Paraffinic base composition for renewable jet fuel and high-yield production method for renewable paraffinic base

Abstract

The present invention relates to a paraffinic base composition comprising, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, at least 90% by mass of paraffins, wherein: - the mass ratio between the content by mass of Cx iso-paraffins and the content by mass of C(x-1) n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16 and 17, and - the content by mass of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition. The invention also relates to a method for preparing such a paraffinic base composition.

Description

[0001] Paraffinic base stock composition for renewable jet fuel and process for producing renewable paraffinic base stock with high yield

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present invention relates to the technical field of refining feedstocks of biological origin, in particular for the manufacture of paraffinic bases, in particular for jet fuels. More particularly, the invention relates to a new process for obtaining a biological (or renewable) paraffinic base with improved yields.

[0004] CONTEXT OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Conventional jet fuels, also known as jet fuel, kerosene, or kerosene, are produced from crude oil and contain a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that typically have 6 to 18 carbon atoms. These hydrocarbons include straight-chain and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The cut points of the jet fuel fraction typically range from 140°C to 240°C, with a final boiling point of at most 300°C.

[0006] Due to the scarcity of fossil resources and growing environmental concerns, the use of molecules of biological origin is increasingly sought to replace molecules of fossil origin. However, the preparation of jet fuel from molecules of biological origin that can be directly used in the formulation of jet fuel represents a real economic and environmental challenge.

[0007] STATE OF THE ART

[0008] Aviation fuel derived from biological or renewable feedstocks may be produced in part by hydrotreating esters and fatty acids from oils and / or fats. Generally, a feedstock of biological origin, typically oils and / or fats, is subjected to hydrodeoxygenation and then isomerization, before being fractionated to obtain a kerosene cut compatible with the specifications of a jet fuel, in particular its cold properties. This cut corresponds to the light fraction of the hydrodeoxygenation / isomerization products in order to remove long-chain paraffins, in particular nC17-nC18 compounds, which are known to degrade the cold properties of a jet fuel.Kerosene cut yields can, however, be relatively low and represent 40% by mass or less of the effluent of hydrotreated and isomerized biological origin, in particular when the latter has a relatively high cloud point, notably between -35°C and 0°C. In other words, the higher the cloud point of the hydrotreated and isomerized biological origin feedstock (the lower the isomerization rate of this feedstock), the lower the kerosene cut yield obtained from this feedstock. However, it is not always possible to modify the isomerization conditions to reduce the n / i ratio, and therefore increase the jet fuel yield, in particular when it is desired to use less expensive conventional catalysts leading to the formation of less isomerized feedstocks.

[0009] There is therefore a need for a process for solving the above-mentioned problems. In particular, there is a need for a process for obtaining, with high yield, a paraffinic base composition from effluents of biological origin having a high cloud point, in particular between -35°C and 0°C.

[0010] There is also a need for a paraffinic base composition derived from effluents of biological origin with a high cloud point, in particular between -35°C and 0°C, and which can be used in particular in a mixture with a jet fuel of fossil origin.

[0011] DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The present invention provides a paraffinic base composition comprising, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, at least 90% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 90% by mass of C7-C18 paraffins, in which:

[0013] - the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) is greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16 and 17, and

[0014] - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the basic paraffinic composition.

[0015] The paraffinic base composition according to the invention can equivalently be defined as comprising, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, at least 90% by mass of paraffins, and having a set (Ens) of mass ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 17, each R(i-cx / nc(xi) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1), and in which:

[0016] - at least one of the ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi» of the set (Ens) is greater than or equal to 2.0, and - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition.

[0017] The inventors have discovered that the composition described above has a freezing point less than or equal to -40°C, therefore conforming to the specifications, in particular those defined by standard D7566-21, while having a density greater than or equal to 755 kg / m 3. Such a density is not easy to obtain because it normally implies the presence of a large quantity of long chains (typically comprising at least 15 carbons), which in principle implies a freezing point above -40 °C, therefore outside the specifications. However, paraffinic bases of renewable origin are often used in a mixture with jet fuels of fossil origin, but have densities lower than those of fossil jet fuels. Thus, the rate of incorporation of paraffinic bases of renewable origin in fossil jet fuels is limited by the density of the resulting mixture, which necessarily decreases with the increase in the proportion of paraffinic base of renewable origin. Therefore, obtaining a paraffinic base of renewable origin having a freezing point in accordance with the specifications but having a density higher than those of the prior art, typically greater than or equal to 755 kg / m 3, allows a greater proportion of this renewable paraffinic base to be introduced as a mixture in a fossil jet fuel.

[0018] The present invention also relates to a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base composition as defined above, optionally mixed with a jet of fossil origin.

[0019] The invention also relates to a process for producing a composition of a paraffinic base, comprising at least the following steps: a) providing a hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of C7-C24 paraffins, in which:

[0020] - the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) is greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, and

[0021] - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent, and b) fractionating the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin supplied in step a) to obtain the paraffinic base. The process for producing a composition of a paraffinic base according to the invention can equivalently be defined as comprising at least the following steps: a) providing a hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of C7-C24 paraffins, having a set (Ens2) of mass ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi))> x ranging from 14 to 18, each R'(i-cx / n -c(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the hydrocarbon effluent, in which:

[0022] - at least one of the ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Set2) is greater than or equal to 2.0, and

[0023] - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent, and b) the fractionation of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin supplied in step a) to obtain the paraffinic base.

