Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes: a receiving unit that receives information on at least one from among transmission beam sweeping using some or all of a plurality of antennas, reception beamforming for the transmission beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmission beam sweeping; and a control unit that controls sensing using at least one from among the transmission beam sweeping, the reception beamforming, and the virtual aperture, on the basis of the information.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has also been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Wireless sensing is being considered in future wireless communication systems (e.g., NR).

[0006] However, the details of wireless sensing have not been fully explored. If the details of wireless sensing are not clear, there is a risk that the sensing quality / communication quality will be degraded.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that improve the resolution / accuracy of wireless sensing.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure has a receiving unit that receives information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or part of multiple antennas, receive beamforming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping, and a control unit that controls sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the resolution / accuracy of wireless sensing can be improved.

[0010] FIGS. 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario at a BS or a UE. FIGS. 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or between UEs. FIGS. 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. FIG. 4 shows an example of DMRS bundling. FIG. 5 shows an example of a transmit antenna design for implementing VA. FIGS. 6A and 6B show an example of transmit and receive antenna arrangements. FIG. 7 shows an example of a ULA antenna. FIGS. 8A and 8B show an example of antenna ports according to Options 1-1-1 and 1-1-2. FIG. 9 shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-3-1. FIG. 10 shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-3-2. FIG. 11 shows an example of sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A1-2. FIGS. 12A and 12B show an example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. 13A and 13B are diagrams illustrating another example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of resources for multiple sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-1. FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams illustrating an example of resource allocation according to embodiment A3-2-1. FIGS. 16A and 16B are diagrams illustrating an example of signal allocation to sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-2-2. FIG. 17 illustrates an example of time resources for a pair of sensing UL and sensing DL. FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a reception window. FIG. 19 illustrates an example of multiple pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL time resources. FIG. 20 illustrates an example of Case 1-1 according to embodiment B1-1. FIG. 21 illustrates an example of Case 1-2 according to embodiment B1-1. FIG. 22 illustrates an example of Case 2-1 according to embodiment B1-1. FIG. 23 illustrates an example of Case 2-2 according to embodiment B1-1. FIG. 24 illustrates an example of Case 3 according to embodiment B1-1. Fig. 25 shows an example of Case 1 of embodiment B1-2-1. Fig. 26 shows an example of Case 2 of embodiment B1-2-1. Figs. 27A to 27D show an example of Type 1 of embodiment B1-3-1. Figs. 28A to 28D show an example of Type 3 of embodiment B1-3-1.FIG. 29 shows an example of option 1 of embodiment B1-3-2. FIGS. 30A and 30B show an example of embodiment B1-3-3. FIGS. 31A and 31B show an example of propagation distance in option 1 of embodiment B2-1. FIG. 32 shows another example of propagation distance in option 1 of embodiment B2-1. FIG. 33 shows an example of a slot format in option 1 of embodiment B2-1. FIG. 34 shows an example of a slot format in option 2 of embodiment B2-1. FIGS. 35A and 35B show an example of a slot format in option 1 of embodiment B2-1. FIGS. 36A and 36B show examples of slot formats in options 2 and 3 of embodiment B2-1. FIGS. 37A and 37B show an example of a slot format in option 4 of embodiment B2-1. FIGS. 38A and 38B show an example of beam sweeping. FIG. 39 shows an example of one beam sweeping within two sensing bursts. Figures 40A and 40B show example beams for sensing services. Figure 41 shows example beam sweeping-related parameters. Figure 42 shows an example of MIMO method 1-1. Figure 43 shows an example of MIMO method 1-2. Figure 44 shows an example of MIMO method 2-1. Figure 45 shows an example of MIMO method 2-2. Figure 46 shows an example of a Tx-Rx beam pair in a communication system or UE positioning based on PRS / SRS. Figure 47 shows an example of multiple Tx-Rx beam pairs. Figure 48 shows an example of a MIMO method using Rx sensing beam sweeping. Figure 49 shows an example of a MIMO method without Rx sensing beam sweeping. Figure 50 shows an example of sweeping four Tx-Rx beams in monostatic sensing using BF / VA. Figure 51 shows an example of sweeping 16 Tx-Rx beams in bistatic sensing using BF. Figure 52 shows an example of sweeping 4 Tx beams in bistatic sensing using VA. Figure 53 shows an example of sensing services for location and tracking. Figure 54 shows an example of monostatic sensing of one sensing station. Figures 55A and 55B show an example of monostatic sensing of multiple cooperative sensing stations.Figures 56A and 56B show an example of bistatic sensing from a BS to a UE or from a UE to a BS. Figures 57A and 57B show an example of bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 or from UE1 to UE2. Figure 58 shows an example of beam sweeping and beam management procedure 1. Figure 59 shows an example of beam sweeping and beam management procedure 2. Figure 60 shows an example of Tx sensing beam sweeping with beam level repetition. Figure 61 shows an example of Tx sensing beam sweeping with burst level repetition. Figure 62 shows an example of Tx sensing beam sweeping with multi-beam level repetition. Figure 63 shows an example of Rx sensing beam sweeping with repetition in monostatic sensing. Figure 64 shows an example of Rx sensing beam sweeping with repetition in bistatic sensing. Figure 65 shows an example of beam sweeping and beam management procedure with repetition. Figures 66A to 66D show an example of Tx antenna arrangement and time / frequency domain resource allocation in TDMed-VA. Figures 67A to 67C show an example of Tx sensing beam sweeping in TDMed-VA. Figures 68A and 68B show an example of beam-level TDMed-VA with repetition. Figures 69A and 69B show an example of burst-level TDMed-VA with repetition. Figure 70 shows an example of Scheme 1 using repetition / EA / pulse integration. Figure 71 shows an example of Scheme 2 using VA. Figure 72 shows an example of a scheme using flexibly EA and VA. Figure 73 shows an example of a procedure for beam sweeping with repetition and beam management. Figure 74 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. Figure 75 is a diagram showing an example of a base station configuration according to an embodiment. Figure 76 is a diagram showing an example of a user terminal configuration according to an embodiment. Figure 77 is a diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. Figure 78 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0011] Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) The motivation for ISAC is to achieve high sensing performance and new / extended services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and possible requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address different target industries / applications are considered, and some use cases may also include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, camera).

[0012] For example, use case 1 is sensing for tourist destination traffic management. For example, use case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC considers sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To achieve these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are considered. Furthermore, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC are considered, including higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing.

[0014] In ISAC, the challenges are unified waveforms that simultaneously meet the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously realizes communication (e.g., transmit signals, receive signals) and sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmit signals, reflected signals) through beamforming, and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI that uses AI / DL networks to extract sensing information from channel information for communication (e.g., UL transmit signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals).

[0015] Three types of radar and communication systems have been considered based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bandwidth. The three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). In the following, we focus on ISAC systems, in which hardware and bandwidth are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key enabler for the vision of 6G cyber physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced (A) and 6G with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft with an altitude of about 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs).

[0018] HAPS sensing realizes ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the strength of the echo signal, a sensing form or sensing sequence with an extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under a given transmission power.

[0019] (Sensing Method) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BSs and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radars in which one radar transmits a radar signal and the radar receives an echo from a sensing target, and bistatic radars / multistatic radars in which one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive an echo from a sensing target.

[0020] Independent systems use separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications, which may be co-located or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency bands for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be realized by any of the following sensing methods: - Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE and performs sensing using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no BS-to-BS, UE-to-UE, or BS-to-UE cooperation. A use case of this sensing method is, for example, imaging using terahertz. - Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BSs or two or more UEs and performs sensing using reflected signals. A use case of this sensing method is, for example, positioning. - UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and a UE, and sensing is performed via communication (UL / DL) signals. This sensing method operates within the existing 5G NR framework. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (FIG. 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (FIG. 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: - The sensing target is in the vicinity of the sensing BS / UE and high or medium SNR of the echo signal is required. - The target may not have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capacity requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: - High capacity is required due to full duplex at the BS or UE.

[0027] The performance of monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: - High accuracy due to the absence of quantization - Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal - Latency is short.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS to BS (BS-BS, BS1-BS2, gNB-to-gNB, gNB1-to-gNB2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-BS, UE-to-gNB) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (BS-UE, gNB-to-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE to UE (UE-UE, UE1-UE2, UE-to-UE, UE1-to-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] A scenario suitable for BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: - Tight synchronization and coordination between BSs is required, and scheduling coordination among multiple BSs is necessary. - The target may not have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capacity requirements for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - Low capacity can be realized due to half duplex - High capacity is required due to synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: - High accuracy due to no quantization - Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal - Latency is moderate.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for UE-BS, BS-UE and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - It requires communicating UEs to be around the target.

[0033] The capacity requirements for UE-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - Low capacity can be achieved due to half duplex - High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capacity requirements for BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - Low capacity can be realized due to half duplex. - The UE needs sufficient computational resources and high accuracy in detecting reflected signals. - High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0035] The performance of UE-BS, BS-UE and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: - Medium accuracy due to quantization of feedback values ​​- Accuracy is related to configured resources and UE location - Long latency.

[0036] In each of the embodiments described below, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: - In ISAC scenarios, communication and sensing functions are required. - For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half duplex) may be assumed instead of full duplex at the BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, sensing signals and reflected / echo signals are preferably transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing, including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic BS1-to-BS2 sensing, sensing signals are preferably transmitted in DL time resources, and reflected / echo signals are preferably received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing, including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic UE1-to-UE2 sensing, sensing signals are preferably transmitted in UL time resources, and reflected / echo signals are preferably received in DL time resources. In bistatic BS-to-UE sensing, DL time resources are preferably used for sensing. In bistatic UE-to-DL sensing, UL time resources are preferably used for sensing.

[0038] (Key performance indicators (KPIs) for sensing (from a use case perspective)) ISAC's KPIs are the area or range coverage of the sensing service, resolution (distance / speed), latency, refreshing rate, probability of non-detection or detection, confidence level, and false detection.

[0039] The KPIs considered for NR positioning were location accuracy, velocity accuracy, heading accuracy, timestamp accuracy, availability, latency, time to first decision, update rate, power consumption, energy per decision, and system scalability.

[0040] Different KPIs may be applied to different use cases. Some KPIs for sensing and positioning may be the same. The same KPIs may be applied to at least some of the use cases in sensing and positioning. Therefore, the design for NR positioning may be the baseline for sensing.

[0041] (NR Communication Frame Structure) In NR, a radio frame is fixed at 10 ms, a subframe is fixed at 1 ms, and a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols.

[0042] The numerology and CP length define the time characteristics of the OFDM symbol and the frequency characteristics of the PRB. The numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS) setting) is μ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SCS Δf = 2 μ - 15kHz is one of the following (corresponding to 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960 [kHz] respectively). The SCS and symbol / slot duration change with numerology. The CP length is either normal CP or extended CP. When normal CP is used, the number of symbols per slot is 14. When extended CP is used, the number of symbols per slot is 12. Extended CP is only supported with 60kHz SCS (μ=2).

[0043] T c =1 / (Δf max ・N f ), Δf max =480kHz, N f = 4096, constant κ = T s / T c , T s =1 / (Δf ref ・N f,ref ), Δf ref =15kHz, N f,ref = 2018, the normal CP length is (144κ·2 -μ +16κ)・T c and 144κ 2 in the remaining symbols. -μ ・T c The extended CP length is 512κ・2 -μ ・T c The OFDM symbol length is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T cIn FR1, μ is 0 to 2. In FR2-1, μ is 2 to 4, with μ=4 used for SS / PBCH blocks only. In FR2-2, μ is 3 to 6.

[0044] The slot format defines the UL / DL / flexible resource allocation within one slot (14 OFDM symbols). The slot format indicates how each of the multiple symbols within a single slot is used (which symbols are used for UL and which symbols are used for DL ​​within a particular slot). Existing standards allow 61 predefined combinations of multiple symbols within a slot.

[0045] The guard period (GP) is the switching gap between UL and DL. The UL / DL transition time defined in the existing specifications is 13.02 μs for FR1 and 7.01 μs for FR2. UEs that are not capable of full-duplex communication should wait N seconds from the end of the last received DL symbol. Rx-Tx T c Transmitting an UL in the same cell earlier than later, or N from the end of the last transmitted UL symbol. Tx-Rx T c It is not expected to transmit UL in the same cell earlier than later.

[0046] The duration of the guard period must provide for the following four effects: - the air propagation time (T proc - Sufficient transition time (T) when the transmitter changes between the defined ON / OFF power levels. off->on , T on->off - Enough time for change between transmission and reception modes at the UE and BS (T Tx->Rx , T RX->Tx - Arrangement of margin for cell phase synchronization error (T sync ).

[0047] From the perspective of lower layers, there are some constraints (or considerations): - A guard period of a certain length (a certain number of guard symbols) is required when switching from DL to UL to avoid collisions between DL reception and UL transmission. - A guard period is not required when switching from UL to DL. A timing advance (TA) is used to align DL and UL. An RF propagation delay of around 300 ms to 1 μs is assumed.

