Anti-tigit antibodies and uses thereof
Anti-TIGIT antibodies are developed to target and inhibit TIGIT signaling, addressing the lack of effective cancer treatments by enhancing immune responses against cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/119890
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-21
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-27
AI Technical Summary
Current cancer treatments lack effective antibodies for targeting TIGIT, a receptor that limits adaptive and innate immunity, thereby hindering the development of therapeutic strategies to combat cancer.
Development of anti-TIGIT antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that specifically bind to TIGIT, inhibiting its interaction with ligands like CD155 and CD112, thereby modulating the TIGIT-associated signaling pathway.
The anti-TIGIT antibodies demonstrate the ability to block TIGIT signaling, potentially enhancing immune responses against cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth.
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Figure CN2024119890_27032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ANTI-TIGIT ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims priority to PCT / CN2023 / 120398, filed on September 21, 2023. The entire contents of the foregoing application are incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This disclosure relates to anti-TIGIT antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, and antibody drug conjugates.BACKGROUND
[0004] Cancer is currently one of the diseases that have the highest human mortality. According to the World Health Organization statistical data, in 2018, the number of global cancer incidence and death cases reached 18.1 million and 9.6 million, respectively. In China, the newly diagnosed cancer cases are 3.8 million, and the death toll is 2.3 million.
[0005] Recent clinical and commercial success of anticancer antibodies has created great interest in antibody-based therapeutics. There is a need to develop antibodies for use in various antibody-based therapeutics to treat cancers or auto-immune diseases..SUMMARY
[0006] This disclosure relates to anti-TIGIT antibodies, antigen-binding fragment thereof, and the uses thereof.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) comprising:
[0008] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; and
[0009] a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,
[0010] wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs, 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:
[0011] (1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively;
[0012] (2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively;
[0013] (3) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;
[0014] (4) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;
[0015] (5) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively
[0016] (6) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively;
[0017] (7) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively;
[0018] (8) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively;
[0019] (9) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively;
[0020] (10) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;
[0021] (11) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively; and
[0022] (12) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively.
[0023] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0024] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0025] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0026] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0027] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0028] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0029] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0030] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0031] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0032] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0033] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0034] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0035] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to TIGIT comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:
[0036] (1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 46, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 47;
[0037] (2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 49;
[0038] (3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 50, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;
[0039] (4) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 63, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;
[0040] (5) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 64, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;
[0041] (6) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 52, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 53; and
[0042] (7) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 54, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0043] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47.
[0044] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49.
[0045] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49.
[0046] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.
[0047] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.
[0048] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.
[0049] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53.
[0050] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0051] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to TIGIT comprising
[0052] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:
[0053] (1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 46, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 47;
[0054] (2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 49;
[0055] (3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 50, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;
[0056] (4) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 63, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;
[0057] (5) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 64, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;
[0058] (6) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 52, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 53; and
[0059] (7) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 54, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0060] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human or monkey TIGIT.
[0061] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human or humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0062] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or a multispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .
[0063] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0064] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0065] (1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, binds to TIGIT;
[0066] (2) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46, binds to TIGIT;
[0067] (3) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49, binds to TIGIT;
[0068] (4) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, binds to TIGIT;
[0069] (5) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;
[0070] (6) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50, binds to TIGIT;
[0071] (7) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;
[0072] (8) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63, binds to TIGIT;
[0073] (9) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;
[0074] (10) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64, binds to TIGIT;
[0075] (11) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53, binds to TIGIT;
[0076] (12) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52, binds to TIGIT;
[0077] (13) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55, binds to TIGIT;
[0078] (14) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54, binds to TIGIT;
[0079] (15) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, binds to TIGIT;
[0080] (16) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49, binds to TIGIT;
[0081] (17) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39 respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;
[0082] (18) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42 respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53, binds to TIGIT; and
[0083] (19) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55, binds to TIGIT.
[0084] In some embodiments, the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey TIGIT.
[0085] In some embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof, and the immunoglobulin light chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof.
[0086] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .
[0087] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is cDNA.
[0088] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein.
[0089] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a vector comprising two of the nucleic acids described herein, in some embodiments, the vector encodes the VH region and the VL region that together bind to TIGIT.
[0090] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pair of vectors, in some embodiments, each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids described herein, in some embodiments, together the pair of vectors encodes the VH region and the VL region that together bind to TIGIT.
[0091] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising the vector described herein.
[0092] In some embodiments, the cell is a CHO cell.
[0093] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein.
[0094] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising
[0095] (a) culturing the cell described herein under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof; and
[0096] (b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof produced by the cell.
[0097] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a therapeutic agent covalently bound to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.
[0098] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein, to the subject.
[0099] In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) ) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.
[0100] In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.
[0101] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD1 antibody, an anti-PDL1 antibody, an anti-PDL2 antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-GITR antibody, an anti-TIM-3 antibody, an anti-4-1BB antibody, and / or an anti-CD40 antibody, to the subject.
[0102] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a chemotherapy to the subject.
[0103] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0104] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0105] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and
[0106] (a) the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein,
[0107] (b) the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0108] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth. Examples of such cells include cells having an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include cancerous growths, e.g., tumors; oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues, and malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Also included are malignancies of the various organ systems, such as head and neck, respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, hematological, neurological, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems; as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, glioma and cancer of the small intestine. Cancer that is “naturally arising” includes any cancer that is not experimentally induced by implantation of cancer cells into a subject, and includes, for example, spontaneously arising cancer, cancer caused by exposure of a patient to a carcinogen (s) , cancer resulting from insertion of a transgenic oncogene or knockout of a tumor suppressor gene, and cancer caused by infections, e.g., viral infections. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. The term “hematopoietic neoplastic disorders” includes diseases involving hyperplastic / neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin. Ahematopoietic neoplastic disorder can arise from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof. A hematologic cancer is a cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, or in the cells of the immune system. Examples of hematologic cancer include e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma etc.
[0109] As used herein, the term “antibody” is used herein in its broadest sense and includes certain types of immunoglobulin molecules that include one or more antigen-binding domains that specifically bind to an antigen or epitope. An antibody specifically includes, e.g., intact antibodies (e.g., intact immunoglobulins) , antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and multi-specific antibodies. One example of an antibody is a protein complex that includes two heavy chains and two light chains. Additional examples of an antibody are described herein.
[0110] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” or “antibody fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, wherein the portion of the antibody is capable of specifically binding to an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment contains at least one variable domain (e.g., a variable domain of a heavy chain or a variable domain of light chain or a VHH) . Non-limiting examples of antibody fragments include, e.g., Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, and Fv fragments.
[0111] As used herein, the term “human antibody” refers to an antibody that is encoded by an endogenous nucleic acid (e.g., rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy or light chain locus) derived from a human. In some embodiments, a human antibody is collected from a human or produced in a human cell culture (e.g., human hybridoma cells) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a non-human cell (e.g., a mouse or hamster cell line) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a bacterial or yeast cell. In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a transgenic non-human animal (e.g., a bovine) containing an unrearranged or rearranged human immunoglobulin locus (e.g., heavy or light chain human immunoglobulin locus) .
[0112] As used herein, the term “humanized antibody” refers to a non-human antibody which contains minimal sequence derived from a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and contains sequences derived from a human immunoglobulin. In non-limiting examples, humanized antibodies are human antibodies (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues of the recipient antibody are replaced by hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues from a non-human antibody (e.g., a donor antibody) , e.g., a mouse, rat, or rabbit antibody, having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some embodiments, the Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin residues. In some embodiments, humanized antibodies may contain residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications can be made to further refine antibody performance. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody contains substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops (CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin. The humanized antibody can also contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) , typically, that of a human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies can be produced using molecular biology methods known in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods for generating humanized antibodies are described herein.
[0113] As used herein, the term “multispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two or more different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens. In some embodiments, the multispecific antibody is a bispecific antibody.
[0114] As used herein, the term “bispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens.
[0115] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0116] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0117] FIG. 1 lists Kabat CDR sequences for anti-TIGIT antibodies.
[0118] FIG. 2 lists Chothia CDR sequences for anti-TIGIT antibodies.
[0119] FIG. 3 lists amino acids sequences discussed in the disclosure.
[0120] FIG. 4A shows the blocking effect of the binding between TIGIT and CD155 in the presence of an anti-TIGIT antibody (5F1 or 9H11) . PC was used as a control.
