the flow.It should be added that it is possible to arrange as many electrochemical cells in series as required depending on the degree of contamination and the volume of water to be treated, thus making it possible to increase the volume of treated water. It should be noted that the term "electrochemical cell" also encompasses what would be a photoelectrochemical cell, as a specific case of an electrochemical cell, with specific features.

[0015] Consequently, the invention allows for the simultaneous mineralization of chemical contaminants and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms, making it suitable for both water disinfection and the reuse of wastewater in irrigation systems and in the industrial processes in which it is generated. Furthermore, since it is an open system, the volume of water to be treated varies depending on needs.

[0016] It is worth mentioning the advantages associated with water electro-oxidation in the degradation of chemical contaminants and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms through direct electrolysis reactions or the oxidation of oxidizing radicals generated in water: The results are low-molecular-weight, readily biodegradable compounds with low toxicity, complete mineralization to CO2 and H2O, and inactivation of pathogens through cellular damage. The improved efficiency of these processes makes it possible to reduce the high cost of electrochemical treatment.

[0017] Preferably, the water treatment reactor device comprises a plurality of water flow retention chambers, located along the path of the inner channel of the first part. Specifically, as many retention chambers can be placed in sequence as the length of the zigzag hydraulic path and the dimensions of the cell allow, thereby achieving a higher level of water purification for a single passage through the reactor device.

[0018] More specifically, the inner channel has a first section, and the at least one backwater chamber has a second section at least at one point along its length, the length of the second section being greater than that of the first section. The first section begins an expanding inlet channel, and the second section begins an outlet channel with a contracting section. The first and second sections are arranged according to the direction of water flow through the path. In this way, hydrodynamic optimization of the design of the inner channel of the electrochemical cell is achieved, which has been achieved through numerical simulations using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) technique and through experimental tests on prototypes.

[0019] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the at least one backwater chamber has a first section of its length in the form of a diverging nozzle, connected to a second section of its length in the form of a convergent nozzle, which allows a) increasing the contact area between the water to be treated and the photocatalytic material, and therefore optimizing the contact time between both; b) performing the above without releasing the liquid stream, which allows control of the liquid flow within the cell and, therefore, of the degree of reaction, in addition to reducing costs in water treatment by, optionally, the simultaneous application of light radiation.

[0020] In more detail, the divergent nozzle comprises a growing expansion, with an angle of between 5 oand 30°, from a first section of the inner channel to a second section. The specific shape of the widening prevents the flow from shedding, and therefore, its recirculation within the backwater chambers, which would prevent control of the degree of water purification and therefore negatively impact the efficiency of water treatment.

[0021] It is worth mentioning that the second section is maximum at the transition point from the divergent nozzle shape to the convergent nozzle shape, determined experimentally, and by numerical simulations, as a design that improves the efficiency of water treatment.

[0022] According to another aspect of the invention, the inner channel comprises a cathode of the electrochemical cell, for greater efficiency in water treatment. It should be noted at this point that the transfer of electrons at the total current density, due to the unique arrangement of the cathode with respect to the anodic surface, favors the electric current to obtain higher rates in redox reactions. Furthermore, optimizing the residence time of the treated water in the cell cavity reduces electrode deterioration and standardizes the degree of water purification, which is especially relevant in pathogen inactivation processes to prevent the development of microbial resistance to treatment.

[0023] Optionally, the cathode is a metal strip placed on at least one wall of the inner channel, at least partially following the geometry of the path, thereby maximizing the volume of treated water. Note that the metal strip is preferably adhered to the inner walls of the hydrodynamic inner channel.

[0024] In addition, the electrochemical cell comprises an anode in a second part arranged below the first part with at least one interior channel, so that an electrochemical potential difference is established, which causes the transfer of charged particles from one point to the other.

[0025] Additionally, the second piece covers at least one interior channel of the first piece, so that the interior channel is formed, and the path through which the water to be treated must circulate without causing any unwanted losses or filtration.