[0048] (DMRS bundling: Physical layer procedures for data / Physical uplink shared channel related procedure / UE procedure for transmitting the physical uplink shared channel / UE procedure for determining time domain windows for bundling DM-RS (Rel. 17)) [Nominal TDW] When pusch-DMRS-Bundling is enabled for PUSCH transmission of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with a configured grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing over multiple (TBoMS), and when PUCCH-DMRS-Bundling is enabled for PUCCH transmission of PUCCH repetition, the UE determines one or more nominal (planned) time domain windows (TDWs) as follows:

[0049] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A, PUSCH repetition type B, and TBoMS, the duration of each nominal TDW, except the last nominal TDW, expressed in number of consecutive slots, is as follows: -- If pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength is configured, its duration is given by it. -- If pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength is not configured, its duration is calculated as min(maxDurationDMRS-Bundling,M), where maxDurationDMRS-Bundling is the maximum duration of the nominal TDW according to the UE capabilities. M is the duration in consecutive slots of N·K PUSCH transmissions, where N and K are as follows: -- For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A, N=1 and K is the number of repetitions. --- For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, N=1 and K is the nominal number of repetitions. --- For PUSCH transmissions of TBoMS, N is the number of slots used for transport block size (TBS) determination and K is the number of repetitions of the number of slots N used for TBS determination.

[0050] - For PUCCH transmission of a PUCCH repetition, the duration of each nominal TDW, except the last nominal TDW, expressed in number of consecutive slots, is given by pucch-TimeDomainWindowLength, if configured. - If pucch-TimeDomainWindowLength is not configured, its duration is calculated as min(maxDurationDMRS-Bundling,M), where maxDurationDMRS-Bundling is the maximum duration of the nominal TDW according to the UE capabilities, and M is the duration in consecutive slots from the first slot determined for PUCCH transmission of the PUCCH repetition to the last slot determined for PUCCH transmission of the PUCCH repetition.

[0051] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 and PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant when AvailableSlotCounting is enabled, and for PUSCH transmissions of TBoMS, the nominal TDW shall be as follows: -- The start of the first nominal TDW is the first slot determined for the first PUSCH transmission. -- The end of the last nominal TDW is the last slot determined for the last PUSCH transmission. -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot determined for a PUSCH transmission after the last slot determined for a PUSCH transmission of the previous nominal TDW.

[0052] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 and PUSCH repetition type A with a configured grant when the UE is not configured with AvailableSlotCounting or when AvailableSlotCounting is disabled, and for PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, the nominal TDW shall be as follows: -- The start of the first nominal TDW is the first slot of the first PUSCH transmission. -- The end of the last nominal TDW is the last slot of the last PUSCH transmission. -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot after the last slot of the previous nominal TDW.

[0053] For PUCCH transmissions of PUCCH repetitions, the nominal TDWs are as follows: -- The start of the first nominal TDW is the first slot determined for the first PUCCH transmission. -- The end of the last nominal TDW is the last slot determined for the last PUCCH transmission. -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot determined for a PUCCH transmission after the last slot determined for a PUCCH transmission of the previous nominal TDW.

[0054] pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength sets the nominal TDW length for PUSCH DMRS bundling in number of consecutive slots. Its value must not exceed the maximum duration for PUSCH DMRS bundling specified in the UE radio access capability specification. For PUSCH repetition type A / B, if this field is not present, the UE applies a default value that is the minimum, in units of consecutive slots, of the duration for all PUSCH repetitions transmission and the maximum duration for PUSCH DMRS bundling, as specified in the UE radio access capability specification. For TBoMS, if this field is not present, the UE applies a default value that is the minimum, in units of consecutive slots, of the duration for TBoMS transmission and the maximum duration for PUSCH DMRS bundling, as specified in the UE radio access capability specification.

[0055] Actual TDW For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, the nominal TDW consists of one or more actual TDWs. The UE determines the actual TDW as follows:

[0056] The start of the first actual TDW is the first symbol of the first PUSCH transmission in a slot within the nominal TDW for PUSCH transmission of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots.

[0057] The end of the actual TDW is as follows: -- If the actual TDW reaches the end of the last PUSCH transmission within the nominal TDW, the end of the actual TDW is the last symbol of the last PUSCH transmission in a slot for any of the following PUSCH transmissions within the nominal TDW: PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots. -- If an event occurs within the nominal TDW that causes power consistency and phase continuity to be not maintained across any of the PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, and the PUSCH transmission falls within a slot for any of the PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, the end of the actual TDW is the last symbol of the PUSCH transmission prior to the event.

[0058] - When pusch-WindowRestart is enabled, the start of a new actual TDW is the first symbol of a PUSCH transmission within the nominal TDW after an event that causes power consistency and phase continuity to be not maintained across any of the PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2: PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, and that PUSCH transmission is within a slot for any of the PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2: PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots.

[0059] Joint Channel Estimation: The BS estimates the DMRS of PUSCH / PUCCH across multiple slots for improved channel estimation accuracy. To enable joint channel estimation of DMRS across multiple slots at the BS, the UE transmits multiple DMRS (DMRS bundles) for multiple PUSCH / PUCCH transmissions while maintaining power consistency and phase continuity within the actual TDW (Fig. 4).

[0060] The actual TDW is determined based on the nominal TDW and an event. The UE terminates the actual TDW before an event that causes power consistency and phase continuity to be lost. For example, events include frequency hopping (FH), timing advance (TA), downlink slots in unpaired spectrum, dropping of PUSCH / PUCCH, etc. Events can be classified into dynamic events and semi-static events. Dynamic events are events triggered by MAC CE or DCI (e.g., TA adjustment) other than FH and UL beam switching for multi-TRP operation. Semi-static events are events triggered by RRC parameters (e.g., DL slots configured by tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon / Dedicated) other than events such as FH and UL beam switching for multi-TRP operation.

[0061] (TB processing over multiple (TBoMS)) For a PUSCH scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or DCI format 0_2, if numberOfSlotsTBoMS is present and greater than 1, the UE shall apply the TBoMS procedure when determining time domain resource allocation.

[0062] For PUSCH repetition type A and TBoMS, the starting symbol S relative to the start of the slot and the number of consecutive symbols L placed in the PUSCH, counting from symbol S, are determined from the start and length indicator SLIV of the indexed row.

[0063] In TBoMS, when transmitting a PUSCH scheduled with DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 in a PDCCH with CRC scrambled with C-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, or CS-RNTI with NDI=1, the UE shall: - The number of slots N used for TBS determination is indicated by numberOfSlotsTBoMS. - The number of repetitions K of the number of slots N used for TBS determination is determined as follows: - If numberOfRepetitions is present in the resource allocation table, the number of repetitions K is equal to numberOfRepetitions. - Otherwise, K=1. - If the UE supports repetitions for TBoMS, the UE shall not expect N·K to be greater than 32.

[0064] TBoMS allows for coding gain through a lower coding rate and reduces bandwidth by distributing TBs across multiple slots.

[0065] The PUSCH in each of the N slots is arranged in the same symbol.

[0066] (Sensing Performance) Long-range sensing scenarios (e.g., High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) sensing) and high-resolution imaging scenarios require high angular resolution and estimation accuracy, and therefore, related techniques are needed to improve sensing performance.

[0067] The angular resolution is affected by the antenna aperture, which can be improved by a virtual aperture (VA) or multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar. The estimation accuracy is affected by the resolution and the SINR or SNR, which can be improved by a low-PAPR signal and energy accumulation (EA) or pulse integration (PI).

[0068] To improve sensing accuracy, it is preferable to use a higher SNR in the sensing channel / signal. Higher transmission power in the sensing channel / signal may cause increased interference to sensing / communication. Therefore, it is possible to transmit the sensing channel / signal using lower power multiple times.

[0069] To improve the resolution and accuracy of the sensing distance, it is preferable to use a wider bandwidth (BW). Transmitting a wider bandwidth in a single transmission is difficult, especially when the UE transmits a sensing channel / signal. Therefore, it is possible to transmit a single channel / signal with a narrower bandwidth multiple times on different frequency resources.

[0070] It may be useful to sweep the narrow beam multiple times before obtaining information about the coarse location of the target.

[0071] Sensing parameters can be distance, angle, and speed. KPIs can be resolution (separable difference) and accuracy (error). The relationship between sensing parameters, KPIs, and the influence factors on the KPIs is as follows: - Distance resolution is expressed by ΔR=c / 2B. The influence factor for this is bandwidth B. - Distance accuracy is expressed by σ R =ΔR / sqrt(2 SINR)=c / (2B sqrt(2 SINR)). The influencing factors are bandwidth B, SINR, radar cross section (RCS), and algorithm. - Angular resolution is θ 3dB =0.886λ / D. The influencing factors are the antenna aperture D and frequency. - The angular accuracy is σ θ =θ 3dB / (1.6 sqrt(2 SINR)). The influencing factors are the antenna aperture D, SINR, RCS, and algorithm. - The velocity resolution is Δv=(λ / 2) Δf d=λ / (2T). The influencing factors are the duration T (or overhead) of the signal for sensing, and the frequency. - The speed accuracy is σ v =Δv / sqrt(2 SINR)=λ / (2MT sqrt(2 SINR)). The influencing factors are duration T, SINR, RCS, and algorithm. - The influencing factors for the sensing range of distance, angle, and velocity (maximum measurable distance, maximum measurable angle (viewing angle), maximum measurable velocity) are transmission power, frequency, and RCS.

[0072] Thus, sensing resources (bandwidth, time, antenna aperture) affect the resolution, and SINR affects the sensing accuracy.

[0073] SNR Improvement Methods Pulse Integration in Conventional Radar: In pulsed radar, the required detection performance cannot typically be achieved using a single pulse. Pulse integration is used to improve the SNR by summing signal samples and averaging out noise and interference. Pulse integration may follow at least one of several methods: Coherent integration sums multiple samples in phase, increasing the available SNR by the number of pulses integrated. Coherent integration is not always possible, depending on the target's RCS fluctuations, which may result in a coherent processing interval (CPI) that is too short to collect enough samples. ij is the (i,j)th entry in the Mth row and Nth column of pulse X. The coherent integration of multiple pulses in X is i =Σ j=1 N X ij is given by

[0074] Non-coherent integration discards the phase information of the signal and combines the squared magnitude of multiple samples of the signal. Non-coherent integration has a lower integral gain than coherent integration. X ijis the (i,j)th entry of the Mth row and Nth column of pulse X. The noncoherent (video) integral of multiple pulses in X is Y i =sqrt(Σ j=1 N |X ij | 2 ) is given by

[0075] Application in ISAC system: Coherent integration is considered as ISAC EA. Low SNR due to increased sensing range is a major problem. EA can improve the SNR of echo signals. At longer sensing distances, more accumulations are required.

[0076] (Method for Improving Angular Resolution) In MIMO radar, angular resolution is related to the number of Rx antennas, N, and is approximately 2 / N. MIMO radar requires appropriate arrangement of Tx / Rx antennas and multiple orthogonal channels on multiple different Tx antennas. The multiple orthogonal channels can be, for example, TDM / FDM / CDM. For example, N Tx antennas (spaced Md, TDM-based) are arranged with N M Rx antennas (spaced d apart).

[0077] By designing conventional MIMO radar: Tx / Rx antenna arrangement and orthogonal signals across multiple Tx antennas, a larger VA for better angular resolution can be achieved.

[0078] The application of MIMO radar in an ISAC system may follow at least one of the following methods.

[0079] - ISAC Hybrid Duplex adds a new Tx antenna for sensing with a larger antenna spacing. The Tx antenna spacing is equal to the aperture of the multiple Rx antennas. VA is achieved using the new Tx antenna and multiple orthogonal signals that are TDMed. A new additional Tx antenna and associated hardware are required for the sensing signal, increasing cost and complexity.

[0080] For example, in the (x, y) direction, the Rx antenna spacing is (d x ,d y), and the Tx antenna spacing is (L x d x ,L y d y ), the number of Tx antennas is (η x ,η y ), the virtual Rx antenna spacing in VA is (d x ,d y ), the number of virtual Rx antennas (η x L x ,η y L y )

[0081] - ISAC THz imaging completely designs new Tx antennas and new Rx antennas. The horizontal spacing of the Tx antennas is wavelength λ. The vertical spacing of the Rx antennas is wavelength λ. CA is realized using new Tx / Rx antennas and multiple orthogonal signals that are TDM and CDM. For sensing, new Tx / Rx antennas and hardware are required, which increases costs and makes it unsuitable for communication.

[0082] For example, if the Tx antenna spacing in the x direction is λ and the number of Tx antennas is M, and the Rx antenna spacing in the y direction is λ and the number of Rx antennas is N, the number of virtual Rx antennas in the (x, y) direction is (x, y).

[0083] (Method for Improving Angular Resolution Using VA) In order to reduce costs, it is being considered to convert digital antennas in current communication systems into sensing systems.

[0084] However, VA in conventional MIMO radar systems requires specific transmit / receive antenna spacing design and hardware configuration.

[0085] An example of a method for realizing VA will be described below.

[0086] The transmit antennas may be divided into multiple transmission groups, and transmit precoding for each transmission group and virtual transmit antenna spacing after precoding may be designed to achieve VA.

[0087] Each transmission group may include one or more transmit antennas.