[0024] The method according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to increase the yield of aviation fuel obtained from an effluent of biological origin, in particular from the hydrotreatment and isomerization of a feedstock of biological origin. Surprisingly, the yield can be increased by at least 10% by mass, preferably by at least 15% by mass, without degrading the cold properties of the carburetor and by increasing its density, without modifying the isomerization conditions of the feedstock of biological origin. It is thus possible to increase the yield of paraffinic base from a hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin regardless of the manufacturing conditions thereof, in particular even when it has a high cloud point, in particular between -35°C and 0°C.

[0025] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] The terms "comprising" and "comprises" as used herein are synonymous with "including," "includes," or "contains," "containing," and are inclusive or unbounded and do not exclude additional features, elements, or method steps not specified.

[0027] Throughout the description, unless otherwise stated, the mass contents are expressed relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, or the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent. The expressions % by weight and % by mass have an equivalent meaning and refer to the proportion of the mass of a product relative to 100g of a composition comprising it.

[0028] As used herein, "carbon number" or "Cx," where "x" is an integer, describes a hydrocarbon or molecule in which "x" denotes the number of carbon atoms, regardless of linearity or branching. Carbon number ranges (e.g., C6 to C18, or C19+) refer to molecules having carbon numbers within the stated range (6 to 18 carbon atoms or 19 or more carbon atoms), including the extreme members of the range. However, it is not necessary that every carbon number in a range be represented in the molecules described.

[0029] “n-Cx paraffins” means linear paraffins containing x carbon atoms, and is equivalent to “n-Cx”.

[0030] “Cx iso-paraffins” refers to branched paraffins containing x carbon atoms, and is equivalent to “i-Cx”.

[0031] Carbon number distributions are determined by the true boiling point distribution and gas chromatography. As used in this specification, the total amount of normal paraffins and iso-paraffins at a given carbon number is determined by ASTM D-5442 analysis of petroleum waxes by gas chromatography ("GC") or an equivalent gas chromatography method. For example, this may be as described in: Marko R. Djokic et al. Quantitative analysis of crude and stabilized bio-oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1257 (2012) pp131-140.

[0032] The average carbon number C moyof the compounds or paraffins, or optionally i-paraffins or n-paraffins, of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, or of a specific fraction (for example, the C12-C18 fraction) of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, corresponds to the average of the carbon number of all the compounds of the compounds or paraffins, or optionally i-paraffins or n-paraffins, of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, or of a specific fraction of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin. This average can be calculated according to the following formula:

[0033] [Math 1] i being an integer, imin being the carbon number of the compound or of the paraffin(s), or optionally of the i-paraffin(s) or of the n-paraffin(s), of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, or of a specific fraction of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, having the lowest carbon number among all the compounds or of the paraffins, or optionally of the i-paraffins or of the n-paraffins, of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, or of a specific fraction of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, imax being the carbon number of the compound or of the paraffin(s), or optionally of the i-paraffin(s) or of the n-paraffin(s), of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin,or of a specific fraction of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, having the highest carbon number among all the compounds or paraffins, or optionally i-paraffins or n-paraffins, of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, or of a specific fraction of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, and xi being the mass fraction of all the compounds or paraffins, or optionally i-paraffins or n-paraffins, of the composition according to the invention, or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, or of a specific fraction of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, having a number of carbon atoms equal to i.,

[0034] In particular, when it comes to determining the average carbon number of compounds or paraffins, or possibly i-paraffins or n-paraffins of a specific fraction C x -C y of the composition of the invention or of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, i m in = x and i ma x = y. For example, if the fraction considered is C12-C18, imin — 12 and imax — 18.

[0035] The content of aromatic compounds and naphthenes can be determined by gas chromatography (reverse-phase GcxGC). Boiling points as mentioned here are measured at atmospheric pressure, unless otherwise stated. An initial boiling point is defined as the temperature value at which a first vapor bubble is formed. A final boiling point is the highest temperature achievable during distillation. At this temperature, no more vapor can be transported to a condenser.The determination of the initial and final points uses techniques known in the trade and several methods adapted according to the distillation temperature range are applicable, for example NF EN 15199-1 (2020 version) or ASTM D2887-19 for the measurement of boiling points of petroleum fractions by gas chromatography, ASTM D7169-05 for heavy hydrocarbons, ASTM D7500-15(2019), D86-12 or D1160-18 for distillates.

[0036] The freezing point of a jet fuel type hydrocarbon can be measured according to ASTM D2386-19 / D7153-15e1 / D5972-16 / IP435 (2016).

[0037] The density of a jet fuel type hydrocarbon can be measured according to ASTM D4052-18.

[0038] The cloud point of a biologically derived hydrocarbon effluent can be measured according to ASTM D2500-17a.

[0039] Paraffin base composition according to the invention

[0040] The paraffinic base composition according to the invention has a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16 and 17, preferably chosen from 14, 15 and 16.

[0041] Preferably, the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1), x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16 and 17, preferably is chosen from 14, 15 and 16, and is greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0042] Otherwise formulated (in an equivalent manner to the previous definition), the basic paraffinic composition presents a set (Ens) of mass ratios R(i-cx / n -c(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 17, preferably x ranging from 14 to 16, each R(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1), and at least one of the ratios R(i-cx / n -c(xi)) of the set (Ens) is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0043] Preferably, at least two ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens) as defined above are greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0044] Preferably, at least three (or three) ratios R(i-cx / n -c(xi)) of the set (Ens) as defined above are greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0045] The higher the number of ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens) greater than or equal to 2.0 (or 2.5 or 3.0, or 4.0, or 5.0, or 6.0, or 7.0 or 8.0 or between 2.0 and 20), the more the composition according to the invention has both a low freezing point and a high density.