[0026] According to another aspect of the invention, the reactor device for water treatment comprises means for illuminating the first cavity through a second cavity within a housing, such that the LED illumination is applied simultaneously with the external electrical potential. It should be noted in this regard that the interaction of the LED radiation reaches the photocatalytic surface of the anode through the solution. Thus, the arrangement of the cathode relative to the photoanode ensures the separation of the charges generated during photocatalysis, increasing the concentration of oxidizing radicals with the application of a lower voltage.Furthermore, optimizing the residence time of treated water in the cell cavity reduces deterioration of the electrodes, cathode, and anode, and also standardizes the degree of water purification, which is especially relevant in pathogen inactivation processes to prevent the development of microbial resistance to treatment. Thus, the use of LED lighting systems increases the useful life of the electrodes by up to a factor of ten compared to other devices known in the state of the art.

[0027] Additionally, the housing comprises first means for closing the second cavity on its upper side, where the first closing means comprise means for dissipating heat from the LED lighting means, such that said means can operate for a longer period and at a higher intensity, without harming other elements of the system. Optionally, the heat dissipation means are a heat sink plate.

[0028] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the housing comprises second means for closing the second cavity on its lower side, where the second means for closing the cavity comprise at least one quartz cover, the quartz cover allowing the passage of light from the LED lighting means. This creates a sealed channel, which prevents leaks and loss of the water being treated, while also allowing the use of LED lighting means.

[0029] Additionally, the water treatment reactor device comprises an electrical power source connected to the cathode and / or anode and / or LED lighting means, enabling their simultaneous function to perform water treatment by photoelectro-oxidation, which allows for the mineralization of chemical contaminants and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms simultaneously. Specifically, the electrical power source is direct current and is connected to the charge collector of the electrodes to achieve the desired charge transfer.

[0030] Preferably, the second cavity inside the electrochemical cell housing comprises a light-reflecting coating, such that the light emitted by the LED lighting means repeatedly and therefore more efficiently impacts the water to be treated.

[0031] Furthermore, the second cavity inside the electrochemical cell housing comprises at least one ventilation hole, which enables better heat evacuation and improved function of the electrical and lighting components.

[0032] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electrochemical cell comprises at least a first sealing gasket above the first part and / or at least a second sealing gasket below the first part, said first or second sealing gasket preferably being made of an elastomeric material. These gaskets ensure the tightness of the system by also following the shape of the internal water flow distribution channel.

[0033] Additionally, the electrochemical cell includes third closure means on its underside with adjustable leveling means, allowing the reactor to be tilted so that the bubbles rise to the treated water outlet. This is a common problem, as is the accumulation of O2 and H2 bubbles on the electrode surfaces. Thus, the proposed invention facilitates their simple removal.

[0034] Additionally, the electrochemical cell comprises means for joining the casing with the first sealing gasket and / or with the first part and / or with the second sealing gasket and / or with the second part and / or with the third closing means, in order to form a compact assembly, without play or clearance.

[0035] Another object of the present invention is a system for water treatment comprising at least one feed tank with contaminated water in connection with at least one water pump, in connection with at least one reactor device as described above, in connection with at least one storage tank with purified water.

[0036] The accompanying drawings show, by way of non-limiting example, a reactor device for water treatment constructed in accordance with the invention. Other features and advantages of said reactor device for water treatment, object of the present invention, will become apparent from the description of a preferred, but not exclusive, embodiment, illustrated by way of non-limiting example in the accompanying drawings.

[0037] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Figure 1 - General perspective view of the reactor device for water treatment and the elements to which it is connected, in accordance with the present invention;

[0039] Figure 2 - Detailed view of the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0040] Figure 3 - Exploded view of the elements that make up the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0041] Figure 4 - Detailed view of the first piece that makes up the inner channel of the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0042] Figure 5 - Detailed view of the inner channel and the backwater chamber of the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0043] Figure 6 - Detailed view of the cathode of the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0044] Figure 7 - Detailed view of the anode of the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0045] Figure 8 - Detailed view of a joint of the reactor device for water treatment, according to the present invention;

[0046] DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0047] In view of the aforementioned figures and, in accordance with the numbering adopted, one can observe in them a preferred embodiment of the invention, comprising the parts and elements indicated and described in detail below.