[0088] If a group contains multiple transmit antennas, it will result in a higher SNR but a smaller VA.

[0089] To achieve higher sensing performance, it is necessary to design the optimal number of transmitting antennas and transmitting groups.

[0090] Each transmission group may be configured with one transmission antenna, in which case transmission precoding may not be performed.

[0091] Also, for systems with identical transmit / receive antennas (e.g., dynamic TDD systems), antennas may be assigned semi-statically / dynamically for transmit and receive to achieve the expected VA.

[0092] The system model targeted by the VA may be a model using monostatic sensing of one or more targets, where the angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) of a signal at the sensing object (e.g., a sensing station (e.g., a base station / terminal)) are equal.

[0093] Additionally, the system model targeted by the VA may be a model that uses sensing other than monostatic sensing of one or more targets.

[0094] 5 shows an example of a transmit antenna design for realizing VA. In this example, first, actual transmit antennas are grouped and each transmit antenna is divided into transmission groups 1 to 4. These divided transmission groups are generated as Tx VAs (virtual Tx apertures, antennas).

[0095] Next, a receiving antenna corresponding to each transmission group is designed to realize an Rx VA (Virtual Rx Aperture). The placement of each receiving antenna may be based on the location of each transmission group. In this example, each receiving antenna is composed of 8x4 antenna elements.

[0096] Here, due to the presence of inappropriate Tx VAs, there may be non-expected / unwanted antenna spacing (e.g., the central (horizontal) row of the aperture shown in this example (depicted by the dashed line)) and virtual antenna overlap (e.g., the central (vertical) column of the aperture shown in this example (depicted by the dashed line)).

[0097] Therefore, this unexpected antenna spacing and virtual antenna overlap is corrected to achieve the expected Rx VA.

[0098] There are several possible cases for arranging the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.

[0099] For example, both the transmit and receive antennas may be located in one panel (antennas allocation case 1, see FIG. 6A).

[0100] Also, for example, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna may be separately arranged on different panels (antenna arrangement case 2, see FIG. 6B).

[0101] (Antenna Arrangement Case 1: VA with Tx / Rx Antenna Arrangement) In antenna arrangement case 1, N antennas spaced at half wavelength (λ / 2) intervals may be utilized / repurposed for transmission and reception. In other words, an antenna arrangement using a total of N antennas for transmission and reception may be required.

[0102] For example, for N Uniform Linear Array (ULA) antennas, 2M antennas may be used for transmission and N-2M antennas may be used for reception.

[0103] In this case, for example, 2M transmit antennas may be defined as two transmit groups each having M transmit antennas, arranged at two ends of the ULA antenna (see FIG. 7).

[0104] In such an antenna arrangement, to achieve VA, orthogonal signals may be transmitted from two transmission groups, which may be orthogonal in time / frequency / space / code resources, for example.

[0105] Beamforming with beam sweeping may be performed on multiple antennas in one transmission group.

[0106] There may be a gap between the distance of the transmit antennas required by the VA and the distance of the virtual transmit antennas between the transmission groups realized by transmit antenna selection and beamforming.

[0107] To correct this gap, a two-step estimation algorithm may be utilized.

[0108] In the two-step estimation algorithm, first, a coarse estimation may be performed based on signals transmitted (beamswept) by a certain transmitting group (e.g., transmitting group 1) (step 1).

[0109] Next, the angle estimated in step 1 may be used to fix / correct the received signal of another transmission group (e.g., transmission group 2), and angle estimation may be performed using the fixed / corrected signal and VA (step 2).

[0110] The two-step estimation algorithm allows for VA implementations to achieve higher performance than existing methods, and also achieves high SNR gains without hardware modifications.

[0111] Evaluation results show that in a single target scenario, the optimal M for minimum RMSE with two Tx groups may follow at least one of the following observations: Observation 1: The optimal number M of Tx antennas in each Tx group decreases with SNR and becomes 1 for high SNR. At low SNR, a large M is required due to the beamforming gain. At high SNR, a small M is required due to the angular resolution. Observation 2: The root mean square error (RMSE) performance of the VA scheme with the optimal M is better than that of existing VA schemes, including true VA. The Tx / Rx antennas of existing VA schemes are fixed; it cannot be dynamically changed based on the SNR conditions.

[0112] (Antenna Arrangement Case 2: VA without Tx / Rx Antenna Arrangement) In a dynamic TDD system without Tx / Rx arrangement (e.g., HAPS sensing), all antennas can be used for transmission and reception. In the Tx period, Tx beamforming using beam sweeping is performed. In the Rx period, reception using omnidirectional signals and processing using a digital combiner are performed. The echo signals for beam sweeping in T1 and the echo signals for beam sweeping in T2 are combined.

[0113] In the evaluation results for antenna arrangement case 2, the new VA method and the existing EA method achieved angular RMSE of 0.02° and 0.4°, respectively, for the required SNR (-22 dB) for chirp and the same overhead. Regarding HAPS sensing performance, the new VA method supports wireless sensing of HAPS at an altitude of 20 km, a coverage radius of 15 km, an AoA of 37°, and an angular error of 0.02°. The position error was reduced from 176 m to 8.8 m.

[0114] (Analysis) The ISAC MIMO method can be classified into ISAC MIMO beamforming and ISAC VA.

[0115] In ISAC MIMO beamforming, sensing beams can be generated to cover a predefined sensing area.

[0116] The ISAC VA can achieve particularly improved angular resolution and accuracy of the signal.

[0117] ISAC MIMO beamforming and ISAC VA have in common the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver.

[0118] On the other hand, in ISAC MIMO beamforming, all transmit antennas are used, while in ISAC VA, some transmit antennas can be used.

[0119] Also, in ISAC MIMO beamforming, the same signal may correspond to different antennas, while in ISAC VA, different signals may correspond to different antennas.

[0120] Also, ISAC MIMO beamforming uses directional beamforming, while ISAC VA does not use directional beamforming.

[0121] To date, the design of spacing / position of transmitting / receiving antennas for sensing that differs from the half-wavelength spacing in communication systems has been considered, but there has been insufficient consideration given to the design of spacing / position of transmitting / receiving antennas with half-wavelength spacing (e.g., for realizing / generating VA).

[0122] Furthermore, there has been insufficient consideration given to the configuration / definition of antenna ports (for example, antenna ports for sensing) to support the ISAC MIMO system.

[0123] Also, there is insufficient consideration given to the construction / definition of orthogonal signals for multiple antenna ports (for example, for realizing / generating VA).

[0124] (Considerations) EA is being considered to improve SNR. VA is being considered to improve angular resolution without increasing the physical antenna aperture.

[0125] EA / repetition is a time domain technique. Beamforming (BF) and VA are spatial domain MIMO techniques for improving the sensing angle resolution. EA / repetition and BF are used to improve the sensing SNR. BF and VA are used to improve the sensing angle resolution.

[0126] EA and VA are suitable for different requirements or scenarios, which may be combined with the ISAC system or dynamically configured based on a specific scenario. For better SNR (beamforming gain), beamforming may be required in the ISAC system. Due to the narrow beamwidth caused by beamforming, beam sweeping is required for complete coverage of the sensing area.

[0127] However, how beam sweeping for the EA and VA is supported and how it is designed has not been sufficiently considered, and how combining and switching between the EA and VA is supported and how it is designed has not been sufficiently considered.

[0128] Therefore, the present inventors have studied beam management methods for sensing.

[0129] Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that each of the following embodiments (e.g., each case) may be used alone or in combination of at least two of them.

[0130] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0131] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0132] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0133] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0134] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0135] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0136] In this disclosure, "having the capability of..." may be read interchangeably as "supporting / reporting the capability of...".

[0137] In this disclosure, a b , a_b, and a with b added to the bottom right of a may be read interchangeably. c , a^c, and the notation of a with c added to the upper right of a may be read interchangeably. b c , a_b^c, a notation with b added to the bottom right of a and c added to the top right, may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, ceil(x), ceiling function, and ceiling function may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, floor(x), floor function, and floor function may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, sqrt(x), square root (root), may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, x ~ may be expressed by adding 〜 to the x, or may be referred to as x tilde. -may be represented by placing a minus sign (-) above x, or may be referred to as x bar. In this disclosure, x mod y, mod(x,y), mod function, and modulo operation may be interchangeable.

[0138] In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: time division multiplexing: TDM time-division-multiplexed: TDMed frequency division multiplexing: FDM frequency-division-multiplexed: FDMed code division multiplexing: CDM code-division-multiplexed: CDMed Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF Secure User Plane Location: SUPL SUPL Location Platform: SLP Location Management Function: LMF sensing function: SF LTE Positioning Protocol: LPP NR Positioning Protocol A: NRPPa terrestrial network: TN non-terrestrial network: NTN

[0139] The Xn interface is open. It supports the exchange of signaling information between two NG-RAN nodes and the transfer of PDUs to their respective tunnel endpoints. From a logical point of view, Xn is a point-to-point interface between two NG-RAN nodes. A point-to-point logical interface is possible even if there is no direct physical connection between the two NG-RAN nodes.

[0140] The F1 interface is open. It supports the exchange of signaling information between multiple endpoints and also supports data transmission to each endpoint. From a logical perspective, F1 is a point-to-point interface between two endpoints. A point-to-point logical interface is possible even when there is no direct physical connection between the two endpoints. The F1 interface supports the separation of the control plane and the user plane. The F1 interface separates the radio network layer and the transport network layer. The F1 interface allows the exchange of information associated with the UE and information not associated with the UE. The F1 interface is designed with a forward-looking perspective to meet various new requirements and support new services and new functions. One gNB-CU and one set of gNB-DUs appear to other logical nodes as a gNB or an en-gNB. The gNB terminates the Xn interface and the NG interface. The en-gNB terminates the X2 interface and the S1-U interface. The gNB-CU may be separated into a control plane (CP) and a user plane (UP).

[0141] In the present disclosure, sensing, wireless sensing, and measurement may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, measurement value, measurement result, and sensing information may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, location (location identification), positioning, position, position measurement, position estimation, measurement value, estimated value, measurement result, and sensing may be interchangeable.

[0142] In the present disclosure, sensing target, target, target, non-UE target, UE target, and sensing target may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a sensing target may or may not have communication capability. In the present disclosure, a sensing target may include a UE. In the present disclosure, UE target, target with communication capability, target device, and UE may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, non-UE target and target without communication capability may be interchangeable.

[0143] In the present disclosure, the terms "first signal," "communication signal," "RS," "radar signal," "communication and radar hybrid signal," "integrated signal," "ISAC signal," "sensing signal," and "signal transmitted by a transmitter" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "second signal," "echo signal," "signal impacted by an object," "signal reflected by an object," "signal refracted by an object," "signal diffracted by an object," "signal transmitted and received by a sensing transceiver," and "signal received by a receiver" may be interchangeable.

[0144] In the present disclosure, the terms UE, base station (BS), station, node, sensing station, sensing transmitting station, sensing receiving station, sensing node, sensing entity, sensing device, wireless communication device, IAB, repeater, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), transmitter, receiver, transceiver, and target may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms transmit, Tx, and transmitter may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms receive, Rx, and receiver may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms transmitter, sensing transmitting station, and transmitting node may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms receiver, sensing receiving station, and receiving node may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the transmitter may be a BS / UE / wireless communication device / transceiver unit. In the present disclosure, the receiver may be a BS / UE / wireless communication device / transceiver unit. In the present disclosure, the transmitter and receiver may be one BS / UE / wireless communication device / transceiver / transceiver unit. In the present disclosure, a transmitter and receiver in the same location, a transceiver, an integrated transceiver, a BS, a UE, and a sensing station may be read interchangeably.

[0145] In the present disclosure, server, sensing server, positioning server, 5GC, core network, LMF, AMF, SF, SLP, BS, network (NW), management function, and function may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0146] In the present disclosure, base station (BS), NG-RAN node, gNB, ng-eNB, NG-RAN, RAN, network (NW), TRP, TP, and RP may be read interchangeably.

[0147] In the present disclosure, antenna port, sensing antenna port, sensing antenna port, ISAC antenna port, and ISAC antenna port may be read interchangeably.

[0148] In the present disclosure, the time domain resource, one or more symbols / subslots / slots / subframes / radio frames may be read interchangeably.

[0149] In the present disclosure, frequency domain resources, one or more REs (subcarriers), RBs, resource block groups (RBGs), RB sets, subbands, BWPs, CCs, cells, carriers, and bands may be interchangeable.

[0150] In the present disclosure, the terms "coherent," "maintaining power consistency and phase continuity," and "coherent repetitive bundling," "coherent bundling," "joint channel estimation of bundles," "joint measurement of bundles," "TBoMS," and "coherent estimation" may be interchangeable.

[0151] In the present disclosure, sweeping, switching, and hopping may be read interchangeably.

[0152] In the present disclosure, the repetition factor, aggregation factor, and number of repetitions may be read interchangeably.

[0153] In the present disclosure, information / settings / instructions for sensing channels / signals, measurement resource settings for sensing channels / signals, sensing measurement resource settings, measurement resource settings, transmission resource settings for sensing channels / signals, sensing transmission resource settings, transmission resource settings, and information / settings / instructions for multiple repetitions of signals for sensing may be read interchangeably.