[0046] Preferably, in the paraffinic base composition:

[0047] - the mass ratio between the mass content of C15 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20, and / or

[0048] - the mass ratio between the mass content of C16 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C15 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20, and / or

[0049] - the mass ratio between the mass content of C14 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C13 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20. The paraffinic base composition further has a mass content of C14 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition.Preferably, the mass content of C14 n-paraffins in the paraffinic base composition, defined relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, is greater than or equal to 1.1% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 1.5% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 2.0% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 2.5% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 3.0% by mass, preferably is between 1.0 and 10.0% by mass.

[0050] Preferably, the paraffinic base composition has a content of C14 paraffins (i.e. all C14 n-paraffins and C14 iso-paraffins), defined relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, greater than or equal to 7.0% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 8.5% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 10.0% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 12.0% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 15.0% by mass, preferably between 7.0% and 25.0% by mass.

[0051] Preferably, in the paraffinic base composition, the mass content of C7-C13 compounds is less than or equal to 60% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 50% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 45% by mass, preferably between 20% and 60% by mass, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition.

[0052] Preferably, the paraffinic base composition may have one or more of the following characteristics:

[0053] - the ratio between the mass content of n-paraffins and the mass content of isoparaffins is greater than or equal to 0.140, preferably greater than or equal to 0.145, preferably greater than or equal to 0.150, preferably greater than or equal to 0.155, preferably greater than or equal to 0.160, preferably greater than or equal to 0.165, preferably between 0.140 and 0.50, and / or

[0054] - the ratio between the mass content of C14-C18 n-paraffins and the mass content of C14-C18 iso-paraffins is greater than or equal to 0.105, preferably greater than or equal to 0.110, preferably greater than or equal to 0.115, preferably greater than or equal to 0.120, preferably greater than or equal to 0.125, preferably greater than or equal to 0.130, preferably between 0.105 and 0.50, and / or

[0055] - the C14-C18 fraction of the paraffins included in the paraffinic base composition has an average carbon number less than or equal to 16.0, preferably less than or equal to 15.8, preferably less than or equal to 15.5, preferably less than or equal to 15.2, preferably less than or equal to 15.0, preferably between 12.0 and 16.0.

[0056] Preferably, the paraffinic base composition may comprise, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, a mass content of C8-C16 paraffins greater than or equal to 95% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 97% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 98% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 99% by mass, preferably between 95% by mass and 99.99% by mass.

[0057] Preferably, the paraffinic base composition may comprise, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, a C17-C18 paraffin content of less than or equal to 5% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 2% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 1% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 0.5% by mass, preferably between 0.001% and 5% by mass.

[0058] The basic paraffinic composition may have one or more of the following characteristics:

[0059] - A density greater than or equal to 730 kg / m 3 , preferably greater than or equal to 740 kg / m 3 , preferably greater than or equal to 750 kg / m 3 , preferably between 750kg / m 3 and 770 kg / m 3 , and / or

[0060] - A freezing point less than or equal to -40°C, preferably less than or equal to -41°C, preferably less than or equal to -42°C, preferably between -42°C and -40°C, and / or

[0061] - A final boiling point less than or equal to 300°C, preferably less than or equal to 290°C, preferably between 250°C and 290°C.

[0062] The paraffinic base composition may further have one or more of the following characteristics:

[0063] - a mass content of n-C16 less than or equal to 2% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 1.5% by mass, preferably between 0.001% and 2% by mass, and / or

[0064] - a mass content of iso-C16 greater than or equal to 10% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 15% by mass, preferably between 10% by mass and 30% by mass, and / or

[0065] - a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-C16 and the mass content of n-C16 greater than or equal to 3, preferably greater than or equal to 4, preferably greater than or equal to 5, preferably greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 15, and / or

[0066] - a zero (or non-detectable, or less than 0.01% by mass) content of n-C17 and n-C18. Typically, the paraffinic base composition may have at least one of the following characteristics:

[0067] - an initial point of 130 to 170°C measured according to standard D86-12, and / or

[0068] - a final cutting point of 250 to 300°C, measured according to standard D86-12.

[0069] Process for producing a paraffinic base composition according to the invention

[0070] The present invention also relates to a process for producing a paraffinic base composition comprising at least the following steps: a) providing a hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of C7-C24 paraffins, in which:

[0071] - the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) is greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, and

[0072] - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent, and b) the fractionation of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin supplied in step a) to obtain the paraffinic base.

[0073] Preferably, this process makes it possible to prepare a paraffinic base composition as defined in the section above.

[0074] Hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin

[0075] The hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin used in the present invention is completely free of components of fossil origin.

[0076] It contains, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, at least 95% by mass of paraffins, and has a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent.

[0077] The present invention is particularly advantageous when the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 in the hydrocarbon effluent is as defined above, because this makes it possible to significantly increase the yield of paraffinic base which can be obtained from the hydrocarbon effluent.

[0078] Preferably, the hydrocarbon effluent has a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1), x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14, 15, 16 and 18, preferably chosen from 14, 15 and 16, greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0079] Otherwise formulated (in an equivalent manner to the previous definition), the hydrocarbon effluent presents a set (Ens2) of mass ratios R'(i-cx / n -c(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 18, preferably x ranging from 14 to 16, each R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-

[0080] 1) in the hydrocarbon effluent, and at least one of the ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2) is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0081] Preferably, at least two ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2) as defined above are greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0082] Preferably, at least three (or three) ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2) as defined above are greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to

[0083] 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0084] Preferably, in the hydrocarbon effluent: - the mass ratio between the mass content of C15 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20, and / or

[0085] - the mass ratio between the mass content of C16 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C15 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20, and / or

[0086] - the mass ratio between the mass content of C14 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C13 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably between 2.0 and 20.