[0048] Figure 1 shows a general perspective view of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) and the elements to which it is connected, including a feed tank (81) with the water (1) to be treated, which is driven by a booster pump (82) towards said reactor (2) with an electrochemical cell (3), supported on the ground with levelling means (72), and connected to an electrical power supply (68) as a power supply, with the treated water (1) finally exiting towards a storage tank (83).Figure 2 shows a detailed view of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) and specifically the electrochemical cell (3), in which the position of the anode (32) can be seen, attached to a first piece (4), attached to a first joint (52) and a second joint (53), to one side of the housing (6), and inside it a second cavity (63) that includes a reflective coating (66), and in its walls at least one ventilation hole (67). On both sides it has third closing means (71) and joining means (73).

[0049] Figure 3 shows an exploded view of the elements that make up the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1). On one side, the housing (6) can be seen with the lighting means (61) and the dissipation means (62), and on both sides of the second cavity (63) it has the first closing means (64) and the second closing means (65), specifically a quartz cover (65a). Next, the first piece (4) can be seen flanked by a first gasket (52) and a second gasket (53). Finally, an anode (32) is located with third closing means (71), held by the joining means (73).

[0050] Figure 4 shows a detailed view of the first part (4) that forms the inner channel (42) of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), which includes a first cavity (41) with a plurality of backwater chambers (42c) along the path (42a). The position of the cathode (31), which consists of a metal strip (31a), can also be seen.

[0051] Figure 5 shows a detailed view of the inner channel (42) and the backwater chamber (42c) of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1). It can be seen that the first section (42e) begins with a first section (42b), and from the transition point (42k), a second section (42f) begins which reaches a greater width until reaching a second section (42d). In the case of the first section (42e) there is a diverging nozzle (42g) with an expansion (42h) through an angle (42¡), while in the second section (42f) there is a convergent nozzle (42j) until reaching again the value of the first section (42b).

[0052] Figure 6 shows a detailed view of the cathode (31) of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), consisting of a metal strip (31a). Figure 7 shows a detailed view of the anode (32) as the second part (51) of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1).

[0053] Figure 8 shows a detailed view of a joint of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), which may represent either a first joint (52) or a second joint (53).

[0054] More particularly, as can be seen in figures 3 and 4, the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) comprises at least one electrochemical cell (3) with a first part (4), which comprises a first cavity (41) with at least one interior channel (42), where the interior channel (42) has a path (42a) with at least one backwater chamber (42c) for the water flow (1).

[0055] Preferably, as can be seen in figures 3 and 4, the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) comprises a plurality of backwater chambers (42c) for the water flow (1), located along the path (42a) of the inner channel (42) of the first piece (4).

[0056] More specifically, as can be seen in figures 4 and 5, the inner channel (42) has a first section (42b), and the at least one backwater chamber (42c) has a second section (42d) at least at one point along its length, the length of the second section (42d) being greater than that of the first section (42b).

[0057] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, as seen in Figures 4 and 5, the at least one backwater chamber (42c) has a first section (42e) of its length in the form of a diverging nozzle (42g), connected to a second section (42f) of its length in the form of a converging nozzle (42j).

[0058] In more detail, as can be seen in Figure 5, the divergent nozzle (42g) comprises a growing expansion (42h), with an angle (42¡) of between 5 oand 30°, from a first section (42b) of the inner channel (42) to a second section (42d), so that the backwater chambers (42c) have a shape specially designed to prevent flow separation. More specifically, as can be seen in Figure 5, the second section (42d) is at its maximum at the transition point (42k) from the divergent nozzle shape (42g) to the convergent nozzle shape (42j). Thus, the water (1) to be treated passes from an area with a first section (42b) to a second section (42d), its expansion ratio having the value y = b / a > 2. The smaller the angle a (42¡), the greater the water flow rate (1) that the electrochemical cell (3) can treat without having problems with current release, although the necessary length c of the first section (42e) will be greater for a given expansion ratio (42h), where the value of c is assimilated to the value of b / 2tan a.Add that the recommended range for the angle (42¡), following the general recommendations for the design of flow expansions is 5°< to <30°. For smaller values ​​of the angle (42¡), the length of the first section (42e) would be too large. For larger values ​​there is a risk of flow detachment. And specify that the divergent nozzle (42g) is coupled tangentially with the convergent nozzle (42j) to return to the width of the inner channel (42), the second section (42f) being of a length equal to or shorter than the first section (42e) of the divergent nozzle (42g), since the angle of the contraction can be equal to or less than that of the expansion (42h), without there being any danger of flow detachment, and without noticeably increasing the pressure losses along the inner channel (42).