[0154] In the present disclosure, the terms Tx beam, sensing Tx beam, and spatial domain Tx filter may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms Rx beam, sensing Rx beam, and spatial domain Rx filter may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms Tx-Rx beam, Tx-Rx beam pair, sensing Tx-Rx beam, and sensing Tx-Rx beam pair may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms beam, Tx beam, Rx beam, sensing beam, spatial domain filter, QCL type D RS, QCL type D source RS, and TCI state may be interchangeable.

[0155] In the present disclosure, SNR and SINR may be read interchangeably.

[0156] In the present disclosure, phase 1, beam sweeping, and position determination may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, phase 2, beam management, beam tracking, and tracking may be interchangeable.

[0157] (Wireless Communication Method) <Embodiment A1> (Analysis 1) In existing communication systems with only communication functions (e.g., NR), antenna ports are defined in logic, and there is no explicit relationship between the antenna ports and actual antennas / hardware.

[0158] Regarding polarization in existing communication systems, cross-polarization is defined as two ports.

[0159] Also, for panels in existing notification systems, in the case of a base station (BS) / UE with multiple panels (multi-panel), the panel / antenna port group is explicitly / implicitly defined for the transmitter / receiver.

[0160] In (existing / future) ISAC VA, transmit antennas / transmission groups / transmit antenna groups may be explicitly defined.

[0161] However, there is insufficient consideration on how to define antennas (transmitting antennas) / antenna groups to support ISAC MIMO schemes (eg, ISAC VA / ISAC MIMO transmission).

[0162] Therefore, in the following embodiment A1, the definition of the sensing antenna port will be explained.

[0163] An antenna port for sensing (hereinafter referred to as a sensing antenna port) may be defined.

[0164] The sensing antenna port may be associated with the antenna.

[0165] The association may be, for example, an explicit association or an implicit association.

[0166] Embodiment A1-1 A sensing antenna port may be associated with an antenna / antenna group.

[0167] The association may be, for example, an explicit association.

[0168] The association may be, for example, an association based on antenna hardware / antenna location.

[0169] The UE / BS may determine / decide on the association, for example, according to at least one of the following options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3.

[0170] [Option 1-1-1] The sensing antenna ports may be defined by polarization.

[0171] For example, an antenna with a first value of polarization (e.g., polarization index = 1) may be defined as a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0) (e.g., antenna port 0), and an antenna with a second value of polarization (e.g., polarization index = 2) may be defined as a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0172] The polarization may be, for example, linear polarization. The linear polarization may be, for example, X-polarization based on a first angle (e.g., +45°) and a second angle (e.g., −45°). In this case, the first angle may correspond to a first value of polarization and a first value / index (e.g., 0) of a sensing antenna port, and the second angle may correspond to a second value of polarization and a second value / index (e.g., 1) of a sensing antenna port.

[0173] Alternatively, the polarization may be, for example, circular polarization. In this case, right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0) (or a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1)), and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) may correspond to a polarization with a second value and a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1) (or a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0)).

[0174] Linear polarization may be used, for example, in a Terrestrial Network (TN).

[0175] Circular polarization may be used, for example, in Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs), such as networks that use satellites.

[0176] Furthermore, the polarization may be, for example, a combination of linear polarization and circular polarization. In this case, for example, a first angle (e.g., +45°) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), a second angle (e.g., −45°) may correspond to a polarization with a second value and a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), RHCP may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a third value / index (e.g., 2), and LHCP may correspond to a polarization with a fourth value and a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 3).

[0177] This method eliminates the need to instruct the UE / BS on whether to use linear or circular polarization, thereby reducing signaling overhead.

[0178] The above-mentioned measures are merely examples, and other measures may be adopted.

[0179] 8A shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-1, where, in a single panel, an antenna with +45° polarization corresponds to sensing antenna port 0 (shown in solid lines) and an antenna with −45° polarization corresponds to sensing antenna port 1 (shown in dashed lines).

[0180] Option 1-1-1 allows for simple and clear definition of antenna ports, making implementation easier.

[0181] [Option 1-1-2] The sensing antenna port may be defined by the panel.

[0182] The association of the sensing antenna port may be, for example, the same association as that for the communication antenna port.

[0183] One or more panel / antenna port groups may correspond to one sensing antenna port (sensing antenna port index).

[0184] For example, a first panel / antenna port group (or a plurality of panels / antenna port groups) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and a second panel / antenna port group (or a plurality of panels / antenna port groups) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0185] The number (maximum number) of panels implemented for sensing may be defined. The number (maximum number) of panels may be, for example, four.

[0186] For example, a panel (panel antenna) with a first index (e.g., 0), a panel (panel antenna) with a second index (e.g., 1), a panel (panel antenna) with a third index (e.g., 2), and a panel (panel antenna) with a fourth index (e.g., 3) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), a sensing antenna port with a third value / index (e.g., 2), and a sensing antenna port with a fourth value / index (e.g., 3), respectively.

[0187] For example, a panel (panel antenna) with a first index (e.g., 0) and a panel (panel antenna) with a second index (e.g., 1) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and a panel (panel antenna) with a third index (e.g., 2) and a panel (panel antenna) with a fourth index (e.g., 3) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0188] 8B shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-2. This example shows a case of multiple panels (panel 1 and panel 2), where sensing antenna port 0 corresponds to panel 1 (panel 1 antenna) and sensing antenna port 1 corresponds to panel 2 (panel 2 antenna).

[0189] In addition, when the distance / spacing between the antennas on each panel is a and the distance / spacing between the antennas on adjacent panels is b, if a = b, the multi-panel may be defined as a uniform panel, and if a ≠ b, the multi-panel may be defined as a non-uniform panel.

[0190] According to Option 1-1-2, by associating a panel with a sensing antenna port in the same way as with a communication antenna port / antenna port group, it is possible to easily define the sensing antenna port.

[0191] [Option 1-1-3] Sensing antenna ports may be defined by antennas / antenna groups (groupings).

[0192] [[Option 1-1-3-1]] The antenna grouping may be based on the antenna grouping in ISAC VA.

[0193] One antenna group may correspond to one sensing antenna port.

[0194] According to Option 1-1-3-1, existing antennas with half-wavelength distances / intervals, including existing UEs / BSs, can be used for ISAC VA, thereby achieving cost reductions.

[0195] 9 shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-3-1. In this example, multiple antennas within a single panel are grouped into antenna groups 1 to 4, each consisting of four antennas.

[0196] In this example, the antennas in antenna group 1 correspond to sensing antenna port 0, the antennas in antenna group 2 correspond to sensing antenna port 1, the antennas in antenna group 3 correspond to sensing antenna port 2, and the antennas in antenna group 4 correspond to sensing antenna port 3.

[0197] [[Option 1-1-3-2]] One antenna may correspond to one sensing antenna port.

[0198] According to option 1-1-3-2, by using a definition similar to that of MIMO radar, for example, it is possible to reduce costs and simplify implementation.

[0199] 10 shows an example of antenna ports according to option 1-1-3-2. In this example, one sensing antenna port (sensing antenna ports 0 to 3) corresponds to each different antenna.

[0200] In addition, when the horizontal distance / spacing between antennas within one panel is A and the horizontal distance / spacing between antennas within one panel is B, A may be equal to B or A may not be equal to B.

[0201] At least two of the above options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3 may be combined.

[0202] The combination may be, for example, a combination of some polarizations / panels / antennas / antenna groups.

[0203] For example, for one polarization, the above options 1-1-2 and 1-1-3 may be combined, in which case, for example, the antenna of the first polarization on the first panel (panel 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and the antenna of the first polarization on the second panel (panel 2) may correspond to the sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0204] Also, for example, Options 1-1-1 and 1-1-3 may be combined for one panel. In this case, for example, the antenna of the first polarization on the first panel (panel 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port of a first value / index (e.g., 0), and the antenna of the second polarization on the first panel (panel 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port of a second value / index (e.g., 1). Also, the antennas of the first and second polarizations on the second panel (panel 2) may correspond to the sensing antenna port of a third value / index (e.g., 2).

[0205] The above-mentioned measures are merely examples, and other measures may be adopted.

[0206] According to the above embodiment A1-1, it is possible to appropriately specify an antenna that is suitable for any sensing method (e.g., ISAC MIMO beamforming in both monostatic and bistatic sensing) and that achieves better estimation performance of ISAC VA.

[0207] Embodiment A1-2 The sensing antenna port may be defined in logic.

[0208] An explicit association between the sensing antenna port and real hardware (e.g., antenna) may not be defined (see FIG. 11).

[0209] The antenna for each sensing antenna port may depend on the implementation of the UE / BS doing the sensing.

[0210] Embodiment A1-2 is particularly suitable for monostatic sensing without multi-BS / UE cooperation in the case of ISAC VA.

[0211] According to embodiment A1-2, it is possible to reduce the impact on specifications and to provide a configuration suitable for ISAC MIMO beamforming in both monostatic and bistatic sensing.

[0212] Embodiment A1-3 The sensing antenna port does not need to be defined.

[0213] The BS / UE may reuse antenna ports for communication for sensing.

[0214] According to embodiment A1-3, it is possible to reduce the impact on specifications and facilitate implementation of UE / BS.

[0215] According to the above embodiment A1, the sensing antenna port can be appropriately defined / used.

[0216] <Embodiment A2> (Analysis 2) The sensing antenna port defined in the above embodiment A1 can be used for MIMO transmission (including beamforming and VA generation).

[0217] The number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas on each port may vary based on sensing services / requirements, for example, based on at least one of sensing SNR, sensing range, angular resolution, and accuracy requirements.

[0218] In such a case, there has been insufficient consideration as to how to indicate / set the number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas per sensing antenna port.

[0219] Therefore, in the following embodiment A2, the indication / setting of the sensing antenna port will be described.

[0220] Information related to the sensing antenna ports of the BS / UE may be predefined.

[0221] Information related to the sensing antenna ports of the BS / UE may be semi-statically / dynamically instructed / configured to the UE / BS.

[0222] The BS / UE may determine / decide a sensing antenna port based on information related to the sensing antenna port and perform sensing using the determined sensing antenna port.

[0223] Information related to the sensing antenna ports of the BS / UE may be reported from the UE.

[0224] The information related to the sensing antenna ports may include, for example, at least one of the following information: - The number of sensing antenna ports; - The index of the sensing antenna port of the sensing station (e.g., BS / UE); - The definition / definition method of the sensing antenna port / antenna for each sensing antenna port.

[0225] The definition method of the sensing antenna port / antenna may include, for example, the number / position of the sensing antenna port / antenna.

[0226] The number of sensing antenna ports may indicate, for example, the number of sensing antenna ports that are actually used, the maximum number of sensing antenna ports that can be used, or both.

[0227] The index of the sensing antenna port may indicate, for example, the index of the sensing antenna port that is actually used, or may indicate a candidate index of a sensing antenna port that may be used, or may indicate both of them.

[0228] In the present disclosure, information related to a sensing antenna port, settings / instructions related to a sensing antenna port, and settings / instructions of information related to a sensing antenna port may be read interchangeably.

[0229] Information related to the sensing antenna port may be indicated using a specific interface / signaling.

[0230] For example, the UE may receive information related to the sensing antenna port from at least one of other UEs, a BS, and a specific network node (e.g., an LMF / SF (Sensing Function)) using the specific interface / signaling.

[0231] For example, the BS may receive information related to the sensing antenna port from at least one of other BSs, UEs, and specific network nodes (e.g., LMF / SF (Sensing Function)) using the specific interface / signaling.

[0232] The specific interface may be, for example, an Xn / X2 interface defined in an existing / future wireless communication system. The specific signaling may be, for example, specific signaling between BSs performing sensing. These interfaces / signaling may be used for, for example, at least one of monostatic BS sensing with BS cooperation, BS-to-BS bistatic sensing with BS cooperation, and BS-to-BS bistatic sensing without BS cooperation.

[0233] Furthermore, the specific interface may be, for example, a sidelink / PC5 interface. The specific signaling may be, for example, specific signaling between UEs performing sensing. These interfaces / signaling may be used for, for example, at least one of monostatic UE sensing with UE cooperation, UE-UE bistatic sensing with UE cooperation, and UE-UE bistatic sensing without UE cooperation.

[0234] Furthermore, the specific interface may be, for example, a Uu interface. The specific signaling may be, for example, specific signaling between a UE (e.g., a sensing UE) and a BS (e.g., a sensing BS). These interfaces / signaling may be used for, for example, bistatic sensing between a UE and a BS (e.g., UE-BS or BS-UE).

[0235] The specific signaling between the UE (e.g., sensing UE) and the BS (e.g., sensing BS) may be, for example, higher layer signaling (e.g., SIB / RRC / MAC CE), physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI / UCI), or a combination thereof.

[0236] The specific signaling may be, for example, F1-AP (Application Protocol) signaling from a DU (Distribution Unit) / CU (Central Unit), in which case IAB may be used for the signaling.

[0237] The specific signaling may be signaling related to the instruction / configuration of the LMF / SF.

[0238] The predefined / designated sensing antenna ports may be associated with sensing capabilities.

[0239] The settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port may be reconfigured by, for example, a BS (e.g., a sensing BS) / LMF / SF, or updated / reported by, for example, a UE (e.g., a sensing UE).