[0121] FIG. 4B shows the blocking effect of the binding between TIGIT and CD155 in the presence of an anti-TIGIT antibody (36F3 or 36H7) . PC was used as a control.
[0122] FIG. 4C shows the blocking effect of the binding between TIGIT and CD155 in the presence of an anti-TIGIT antibody 15C5. PC was used as a control.
[0123] FIG. 5 shows the concentration-time curves of anti-TIGIT antibodies in different groups of C57BL / 6 mice.
[0124] FIG. 6 shows the ADCC activity assay results of anti-TIGIT antibodies. PC was used as a control.
[0125] FIG. 7 shows the average tumor volume in different groups of hTIGIT mice that were injected with MC38 cells, and were treated with PC (G2) , 36F3 (G3) , 36H7 (G4) , or 9H11 (G5) treatment. PBS was used as a control (G1) .
[0126] FIG. 8 shows the average tumor volume in different groups of hTIGIT mice that were injected with MC38 cells, and were treated with PC (G2) , 9H11 (G3, G4) or 36F3 (G5, G6) . PBS was used as a control (G1) .
[0127] FIG. 9 shows the average tumor volume in different groups of hTIGIT mice that were injected with MC38 cells, and were treated with PC (G2) or 15C5 (G3) . PBS was used as a control (G1) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0128] The present disclosure relates to anti-TIGIT antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, and antibody drug conjugates.
[0129] TIGIT
[0130] TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, also called WUCAM, Vstm3, VSIG9) is a receptor of the Ig superfamily, which plays a critical role in limiting adaptive and innate immunity. TIGIT participates in a complex regulatory network involving multiple IRs (e.g., CD96 / TACTILE, CD112R / PVRIG) , one competing costimulatory receptor (DNAM-1 / CD226) , and multiple ligands (e.g., CD155 (PVR / NECL-5) , CD112 (Nectin-2 / PVRL2) ) . Hence, there is some similarity with the CD28 / CTLA-4 / CD80 / CD86 pathway, for which inhibitory and costimulatory receptors compete for binding to the same ligands. In sharp contrast with CTLA-4- / -mice, TIGIT- / -mice do not develop autoimmunity. However, as compared with wild-type mice, TIGIT- / -mice develop more severe experimental autoimmune encephalitis when immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Such an observation supports the role of TIGIT as a negative regulator of T cell functions.
[0131] TIGIT is expressed by activated CD8+T and CD4+T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) , and follicular T helper cells in humans. In sharp contrast with DNAM-1 / CD226, TIGIT is weakly expressed by naive T cells. In cancer, TIGIT is coexpressed with PD-1 on tumor antigen-specific CD8+T cells and CD8+tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in mice and humans. It is also coexpressed with other IRs, such as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) , on exhausted CD8+T cell subsets in tumors. Further, TIGIT is highly expressed by Tregs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors and patients with cancer and further upregulated in the TME.
[0132] TIGIT is composed of an extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) variable domain, a type 1 transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail with two inhibitory motifs conserved in mouse and human: an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and an Ig tail-tyrosine (ITT) -like motif. The crystal structure of TIGIT bound to CD155 reveals that two TIGIT / CD155 dimers assemble into a heterotetramer with a core TIGIT / TIGIT cis-homodimer, with each TIGIT molecule binding to one CD155 molecule. This cis–trans receptor clustering mediates cell adhesion and signaling.
[0133] The roles of TIGIT in cancer are described in, e.g., Chauvin, Joe-Marc, and Hassane M. Zarour. “TIGIT in cancer immunotherapy. ” Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 8.2 (2020) ; H., and C. Guillerey. “TIGIT as an emerging immune checkpoint. ” Clinical&Experimental Immunology 200.2 (2020) : 108-119; Rotte, Anand, Srikumar Sahasranaman, and Nageshwar Budha. “Targeting TIGIT for immunotherapy of cancer: Update on clinical development. ” Biomedicines 9.9 (2021) : 1277, which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0134] Anti-TIGIT Antibodies and Antigen-Binding Fragments
[0135] The disclosure provides several antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TIGIT. The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein are capable of binding to TIGIT. The disclosure provides e.g., anti-TIGIT antibodies 5F1, 9H11, 15C5, 36F3 and 36H7, and the antibodies derived therefrom (e.g., 15C5-ND, 15C5-SG) .
[0136] The CDR sequences for 5F1, and 5F1 derived antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 4-6 as defined by Kabat definition. The CDRs can also be defined by Chothia system. Under the Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, and CDR sequences of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 5F1 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 46 and SEQ ID NO: 47, respectively.
[0137] The CDR sequences for 9H11, and 9H11 derived antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 9H11 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 65 and SEQ ID NO: 49, respectively.
[0138] The CDR sequences for 15C5, and 15C5 derived antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 15C5 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 50 and SEQ ID NO: 51, respectively.
[0139] The CDR sequences for 15C5 derived antibody 15C5-ND include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 15C5-ND are shown in SEQ ID NO: 63 and SEQ ID NO: 51, respectively.
[0140] The CDR sequences for 15C5 derived antibody 15C5-SG include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 15C5-SG are shown in SEQ ID NO: 64 and SEQ ID NO: 51, respectively.
[0141] The CDR sequences for 36F3, and 36F3 derived antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 36F3 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 52 and SEQ ID NO: 53, respectively.
[0142] The CDR sequences for 36H7, and 36H7 derived antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30. The human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region for 36H7 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 55, respectively.
[0143] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can also contain one, two, or three heavy chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3; SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, 9; SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, 15; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 21; SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26, 27; SEQ ID NOs: 31, 32, 33; SEQ ID NOs: 34, 35, 36; SEQ ID NOs: 37, 38, 39; SEQ ID NOs: 40, 41, 42; and SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 45; and / or one, two, or three light chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6; SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 12; SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, 18; SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 24; and SEQ ID NOs: 28, 29, 30.
[0144] In some embodiments, the antibodies can have a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence. The selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs, 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are shown in FIG. 1 (Kabat CDR) and FIG. 2 (Chothia CDR) .
[0145] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 1 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 2 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 3 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0146] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 7 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 8 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 9 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0147] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 13 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 14 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 15 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0148] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 13 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 61 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 15 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0149] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 13 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 62 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 15 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0150] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 19 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 20 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 21 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0151] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 25 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 26 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 27 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0152] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 31 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 32 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 33 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0153] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 34 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 35 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 36 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0154] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 37 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 38 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 39 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0155] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 40 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 41 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 42 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0156] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 43 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 44 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 45 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0157] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three o fthe CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 4 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 5 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 6 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0158] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three o fthe CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 10 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 11 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 12 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0159] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 16 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 17 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 18 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0160] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 22 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 23 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 24 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0161] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 28 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 29 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 30 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0162] The insertions, deletions, and substitutions can be within the CDR sequence, or at one or both terminal ends of the CDR sequence. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on Kabat definition scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on Chothia definition scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on a combination of Kabat and Chothia definition scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on IMGT definition.
[0163] The disclosure also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to TIGIT. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof contain a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL sequence. In some embodiments, the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 63, 64, or 65, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 47, 49, 51, 53, or 55.
[0164] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can have 3 VH CDRs that are identical to the CDRs of any VH sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can have 3VL CDRs that are identical to the CDRs of any VL sequences as described herein.
[0165] The disclosure also provides nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or an immunoglobulin light chain. The immunoglobulin heavy chain or immunoglobulin light chain comprises CDRs as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, or have sequences as shown in FIG. 3. When the polypeptides are paired with corresponding polypeptide (e.g., a corresponding heavy chain variable region or a corresponding light chain variable region) , the paired polypeptides bind to TIGIT (e.g., human TIGIT) .
[0166] The anti-TIGIT antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can also be antibody variants (including derivatives and conjugates) of antibodies or antibody fragments and multi-specific (e.g., bispecific) antibodies or antibody fragments. Additional antibodies provided herein are polyclonal, monoclonal, multi-specific (multimeric, e.g., bispecific) , human antibodies, chimeric antibodies (e.g., human-mouse chimera) , single-chain antibodies, intracellularly-made antibodies (i.e., intrabodies) , and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) , or subclass. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an IgG (e.g., IgG1) antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0167] Fragments of antibodies are suitable for use in the methods provided so long as they retain the desired affinity and specificity of the full-length antibody. Thus, a fragment of an antibody that binds to TIGIT will retain an ability to bind to TIGIT. An Fv fragment is an antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen recognition and binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain in tight association, which can be covalent in nature, for example in scFv. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer. Collectively, the six CDRs or a subset thereof confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) can have the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although usually at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.