[0059] Optionally, as seen in figures 4 and 6, the inner channel (42) comprises a cathode (31) of the electrochemical cell (3).

[0060] More specifically, as can be seen in Figures 4 and 6, the cathode (31) is a metal strip (31a) placed on at least one wall of the inner channel (42), at least partially following the geometry of the path (42a). It should be noted that the metal strip is preferably made of stainless steel, e.g. AISI 316, and that it is adhered to the internal walls of the hydrodynamic inner channel (42).

[0061] On the other hand, as can be seen in Figure 7, the electrochemical cell (3) comprises an anode (32) in a second piece (51) arranged below the first piece (4) with at least one interior channel (42).

[0062] Additionally, as can be seen in Figures 4 and 7, the second piece (51) covers at least one interior channel (42) of the first piece (4). Specifically, the second piece (51) is a metal sheet that supports the photocatalyst material, the thickness of which can vary within an optimal range of 0.5 to 2 mm. According to another aspect of the invention, as can be seen in Figure 3, the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) comprises LED lighting means (61) of the first cavity (41) through a second cavity (63) inside a housing (6), where the LED lighting means (61) have their own driver or controller. It should be noted that the LED lighting means (61) have the option of applying three different wavelengths, which can be 275, 365 or 385 nm, depending on the degree of water contamination, which allows reducing costs depending on the absorbance of the medium.This type of luminaire, in addition to having a longer lifespan than traditionally used lamps and being non-polluting, uses 90% of the energy to generate radiation.

[0063] Preferably, as seen in Figure 3, the housing (6) comprises first closing means (64) of the second cavity (63) on its upper side, where the first closing means (64) comprise heat dissipation means (62) of the LED lighting means (61).

[0064] According to another aspect of the invention, as seen in Figure 3, the casing (6) comprises second closing means (65) of the second cavity (63) on its lower side, where the second closing means (65) comprise at least one quartz cover (65a).

[0065] Additionally, as can be seen in Figure 1, the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) comprises an electrical power supply (68) connected to the cathode (31) and / or the anode (32) and / or the LED lighting means (61).

[0066] Additionally, as seen in Figure 2, the second cavity (63) inside the housing (6) of the electrochemical cell (3) comprises a light-reflecting coating (66).

[0067] Furthermore, as can be seen in Figure 2, the second cavity (63) inside the housing (6) of the electrochemical cell (3) comprises at least one ventilation hole (67). In addition, as can be seen in Figures 2 and 3, the electrochemical cell (3) comprises at least a first sealing gasket (52) above the first part (4) and / or at least a second sealing gasket (53) below the first part (4).

[0068] Preferably, as can be seen in figures 1 and 3, the electrochemical cell (3) comprises third closing means (71) on its lower side with adjustable levelling means (72), in order to reach a preferably horizontal position.

[0069] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, as can be seen in Figures 2 and 3, the electrochemical cell (3) comprises means (73) for joining the housing (6) with the first sealing gasket (52) and / or with the first part (4) and / or with the second sealing gasket (53) and / or with the second part (51) and / or with the third closing means (71). It should be noted that the joining means (73) comprise tightening nuts and / or screws. It should be added that the electrochemical cell (3), and in particular the housing (6) and different parts, can be manufactured using the 3D printing technique.

[0070] It is also the object of the present invention, as can be seen in Figure 1, a system for water treatment (1) comprising at least one feed tank (81) with contaminated water (1) in connection with at least one pump (82) for driving the water (1), in connection with at least one reactor device (2) in connection with at least one storage tank (83) with purified water (1).