[0240] The reconfiguration / updating / reporting of the settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port may be based on, for example, the service / requirements / coverage area / reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR) related to sensing.

[0241] The number / index of sensing antenna ports for each sensing station (eg, BS / UE) may be determined based on, for example, the service / requirements / coverage area / reception quality for sensing.

[0242] The number of antennas for each sensing antenna port may be determined based on, for example, the number of antenna ports (required number) / reception quality.

[0243] For example, different time-frequency resources / antenna ports may be used for multiple sensing services corresponding to different sensing requirements, and the UE / BS may determine the time-frequency resources / antenna ports based on the sensing services corresponding to the sensing requirements.

[0244] For example, two antenna ports may be used for two sensing services.

[0245] For example, a first sensing antenna port may be used for a first service, such as intruder detection, and the first sensing antenna port may be an antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0) and may be used for beam sweeping.

[0246] For example, a second sensing antenna port may be used for a second service, such as localization and tracking, and the second sensing antenna port may be, for example, an antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), and may be used for beamforming.

[0247] Also, for example, multiple sensing antenna ports may be used for multiple sensing areas, and the UE / BS may determine the sensing antenna ports based on the sensing areas.

[0248] For example, two sensing antenna ports may be utilized for two separate sensing areas, such as a first sensing antenna port (e.g., an antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0)) utilized for a first sensing area and a second sensing antenna port (e.g., an antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1)) utilized for a second sensing area.

[0249] For example, one sensing antenna port may be used for one sensing area, and in this case, for example, multiple (e.g., all) antennas of the sensing antenna port may be used.

[0250] 12A shows an example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. In this example, sensing antenna port 0 is used for sensing area 1, and sensing antenna port 1 is used for sensing area 2.

[0251] 12B shows another example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. In this example, one sensing antenna port 0 is used for one sensing area.

[0252] Also, for example, the number of antennas for a sensing antenna port may be determined based on reception quality (for example, SNR / SINR) related to sensing.

[0253] For example, if the reception quality (SNR / SINR) is higher than a certain threshold (e.g., in the case of a relatively small sensing area), one sensing antenna port may include fewer antennas than a certain threshold, since more antennas can produce better angular resolution.

[0254] For example, if the reception quality (SNR / SINR) is lower than a certain threshold (e.g., in the case of a relatively large sensing area (more than a certain threshold)), one sensing antenna port may include more antennas than a certain threshold. By configuring in this way, sensing with high beamforming gain can be performed.

[0255] As another example of antenna port utilization according to embodiment A2, in the example shown in Figure 13A, 12 antennas in one antenna port are used for sensing targets with a relatively low SNR, while in the example shown in Figure 13B, 4 antennas in one antenna port are used for sensing targets with a relatively high SNR.

[0256] Information regarding sensing services / requirements / sensing areas may be sent from a specific server / network node (e.g., LMF / SF).

[0257] Information regarding reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR) for sensing may be measured via a specific reference signal or may be determined based on the sensing area (e.g., radius of the area and / or whether it is indoor / outdoor sensing).

[0258] Reconfiguration (e.g., reconfiguration by a BS / network node (e.g., LMF / SF)) / update / reporting (e.g., reporting by a UE) of settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port may be performed using specific signaling described in this embodiment.

[0259] The UE may report updated sensing antenna port related configurations based on certain conditions.

[0260] The UE may also send a request for an update of the configuration related to the sensing antenna port based on certain conditions.

[0261] The specific condition (trigger condition) may be defined in advance in a specification, or may be set / indicated to the UE using higher layer signaling (SIB / RRC / MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (DCI). The setting / indication may be performed, for example, when the UE supports (or reports its support for) a report / request based on the trigger condition.

[0262] The specific conditions may be defined / set / instructed based on, for example, sensing-related services / requirements / coverage area / reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR).

[0263] Regarding the resetting / updating / reporting of information related to sensing antenna ports, the resetting / updating / reporting of information related to some (partial) sensing antenna ports may be permitted.

[0264] The UE / BS may assume that the remaining information is unchanged if it is not reset / updated / reported. The UE / BS may maintain the settings / indications of the information before the reset / updated / reported for the remaining information.

[0265] According to the above embodiment A2, it is possible to appropriately perform settings / instructions regarding the sensing antenna port.

[0266] <Embodiment A3> (Analysis 3) To realize ISAC VA, orthogonal signals are required for multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0267] Furthermore, to achieve ISAC MIMO beamforming, orthogonal signals are not required for multiple sensing antenna ports (using the same signal is sufficient).

[0268] As such, there has been insufficient consideration of how to allocate resources and generate signals to multiple sensing antenna ports in different ISAC MIMO schemes.

[0269] Therefore, in the following embodiment A3, resources / signals for the sensing antenna port will be described.

[0270] Allocated resources (which may be simply referred to as resources) / sensing signals (which may be simply referred to as signals) for multiple sensing antenna ports in an ISAC system may be determined based on an ISAC MIMO scheme.

[0271] In the present disclosure, the ISAC MIMO scheme, the sensing scheme, the ISAC scheme, the ISAC MIMO-related scheme, the sensing-related scheme, and the ISAC-related scheme may be read interchangeably.

[0272] The information about the sensing scheme may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in the above embodiment A2. The UE / BS may determine the sensing scheme to use based on the configuration / instruction by the information about the sensing scheme.

[0273] The UE / BS may determine the resources / signals / sequences corresponding to the multiple sensing antenna ports based on the information about the sensing scheme.

[0274] The UE / BS may also determine which sensing scheme to use based on specific conditions, which may be predefined in a specification or may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using a specific interface / signaling as described in embodiment A2 above.

[0275] <<Embodiment A3-1>> For example, when the sensing scheme is a first scheme (for example, an ISAC MIMO beam homing scheme), at least one of the same resource and signal / sequence may be allocated to a plurality of sensing antenna ports.

[0276] The resources may include, for example, time / frequency resources for sensing.

[0277] The signal / sequence may include, for example, at least one of a specific reference signal (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS / SSB) and a new signal / sequence (e.g., a specific chirp sequence / waveform).

[0278] 14 shows an example of resources for multiple sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-1. In this example, sensing antenna port 0 and sensing antenna port 1 are assigned to the same time / frequency resource.

[0279] In this example, sensing beam / precoder 0 is used for the signal corresponding to sensing antenna port 0, and sensing beam / precoder 1 is used for the signal corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0280] <<Embodiment A3-2>> For example, when the sensing scheme is the second scheme (e.g., the ISAC VA scheme), at least one of orthogonal (different) resources and signals / sequences may be assigned to multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0281] The resources may include, for example, time / frequency resources for sensing.

[0282] The signal / sequence may include, for example, at least one of a specific reference signal (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS / SSB) and a new signal / sequence (e.g., a specific chirp sequence / waveform).

[0283] [Embodiment A3-2-1] Orthogonal (different) time / frequency resources may be allocated to different sensing antenna ports.

[0284] For example, resources for the first sensing antenna port (port 0) and resources for the second sensing antenna port (port 1) may be frequency division multiplexed (FDM) (see FIG. 15A).

[0285] For example, resources for the first sensing antenna port (port 0) and resources for the second sensing antenna port (port 1) may be time division multiplexed (TDM) (see FIG. 15B).

[0286] In the above two examples, the cases where each resource is FDM and the cases where each resource is TDM are shown, but each resource may be both FDM and TDM.

[0287] According to embodiment A3-2-1, resource allocation for sensing estimation can be simplified.

[0288] [Embodiment A3-2-2] Orthogonal (different) signals / sequences (sequences of signals) may be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0289] In other words, the signals for different sensing antenna ports may be signals having code division orthogonality.

[0290] For example, different RS ports of a particular RS (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS) may be assigned to different sensing antenna ports, and the different RS ports may be orthogonal to each other.

[0291] 16A illustrates an example of signal allocation to sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-2-2. In this example, VAs are generated for different RS ports (RS ports 0 and 1), with RS port 0 corresponding to sensing antenna port 0 and RS port 1 corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0292] Orthogonal chirp sequences may also be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0293] 16B shows another example of signal assignment to sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-2-2. In this example, VA is generated for different chirp waveforms (chirps 0 and 1), with chirp 0 corresponding to sensing antenna port 0 and chirp 1 corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0294] Also, specific codes (eg, orthogonal cover codes / cyclic shifts) may be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0295] In addition, the resources / signals / sequences for each sensing antenna port in embodiment A3-2 may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in embodiment A2 above.

[0296] This setting / instruction may be set / instructed in common with the setting / instruction regarding the sensing antenna port described in embodiment A2 above, or may be set / instructed separately from the setting / instruction regarding the sensing antenna port described in embodiment A2 above.

[0297] Furthermore, the setting / instruction may be set / instructed together with the setting / instruction of sensing resources (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols / slots) / frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers / resource blocks / resource block groups) for sensing), or may be set / instructed separately from the setting / instruction of sensing resources.

[0298] According to the above embodiment A3, it is possible to appropriately allocate sensing antenna port resources / signals / sequences to a plurality of sensing antenna ports.

[0299] <Embodiment A4> In the ISAC system, it is being considered that communication resources and sensing resources are multiplexed in the time domain, frequency domain, space domain, power domain, and code domain.

[0300] However, there has been insufficient consideration of the details of multiplexing methods in the spatial domain, particularly between communication resources and sensing resources.

[0301] Therefore, in the following embodiment A4, allocation of antenna ports for communication and antenna ports for sensing will be described.

[0302] Antenna ports for communication / sensing may be predefined.

[0303] Antenna ports for communication / sensing may be allocated semi-statically / dynamically (explicitly / implicitly).

[0304] Embodiment A4-1 Antenna ports for communication and sensing (general antenna ports) may be defined.

[0305] The communication and sensing antenna ports may be antenna ports that can be used for both communication and sensing.

[0306] For example, a communication and sensing antenna port may be used for sensing and communication without explicitly defining a sensing antenna port.

[0307] The communication and sensing antenna ports may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using, for example, specific interfaces / signaling as described in embodiment A2 above.

[0308] The UE / BS may determine whether to use multiple communication and sensing antenna ports for communication and sensing based on communication traffic load / sensing requirements.

[0309] For example, when the communication traffic load is higher than a certain threshold, multiple specific antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 0 to 11) may be used for communication, and multiple other antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 12 to 15) may be used for sensing.

[0310] For example, if the sensing requirements are higher than a certain threshold, multiple specific antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 0 to 3) may be used for communication, and multiple other antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 4 to 15) may be used for sensing.

[0311] The embodiment A4-1 is particularly suitable when the same antenna design is used for sensing and communication.

[0312] According to embodiment A4-1, it is possible to design antenna ports simply and flexibly.

[0313] Embodiment A4-2 A sensing antenna port and a communication antenna port may be defined separately.

[0314] The UE / BS does not need to assume dynamic allocation / switching / adjustment of antenna ports for sensing and antenna ports for communication.

[0315] When a sensing antenna is designed / configured, the UE / BS may assume that the antenna port corresponding to the sensing antenna will not be used for communication.

[0316] According to embodiment A4-2, antenna ports can be appropriately utilized in an ISAC scenario where different antenna designs are used for sensing and communication.

[0317] <Embodiment B1> This embodiment relates to a slot format design for TDD-based monostatic sensing. A sensing station (a wireless communication device, for example, a BS or a UE) performs monostatic sensing.

[0318] <<Embodiment B1-1>> A pair of sensing DL and sensing UL time resources (time resource pair) may be designed. The lengths of the sensing DL and sensing UL time resources (periods) may be related to minimum and maximum echo / propagation delays.

[0319] FIG. 17 shows an example of paired sensing UL and sensing DL time resources associated with a sensing area. D is the sensing DL time length (duration of the sensing DL time resource). GP is the guard period length. The guard period length may be reported as capability information or may be configured by an RRC IE. U is the sensing UL time length (duration of the sensing UL time resource). D,start is the start time of the sensing DL time resource (sensing DL start time). U,start is the start time of the sensing UL time resource (sensing UL start time).U,end is the end time of the sensing UL time resource (sensing UL end time).

[0320] Figure 18 shows an example of a receiving window (sensing UL time resource). min is the minimum echo delay of the reflected sensing DL signal. max is the maximum echo delay of the reflected sensing DL signal. The receive window covers all possible echo signals.

[0321] - Design of sensing DL time resource: {T D,start , T D -- Sensing DL start time T D,start For any value of , the sensing DL time length T is set to 0 to ensure that the echo / reflection signal from the minimum sensing distance can be received in the sensing UL time resource. D is T D +T GP ≦τ min , i.e., T D ≦τ min -T GP τ min may be the minimum echo / propagation delay. GP may be the length of the guard period for DL-UL switching.

[0322] - Design of sensing UL time resource: {T U,start , T U} - To ensure that the receiver can receive echo / reflection signals from the minimum sensing distance, the sensing UL start time T U,start is τ min may be smaller than T U,start ≦T D,start +τ min --To ensure that the receiver can receive echo / reflection signals from the minimum sensing distance, the sensing UL end time T U,end is τ max +T D,start +T D may be greater than T U,end ≧τ max+T D,start +T D -- Sensing UL time length T U is T U =T U,end -T U,start ≧T D +τ max -τ min may be.