[0168] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with any antibody or antigen-binding fragment as described herein. The cross-competing assay is known in the art, and is described e.g., in Moore et al., "Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. " Journal of Virology 70.3 (1996) : 1863-1872, which is incorporated herein reference in its entirety. In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to the same epitope or region as any antibody or antigen-binding fragment as described herein. The epitope binning assay is known in the art, and is described e.g., in Estep et al. "High throughput solution-based measurement of antibody-antigen affinity and epitope binning. " MAbs. Vol. 5. No. 2. Taylor&Francis, 2013, which is incorporated herein reference in its entirety.
[0169] Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments
[0170] The present disclosure provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof derived from anti-TIGIT antibodies described herein. In general, antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) can be made up of two classes of polypeptide chains, light chains and heavy chains. A non-limiting antibody of the present disclosure can be an intact, four immunoglobulin chain antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chain of the antibody can be of any isotype including IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, or IgD or sub-isotype including IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgE1, IgE2, etc. The light chain can be a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain. An antibody can comprise two identical copies of a light chain and / or two identical copies of a heavy chain. The heavy chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VH) and multiple constant domains (or constant regions) , bind to one another via disulfide bonding within their constant domains to form the “stem” of the antibody. The light chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VL) and one constant domain (or constant region) , each bind to one heavy chain via disulfide binding. The variable region of each light chain is aligned with the variable region of the heavy chain to which it is bound. The variable regions of both the light chains and heavy chains contain three hypervariable regions sandwiched between more conserved framework regions (FR) .
[0171] These hypervariable regions, known as the complementary determining regions (CDRs) , form loops that comprise the principle antigen binding surface of the antibody. The four framework regions largely adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding region.
[0172] Methods for identifying the CDR regions of an antibody by analyzing the amino acid sequence of the antibody are well known, and a number of definitions of the CDRs are commonly used. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. These methods and definitions are described in, e.g., Martin, “Protein sequence and structure analysis of antibody variable domains, ” Antibody engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.422-439; Abhinandan, et al. “Analysis and improvements to Kabat and structurally correct numbering of antibody variable domains, ” Molecular immunology 45.14 (2008) : 3832-3839; Wu, T. T. and Kabat, E. A. (1970) J. Exp. Med. 132: 211-250; Martin et al., Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-53 (1991) ; Morea et al., Biophys Chem. 68 (1-3) : 9-16 (Oct. 1997) ; Morea et al., J Mol Biol. 275 (2) : 269-94 (Jan. 1998) ; Chothia et al., Nature 342 (6252) : 877-83 (Dec. 1989) ; Ponomarenko and Bourne, BMC Structural Biology 7: 64 (2007) ; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0173] The CDRs are important for recognizing an epitope of an antigen. As used herein, an “epitope” is the smallest portion of a target molecule capable of being specifically bound by the antigen binding domain of an antibody. The minimal size of an epitope may be about three, four, five, six, or seven amino acids, but these amino acids need not be in a consecutive linear sequence of the antigen’s primary structure, as the epitope may depend on an antigen’s three-dimensional configuration based on the antigen’s secondary and tertiary structure.
[0174] In some embodiments, the antibody is an intact immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) . The IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. The sequences and differences of the IgG subclasses are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in Vidarsson, et al, “IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. ” Frontiers in immunology 5 (2014) ; Irani, et al. “Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. ” Molecular immunology 67.2 (2015) : 171-182; Shakib, Farouk, ed. The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Elsevier, 2016; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0175] The antibody can also be an immunoglobulin molecule that is derived from any species (e.g., human, rodent, mouse, rat, camelid) . Antibodies disclosed herein also include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific antibodies, and chimeric antibodies that include an immunoglobulin binding domain fused to another polypeptide. The antigen binding domain or antigen binding fragment is a portion of an antibody that retains specific binding activity of the intact antibody, i.e., any portion of an antibody that is capable of specific binding to an epitope on the intact antibody’s target molecule. It includes, e.g., Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, and variants of these fragments. Thus, in some embodiments, an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof can be, e.g., a scFv, a Fv, a Fd, a dAb, a bispecific antibody, abispecific scFv, a diabody, a linear antibody, a single-chain antibody molecule, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, and any polypeptide that includes a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Non-limiting examples of antigen binding domains include, e.g., the heavy chain and / or light chain CDRs of an intact antibody, the heavy and / or light chain variable regions of an intact antibody, full length heavy or light chains of an intact antibody, or an individual CDR from either the heavy chain or the light chain of an intact antibody.
[0176] Fragments of antibodies are suitable for use in the methods described herein are also provided. The Fab fragment contains a variable and constant domain of the light chain and a variable domain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain. F (ab') 2 antibody fragments comprise a pair of Fab fragments which are generally covalently linked near their carboxy termini by hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known in the art.
[0177] Diabodies are small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a VH connected to a VL in the same polypeptide chain (VH and VL) . By using a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
[0178] Linear antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments (VH-CH1-VH-CH1) which, together with complementary light chain polypeptides, form a pair of antigen binding regions. Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific.
[0179] Antibodies and antibody fragments of the present disclosure can be modified in the Fc region to provide desired effector functions or serum half-life.
[0180] Multimerization of antibodies may be accomplished through natural aggregation of antibodies or through chemical or recombinant linking techniques known in the art. For example, some percentage of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1 molecules) spontaneously form protein aggregates containing antibody homodimers and other higher-order antibody multimers.
[0181] Alternatively, antibody homodimers may be formed through chemical linkage techniques known in the art. For example, heterobifunctional crosslinking agents including, but not limited to SMCC (succinimidyl4- (maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) and SATA (N-succinimidyl S-acethylthio-acetate) can be used to form antibody multimers. An exemplary protocol for the formation of antibody homodimers is described in Ghetie et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 7509-7514, 1997) . Antibody homodimers can be converted to Fab’2 homodimers through digestion with pepsin. Another way to form antibody homodimers is through the use of the autophilic T15 peptide described in Zhao et al. (J. Immunol. 25: 396-404, 2002) .
[0182] In some embodiments, the multi-specific antibody is a bi-specific antibody. Bi-specific antibodies can be made by engineering the interface between a pair of antibody molecules to maximize the percentage of heterodimers that are recovered from recombinant cell culture. For example, the interface can contain at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) .
[0183] Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain (s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. This method is described, e.g., in WO 96 / 27011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0184] Bi-specific antibodies include cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin and the other to biotin. Heteroconjugate antibodies can also be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents and cross-linking techniques are well known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0185] Any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein may be conjugated to a stabilizing molecule (e.g., a molecule that increases the half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in a subject or in solution) . Non-limiting examples of stabilizing molecules include: a polymer (e.g., a polyethylene glycol) or a protein (e.g., serum albumin, such as human serum albumin) . The conjugation of a stabilizing molecule can increase the half-life or extend the biological activity of an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment in vitro (e.g., in tissue culture or when stored as a pharmaceutical composition) or in vivo (e.g., in a human) .
[0186] In some embodiments, the antigen binding fragment can form a part of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor are fusions of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) as described herein, fused to CD3-zeta transmembrane-and endodomain. In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor also comprises intracellular signaling domains from various costimulatory protein receptors (e.g., CD28, 41BB, ICOS) . In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor comprises multiple signaling domains, e.g., CD3z-CD28-41BB or CD3z-CD28-OX40, to increase potency. Thus, in one aspect, the disclosure further provides cells (e.g., T cells) that express the chimeric antigen receptors as described herein.
[0187] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can be conjugated to a therapeutic agent. The antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can covalently or non-covalently bind to a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E, monomethyl auristatin F, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin, maytansinoids such as DM-1 and DM-4, dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide and analogs) . In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is MMAE or MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is conjugated via a linker, e.g., a VC linker. Details of the linkers used for ADCs can be found, e.g., in Su, Z. et al. “Antibody–drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. ” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2021) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0188] In some embodiments, sequences (e.g., CDRs or VH / VL sequences) of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein can be used to generate a bispecific antibody targeting TIGIT and an addition antigen (e.g., OX40, CD40, 4-1BB, CTLA4, PD-1 or PD-L1) .