[0087] The hydrocarbon effluent further has a mass content of C14 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent. Preferably, the mass content of C14 n-paraffins of the hydrocarbon effluent, defined relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent, is greater than or equal to 1.1% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 1.2% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 1.3% by mass, preferably is greater than or equal to 1.4% by mass, preferably is between 1.0 and 3% by mass.

[0088] Preferably, in the hydrocarbon effluent, the mass content of C7-C13 compounds is less than or equal to 25% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 22% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 21% by mass, preferably between 10% and 25% by mass, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent.

[0089] The hydrocarbon effluent may also present, in relation to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent:

[0090] - a mass content of iso-paraffins of between 50% and 95% by mass, preferably between 60% and 90% by mass, preferably between 70% and 85% by mass, and / or

[0091] - a mass content of n-paraffins of between 5% and 50% by mass, preferably between 10% and 40% by mass, preferably between 15% and 30% by mass.

[0092] The hydrocarbon effluent may also have: - a mass content of naphthenes of less than 5% by mass, preferably less than 3% by mass, typically from 0.1% to 4% by mass, or even from 0.1 to 3% by mass, and / or

[0093] - a mass content of aromatic compounds of less than 5% by mass, preferably less than 3% by mass, typically from 0.1% to 4% by mass, or even from 0.1 to 3% by mass.

[0094] Advantageously, the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprises, or is made up of, n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, optionally naphthenes and aromatic compounds, in particular in the contents presented previously, and optionally impurities in a lower content of at most 0.2% by mass, preferably at most 0.1% by mass, the sum of these contents being equal to 100% by mass.

[0095] Preferably, the hydrocarbon effluent has:

[0096] - a content of C8 to C24 paraffins, preferably C8 to C20, of between 95% and 100% by mass, preferably at least 97% by mass, preferably at least 98% by mass, preferably at least 99% by mass, and / or

[0097] - a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins and the mass content of n-paraffins of between 1.0 and 8.0, preferably between 2.0 and 6.0, preferably between 3.0 and 5.0, preferably between 3.5 and 4.5.

[0098] The hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, notably having the aforementioned contents of n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, and optionally of naphthenes and aromatics, or even of impurities, may have at least one of the following physical properties:

[0099] - an initial distillation point of 130 to 160°C, preferably 140 to 150°C, measured according to standard D86-12, and / or

[0100] - a final boiling point of 280 to 380°C, preferably 280 to 320°C, measured according to standard D86-12, and / or

[0101] - a cloud point of at most 0°C, for example from -35°C to 0°C, preferably from -25 to 0°C, more preferably from -20°C to 0°C, measured according to ASTM D2500-17a.

[0102] Step a) of supplying the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin

[0103] The hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin is advantageously derived from hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids.

[0104] Step a) may thus comprise the following steps: a1) the supply of an oil of natural origin or a mixture of oils of natural origin comprising fatty acids and fatty acid esters, a2) the hydrotreatment of the oil of natural origin or the mixture of oils of natural origin supplied in step a1) to obtain the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin as defined above.

[0105] An oil of natural origin is defined as an oil of biomass origin and containing no mineral oil of fossil origin. In the description "oil(s) of natural origin" refers indifferently to oils, fats and their mixtures.

[0106] The vegetable oil can be chosen from pine oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, babasu oil, hemp oil, linola oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil, mustard oil, carinata oil, coconut oil, copra oil, olive oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, pumpkin oil, grapeseed oil, argan oil, jojoba oil, sesame oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, tung oil, rice oil, safflower oil, algae oil, used oils, nut shell oil (including cashew nut shell oil), and any combination thereof.

[0107] Used oil includes used cooking oils (used cooking oils) and oils recovered from waste water, such as trap and drain grease / oils, gutter oils, sewer oils, e.g. from water treatment plants, and used greases from the food industry.

[0108] Animal fat can be chosen from tallow, lard, fat (yellow and brown fat), fish oil / fat, milk fat.

[0109] In particular, animal fats and used cooking oils may be used, which are animal by-products and have the status of animal by-products within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 1069 / 2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 142 / 2011 (implementing regulation of Regulation EC No 1069 / 2009).

[0110] Animal fats with animal by-product status are fatty residues of animal origin, other than used cooking oils, for example from food industries or rendering plants.

[0111] Used cooking oils with the status of animal by-products are used cooking oils (used cooking oils or UCO), namely residues of fats of vegetable or animal origin used for human consumption, in the food industry, in collective or commercial catering.

[0112] Naturally occurring oil can also be oil produced by microorganisms, whether natural or genetically modified, such as bacteria, yeasts, including oleaginous yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes. In particular, these oils can be recovered by well-known mechanical or chemical extraction methods.

[0113] In a preferred embodiment, this oil of natural origin may be chosen from an animal fat and / or a used oil, and in particular from an animal fat and / or a used oil having waste status.

[0114] A naturally occurring oil may contain 50% by mass or more of fatty acid esters (mono-, di-, triglycerides of fatty acids), and / or free fatty acids, preferably 60% by mass or more, most preferably 70% by mass or more. Typically, a naturally occurring oil or a mixture of naturally occurring oils, may contain fatty acid esters and free fatty acids, containing one to three C8-C24 acyl groups, saturated or unsaturated. When multiple acyl groups are present, they may be the same or different.

[0115] The oil of natural origin or the mixture of oils of natural origin supplied in step a1) is then subjected to hydrotreatment a2) to obtain the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin.