[0323] - If the guard period can be covered by the CP, T GP can be set to 0. Otherwise, T GP >0.

[0324] - If the sensing DL time length T D However, if the above constraints do not satisfy the sensing performance, multiple pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL time resources can be jointly used to achieve the required performance. Figure 19 shows an example of multiple pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL time resources. The receiver can improve sensing performance by combining multiple pairs of received signals.

[0325] The DL sensing signal may include at least one of a specific sensing RS, an ISAC signal, and sensing communication data. The sensing DL time length may correspond to at least one of the duration of the sensing RS, the duration of one or more DL symbols for the ISAC, and the duration of one or more DL symbols for the ISAC and communication (a system using sensing communication data).

[0326] The following cases are considered for the time resources of the paired sensing DL and sensing UL.

[0327] Case 1: The guard period is covered by the CP and T GP =0.

[0328] -- Case 1-1: Sensing DL time length T D =τ min and the sensing UL time length T U ≧τ maxIn this case, the time resources of the sensing DL and the sensing UL are adjusted. The maximum time resource for the transmitted sensing signal without the blind sensing area can achieve better sensing performance. The length of the required time resource of the paired sensing DL and sensing UL is τ min +τ max It can reduce communication resources.

[0329] As shown in the example of Figure 20, T U =τ max is the case with maximum resource utilization.

[0330] -- Case 1-2: Sensing DL time length T D <τ min and the sensing UL time length T U ≧τ max +T D -τ min In this case, the time resources of the sensing DL and the sensing UL are not adjusted. min -T D A time resource having T can be used for sensing, communication, null (invalid), or any other function in the future. The time resource may be defined as a sensing flexible time resource or an ISAC flexible time resource. If a guard period is required, the guard period can be included in the sensing or ISAC flexible time resource. The length of the required time resource of a pair of sensing DL and sensing UL is T D +T U <τ min +τ max The length may be smaller than the length in Case 1-1. The smaller time resource for transmitting sensing signals may reduce sensing performance.

[0331] As shown in the example of Figure 21, T U =τ max +T D -τ min <τ maxis the case with the maximum resource utilization. In this case, the sensing UL start time T U,start =τ min The sensing UL end time T U,end =τ max +T D The flexible time resource length of ISAC / sensing is τ min -T D is.

[0332] In a sensing flexible time resource or ISAC flexible time resource, a sensing station may receive an echo signal.

[0333] Case 2: The guard period is not covered by the CP and T GP >0.

[0334] -- Case 2-1: Sensing DL time length T D =τ min -T GP and the sensing UL time length T U ≧τ max -T GP In this case, the sensing pattern is DL-GP-UL.

[0335] As shown in Figure 22, T U =τ max -T GP is the case with maximum resource utilization.

[0336] -- Case 2-2: Sensing DL time length T D <τ min -T GP and the sensing UL time length T U ≧τ max -T GP In this case, the sensing pattern is DL-GP-Flexible-UL or DL-Flexible-GP-UL. --- DL-GP-Flexible-UL: The length τ between the time resources of the sensing DL, GP, and sensing UL min -T DA time resource having a length τ between the sensing DL, GP, and sensing UL time resources can be used in the future for sensing UL, communication UL, null, or any other function for UL. The time resource may be defined as sensing flexible (or sensing UL) or ISAC flexible (or sensing UL). In the sensing flexible time resource or ISAC flexible time resource, the sensing station may receive an echo signal. --- DL-flexible-GP-UL: The length τ between the sensing DL, GP, and sensing UL time resources min -T D A time resource having τ can be used in the future for another sensing DL, a communication DL, null, or any other function for a DL. The time resource may be defined as sensing flexible (or sensing DL) or ISAC flexible (or sensing DL). In the sensing flexible time resource or ISAC flexible time resource, a sensing station may transmit a sensing signal. --- Variation: τ min -T D -T GP T GP If , the sensing flexible or ISAC flexible time resource is not limited to UL and DL.

[0337] As shown in the example of Figure 23, T U =τ max +T D -τ min is the case with maximum resource utilization. In this case, the flexible time resource length of ISAC / sensing is τ min -T D -T GP The sensing UL start time T U,start =τ min +T D,start and the sensing UL end time T U,end =T D,start +T D +τ max is.

[0338] Case 3: The guard period is covered by the flexible time resource of ISAC / sensing, the length of which is τ min -T D It is the necessary T GP The guard period may be located anywhere in the flexible time resource, for example, the guard period may be located at the beginning, middle, or end of the flexible time resource.

[0339] As shown in the example of Figure 24, the sensing pattern may be DL-flexible-UL. In this case, the sensing DL length T D <τ min -T GP The flexible time resource length of ISAC / sensing is τ min -T D ≧T GP The sensing UL time resource length T U <τ max -T GP is.

[0340] The configuration granularity of the time resources of the sensing DL and the sensing UL can be designed based on both the sensing area (or echo / propagation delay) and numerology. The configuration granularity may comply with at least one of the following embodiments B1-2-X.

[0341] -Embodiment B1-2-1: The setting granularity of the time resources of the sensing DL and sensing UL may be at least one of the slot level, OFDM symbol level, and other time granularity based on the minimum and maximum echo / propagation delay and numerology.

[0342] -- Case 1 (slot level): If the minimum echo / propagation delay τ minFor all numerologies, the configuration granularity of the time resources for the sensing DL and sensing UL may be a slot if T is longer than one slot for the smallest μ (e.g., μ=0 and SCS=15 kHz in NR) and the guard period is covered by the CP or the guard period length is comparable to the slot duration. slot μ is the slot duration for μ. As shown in FIG. 25, the number of slots for the sensing DL time resource N S,D μ,slot and the number of slots for sensing UL time resources N S,U μ,slot and may be defined. --- N S,D μ,slot ≦floor((τ min -T GP ) / T slot μ ) --- N S,U μ,slot ≧ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T slot μ )+N S,D μ,slot --- τ max ≧τ min Therefore, N S,U μ,slot ≧N S,D μ,slot is.

[0343] -- Case 2 (OFDM symbol level): If the maximum echo / propagation delay τ max For all numerologies, the setting granularity of the time resources of the sensing DL and sensing UL may be an OFDM symbol if T is shorter than one OFDM symbol for the maximum μ (for example, μ=6 and SCS=960 kHz in NR), the guard period is not covered by a CP, and the guard period length is comparable to the OFDM symbol duration. symbol μ is the OFDM symbol duration for μ. As shown in FIG. 26, the number of symbols for the sensing DL time resource N S,D μ,symboland the number of symbols for sensing UL time resource N S,U μsymbol and may be defined. --- N S,D μ,symbol ≦floor((τ min -T GP ) / T symbol μ ) --- N S,U μ,symbol ≧ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T symbol μ )+N S,D μ,symbol --- τ max ≧τ min Therefore, N S,U μ,symbol ≧N S,D μ,symbol is.

[0344] -- Case 3 (slot level and OFDM symbol level depending on numerology): The configuration granularity of the time resources of the sensing DL and sensing UL can be based on slots when μ≧μ0, or on OFDM symbols when μ<μ0. μ0 is the threshold value of μ. The first echo / propagation delay τ min is T slot μ=μ_0 ≦τ min -T GP <T slot μ=μ_0-1 --- When μ≧μ0, as in the above case 1, the number of slots for the sensing DL time resource N S,D μ,slot and the number of slots for sensing UL time resources N S,U μ,slot and may be defined as follows. --- N S,D μ,slot ≦floor((τ min -T GP ) / T slot μ ) ---- N S,U μ,slot ≧ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T slot μ)+N S,D μ,slot ---- τ max ≧τ min Therefore, N S,U μ,slot ≧N S,D μ,slot --- When μ<μ0, as in the above case 2, the number of symbols for the sensing DL time resource N S,D μ,symbol and the number of symbols for sensing UL time resource N S,U μ,symbol and may be defined as follows. --- N S,D μ,symbol ≦floor((τ min -T GP ) / T symbol μ ) ---- N S,U μ,symbol ≧ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T symbol μ )+N S,D μ,symbol ---- τ max ≧τ min Therefore, N S,U μ,symbol ≧N S,D μ,symbol is.

[0345] -- Case 4 (other time granularity): The setting granularity of the time resources of the sensing DL and the sensing UL may be shorter than an OFDM symbol. When μ is smaller than a threshold μ1, the setting granularity may be shorter than an OFDM symbol. The setting granularity may be 2 or less than an OFDM symbol. -N It may be twice the time (N≧1).

[0346] -Embodiment B1-2-2: The configuration granularity of the sensing DL and sensing UL time resources may always be based on OFDM symbols for all numerologies. As in Case 2 above, the number of slots N for the sensing DL time resource S,D μ,slot and the number of slots for sensing UL time resources N S,U μ,slotand may be defined as follows. --- N S,D μ,symbol ≦floor((τ min -T GP ) / T symbol μ ) ---- N S,U μ,symbol ≧ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T symbol μ )+N S,D μ,symbol ---- τ max ≧τ min Therefore, N S,U μ,symbol ≧N S,D μ,symbol is.

[0347] Embodiment B1-2-3: At least one of the slot level and OFDM symbol level configuration may be configured / indicated by at least one of the SIB, the RRC IE, the MAC CE, and the DCI. At least one of the slot level and OFDM symbol level configuration may be configured semi-statically or indicated dynamically.

[0348] <<Embodiment B1-3>> The slot format and the setting method for paired time resources of the sensing DL and sensing UL may be in accordance with at least one of the following embodiments B1-3-X.

[0349] -Embodiment B1-3-1: In the setting granularity at the OFDM symbol level of embodiment B1-2, the slot format within one slot may be designed for multiple symbols that form a pair of sensing DL and sensing UL.

[0350] -- At least one of "sensing DL", "sensing UL", "sensing flexible", and "ISAC flexible" may be defined as the type of OFDM symbol for sensing. -- Sensing DL: Can be used to transmit a sensing signal. -- Sensing UL: Can be used to receive an echo / reflection sensing signal. -- Sensing flexible: Can be sensing DL, sensing UL, or null. Sensing flexible can be used in both sensing slots and ISAC slots. -- ISAC flexible: Can be sensing DL, sensing UL, or null, or the existing "DL(D)", "UL(U)", or "flexible(F)" defined for communication. ISAC flexible can be used in ISAC slots.

[0351] For both the sensing slot and the ISAC slot, the slot format may be designed using at least one of the following types. A type may be defined as one or more pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL symbols. Type 1 (DU): Adjacent sensing DL "D (sD)" and sensing UL "U (sU)" symbols. As in the example of FIG. 27A, there may be one pair of D and U (DDUUU) in one slot. As in the example of FIG. 27B, there may be two pairs of D and U (DDUUU) in one slot. As in the example of FIG. 27C, there may be three pairs of D and U (DDDDDUUUUU) in two slots. As in the example of FIG. 27D, there may be one pair of D and U (DDDDDDDDDUUUUUUUUUU) in two slots. --- Type 2 (D-GP-U): Sensing DL and sensing UL symbols have a guard period "GP" between them, and are not adjacent. --- Type 3 (D-FU): Sensing DL and sensing UL symbols have at least one of sensing flexible and ISAC flexible "F(sF)" between them, and are not adjacent. As in the example of Figure 28A, there may be one pair of D and U (DDFUU) in one slot. As in the example of Figure 28B, there may be two pairs of D and U (DDFUU) in one slot. As in the example of Figure 28C, there may be three pairs of D and U (DDFFUUUUU) in two slots. As in the example of Figure 28D, there may be one pair of D and U (DDDDDDFFFUUUUUUUUUUU) in two slots. --- Type 4 (D-GP-FU or DF-GP-U): Non-adjacent sensing DL and sensing UL symbols having at least one of sensing flexible and ISAC flexible "F" and a guard period "GP" between the sensing DL and sensing UL symbols.

[0352] In both the sensing slots and the ISAC slots, the number of pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL symbols in one or more slots may follow at least one of the following examples: --- Example 1: Only one pair of sensing DL and sensing UL is supported in one slot. --- Example 2: Multiple pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL are supported in one slot. --- Example 3: One or more pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL are supported in multiple slots. For example, three pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL may be supported in two slots. For example, one pair of sensing DL and sensing UL may be supported in two slots.

[0353] -- In one or more ISAC slots, at least two combinations of "Sensing DL", "Sensing UL", "Sensing Flexible", "ISAC Flexible", "DL", "UL", "Flexible", and "GP" may be designed.

[0354] --T D , T D,start , T GP , T U , T U,end , T U,start , τ min , τ max At least one of these may be configured / instructed by the NW. The UE may calculate / identify the number of symbols for at least one of "Sensing DL", "Sensing UL", "Sensing Flexible", "ISAC Flexible", "DL", "UL", "Flexible", and "GP". --- T D , T D,start , T GP , T U , T U,end , T U,start , τ min , τ max At least one of the following may be configured / indicated by at least one of the SIB, the RRC IE, the MAC CE, and the DCI. D , T D,start , T GP , TU , T U,end , T U,start , τ min , τ max At least one of T may be set / indicated using units of μs, ms, or symbols. D,start , T GP , T U , T U,end , T U,start , τ min , τ max At least one candidate value of may be set / specified using a table (association) defined in the specification, or a row index within the table may be set / indicated.