[0189] Antibody Characteristics
[0190] The disclosure provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to TIGIT. The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein are capable of binding to TIGIT. These antibodies can be agonists or antagonists. In some embodiments, the anti-TIGIT antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can bind to TIGIT, and block the binding between TIGIT and CD155, and / or the binding between TIGIT and CD112. By binding to TIGIT, the anti-TIGIT antibodies can down-regulate or up-regulate the TIGIT-associated signaling pathway. In some embodiments, the anti-TIGIT antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can bind to TIGIT, but don't block the binding between TIGIT and CD155, and / or the binding between TIGIT and CD112. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof as described herein are TIGIT agonist. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are TIGIT antagonist.
[0191] General techniques can be used to measure the affinity of an antibody for an antigen include, e.g., ELISA, RIA, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) . Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some implementations, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to TIGIT (e.g., human TIGIT, monkey TIGIT, mouse TIGIT, and / or chimeric TIGIT) with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.00001 s-1, or greater than 0.000001 s-1.
[0192] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 x 102 / Ms, greater than 1 x 103 / Ms, greater than 1 x 104 / Ms, greater than 1 x 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 x 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 x 105 / Ms, less than 1 x 106 / Ms, or less than 1 x 107 / Ms.
[0193] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to TIGIT (e.g., human TIGIT, monkey TIGIT, mouse TIGIT, and / or chimeric TIGIT) with a KD of less than 1 x 10-6M, less than 1 x 10-7M, less than 1 x 10-8M, less than 1 x 10-9M, or less than 1 x 10-10M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 x 10-7M, greater than 1 x 10-8M, greater than 1 x 10-9M, or greater than 1 x 10-10M.
[0194] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof have a tumor growth inhibition rate or percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the antibody has a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, or 150%. The TGI (%) can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 days after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition rate or percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100%
[0195] Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero.
[0196] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof can enhance the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof can enhance the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%.
[0197] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof has a functional Fc region. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is phagocytosis. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is ADCC and phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the Fc region is human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4.
[0198] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof does not have a functional Fc region. For example, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, and Fv fragments. In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof as described herein have an Fc region without effector function. In some embodiments, the Fc is a human IgG4 Fc. In some embodiments, the Fc does not have a functional Fc region. For example, the Fc region has LALA mutations (L234A and L235A mutations in EU numbering) , or LALA-PG mutations (L234A, L235A, P329G mutations in EU numbering) .
[0199] Some other modifications to the Fc region can be made. For example, a cysteine residue (s) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric fusion protein thus generated may have any increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo.
[0200] In some embodiments, Fc regions are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such Fc region composition may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn 297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in Fc region sequences. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0201] Methods of Making Anti-TIGIT Antibodies
[0202] An isolated fragment of human protein can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in animals by multiple injections (e.g., subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections) of an antigenic peptide or protein. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein is injected with at least one adjuvant. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein can be conjugated to an agent that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized. Animals can be injected with the antigenic peptide or protein more than one time (e.g., twice, three times, four times, or five times) .
[0203] The full-length polypeptide or protein can be used or, alternatively, antigenic peptide fragments thereof can be used as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of a protein comprises at least 8 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, or 30) amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of the protein and encompasses an epitope of the protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the protein.
[0204] An immunogen typically is used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., human or transgenic animal expressing at least one human immunoglobulin locus) . An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, a recombinantly-expressed or a chemically-synthesized polypeptide. The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvant, or a similar immunostimulatory agent.
[0205] Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared as described above by immunizing a suitable subject with a polypeptide, or an antigenic peptide thereof (e.g., part of the protein) as an immunogen. The antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the immobilized polypeptide or peptide. If desired, the antibody molecules can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well-known techniques, such as protein A or protein G chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the specific antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler et al. (Nature 256: 495-497, 1975) , the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol. Today 4: 72, 1983) , the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96, 1985) , or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see, generally, Current Protocols in Immunology, 1994, Coligan et al. (Eds. ) , John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York, NY) . Hybridoma cells producing a monoclonal antibody are detected by screening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies that bind the polypeptide or epitope of interest, e.g., using a standard ELISA assay.
[0206] Variants of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acids sequences that make-up the antigen-binding site of the antibody or an antigen-binding domain. In a population of such variants, some antibodies or antigen-binding fragments will have increased affinity for the target protein. Any combination of deletions, insertions, and / or combinations can be made to arrive at an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that has increased binding affinity for the target. The amino acid changes introduced into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can also alter or introduce new post-translational modifications into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, such as changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the number of glycosylation sites, changing the type of glycosylation site (e.g., changing the amino acid sequence such that a different sugar is attached by enzymes present in a cell) , or introducing new glycosylation sites.
[0207] Antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of native antibodies include antibodies derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) , including transgenic rodents genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
[0208] Phage display (panning) can be used to optimize antibody sequences with desired binding affinities. In this technique, a gene encoding single chain Fv (comprising VH or VL) can be inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to “display” the scFv on its outside while containing the gene for the protein on its inside, resulting in a connection between genotype and phenotype. These displaying phages can then be screened against target antigens, in order to detect interaction between the displayed antigen binding sites and the target antigen. Thus, large libraries of proteins can be screened and amplified in a process called in vitro selection, and antibodies sequences with desired binding affinities can be obtained.
[0209] Human and humanized antibodies include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from (or having the same amino acid sequence as those derived from) human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) , for example in the CDRs.
[0210] A humanized antibody, typically has a human framework (FR) grafted with non-human CDRs. Thus, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid sequence introduced into it from a source which is non-human. Accordingly, “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human V domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically mouse antibodies in which some CDR residues and some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in human antibodies.
[0211] It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high specificity and affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies can be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen (s) , is achieved.
[0212] In some embodiments, a mouse (e.g., RenMabTM mouse) with a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is used to generate antibodies. The heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes for the heavy chains of antibodies. The locus can include e.g., human IGHV (variable) genes, human IGHD (diversity) genes, human IGHJ (joining) genes, and mouse heavy chain constant domain genes. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes that encode the light chains of antibodies (kappa chain) . The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus can include e.g., human IGKV (variable) genes, human IGKJ (joining) genes, and mouse light chain constant domain genes. A detailed description regarding RenMabTM mice can be found in PCT / CN2020 / 075698 or US20200390073A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0213] Identity or homology with respect to an original sequence is usually the percentage of amino acid residues present within the candidate sequence that are identical with a sequence present within the human, humanized, or chimeric antibody or fragment, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, ifnecessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
[0214] In some embodiments, a covalent modification can be made to the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof. These covalent modifications can be made by chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody or antibody fragment are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody or fragment with an organic derivatization agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N-or C-terminal residues.
[0215] In some embodiments, antibody variants are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such antibody may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in antibodies. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region of the antibody can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0216] In some embodiments, to facilitate production efficiency by avoiding Fab-arm exchange, the Fc region of the antibodies was further engineered to replace the serine at position 228 (EU numbering) of IgG4 with proline (S228P) . A detailed description regarding S228 mutation is described, e.g., in Silva et al. “The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange as demonstrated using a combination of novel quantitative immunoassays and physiological matrix preparation. ” Journal of Biological Chemistry 290.9 (2015) : 5462-5469, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0217] Recombinant Vectors
[0218] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant antibody polypeptides or fragments thereof by recombinant techniques.
[0219] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-A tail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0220] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0221] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing virus packaging cells. Suitable systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 317-321; Flexner et al., 1989, Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 569: 86-103; Flexner et al., 1990, Vaccine, 8: 17-21; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89 / 01973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127; GB 2,200,651; EP 0,345,242; WO 91 / 02805; Berkner-Biotechniques, 6: 616-627, 1988; Rosenfeld et al., 1991, Science, 252: 431-434; Kolls et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 215-219; Kass-Eisler et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 11498-11502; Guzman et al., 1993, Circulation, 88: 2838-2848; and Guzman et al., 1993, Cir. Res., 73: 1202-1207. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked, ” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., 1993, Science, 259: 1745-1749, and Cohen, 1993, Science, 259: 1691-1692. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads that are efficiently transported into the cells.
[0222] For expression, the DNA insert comprising an antibody-encoding or polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0223] As indicated, the expression vectors can include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HK 293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0224] Non-limiting vectors for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia. Non-limiting eukaryotic vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0225] Non-limiting bacterial promoters suitable for use include the E. coli lacI and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter. Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) , and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
[0226] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley&Sons, New York, N.Y, and Grant et al., Methods Enzymol., 153: 516-544 (1997) .