[0116] This hydrotreatment step can be carried out in one or more hydrotreatment reactors. Any type of reactor normally used for this type of reaction can be used, for example a fixed-bed reactor, a stirred-tank reactor, an ebullated-bed reactor, a slurry-type reactor, etc., preferably a fixed-bed reactor.

[0117] Hydrotreatment can be carried out at a temperature of 100 to 550°C in the presence of dihydrogen at pressures ranging from 0.01 to 10 MPa. The ratio of dihydrogen to feedstock can be 100 to 2000 Nl / I.

[0118] This hydrotreatment can implement one or more reactions chosen from hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation and decarbonylation.

[0119] The hydrodeoxygenation is preferably carried out in continuous fixed bed reactors, continuous stirred tank reactors or slurry type reactors containing a solid catalyst which may be selected from oxides or sulfides of Ni, Mo, W, Co or mixtures such as NiW, NiMo, CoMo, NiCoW, NiCoMo, NiMoW and CoMoW as the catalytic phase, preferably supported on carbon, alumina, silica, zeolite, titania or zirconia or mixtures thereof.

[0120] The hydrodeoxygenation can be carried out at a temperature of 200 to 500°C, preferably 220 to 400°C, under a pressure of 1 MPa to 10 MPa (10 to 100 bar), for example 6 MPa, and with a dihydrogen / oil ratio of 100 to 2000, but preferably 350 to 1500, for example 800 NI H2 / I oil. The decarboxylation and / or decarbonylation is preferably carried out in the presence of a solid catalyst in batch-type tank reactors, continuous fixed-bed reactors, continuous stirred-tank reactors or slurry reactors. The decarboxylation and / or decarbonylation can be carried out directly with glycerides, any esters or with free fatty acids.

[0121] The catalyst can be chosen from:

[0122] - oxides or sulfides of Ni, Mo, W, Co, NiW, NiMo, CoMo, NiCoW, NiCoMo, NiMoW and CoMoW as catalytic phase, preferably supported on carbon, alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconia, zeolite or on mixed supports.

[0123] - metals or mixtures of alloys from group 10 (Ni, Pt and Pd) and group 11 (Cu and Ag) supported by carbon, magnesia, zinc oxide, spinels (Mg2AhO4, ZnAhCL), perovskites (BaTiOs, ZnTiCh), calcium silicates (such as xonotlite), alumina, silica or silica-aluminas or mixtures thereof,

[0124] - basic oxides, such as alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth oxides, lanthanide oxides, zinc oxide, spinels (Mg2AI2O4, ZnAI2O4), perovskites (BaTiO3, ZnTiO3), calcium silicates (such as xonotlite), either in bulk or dispersed on neutral or basic supports, on basic zeolites (such as alkali or alkaline earth zeolites with low silica / alumina content obtained by exchange or impregnation).

[0125] For optimum performance and stable continuous operation, it is preferable that the active metal component of the catalyst in the case of Ni, Mo, W, Co or mixtures, is in the form of sulfides. It is therefore preferable that traces of decomposable sulfur compounds (thermally or catalytically) are present or added intentionally to the feedstock in order to maintain the metal sulfide in its sulfide state. For example, these sulfur compounds can be H2S, COS, CS2, mercaptans (e.g., methyl sulfide), thioethers (e.g., DiMethylSulfide), disulfides (e.g., DiMethyldiSulfide), thiophene and tetrahydrothiophene compounds.

[0126] Decarboxylation and / or decarbonylation is carried out in the presence of dihydrogen which stabilizes the catalytic activity by removing strongly adsorbed unsaturated species (e.g. when decarbonylation is the predominant reaction pathway) from the catalyst surface by hydrogen addition reactions. The presence of dihydrogen can also hydrogenate the double bonds present in the acyl portion of the fatty acid to obtain paraffinic reaction products from the decarboxylation process. Decarboxylation and / or decarbonylation can be carried out at a temperature of 100 to 550°C in the presence of dihydrogen at pressures ranging from 0.01 to 10 MPa. The ratio of dihydrogen to feedstock can be 100 to 2000 Nl / l.

[0127] The liquid effluent produced by the hydrotreatment of naturally occurring oil(s) typically comprises a hydrocarbon fraction consisting essentially of n-paraffins having about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms.

[0128] Part of this hydrocarbon fraction, after separation, can be returned to the hydrotreatment inlet, in particular upstream of a deoxygenation reaction in order to absorb the heat of reaction, dilute the remaining impurities or provide more dihydrogen in dissolved form.

[0129] According to one embodiment, step a2) provides the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin from the process, and the liquid effluent produced by hydrotreatment a2) corresponds to the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin.

[0130] If it is desired to improve the cold properties of this hydrocarbon fraction, the liquid effluent produced by hydrotreatment a2) can be isomerized under isomerization conditions to at least partially isomerize the n-paraffins into isoparaffins.

[0131] Thus, in another embodiment, the effluent leaving the hydrotreatment step a2) is subjected in whole or in part to an isomerization step a3), typically carried out in the presence of an isomerization catalyst, and optionally in the presence of hydrogen. In the latter case, we speak of hydroisomerization.

[0132] Isomerization catalysts are typically bifunctional catalysts comprising an acid function and a (de)hydrogenating function.