[0071] The details, shapes, dimensions and other accessory elements, as well as the components used in the implementation of the reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), may be conveniently replaced by others that are technically equivalent, and do not depart from the essence of the invention or the scope defined by the claims included after the following list. List of numerical references:

[0072] 1 water

[0073] 2 reactor

[0074] 3 electrochemical cell

[0075] 31 cathode

[0076] 31a metal tape

[0077] 32 anode

[0078] 4 first piece

[0079] 41 first cavity

[0080] 42 inner channel

[0081] 42nd route

[0082] 42b first section

[0083] 42c backwater chamber

[0084] 42d second section

[0085] 42nd first section

[0086] 42f second section

[0087] 42g diverging nozzle

[0088] 42h expansion

[0089] 42¡ angle

[0090] 42j convergent nozzle

[0091] 42k transition point

[0092] 51 second piece

[0093] 52 first meeting

[0094] 53 second meeting

[0095] 6 casing

[0096] 61 lighting media

[0097] 62 means of dissipation

[0098] 63 second cavity

[0099] 64 first means of closure

[0100] 65 seconds closing time

[0101] 65a quartz cap

[0102] 66 reflective coating

[0103] 67 ventilation hole

[0104] 68 power supply 71 third means of closure

[0105] 72 leveling media

[0106] 73 means of union

[0107] 81 feed tank 82 booster pump

[0108] 83 storage tank

Claims

CLAIMS 1- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1) comprising at least one electrochemical cell (3) with a first part (4), which comprises a first cavity (41) with at least one interior channel (42), characterized in that the interior channel (42) has a path (42a) with at least one backwater chamber (42c) for the water flow (1). 2- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of backwater chambers (42c) of the water flow (1), located along the path (42a) of the inner channel (42) of the first piece (4). 3- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inner channel (42) has a first section (42b), and the at least one backwater chamber (42c) has a second section (42d) at least at one point of its length, the length of the second section (42d) being greater than that of the first section (42b). 4- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 3, characterized in that the at least one backwater chamber (42c) has a first section (42e) of its length in the form of a diverging nozzle (42g), connected to a second section (42f) of its length in the form of a converging nozzle (42j). 5- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 4, characterized in that the divergent nozzle (42g) comprises a growing expansion (42h), with an angle (42¡) of between 5 oand 30°, from a first section (42b) of the inner channel (42) to a second section (42d). 6- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 5, characterized in that the second section (42d) is maximum at the transition point (42k) from the divergent nozzle shape (42g) to the convergent nozzle shape (42j). 7- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inner channel (42) comprises a cathode (31) of the electrochemical cell (3). 8- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 7, characterized in that the cathode (31) is a metal strip (31a) placed on at least one wall of the inner channel (42), at least partially following the geometry of the path (42a). 9- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrochemical cell (3) comprises an anode (32) in a second piece (51) arranged below the first piece (4) with at least one interior channel (42). 10- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 9, characterized in that the second part (51) covers at least one interior channel (42) of the first part (4). 11- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises LED lighting means (61) of the first cavity (41) through a second cavity (63) inside a housing (6). 12- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 11, characterized in that the housing (6) comprises first closing means (64) of the second cavity (63) on its upper side, where the first closing means (64) comprise heat dissipation means (62) of the LED lighting means (61). 13- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 12, characterized in that the housing (6) comprises second closing means (65) of the second cavity (63) on its lower side, where the second closing means (65) comprise at least one quartz cover (65a). 14- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claims 7, 9 and 11, characterized in that it comprises an electrical power supply (68) connected to the cathode (31) and / or the anode (32) and / or the LED lighting means (61). 15- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 11, characterized in that the second cavity (63) inside the housing (6) of the electrochemical cell (3) comprises a light-reflecting coating (66). 16- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claim 11, characterized in that the second cavity (63) inside the housing (6) of the electrochemical cell (3) comprises at least one ventilation hole (67). 17- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrochemical cell (3) comprises at least a first sealing gasket (52) above the first part (4) and / or at least a second sealing gasket (53) below the first part (4). 18- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrochemical cell (3) comprises third closing means (71) on its lower side with adjustable leveling means (72). 19- Reactor device (2) for water treatment (1), according to claims 9, 11, 17 and 18, characterized in that the electrochemical cell (3) comprises means of joining (73) the casing (6) with the first sealing gasket (52) and / or with the first part (4) and / or with the second sealing gasket (53) and / or with the second part (51) and / or with the third closing means (71). 20- System for water treatment (1) comprising at least one feed tank (81) with contaminated water (1) in connection with at least one pump (82) for driving the water (1), in connection with at least one reactor device (2) according to any of the preceding claims, in connection with at least one storage tank (83) with purified water (1).

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