[0227] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0228] Transcription of DNA encoding an antibody of the present disclosure by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type. Examples of enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at base pairs 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0229] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0230] The polypeptide (e.g., antibody) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a GST-fusion) or with a histidine-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0231] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0232] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0233] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000 or 3000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700 or 800 amino acid residues.
[0234] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0235] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0236] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology” ) . The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0237] The percentage of sequence homology (e.g., amino acid sequence homology or nucleic acid homology) can also be determined. How to determine percentage of sequence homology is known in the art. In some embodiments, amino acid residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g. leucine and isoleucine, can be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include e.g., amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage.
[0238] The disclosure provides one or more nucleic acid encoding any of the polypeptides as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA) includes a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of a heavy chain as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid includes a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of a light chain as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid includes a polynucleotide encoding a scFv polypeptide as described herein.
[0239] In some embodiments, the vector can have two of the nucleic acids as described herein, wherein the vector encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to TIGIT. In some embodiments, a pair of vectors is provided, wherein each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids as described herein, wherein together the pair of vectors encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to TIGIT.
[0240] Vectors can also be constructed to express specific antibodies or polypeptides. In some embodiments, a vector can be constructed to co-express anti-TIGIT antibody light chain (TIGIT-K) and heavy chain (TIGIT-H) . In some embodiments, a vector can contain sequences of, from 5’ end to 3’ end, cytomegalovirus promotor (CMV) , TIGIT-K, polyadenylation (PolyA) , CMV, TIGIT-H, PolyA, simian vacuolating virus 40 terminator (SV40) and glutamine synthetase marker (GS) . In some embodiments, a first vector expressing antibody heavy chains (e.g., any of the heavy chains described herein) and a second vector expressing antibody light chains (e.g., any of the light chains described herein) are used to co-transfect cells (e.g., CHO cells) to produce the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0241] Methods of Treatment
[0242] The methods described herein include methods for the treatment of disorders associated with cancer. Generally, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof as described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
[0243] As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder associated with cancer. Often, cancer results in death; thus, a treatment can result in an increased life expectancy (e.g., by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, or by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years) . Administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent described herein for the treatment of a condition associated with cancer will result in decreased number of cancer cells and / or alleviated symptoms.
[0244] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometrium cancer, cervix cancer, pancreas cancer, glioma, lymphoma, or leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.
[0245] In some embodiments, the cancer is a chemotherapy resistant cancer.
[0246] In one aspect, the disclosure also provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0247] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or an antibody drug conjugates disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer, e.g., solid tumor, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, or lung carcinoma) , gastric cancer (e.g., gastric carcinoma) , skin cancer (e.g., skin carcinoma) , colorectal cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, CNS cancer, liver cancer, nasopharynx cancer, or brain cancer.
[0248] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present invention. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0249] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0250] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., a cancer. An effective amount will vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the antibody, antigen binding fragment, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotide, vector comprising the polynucleotide, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0251] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of an antibody, an antigen binding fragment, or an antibody-drug conjugate is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of an autoimmune disease or a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount of an antibody, antigen binding fragment, or antibody-drug conjugate may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of antibody used.
[0252] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the mammal that will receive the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein, the route of administration, the particular type of antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antigen binding fragments, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein used and other drugs being administered to the mammal. Guidance in selecting appropriate doses for antibody or antigen binding fragment can be found in the literature on therapeutic uses of antibodies and antigen binding fragments, e.g., Handbook of Monoclonal Antibodies, Ferrone et al., eds., Noges Publications, Park Ridge, N.J., 1985, ch. 22 and pp. 303-357; Smith et al., Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy, Haber et al., eds., Raven Press, New York, 1977, pp. 365-389.
[0253] A typical daily dosage of an effective amount of an antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or antibody-drug conjugate is 0.01 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be less than 100 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be greater than 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, or 0.01 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about or at least 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.9 mg / kg, 0.8 mg / kg, 0.7 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.4 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg.
[0254] In any of the methods described herein, the at least one antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, antibody-drug conjugates, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, antibody-drug conjugates described herein) and, optionally, at least one additional therapeutic agent can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) . In some embodiments, at least two different antibodies and / or antigen-binding fragments are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, at least one antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or antibody-drug conjugate, and at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, the at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in two different compositions (e.g., a liquid composition containing at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment and a solid oral composition containing at least one additional therapeutic agent) . In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered as a pill, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered in a sustained-release oral formulation.
[0255] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject prior to, or after administering the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) . In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) are administered to the subject such that there is an overlap in the bioactive period of the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment (e.g., any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein) in the subject.
[0256] In some embodiments, the subject can be administered the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) over an extended period of time (e.g., over a period of at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, or 5 years) . A skilled medical professional may determine the length of the treatment period using any of the methods described herein for diagnosing or following the effectiveness of treatment (e.g., the observation of at least one symptom of cancer) . As described herein, a skilled medical professional can also change the identity and number (e.g., increase or decrease) of antibodies or antigen-binding antibody fragments, antibody-drug conjugates (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) administered to the subject and can also adjust (e.g., increase or decrease) the dosage or frequency of administration of at least one antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) to the subject based on an assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment (e.g., using any of the methods described herein and known in the art) .
[0257] In some embodiments, one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject. The additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of B-Raf, an PD-1 inhibitor, a CD155 inhibitor, a CD112 inhibitor, a 4-1BB inhibitor, a CD40 inhibitor, an inhibitor of a MEK, an inhibitor of ERK, an inhibitor of K-Ras, an inhibitor of c-Met, an inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) , an inhibitor of a phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) , an inhibitor of an Akt, an inhibitor of mTOR, a dual PI3K / mTOR inhibitor, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) , and an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and / or Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) . In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) (e.g., epacadostat) .
[0258] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an TIGIT inhibitor, a CD155 inhibitor, a CD112 inhibitor, a 4-1BB inhibitor, a CD40 inhibitor, an inhibitor of LSD1, an inhibitor of MDM2, an inhibitor of BCL2, an inhibitor of CHK1, an inhibitor of activated hedgehog signaling pathway, and an agent that selectively degrades the estrogen receptor.
[0259] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of Trabectedin, nab-paclitaxel, Trebananib, Pazopanib, Cediranib, Palbociclib, everolimus, fluoropyrimidine, IFL, regorafenib, Reolysin, Alimta, Zykadia, Sutent, temsirolimus, axitinib, everolimus, sorafenib, Votrient, Pazopanib, IMA-901, AGS-003, cabozantinib, Vinflunine, an Hsp90 inhibitor, Ad-GM-CSF, Temazolomide, IL-2, IFNa, vinblastine, Thalomid, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, azacytidine, bortezomid, amrubicine, carfilzomib, pralatrexate, and enzastaurin.
[0260] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an adjuvant, a TLR agonist, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-1, HMGB1, an IL-10 antagonist, an IL-4 antagonist, an IL-13 antagonist, an IL-17 antagonist, an HVEM antagonist, an ICOS agonist, a treatment targeting CX3CL1, a treatment targeting CXCL9, a treatment targeting CXCL10, a treatment targeting CCL5, an LFA-1 agonist, an ICAM1 agonist, and a Selectin agonist.
[0261] In some embodiments, carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, FOLFOX, or FOLFIRI are administered to the subject.
[0262] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, anti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, an anti-CD40 antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-4-1BB antibody, or an anti-GITR antibody.
[0263] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration
[0264] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that contain at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or four) of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. Two or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be present in a pharmaceutical composition in any combination. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0265] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811) . Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc. ) .
[0266] Compositions containing one or more of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0267] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0268] Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating an appropriate dosage of any given agent for use in a subject (e.g., a human) . A therapeutically effective amount of the one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or four) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., any of the antibodies or antibody fragments described herein) will be an amount that treats the disease (e.g., kills cancer cells) in a subject (e.g., a human subject identified as having cancer) , or a subject identified as being at risk of developing the disease (e.g., a subject who has previously developed cancer but now has been cured) , decreases the severity, frequency, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . The effectiveness and dosing of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be determined by a health care professional or veterinary professional using methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one or more symptoms of disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . Certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject (e.g., the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and / or age of the subject, and the presence of other diseases) .