[0133] The acid function is generally provided by an amorphous or crystalline support, typically presenting a specific surface area of ​​100 to 700m 2 / g and having an acidic surface, such as halogenated aluminas (in particular fluorinated or chlorinated) or phosphated or sulphurised, amorphous silica-aluminas (possibly containing boron), amorphous silica-aluminas-titaniums, sulphated zirconias, zirconias containing tungsten and zeolites or a mixture thereof.Suitable support materials include amorphous alumina, amorphous silica-alumina, amorphous silica borate, amorphous silica-alumina-titanium, zeolites or modified zeolites having the following structures: ferrierite, beta zeolite, Y zeolite, mordenite zeolite and molecular sieves of the type ALPO-31, SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-37, SAPO-41, SM-3, MgAPSO-31, FU-9, NU-10, NU-23, ZSM-12, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48, ZSM-50, ZSM-57, theta-1, EU-1, EU-13, ISI-1, KZ-2, ISI-4 and KZ-1, MeAPO-11, MeAPO-31, MeAPO-41, MeAPSO-11, MeAPSO-31, MeAPSO-41, MeAPSO-46, ELAPO-11, ELAPO-31, ELAPO-41, ELAPSO-11, ELAPSO-31, ELAPSO-41, each of which can be used alone or in combination. The acidity of the support can be measured by methods well known to those skilled in the art. It can, for example, be carried out by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) with ammonia, by infrared measurement of the absorbed molecules (pyridine, CO . ..), by a catalytic cracking test or by hydroconversion using a model molecule.

[0134] The (de)hydrogenation function is performed either by one or more metals from group 6 of the periodic table of elements, or by a combination of at least one metal from group 6 and at least one metal from groups 8-10.

[0135] Suitable isomerization catalysts thus typically contain a zeolite, alumina and / or a metal selected from groups 6 and 8-10 of the periodic table and optionally a support.

[0136] Examples of catalysts having an isomerization function include nickel oxide catalysts or nickel and tungsten oxides on an acidic support, such as amorphous silica / alumina, zeolite, ferrierite, phosphated alumina, phosphated silica / alumina and the like.

[0137] Preferably, the isomerization catalyst contains SAPO-11 or SAPO-41 or ZSM-22 or ZSM-23 or ferrierite and Pt, Pd or Ni and AI2O3 or SiC>2. Typical isomerization catalysts are, for example, Pt / SAPO-11 / AI2O3, Pt / ZSM-22 / AI2O3, Pt / ZSM-23 / AI2O3 and Pt / SAPO-11 / SiC>2. The catalysts may be used alone or in combination. The presence of hydrogen is particularly preferred to reduce catalyst deactivation. Particularly preferably, the isomerization catalyst may be a bifunctional noble metal catalyst, such as Pt-SAPO and / or Pt-ZSM catalyst, which is used in combination with hydrogen.

[0138] The isomerization step (a3) ​​may for example be carried out at a temperature of 150-500°C, preferably 220-450°C, and at a pressure of 1 to 15MPa, preferably 1 to 9MPa or 2 to 6 MPa (absolute).

[0139] The hourly space velocity may be 0.1 to 20 h-1, more preferably 0.2 to 10 h-1 and more preferably 0.3 to 4 h-1. The dihydrogen-containing gases are introduced simultaneously with the feedstock at a ratio of 75 to 2500 NL(H2) / L of liquid feedstock, more preferably 150 to 1500 or more preferably 250 to 1000 NL(H2) / L of liquid feedstock.

[0140] Furthermore, the isomerization step (a3) ​​is preferably a step which serves mainly to isomerize the liquid effluent resulting from the hydrotreatment a2). In other words, while the hydrotreatment generally results in a low isomerization (generally less than 5% by mass), the isomerization leads to a significant increase in the isoparaffin content. More specifically, it is preferable that the content (% by mass) of isoparaffins is increased by the isomerization step by at least 30 percentage points, more preferably by at least 50 percentage points, more preferably by at least 60 percentage points, more preferably by at least 70 percentage points. This isomerization step a3) can be implemented at the end of the hydrotreatment step (a2), for example by installing an isomerization catalyst bed downstream of the hydrotreatment catalytic bed(s).

[0141] The effluent produced by hydrotreatment step (a2) or isomerization step (a3) ​​may be fractionated to separate a liquid fraction and non-condensable fractions and / or unreacted dihydrogen, which may then be reused.

[0142] In the present invention, it is the diesel fraction from hydrotreatment step (a2) or isomerization step (a3) ​​which is used as the component of renewable origin.

[0143] This diesel fraction typically corresponds to the liquid fraction of the hydrotreated or hydrotreated and isomerized effluent.

[0144] Alternatively, step a) comprises: aT) providing a first hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of C7-C24 paraffins, and having a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) strictly less than 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14, 15 and 16 (or equivalently having a set (Ens2-1) of mass ratios RT(i-cx / nc(xi))> xranging from 14 to 18, preferably from 14 to 16, each R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the first hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Set2-1) being strictly less than 2.0), and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the first hydrocarbon effluent, a2') the supply of a second hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of paraffins in C7-C24, and having a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content in n-paraffins in C(x-1) strictly greater than 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14,15 and 16 (or equivalently presenting a set (Ens2-2) of mass ratios R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)), xranging from 14 to 18, preferably from 14 to 16, each R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the second hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Sets2-2) being strictly greater than 2.0), and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the second hydrocarbon effluent, a3') the mixture of the first effluent and the second effluent in proportions making it possible to obtain the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, and having a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14,15 and 16 (or equivalently having a set (Ens2) of mass ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 18, preferably from 14 to 16, each R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2) being greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5), and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent.,

[0145] Preferably, the first hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin and the second hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin are produced by hydrotreatment of oils of natural origin, optionally followed by an isomerization step, the hydrotreatment, the isomerization and the oils being as defined above.