[0355] Embodiment B1-3-2: In the slot-level configuration granularity of embodiment B1-2, a joint slot format (slot format combination) configuration may be designed for multiple slots that form a pair of sensing DL and sensing UL. The joint slot format configuration may follow at least one of the following options:

[0356] Option 1: A slot pattern for sensing may be defined in the joint slot format configuration. As shown in the example of FIG. 29, slot formats may be divided into three categories: slots that are all sensing DL symbols (Category 1), slots that are all sensing UL symbols (Category 2), and the remaining slot formats excluding these slots (Category 3). Category 3 may include both sensing DL symbols and sensing UL symbols, may include sensing flexible symbols, or may include slot formats for communication in existing specifications. The number of slots for the joint slot format configuration may follow at least one of the following options: Option 1-1: The number of slots for the joint slot format configuration is fixed. A new table (association) for slot patterns for sensing may be defined in the specification. The slot pattern may be implicitly indicated by an index indication within the table. The slot pattern may be determined by explicit indication of all slots. Option 1-2: The number of slots for the joint slot format configuration is dynamically determined / changed / indicated. The slot pattern may be determined by explicit indication of all slots.

[0357] - Embodiment B1-3-3: The slot format (including the number of pairs) may be configured / indicated by the NW via SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI. The sensing slot format to be used (as well as the number of pairs) may be exchanged between multiple base stations (e.g., over Xn signaling). The slot format configuration / indication may follow at least one of the following options: -- Option 1: The periodic / semi-persistent sensing DL and the sensing DL time resource configuration pattern may be determined by at least one of the configuration / indication by the base station (SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI) and the definition in the specification. As in the example of FIG. 30A, the sensing DL and the sensing DL periodic time resource configuration pattern may be configured / indicated at the slot level. As in the example of FIG. 30B, the sensing DL and the sensing DL periodic time resource configuration pattern may be configured / indicated at the OFDM symbol level. -- Option 2: Aperiodic sensing DL and sensing DL time resource configuration pattern may be determined by at least one of configuration / instruction by the base station (SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI) and definition in the specification. -- "Periodic" in Option 1 may mean that the same resource allocation pattern is applied periodically. "Aperiodic" in Option 2 may mean that the resource allocation pattern is applied only once after instruction by the base station.

[0358] In this embodiment, DL and UL may be swapped. In base station monostatic sensing, DL time resources may be used for transmission and UL time resources may be used for reception. In UE monostatic sensing, UL time resources may be used for transmission and DL time resources may be used for reception.

[0359] The type of slot format in embodiment B1-3-1 may include at least one of the following types: --- Type 5 (U-D): adjacent sensing DL "D" and sensing UL "U" symbols. --- Type 6 (U-GP-D): non-adjacent sensing DL and sensing UL symbols, with a guard period "GP" between them. --- Type 7 (U-F-D): non-adjacent sensing DL and sensing UL symbols, with at least one of sensing flexible and ISAC flexible "F" between them. --- Type 8 (U-GP-F-D or U-F-GP-D): non-adjacent sensing DL and sensing UL symbols, with at least one of sensing flexible and ISAC flexible "F" and a guard period "GP" between them.

[0360] At least one of types 1 to 4 may be applied to monostatic sensing of a base station, and at least one of types 5 to 7 may be applied to monostatic sensing of a UE.

[0361] According to this embodiment, the UE / base station can use an appropriate slot format / frame structure for monostatic sensing.

[0362] Embodiment B2 This embodiment relates to slot format coordination for TDD-based bistatic / multistatic sensing, in which two or more sensing stations (one or more sensing transmitting stations and one or more sensing receiving stations, e.g., two or more BSs or two or more UEs) perform bistatic / multistatic sensing.

[0363] <<Embodiment B2-1>> The slot formats of two or more sensing stations (sensing transmitting stations and sensing receiving stations) for sensing may be jointly designed or coordinated. Here, it is assumed that synchronization error is not taken into account in the slot format design. The two or more sensing stations (two or more BSs or two or more UEs) are assumed to be synchronized. The slot formats may follow at least one of the following options:

[0364] Option 1 (determining the receiving station slot format based on the transmitting station slot format): Sensing DL time length T D On the other hand, the sensing UL time length T U may be designed according to at least one of the following relationships: As in the example of FIG. 31A, when the distance from the sensing transmitting station (BS1 or UE1) to the target is R T and the distance from the target to the sensing receiving station (BS2 or UE2) is R R When the target is on a straight line from the sensing transmitting station to the sensing receiving station, the distance R between the sensing transmitting station, the target, and the sensing receiving station may be expressed as follows: T +R R is the minimum value 2R min The sensing receiver station is located at the minimum sensing distance R min 33, in order to ensure that the reflected signal from the UL time resource T U,start is the time from the start time of the sensing DL time resource to τ min =2R min / c or less. That is, T U,start ≦τ min +T D,start -- As in the example of FIG. 31B, when the target is on the circumference of an ellipse with the sensing transmitting station and the sensing receiving station as foci, the distance R T +R R is the maximum value of 2R max The sensing receiver station is located at the maximum sensing distance R maxIn order to ensure that the reflected signal from U,end is the time from the start time of the sensing DL time resource to τ max +T D =2R max / c+T D It may be greater than or equal to T U,end ≧τ max +T D +T D,start -- As in the example of Figure 32, when the target is within an ellipse, the distance R T +R R is 2R min <R T +R R <2R max -- Sensing UL time length T U is T U =T U,end -T U,start ≧τ max +T D -τ min ≧T D The number of UL symbols at the receiving sensing station (BS or UE) may be equal to or greater than the number of DL symbols at the transmitting sensing station (BS or UE). The duration of the sensing UL time resource may be a reception window at the sensing receiving station. The reception window may take into account a range of propagation delay values. -- Sensing DL time length T D may be related to requirements for sensing performance (e.g., velocity estimation error, etc.).

[0365] Option 2 (Determining the Slot Format of the Transmitting Station Based on the Slot Format of the Receiving Station): Sensing UL Time Length T U On the other hand, the sensing DL time length T D may be designed according to at least one of the following relationships: min 34, in order to ensure that the reflected signal from D,start is T U,start -τmin =T U,start -2R min / c or more. That is, T D,start ≧T U,start -τ min The sensing receiving station may be located at a maximum sensing distance R max In order to ensure that the reflected signal from D,end is T U,end -τ max =T U -2R max / c or less. That is, T D,end ≦T U,end -τ max -- Sensing DL time length T D is T D =T D,end -T D,start ≦T U +τ min -τ max ≦T U The number of DL symbols at the transmitting sensing station (BS or UE) may be less than or equal to the number of UL symbols at the receiving sensing station (BS or UE). The duration of the sensing DL time resource may be a transmission window at the sensing transmitting station. The transmission window may take into account a range of propagation delay values. -- Sensing UL time length T U may be related to requirements for sensing performance (e.g., velocity estimation error, etc.).

[0366] When multiple stations use slot formats, limitations or restrictions on the slot formats in some stations may affect the slot formats of the cooperating multiple sensing stations. The limitations may follow at least one of the following options: - Option 1: There are no limitations on the slot formats of the cooperating multiple sensing stations. The slot formats of the cooperating multiple sensing stations can be flexibly set / instructed. Applying the above-mentioned option 1, the UL symbol at the receiving sensing station may be based on the DL symbol at the transmitting sensing station, as in the example of Figure 35A. Applying the above-mentioned option 2, the UL symbol at the sensing receiving station may be based on the DL symbol at the sensing transmitting station, as in the example of Figure 35B. - Option 2: There are limitations on the slot format of the transmitting sensing station. As in the example of Figure 36A, the slot format of the receiving sensing station may be designed based on the DL symbol at the transmitting sensing station, as in the above-mentioned option 1. - Option 3: There are limitations on the slot format of the receiving sensing station. As in the example of Figure 36B, the slot format of the transmitting sensing station may be designed based on the UL symbols at the receiving sensing station, as in option 2 above. - Option 4: There are restrictions on the slot formats of both the transmitting and receiving sensing stations. The UL symbols at the receiving sensing station and the DL symbols at the transmitting sensing station may be jointly determined, taking into account their restrictions and propagation delays. As in the example of Figure 37A, transmission window 1 may be determined based on the UL symbols and propagation delay (minimum and maximum values), and as in the example of Figure 37B, the DL symbols (transmission window 2) may be determined based on transmission window 1, the receiving window may be determined based on the DL symbols and propagation delay (minimum and maximum values), and the UL symbols may be adjusted based on the receiving window. - It may be specified / configured which of the above several options can be applied.When multiple options are set by multiple cooperating sensing stations, rules may be specified as to which of the multiple options is applied (e.g., a priority rule for the multiple options).

[0367] <<Embodiment B2-2>> A method for indicating / setting a slot format between two or more sensing stations for sensing may follow at least one of the following options.

[0368] Option 1: The slot format of the sensing receiver station may be determined by the sensing transmitter station. Related information (e.g., restrictions and / or the determined slot format) may be exchanged between BSs via the X2 / Xn interface, between UEs via the sidelink, or through a server via a higher layer interface. The restrictions on DL symbols or the slot format at the sensing receiver station may be reported to the server via the higher layer interface or to the sensing transmitter station via the X2 / Xn interface / sidelink. The slot format determined for the sensing receiver station may be reported to the server and notified to the sensing receiver station via the higher layer interface or to the sensing receiver station via the X2 / Xn interface / sidelink.

[0369] - Option 2: The slot format of the sensing transmitter may be determined by the sensing receiver. Relevant information (e.g., restrictions and / or the determined slot format) may be exchanged between BSs via the X2 / Xn interface, between UEs via the sidelink, or through a server via a higher layer interface. The restrictions on UL symbols or the slot format at the sensing transmitter may be reported to the server via the higher layer interface or to the sensing receiver via the X2 / Xn interface / sidelink. The slot format determined for the sensing transmitter may be reported to the server and notified to the sensing transmitter via the higher layer interface or to the sensing transmitter via the X2 / Xn interface / sidelink.

[0370] Option 3: The slot formats of the sensing transmitting station and the sensing receiving station may be determined by the server, and relevant information (e.g., restrictions and / or determined slot formats) may be exchanged through the server via a higher layer interface.

[0371] Option 4: The slot formats of the sensing transmitting station and the sensing receiving station may be determined by the stations themselves, and relevant information (e.g., restrictions and / or determined slot formats) may be exchanged between BSs via the X2 / Xn interface, between UEs via sidelinks, or through a server via a higher layer interface.

[0372] The limitation or restriction may be at least one of the following examples: --Example 1: In an ISAC system, there may be some unavailable sensing DL / sensing UL time resources. If some DL time resources are used for PBCH, the DL time resources may not be available for sensing. If some UL time resources are used for PRACH / PUCCH, etc., the UL time resources may not be available for sensing. --Example 2: The maximum allowed number of sensing DL / sensing UL time resources depends on the restriction on the resource ratio for sensing. --Example 3: The minimum required number of sensing DL / sensing UL time resources depends on the sensing capability and the sensing coverage radius. --Example 4: The T for a cell D , T D,start , T GP , T U , T U,end , T U,start , τ min , τ max At least one of the following may be reported. Based on that information, limitations or restrictions may be identified.

[0373] In this embodiment, DL and UL may be swapped. In base station-to-base station bistatic sensing, DL time resources may be used for transmission and UL time resources may be used for reception. In UE-to-UE bistatic sensing, UL time resources may be used for transmission and DL time resources may be used for reception.

[0374] In this embodiment, multiple sensing receiving stations may receive reflected signals of the sensing signals. The multiple sensing receiving stations may share / report slot formats, or may share / report reception results. In this embodiment, multiple sensing transmitting stations may transmit multiple sensing signals, respectively. The multiple sensing transmitting stations may share / report slot formats. A minimum propagation delay / maximum propagation delay may be determined based on the arrangement of one or more sensing transmitting stations and one or more sensing receiving stations.

[0375] According to this embodiment, the UE / base station can use an appropriate slot format / frame structure in bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing.

[0376] <Variation> BS Operation The BS may support reception / measurement of channels / signals for repetitive sensing. The details may follow embodiment B1 with some modifications: - "UE" is replaced by "BS". - "UL" is replaced by "DL".

[0377] The BS may support the transmission of sensing channels / signals using repetition, the details of which may follow embodiment B2 with some modifications: - "UE" is replaced by "BS", - "DL" is replaced by "UL".

[0378] <Variation> Setting / instruction of parameters related to embodiment B1 In BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE monostatic sensing, related parameters may be set / instructed to the UE by the BS via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE or by the LMF / SF via LPP for each measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0379] In UE1-UE2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to UE2 from the BS via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE, or from the LMF / SF via LPP, or from UE1 via sidelink, for each measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0380] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to BS2 from BS1 via Xn or from LMF / SF via NRPPa for each measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0381] In UE-BS bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / indicated to the BS from the LMF / SF via the NRPPa for each measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal.