[0269] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 1 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; or about 0.1 mg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg) . While these doses cover a broad range, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that therapeutic agents, including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, vary in their potency, and effective amounts can be determined by methods known in the art. Typically, relatively low doses are administered at first, and the attending health care professional or veterinary professional (in the case of therapeutic application) or a researcher (when still working at the development stage) can subsequently and gradually increase the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the antibody or antibody fragment in vivo.
[0270] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates for various uses as described herein.
[0271] EXAMPLES
[0272] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0273] Example 1. Generation of anti-TIGIT antibodies
[0274] Human TIGIT protein (hTIGIT-Fc, ACRO Biosystems Inc., Cat#: TIT-H5254) and Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque TIGIT protein (cynTIGIT-Fc, ACRO Biosystems Inc., Cat#: TIT-C5254) , or expression plasmids encoding human TIGIT or Rhesus monkey TIGIT were emulsified with adjuvants, and was used to immunize RenMabTM.
[0275] RenMabTM mice have both a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa chain immunoglobulin locus. The heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes for the heavy chains of antibodies. The locus includes IGHV (variable) , IGHD (diversity) , IGHJ (joining) , and heavy chain constant domain genes. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes that encode the light chains of antibodies (kappa chain) . The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus includes IGKV (variable) , IGKJ (joining) , and light chain constant domain genes. Detailed descriptions regarding RenMabTM mice can be found in PCT / CN2020 / 075698, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0276] A total of five immunizations were performed. The first and second immunizations were separated by two weeks, and the remaining immunizations were separated by one week. One week after the fifth immunization, retro-orbital blood was collected, and the antibody titer of serum was detected by FACS. Procedures to enhance immunization were also performed at least fourteen days after the previous immunization (either by injecting the proteins or by injecting the plasmids) . TIGIT protein was injected by intraperitoneal injection, and the CHO-S cells expressing human TIGIT antigen was injected through the tail vein.
[0277] Antigen-specific immune cells were isolated from the immunized mice to further obtain anti-TIGIT antibodies or to obtain the light chain and heavy chain variable region sequences of the anti-TIGIT antibodies. For example, single cell technology (e.g., using Optofluidic System, Berkeley Lights Inc. ) was used to screen and find plasma cells that secrete antigen- specific monoclonal antibodies, and reverse transcription and PCR sequencing were used to obtain antibody variable region sequences. The obtained variable region sequences were cloned into a vector containing a sequence encoding the human IgG1 constant region for antibody expression. Binding of the expressed antibodies to TIGIT was verified by FACS. Exemplary antibodies obtained by this method included: 5F1, 15C5, 36F3 and 36H7.
[0278] In addition, phage display was performed to screen and find monoclonal antibodies that was antigen-specific. 9H11 was the exemplary antibody obtained by this method.
[0279] The VH and VL CDR 1-3 sequences of 5F1, 9H11, 15C5, 36F3 and 36H7 are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The VH and VL regions of 5F1, 9H11, 15C5, 36F3 and 36H7 are shown in FIG. 3.
[0280] A reference antibody targeting TIGIT labeled as PC was included in the following experiments, for comparative purposes. The antibody PC has VH / VL sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 57-58, and human IgG1 constant region.
[0281] The constant region of above antibodies can also include some mutations. With respect to the name of the antibodies, when LALA mutations (L234A and L235A mutations in EU numbering) are introduced into the Fc region of the antibody, “LALA” is added to the name. For example, if LALA mutations are introduced to 5F1, the antibody is named as 5F1-LALA.
[0282] In another experiment, the “EN” in VH CDR of the antibodies described herein was mutated to “ED” to create CDR-modified VHs. For example, in one embodiment, the “EN” in VH CDR2 of 15C5 was mutated to “ED” , and the resulting CDR-modified VH is named 15C5-ND VH. The sequence of the CDR-modified VH can be found in FIG. 3.
[0283] In another experiment, the “YS” in VH CDR of the antibodies described herein was mutated to “YG” to create CDR-modified VHs. For example, in one embodiment, the “YS” in VH CDR2 of 15C5 was mutated to “YG” , and the resulting CDR-modified VH is named 15C5-SG VH. The sequence of the CDR-modified VH can be found in FIG. 3.
[0284] Example 2. Binding affinity anti-TIGIT antibodies
[0285] The binding affinities of the anti-TIGIT antibodies to His-tagged TIGIT protein of human (hTIGIT-His, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: TIT-H52H3) or monkey (cynTIGIT-His, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: TIT-C5223) were verified using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a BiacoreTM (Biacore, Inc., Piscataway N.J. ) 8K biosensor equipped with pre-immobilized Protein A sensor chips.
[0286] Purified anti-TIGIT antibodies was captured on the Protein A chip (Series S Sensor Chip Protein A) for the detection. 1 μg / mL or 2 μg / mL purified anti-TIGIT antibodies was loaded at 10 μL / min to bind to the recombinant hTIGIT-His or cynTIGIT-His with the concentration of 100 nM. The flow rate was 30 μL / min, the binding and dissociation time were set to 180s and 400s, respectively. The chip was regenerated after the last injection of each titration with a glycine solution (pH2.0) at 30 μL / min for 30 seconds.
[0287] Kinetic association rates (kon) and dissociation rates (koff) were obtained simultaneously by fitting the data globally to a 1: 1Langmuir binding model (Karlsson, R. Roos, H. Fagerstam, L. Petersson, B., 1994. Methods Enzymology 6.99-110) using BiacoreTM 8K Evaluation Software 3.0. Affinities were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) .
[0288] As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the same method with appropriate adjustments for parameters (e.g., antibody concentration) was performed for each tested antibody. The results for the tested antibodies are summarized in the table below.
[0289] Table 1
[0290] The results show that all the anti-TIGIT antibodies can all bind to human and monkey TIGIT with a high affinity.
[0291] In addition, the binding affinity of 5F1 to mouse TIGIT (ACRO biosystems, Cat#: TIT-M52E6) was also tested, and the KD was 6.70E-09M.
[0292] Example 3. Blocking assay of anti-TIGIT antibodies
[0293] The experiment was performed to test whether the anti-TIGIT antibodies can block the TIGIT / CD155 pathway.
[0294] CHO-S-hTIGIT cells (obtained by transfecting CHO-S cells with a vector expressing human TIGIT (SEQ ID NO: 56) ) were seeded in a 96-well plate (cell density 2×105 cells / well) . The anti-TIGIT antibodies 5F1, 9H11, 15C5, 36F3, 36H7 and PC were serially diluted (2-fold) with the highest concentration at 50 μg / mL, respectively. The assay buffer was phosphate buffer saline (PBS) . 30 μL antibody was added to each well. PBS was added to each well as a negative control. The above 96-well plate was incubated in a 4℃ incubator for 15 minutes. After the incubation, the ligand biotinylated human CD155 protein (ACRO biosystems, Cat#: TIT-C5223) was added to the plate with a concentration of 0.3 μg / mL, and incubated in a 4℃ incubator for 20 minutes. Then, after one wash with PBS, the cells were incubated with the secondary antibody Anti-hIgG-Fc-Alexa Fluor 647 (Jackson, Cat#: 109-606-170) at 1: 5000 dilution and PE Stretavidin at 1: 100 dilution at 4℃ for 15 minutes before flow cytometry analysis. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was determined. A fitting curve was obtained using antibody concentration (log10, μg / mL) as the X-axis and MFI as the Y-axis. The results are shown in FIGs. 4A-4C.
[0295] The results showed that 5F1, 9H11, 36F3 and 36H7blocked the interaction between TIGIT and the ligand CD155 (as shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B) . On the other hand, 15C5 didn't block the binding of TIGIT and CD155 (as shown in FIG. 4C) .
[0296] Example 4. Epitope analysis of anti-TIGIT antibodies
[0297] Relative positions of target protein epitope between a pair of purified anti-TIGIT antibodies were analyzed by Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) using ForteBio Octet system.
[0298] 1×HBS-EP+buffer (10 mM4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) , 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 0.05%P20, pH7.4) diluted from HBS-EP+buffer (10×) was used as the running buffer throughout the experiment. The ligand hTIGIT-His protein with a concentration of 5 μg / mL was captured at a flow rate of 10 μL / min, and 200 nM of antibody was injected at a flow rate of 30 μL / min to bind the ligand. Another antibody was injected under the same conditions to determine whether the binding of different antibodies interfered with each other. The binding time was 300 s for each antibody.