[0146] Step a) may therefore comprise: a1”) the supply of at least one first oil of natural origin comprising fatty acids and fatty acid esters, a2”) the hydrotreatment of the first oil of natural origin supplied in step a1”) to obtain a first hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of C7-C24 paraffins, and having a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) strictly less than 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14, 15 and 16 (or equivalently having a set (Set2-1) of mass ratios R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 18, preferably 14 to 16,each R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the first hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Set2-1) being strictly less than 2.0), and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the first hydrocarbon effluent, a3”) the supply of at least one second oil of natural origin comprising fatty acids and fatty acid esters, a4”) the hydrotreatment of the second oil of natural origin supplied in step a3”) to obtain a second hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of paraffins in C7-C24, and having a mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) strictly greater than 2.0,x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14, 15 and 16 (or equivalently having a set (Set2-2) of mass ratios R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 18, preferably from 14 to 16, each R2'(jc, x / nc( X-i)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the second hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Set2-2) being strictly greater than 2.0), and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the second hydrocarbon effluent, and a5”) the mixture of the first effluent and the second effluent in proportions making it possible to obtain the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, and having a mass ratio between the mass content of isoparaffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, preferably chosen from 14, 15 and 16 (or equivalently having a set (Ens2) of mass ratios R'(ic x / nc(X -i)), x ranging from 14 to 18, preferably from 14 to 16, each R'(ic x / n -c( X -i)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Set2) being greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5), and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent.

[0147] Step b) of splitting

[0148] Step b) allows the hydrocarbon effluent obtained in step a) to be fractionated.

[0149] Step b) can in particular be carried out by vacuum distillation.

[0150] This type of distillation can be implemented in any distillation column, including a vacuum distillation column.

[0151] For this purpose, the appropriate cutting point can be chosen to obtain the basic paraffinic composition. These cutting points can, for example, be defined based on the analysis of the paraffins (n- and iso-paraffin content) contained in the biological hydrocarbon effluent to be separated. A person skilled in the art knows how to determine appropriate cutting points based on the n- and iso-paraffin composition of a hydrocarbon feedstock.

[0152] The present invention therefore also relates to a paraffinic base composition capable of being obtained or obtained by the process according to the invention.

[0153] Preferably, the paraffinic base composition capable of being obtained or obtained by the process according to the invention has the characteristic(s) defined above for the paraffinic base composition according to the invention.

[0154] The present invention further relates to a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base composition as defined in the present description, optionally in admixture with a jet of fossil origin.

[0155] Preferably, the fossil-based jet is a jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21-c.

[0156] Preferably, the jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21 -c is Jet A1, or Jet A.

[0157] Jet A1 or A is generally produced by atmospheric distillation of crude oil followed by further processing such as sweetening or hydrodesulfurization to produce a hydrocarbon fraction with reduced mercaptan content. It may also contain fractions from hydrocracking processes of vacuum gas oil fractions.

[0158] Preferably, the jet fuel composition comprises up to 50% by volume of the paraffinic base composition, and at least 50% by volume of fossil-based jet. The examples below illustrate the invention without limiting its scope.

[0159] EXAMPLES

[0160] Example 1: Simulation of the fractionation of a hydrotreated oil (according to the invention) An HVO (hydrotreated and isomerized vegetable oil) having the composition shown in Table 1, and in particular an i-C15 / n-C14 ratio greater than 2.0 and an iC14 content greater than 1.0% by mass, was separated into a light fraction and a heavy fraction by conventional distillation simulation software such as Aspen Hysys software.

[0161] The simulation parameters, namely the cutting points and the characteristics of the fractionating column (number of stages, flow rate, reflux ratio, etc.) are adjusted in order to maximize the quantity of product recovered in the light fraction (paraffin base fraction) while not exceeding the value of -41°C for the freezing point.

[0162] [Table 1]

[0163] : Naphthenic monoaromatics

[0164] The composition of the recovered light fraction is detailed in Table 2.

[0165] [Table 2]

[0166]

[0167] The calculated freezing point of this light fraction = -41°C.

[0168] The calculated density of the light fraction (paraffin base) = 760.7 kg / m 3

[0169] The D86 distillation curve is:

[0170] [Table 3]

[0171] The light fraction (paraffin base) represents approximately 45% by mass of the HVO before separation. Example 2 - Simulation of the fractionation of another hydrotreated oil (comparative)

[0172] An HVO (hydrotreated and isomerized vegetable oil) having the composition shown in Table 3, and in particular an i-C15 / n-C14 ratio and an i-C16 / n-C15 ratio of less than 2, was separated into a light fraction and a heavy fraction by conventional distillation simulation software such as Aspen Hysys software.

[0173] The simulation parameters, namely the cutting points and the characteristics of the fractionating column (number of stages, flow rate, reflux ratio, etc.) are adjusted in order to maximize the quantity of product recovered in the light fraction (paraffin base fraction) while not exceeding the value of -41°C for the freezing point.

[0174] (freezing point in English terminology).

[0175] [Table 4]

[0176] The composition of the recovered light fraction is detailed in Table 4.

[0177] [Table 5] The calculated freezing point of this light fraction = -41°C.

[0178] The calculated density of the light fraction = 752 kg / m 3

[0179] The light fraction represents approximately 26% by mass of the HVO before separation. The results of this example clearly demonstrate that starting from a hydrotreated oil with a high cloud point (-12 °C), the kerosene cut yield obtained from this feedstock is relatively low. Comparison with Example 1 according to the invention shows that starting from hydrotreated oil having the same cloud point of -12°C, but also having a mass ratio between the mass content of isoparaffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) is greater than or equal to 2.0, x being an integer chosen from 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, and a mass content of n-paraffins in C14 is greater than or equal to 1.0%, the kerosene cut yield is significantly improved (+19%), and the density is increased, while still having a freezing point below -40°C.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. Paraffinic base composition comprising, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition, at least 90% by mass of paraffins, having a set (Ens) of mass ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi», x ranging from 14 to 17, each R(i-cx / nc(xi» being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1), and in which: - at least one of the ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi» of the set (Ens) is greater than or equal to 2.0, and - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the basic paraffinic composition.

2. Paraffinic base composition according to claim 1, in which at least two ratios R(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens) are greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.

0.

3. Paraffin base composition according to claim 1 or 2, in which: - the mass ratio between the mass content of C15 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, and / or - the mass ratio between the mass content of C16 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C15 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.

0.

4. Paraffinic base composition according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the mass content of C7-C13 compounds is less than or equal to 60% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 50% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 45% by mass, preferably between 20% and 60% by mass, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base composition.

5. Paraffin base composition according to any one of the preceding claims, having one or more of the following characteristics: - the ratio between the mass content of n-paraffins and the mass content of iso-paraffins is greater than or equal to 0.140, preferably greater than or equal to 0.145, preferably greater than or equal to 0.150, preferably greater than or equal to 0.155, preferably greater than or equal to 0.160, preferably greater than or equal to 0.165, preferably between 0.140 and 0.50, and / or - the ratio between the mass content of C14-C18 n-paraffins and the mass content of C14-C18 iso-paraffins is greater than or equal to 0.105, preferably greater than or equal to 0.110, preferably greater than or equal to 0.115, preferably greater than or equal to 0.120, preferably greater than or equal to 0.125, preferably greater than or equal to 0.130, preferably between 0.105 and 0.50, and / or - the C14-C18 fraction of the paraffins included in the paraffinic base composition has an average carbon number less than or equal to 16.0, preferably less than or equal to 15.8, preferably less than or equal to 15.5, preferably less than or equal to 15.2, preferably less than or equal to 15.0, preferably between 12.0 and 16.

0.

6. Paraffin base composition according to any one of the preceding claims, having one or more of the following characteristics: - a density greater than or equal to 730 kg / m 3 , preferably greater than or equal to 740 kg / m 3 , preferably greater than or equal to 750 kg / m 3 , preferably between 750kg / m 3 and 770 kg / m 3 , and / or - a freezing point less than or equal to -40°C, preferably less than or equal to -41°C, preferably less than or equal to -42°C, preferably between -42°C and -40°C, and / or - a final boiling point less than or equal to 300°C, preferably less than or equal to 290°C, preferably between 250°C and 290°C.

7. Process for producing a paraffinic base composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising at least the following steps: a) providing a hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, preferably at least 95% by mass of C7-C24 paraffins, having a set (Ens2) of mass ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi», x ranging from 14 to 18, each R'(i-cx / n -c(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the hydrocarbon effluent, in which: - at least one of the ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Set2) is greater than or equal to 2.0, and - the mass content of C14 n-paraffins is greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent, and b) the fractionation of the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin supplied in step a) to obtain the paraffinic base.

8. Method according to claim 7, in which, in the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, at least two ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2) are greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.

0.

9. Method according to claim 7 or 8, in which the hydrocarbon effluent has: - a mass ratio between the mass content of C15 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C14 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, and / or - a mass ratio between the mass content of C16 iso-paraffins and the mass content of C15 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 2.0, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5, preferably greater than or equal to 3.0, preferably greater than or equal to 4.0, preferably greater than or equal to 5.0, preferably greater than or equal to 6.0, preferably greater than or equal to 7.0, preferably greater than or equal to 8.

0.

10. Process according to any one of claims 7 to 9, in which the hydrocarbon effluent has a mass content of C7-C13 compounds less than or equal to 25% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 22% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 21% by mass, preferably between 10% and 25% by mass, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent.

11. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein step a) comprises: a1) providing an oil of natural origin or a mixture of oils of natural origin comprising fatty acids and fatty acid esters, a2) hydrotreating the oil of natural origin provided in step a1) to obtain the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin.

12. Method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, in which step a) comprises aT) the supply of a first hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, having: - a set (Ens2-1) of mass ratios RT(i-cx / nc(xi), x ranging from 14 to 18, each R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of isoparaffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the first hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R1'(i-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2-1) being strictly less than 2.0, and - a mass content of C14 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the first hydrocarbon effluent, a2') the supply of a second hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin, comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, having: - a set (Ens2-2) of mass ratios R2'(i-cx / nc(xi), x ranging from 14 to 18, each R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of isoparaffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the second hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R2'(j-cx / nc(xi)) of the set (Ens2-2) being strictly greater than 2.0, and - a mass content of C14 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the second hydrocarbon effluent, a3') the mixture of the first effluent and the second effluent in proportions making it possible to obtain the hydrocarbon effluent of biological origin comprising at least 95% by mass of paraffins, and having: - a set (Set2) of mass ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)), x ranging from 14 to 18, preferably from 14 to 16, each R'(i-cx / nc(xi)) being the mass ratio between the mass content of iso-paraffins in Cx and the mass content of n-paraffins in C(x-1) in the hydrocarbon effluent, at least one of the ratios R'(i-cx / nc(xi)» of the set (Set2) being greater than or equal to 2.0, and - a mass content of C14 n-paraffins greater than or equal to 1.0%, relative to the total mass of the hydrocarbon effluent.

13. Paraffin base composition, obtained by the process according to any one of claims 7 to 12.

14. A jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base composition as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6, or obtained by the method according to any one of claims 7 to 12, and optionally a jet of fossil origin.

15. A jet fuel composition according to claim 14, comprising up to 50% by volume of the paraffinic base composition, and at least 50% by volume of a jet of fossil origin.

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