[0299] The binding value of each antibody was obtained using Data Analysis HT 12.0. To quantify the interference of one antibody binding to another, a binding ratio was calculated to compare each pair of antibodies. The binding ratio is defined as the binding value of the second antibody, divided by the binding value of the first antibody. The threshold to determine whether the two antibodies can interfere with each other is 0.5. For example, a binding ratio over 0.5 indicates that the second antibody can still bind to TIGIT subsequent to the binding of the first antibody. As such, the two antibodies may recognize different epitopes.
[0300] The results showed that 9H11, 15C5 and 36F3 recognize independent different epitopes (data not shown) .
[0301] Example 5. Stability analysis of anti-TIGIT antibodies
[0302] Anti-TIGIT antibodies were diluted to 2 mg / mL using a buffer at pH6.0 (3 mg / mL histidine, 80 mg / mL sucrose, and 0.2 mg / mL Tween 80) . The diluted antibodies were kept in sealed Eppendorftubes at 40±2℃ (hereinafter referred to as 40℃) for 7 days, and their thermal stability was evaluated.
[0303] Low pH stability: the stability index of the antibody was determined before and after six hours of incubation in 1 mol / L acetic acid, pH3.5.
[0304] Specifically, the following tests were performed: (1) observing the solution appearance and presence of visible non-soluble objects; (2) detecting the purity changes of antibodies by Size-Exclusion High Performance Liquid Chromatography (SEC-HPLC) (indicated as the percentage of the main peak area to the sum of all peak areas (Purity, %) ) ; (3) detecting charge variants in the antibodies by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (cIEF) (indicated as the percentages of the main component, acidic component, and alkaline component) ; (4) detecting changes in the apparent hydrophobicity of the antibodies using the Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HIC-HPLC) method (indicated as the retention time of the main peak (HIC, min) ; (5) detecting the purity changes of antibodies by capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulphate (CE-SDS) under non-reducing (CE-SDS (NR) ) conditions (indicated as the percentage of the main peak area to the sum of all peak areas (Purity, %) ) .
[0305] In the SEC-HPLC experiments, the antibody samples were diluted to 1 mg / mL with purified water and an Agilent 1290 chromatograph system (connected with XBridge Protein BEH SEC column ( Waters Corporation) ) was used. The following parameters were used: mobile phase: 0.1Mphosphate buffer (PB) +10%ACN, pH7.4; flow rate: 1.8 ml / min; column temperature: 25℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm, 220nm; injection volume: 10 μL; sample tray temperature: about 4℃; and running time: 7 minutes.
[0306] In the cIEF experiments, the Maurice cIEF Method Development Kit (Protein Simple, Cat#: PS-MDK01-C) was used for sample preparation. Specifically, 40 μg protein sample was mixed with the following reagents in the kit: 1 μL Maurice cIEF pI Marker-4.05, 1 μL Maurice cIEF pI Marker-9.99, 35 μL 1%Methyl Cellulose Solution, 2 μL Maurice cIEF 500 mM Arginine, 4 μL Ampholytes (Pharmalyte pH ranges 3-10) , and water (added to make a final volume of 100 μL) . On the Maurice analyzer (Protein Simple, Santa Clara, CA) , Maurice cIEF Cartridges (PS-MC02-C) were used to generate imaging capillary isoelectric focusing spectra. The sample was focused for a total of 10 minutes. The analysis software installed on the instrument was used to analyze the absorbance of the 280 nm-focused protein.
[0307] In the HIC-HPLC experiments, an Agilent 1260 chromatograph system (connected with ProPac HIC-10 column (4.6x 250 mm, Thermo Scientific) ) was used, and samples were 10 times diluted using mobile phase A. The following parameters were used: mobile phase A: 0.9M ammonium sulfate, 0.1M phosphate buffer (PB) , 10%acetonitrile pH6.5; mobile phase B: 0.1M phosphate buffer (PB) , 10%acetonitrile pH6.5; flow rate: 0.8 ml / min; gradient: 0 min 100%A, 2 min 100%A, 32 min 100%B, 34 min 100%B, 35 min 100%A, and 45 min 100%A; column temperature: 30℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm, 220nm; injection volume: 10 μg; sample tray temperature: about 10℃; and running time: 50 minutes.
[0308] In the CE-SDS (NR) experiments, Maurice (Protein simple, MauriceTM) and Maurice CE-SDS Size Application Kit (Protein simple, Cat#: PS-MAK02-S) were used. 54 μL Sample Buffer, 6 μL antibody sample, 2.4 μL 25×internal standard, and 3 μL 250 nM Iodoacetamide (SIGMA, Cat#: 16125) were add to a microcentrifuge tube, followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 1 minute and heating in a 70℃ water bath for 10 min. The samples were then cooled to room temperature followed by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 3 minutes. Supernatants were then transferred to a 96-well plate and tested in Maurice. The following parameters were used: injection voltage 4.6 kV, injection time 20 seconds, separation voltage 5.75 kV, and separation time 40 minutes.
[0309] Detailed results of 5F1 and 9H11 are shown in the table below. The results showed that these anti-TIGIT antibodies have good stability and physical and chemical properties.
[0310] Table 2
[0311] Note: -not detected.
[0312] Example 6. Pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis
[0313] The pharmacokinetic properties of the anti-TIGIT antibodies were determined in C57BL / 6 mice. Specifically, the mice were placed into four groups (3 mice per group) , and administered with 3 mg / kg of 9H11, 15C5-SG, 36F3 or PC by intravenous injection. Blood samples were collected 4 days before administration and 15 minutes, 4 hr, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days and 6 days after administration.
[0314] The serum levels of human antibodies were determined by sandwich ELISA. Briefly, Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc., Cat#: 109-005-088) was diluted to a final concentration of 2000 ng / mL, added to a 96-well plate (ELISA plate) at 100 μL / well, and then incubated overnight at 4℃. After the incubation, the plate was washed with PBS-T buffer (PBS supplemented with TweenTM 20) 4 times. Antibody-unbound areas were blocked with 2%BSA (bovine serum albumin) for 1 hours at 37℃. Afterwards, the plate was washed with PBS-T buffer 4 times. After washing, 100 μL of blocking buffer (2%BSA) was added to each well. The wells were sealed and incubated at 37℃ for 1 hour. After washing the plate using a plate washer, Peroxidase AffiniPure F (ab') 2 Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG, Fcγ fragment specific (Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc., Cat#: 109-036-098) was added at 100 μL / well to each well of the plate, and incubated at 37℃for 1hour. After washing the plate, tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) solution was added at 100 μL / well to the 96-well plate as the substrate. After incubating at room temperature in the dark, 100 μL stop solution (Beyotime, Cat#: P0215) was added to each well. A microplate reader was used to read the absorbance value of each well at wavelengths of 450 nm and 630 nm. Data analysis software Gen5TM was used to analyze the data. The absorbance value and corresponding concentration of the calibration sample prepared by each test product was used to create a standard curve with four parameters (i.e., T1 / 2, Cmax, AUC0-∞, and CL) . The standard curve was used to calculate the antibody concentration of each serum sample. A drug concentration-time curve was created using the calculated sample concentration at each time point. PhoenixTM WinNolin 8.3 was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters.
[0315] As shown in FIG. 5, the results were consistent with typical pharmacokinetic characteristics, showing that after injection of anti-TIGIT antibodies, the concentration of antibodies in the serum of C57BL / 6 mice decreased over time.
[0316] Example 7. ADCC activity assay
[0317] The experiment was performed to test ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) activity of anti-TIGIT antibodies. Specifically, effector cells Jurkat-luc-hCD16A (obtained by transfecting Jurkat cells with a vector expressing human CD16A (SEQ ID NO: 60) ) and target cells CHO-S-TIGIT (obtained by transfecting CHO-S cells with a vector expressing human TIGIT (SEQ ID NO: 56) ) at a E: T ratio of 4: 1 were co-incubated with serially diluted anti-TIGIT antibodies for 6hours. After the incubation, 75 μL luciferase substrate was added and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. Then, the mixture was placed into a 96 microplate luminometer to test the cell killing activity. EC50 was caculated.
[0318] The results are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 6, which indicated that all the tested anti-TIGIT antibodies exhibit ADCC effects, and four anti-TIGIT antibodies 9H11, 15C5-SG, 36F3 and 36H7 possess higher ADCC activities than the positive control PC.
[0319] Table 3
[0320] Example 8. Anti-tumor activity of anti-TIGIT antibodies in hTIGIT model
[0321] A humanized TIGIT mouse model (hTIGIT mice) was engineered to express a chimeric TIGIT protein (SEQ ID NO: 59) wherein a part of the extracellular region of the mouse TIGIT protein was replaced with the corresponding human TIGIT extracellular region. A detailed description regarding humanized TIGIT mouse model can be found in PCT / CN2017 / 099576, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0322] About 5×105 MC38 cells were injected subcutaneously in hTIGIT mice, and when the tumor volume reached about 100-150 mm3, the mice were divided to a control group and four treatment groups based on tumor size (6 mice per group) . The treatment groups were randomly selected for 9H11, 36F3, 36H7 or PC treatment. The control group mice were injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) . The tumor volumes were measured twice a week and the body weights of the mice were weighed as well. Euthanasia was performed when the tumor volume of a mouse reached 3000 mm3. Details of the administration scheme are shown in the table below.
[0323] Table 4
[0324] The lengths of the long axis and the short axis of the tumor were measured and the volume of the tumor was calculated as 0.5× (long axis) × (short axis) 2. The weights of the mice were also measured twice a week. The tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) was calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100%. Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero. T-test was performed for statistical analysis. P<0.05 is a threshold to indicate significant difference.
[0325] The weights of mice in different groups all increased. On the day of group assignment (Day 0) , the average weight of each group was in the range of 21.8 g-22.1 g; At the end of the experiment (Day 21) , the average weight of each group was in the range of 23.9 g-24.8 g. Thus, the average weight change of each group was in the range of 109.4%-112.4%. The results showed that the tested antibodies were well tolerated and were not obviously toxic to the mice.
[0326] The tumor sizes in groups treated with the antibodies are shown in FIG. 7. The table below summarizes the results for this experiment, including the tumor volumes on the day of grouping (day 0) , 11 days after grouping (day 11) and at the end of the experiment (day 21) ; the survival rate of the mice; Tumor Growth Inhibition value (TGI%) ; and the statistical differences (P value) of tumor volume and body weight between the treatment and control groups.
[0327] Table 5
[0328] As shown in FIG. 7 and Table 5, compared with the control group (G1) , the tumor growths in the treatment groups (G2 to G5) were inhibited to different extents. Among the treatment groups, 36F3, 36H7 and 9H11 exhibited better tumor inhibitory effect as compared to the positive control PC.
[0329] In a similar experiment, about 5×105 MC38 cells were injected subcutaneously in hTIGIT mice, and when the tumor volume grew to about 100-150 mm3, the mice were divided to different groups based on tumor size (6 mice per group) . The treatment groups were randomly selected for 9H11, 36F3 or PC treatment. The control group mice were injected with PBS. The tumor volumes were measured twice a week and the body weights of the mice were weighed as well. Euthanasia was performed when the tumor volume of a mouse reached 3000 mm3. Details of the administration scheme are shown in the table below.
[0330] Table 6
[0331] The weights of mice in different groups all increased. On the day of group assignment (Day 0) , the average weight of each group was in the range of 21.1 g-21.5 g; on Day 21, the average weight of each group was in the range of 23.1 g-24.5 g. Thus, the average weight change of each group was in the range of 107.9%-112.9%. The results showed that the tested antibodies were well tolerated and were not obviously toxic to the mice.
[0332] The tumor sizes in groups treated with the antibodies are shown in FIG. 8. The table below summarizes the results for this experiment, including the tumor volumes on Day 0, Day 11 and Day 21; the survival rate of the mice, TGI%, and P value of tumor volume and body weight between the treatment and control groups on Day 21.
[0333] Table 7
[0334] As shown in FIG. 8 and the table above, compared with the control group (G1) , the tumor growths in the treatment groups (G2-G6) were inhibited to different extents. 9H11 and 36F3 inhibited tumor growth with higher TGI%at both the 3mg / kg dose level and the 10mg / kg dose level than that of the positive control PC at 10 mg / kg dosage.
[0335] Example 9. Anti-tumor activity of anti-TIGIT antibodies in hTIGIT model
[0336] About 5×105 MC38 cells were injected subcutaneously in hTIGIT mice, and when the tumor volume grew to about 100-150 mm3, the mice were assigned to a control group and two treatment groups based on tumor size (5 mice per group) . The treatment groups were randomly selected for 15C5 or PC treatment. The control group mice were injected with PBS. The tumor volumes were measured twice a week and the body weights of the mice were weighed as well. Euthanasia was performed when the tumor volume of a mouse reached 3000 mm3. Details of the administration scheme are shown in the table below.
[0337] Table 8
[0338] The weights of mice in different groups all increased. On the day of group assignment (Day 0) , the average weight of each group was 19.9 g. On Day 21, the average weight of each group was in the range of 22.7 g-23.8 g. The average weight change of each group was in the range of 114.0%-120.0%. The results showed that the tested antibodies were well tolerated and were not obviously toxic to the mice.
[0339] The tumor sizes in groups treated with the antibodies are shown in FIG. 9. The table below summarizes the results for this experiment, including the tumor volumes on Day 0, Day 11 and Day 21; the survival rate of the mice, TGI%and P value of tumor volume and body weight between the treatment and control groups.
[0340] Table 9
[0341] As shown in FIG. 9 and Table 9, 15C5 exhibited better tumor inhibitory effect as compared to the positive control PC.
[0342] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0343] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) comprising:a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; anda light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs, 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively;(2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively;(3) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;(4) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;(5) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;(6) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively;(7) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively;(8) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively;(9) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively;(10) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;(11) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively; and(12) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.5.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.6.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.12.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.14.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to TIGIT comprisinga heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:(1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 46, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 47;(2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 49;(3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 50, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;(4) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 63, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;(5) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 64, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;(6) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 52, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 53; and(7) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 54, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 55.15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47.16.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49.17.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.18.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.19.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51.20.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53.21.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55.22.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to TIGIT comprisinga heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:(1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 46, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 47;(2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 49;(3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 50, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;(4) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 63, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;(5) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 64, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 51;(6) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 52, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 53; and(7) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 54, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 55.23.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human or monkey TIGIT.24.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human or humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.25.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or a multispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .26.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-25.27.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:(1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, binds to TIGIT;(2) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46, binds to TIGIT;(3) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49, binds to TIGIT;(4) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48 or 65, binds to TIGIT;(5) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;(6) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50, binds to TIGIT;(7) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 61, 15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;(8) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63, binds to TIGIT;(9) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 62, 15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;(10) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64, binds to TIGIT;(11) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53, binds to TIGIT;(12) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52, binds to TIGIT;(13) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55, binds to TIGIT;(14) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54, binds to TIGIT;(15) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31-33, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, binds to TIGIT;(16) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 34-36, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49, binds to TIGIT;(17) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37-39 respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, binds to TIGIT;(18) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 40-42 respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53, binds to TIGIT; and(19) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-45, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55, binds to TIGIT.28.The nucleic acid of claim 27, wherein the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey TIGIT.29.The nucleic acid of claim 27 or claim 28, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof, and the immunoglobulin light chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof.30.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 27-29, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .31.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 27-30, wherein the nucleic acid is cDNA.32.A vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 27-31.33.A vector comprising two of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 27-31, wherein the vector encodes the VH region and the VL region that together bind to TIGIT.34.A pair of vectors, wherein each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 27-31, wherein together the pair of vectors encodes the VH region and the VL region that together bind to TIGIT.35.A cell comprising the vector of claim 32 or 33, or the pair of vectors of claim 34.36.The cell of claim 35, wherein the cell is a CHO cell.37.A cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 27-31.38.A method of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising(a) culturing the cell of any one of claims 35-37 under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof; and(b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof produced by the cell.39.An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a therapeutic agent covalently bound to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-26.40.The antibody drug conjugate of claim 39, wherein the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.41.A method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-26, or the antibody-drug conjugate of claim 39 or 40, to the subject.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the cancer is melanoma, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) ) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.43.The method of claim 41 or 42, wherein the method further comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-GITR antibody, an anti-TIM-3 antibody, an anti-4-1BB antibody, and / or an anti-CD40 antibody, to the subject.44.The method of any one of claims 41-43, wherein the method further comprises administering a chemotherapy to the subject.45.A method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-26, or the antibody-drug conjugate of claim 39 or 40.46.A method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-26, or the antibody-drug conjugate of claim 39 or 40.47.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and(a) the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-26; or(b)the antibody-drug conjugate of claim 39 or 40.
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