[0382] <Variation> Setting / instruction of parameters related to embodiment B2 In UE-BS bistatic sensing, related parameters may be set / instructed to the UE from the LMF / SF via the LPP for each transmission resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0383] In UE1-UE2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to UE1 from the BS via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE, or from the LMF / SF via LPP, or from UE2 via sidelink, for each transmission resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal.

[0384] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to BS1 from BS2 via Xn or from LMF / SF via NRPPa for each transmission resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0385] In BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE monostatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / indicated to the BS from the LMF / SF via NRPPa for each transmission resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0386] <Embodiment C1> This embodiment relates to beam sweeping for sensing.

[0387] In ISAC systems, beamforming may be used for better SNR (beamforming gain), and beam sweeping may be used for sensing coverage due to limited beamwidth.

[0388] <<Embodiment C1-1>> Beam sweeping may be used for sensing coverage.

[0389] The operation (time domain behavior) of the beam sweeping procedure may be periodic, aperiodic (or dynamically triggered), semi-persistent, or event-triggered. The operation may be configured in the BS by the LMF / SF, or may be determined by the BS, or may be configured in the UE by the LMF / SF / BS, or may be determined by the UE. For example, in a periodic sensing service such as intruder detection, the period of beam sweeping may be specified, or may be configured / instructed semi-statically / dynamically. For example, in an event-triggered sensing service such as localization or tracking, beam sweeping may be performed after an event.

[0390] A sensing burst may be defined for a sensing beam sweeping. The period of the sensing burst may be specified or may be semi-statically or dynamically set / instructed. One beam sweeping may be performed within one sensing burst or multiple sensing bursts. For example, a sensing burst may be defined for one beam sweeping. Sensing time-domain resources (e.g., multiple slots / symbols) may be related to the number of sensing beams. One sensing beam may be associated with one or more time-domain resources. If the sensing time-domain resources are constrained by other factors, the available sensing time-domain resources may not be sufficient for one sensing beam sweeping. The constraint may be that the sensing time-domain resources are used for communication within the same slot / symbol. One sensing beam sweeping may be performed within two or more sensing bursts.

[0391] FIG. 38A shows an example of periodic beam sweeping. The periodic beam sweeping may be set or may be triggered by an event. In this example, sensing bursts occur periodically, and one beam sweep is performed within one sensing burst. The periodic execution of this beam sweeping may be triggered by an instruction or may be triggered by an event. The periodic execution of this beam sweeping may be released by an instruction or may be released by an event.

[0392] 38B shows an example of aperiodic beam sweeping. The aperiodic beam sweeping may be triggered by an instruction or by an event. In this example, one beam sweep is executed within one sensing burst. The execution of this beam sweeping may be triggered by an instruction or by an event. The execution of this beam sweeping may be released by an instruction or by an event.

[0393] 39 shows an example of one beam sweep within two sensing bursts. In this example, one beam sweep is performed within two sensing bursts. The period of the sensing bursts may be defined / set / instructed.

[0394] In a beam sweeping procedure determined by the BS or the UE, at least one of the determined procedure and the beam sweeping settings / parameters may be notified to the LMF / SF by the BS or notified to the BS / LMF / SF by the UE.

[0395] The number of beams / angle range in beam sweeping of the Tx / Rx may vary depending on the positional relationship between the sensing station and the target. For example, the beam sweeping at the BS may use at least one of a large number of beams and a wide angular range. For example, the beam sweeping at the UE may use at least one of a small number of beams and a narrow angular range. For example, the number of beams in the beam sweeping at the BS may be greater than the number of beams in the beam sweeping at the UE. For example, the angular range of the beam sweeping at the BS may be wider than the angular range of the beam sweeping at the UE.

[0396] <<Embodiment C1-2>> For sensing beam sweeping, parameters related to at least one of resource configuration and a MIMO method (system) for transmission / reception may be defined.

[0397] The parameters related to the beam sweeping resource configuration may include at least one of the following parameters:

[0398] At least one of the number of sensing beams (or sensing RS ports) and the index (or angle) of the sensing beam within a sensing burst. All or some of the sensing beams within a sensing burst (beam sweeping) may be used. In a certain sensing service, the sensing coverage area may be defined or limited by specifications. For example, the sensing coverage for intruder detection may be a home. The sensing beams may be a subset of all sensing beams. If no configuration is specified, all sensing beams (sensing RS ports) may be used as a default. In one beam sweeping within multiple sensing bursts, or in a partial sensing beam for sweeping, the beam index (or angle) may be included in the resource configuration. Figure 40A shows an example of localization and tracking. In this example, all of the set of sensing beams may be used. Figure 40B shows an example of intruder detection. In this example, some of the set of sensing beams may be used.

[0399] - Time domain resources for beam sweeping: at least one of the start time T0 (slot / symbol index), period T (number of slots / symbols or absolute time (ms, μs)), duration T1 of one sensing burst (which is related to the number of sensing beams or sensing RS ports), and gap between beams within a sensing burst.

[0400] - Number of sensing bursts K. The practical number of sensing bursts N may be less than or equal to the set number of sensing bursts K. For example, if the sensing requirements are met, the sensing procedure may be released early (terminated early).

[0401] Frequency domain resources of sensing bursts: Multiple sensing bursts may use the same frequency domain resource or different frequency domain resources.

[0402] 41 shows an example of beam sweeping-related parameters. In this example, N sensing bursts are transmitted / received in one sensing procedure. In this example, N is equal to or less than the set number K of sensing bursts. The period of the sensing bursts is T. The start time of the sensing burst is T0. The duration of one sensing burst is T1.

[0403] The parameters for the MIMO method may include at least one of the following several parameters:

[0404] One of multiple MIMO methods for sensing beam sweeping (or sensing burst) may be configured / exchanged / indicated / reported. The multiple MIMO methods may include at least one of BF and VA. If there is no configuration / indication regarding the MIMO method, BF or VA may be used as a default. The MIMO method may be related to the sensing method. For example, in monostatic sensing, the MIMO method may be BF or VA. For example, in bistatic sensing, only BF may be supported.

[0405] - Variation: The MIMO methods for transmission and reception may be set / exchanged / indicated / reported jointly, or may be set / exchanged / indicated / reported separately. For example, the MIMO method for both Tx and Rx may be BF (Method 1). For example, the Tx MIMO method may be BF and the Rx MIMO method may be VA (Method 2-1). For example, the MIMO method for both Tx and Rx may be VA (Method 2-2).

[0406] - Explicit or implicit configuration / indication / definition of configuration parameters related to resources and MIMO methods may be supported. For example, the duration of one sensing burst may be implicitly or explicitly indicated (via the number of sensing beams or the number of repetitions). For example, in monostatic sensing, the MIMO method may be determined by the sensing station itself. Information related to the MIMO method (MIMO method-related information) may be exchanged to assist in interference management.

[0407] The beam sweeping (or sensing burst) parameters may be defined in a specification, may be semi-statically / dynamically configured / instructed to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be determined by the BS itself, may be instructed / configured / exchanged between cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, may be semi-statically / dynamically configured / instructed to the UE by the LMF / SF, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), may be instructed / configured / exchanged between cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0408] The multiple MIMO methods may include MIMO method 1 and MIMO method 2. MIMO method 1 may be BF in monostatic sensing and bistatic sensing. MIMO method 2 may be VA in monostatic sensing. MIMO method 1 may include at least one of MIMO methods 1-1 and 1-2. MIMO method 1-1 is BF in monostatic sensing. In the example of MIMO method 1-1 shown in FIG. 42, the sensing station (UE or BS) performs BF for both Tx and Rx. Sensing station 1 and sensing station 2 may cooperate to perform monostatic sensing. MIMO method 1-2 is BF in bistatic sensing. In the example of MIMO method 1-2 shown in FIG. 43, the sensing transmitter (UE or BS) performs Tx BF, and the sensing receiver (UE or BS) performs Rx BF. MIMO method 2 may include at least one of MIMO methods 2-1 and 2-2. MIMO method 2-1 is VA (antenna arrangement case 2) without Tx / Rx antenna arrangement. In the example of MIMO method 2-1 shown in FIG. 44, the sensing station (UE or BS) performs multiple Tx BFs (beam sweeping) using the Tx antenna group, and receives and combines the echo signals using the Rx antenna group. The transmitting station performs Tx BF, and the receiving station performs Rx BF. Sensing station 1 and sensing station 2 may cooperate to perform monostatic sensing. MIMO method 2-2 is VA (antenna arrangement case 1) with Tx / Rx antenna arrangement. A wider beam may be used due to the smaller number of Tx antennas. In the example of MIMO method 2-2 shown in Figure 45, a sensing station (UE or BS) performs multiple Tx BFs (beam sweeping) using multiple Tx antenna groups among multiple antennas (Tx / Rx antennas), and receives and combines the echo signals using the remaining Rx antenna group. Sensing station 1 and sensing station 2 may cooperate to perform monostatic sensing.

[0409] <<Embodiment C1-3>> Tx sensing beam sweeping and Rx sensing beam sweeping may be defined for different sensing methods and different MIMO methods.

[0410] In existing communication systems or PRS / SRS-based UE positioning, pairing of Tx and Rx beams is necessary to achieve good performance (Figure 46). In sensing systems, Tx sensing beam sweeping is related to the angle of departure (AoD) to the target, and Rx sensing beam sweeping is related to the angle of arrival (AoA) from the target. In communication systems, one Tx-Rx beam pair is used for one UE. In PRS / SRS-based UE positioning, a beam (Tx or Rx) selected at the BS is used for UE location. In sensing systems, one Tx-Rx beam pair may be used for one target (rather than the receiver or UE). In sensing systems with multiple targets, multiple Tx-Rx beam pairs may exist (Figure 47). For target location, a beam selected at the transmitter (BS or UE) and a beam selected by the receiver (BS or UE) may be used.

[0411] Rx sensing beam sweeping may be related to the MIMO method at the transmitter. For BF, Rx sensing beam sweeping may be required (Figure 48). For VA, Rx sensing beam sweeping may not be required (Figure 49). Not requiring Rx sensing beam sweeping may be equivalent to using one Rx sensing beam and may be included in Option 1 described below. The same or different Rx antenna settings may be used for different Tx beams or different Tx beam sweeping. The association between Tx sensing beams and Rx antenna parameters may be explicitly or implicitly configured / indicated by DCI / UCI / RRC IE / MAC CE, or may depend on the implementation.

[0412] Rx sensing beam sweeping may be associated with the sensing method.

[0413] In monostatic sensing, the AoA may be equal to the AoD. The Tx and Rx beams may be identical. In monostatic sensing with M Tx beams and M Rx beams, sweeping of the M Tx-Rx beams may be performed.

[0414] In bistatic sensing, the AoA and AoD may be different. The Tx and Rx beams may be different. In monostatic sensing with M Tx beams and N Rx beams, sweeping of up to MN Tx-Rx beams may be performed.

[0415] The Tx-Rx beam sweeping procedure defined in the NR communication system or future communication systems may be converted to sensing Tx-Rx beam sweeping. First, Tx beam sweeping may be performed for one Rx beam, and then Tx beam sweeping may be performed for another Rx beam. The Tx beam sweeping may be a sweep of all or a part of the sensing RS antenna ports.

[0416] At least one of whether Rx sensing beam sweeping is applied and which Rx sensing beam method is used may be set to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be decided by the BS itself, may be set to the UE by the LMF / SF / BS, or may be decided by the UE itself.

[0417] The Tx-Rx beam sweeping may follow at least one of several options:

[0418] - Option 1: For bistatic sensing with BF, Tx-Rx beam sweeping may be defined. For monostatic sensing with BF and VA, only Tx beam sweeping may be defined. Only information related to the Tx beam (beam-related information) may be exchanged between cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, between cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or reported from the BS / UE to the server / SMF / SF.

[0419] - Option 2: Tx-Rx beam sweeping may be defined for any sensing method and any MIMO method. In a unified design, Tx-Rx beam sweeping may be defined for monostatic sensing. The number of Rx beams may be equal to 1. One or more Tx beams / resources for sensing may be associated with one or more Rx beams / resources. Information related to Tx-Rx beams (beam-related information) may be exchanged between cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, between cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or reported from the BS / UE to the server / SMF / SF.

[0420] Figure 50 shows an example of sweeping four Tx-Rx beams in monostatic sensing using BF / VA. In monostatic sensing, the BS or UE performing the Tx and Rx of sensing may report information related to the Tx-Rx beams to the server / SMF / SF.

[0421] Figure 51 shows an example of sweeping 16 Tx-Rx beams in bistatic sensing using BF. A BS or UE performing Tx of sensing may report information related to the Tx beam to a server / SMF / SF. A BS or UE performing Rx of sensing may report information related to the Rx beam to a server / SMF / SF. A BS or UE performing Tx of sensing and a BS or UE performing Rx of sensing may exchange information related to the Tx-Rx beam.

[0422] Figure 52 shows an example of sweeping four Tx beams in bistatic sensing using VA. A BS or UE performing sensing Tx may report information related to the Tx beam to a server / SMF / SF. A BS or UE performing sensing Rx may report information related to the Tx beam to a server / SMF / SF. A BS or UE performing sensing Tx and a BS or UE performing sensing Rx may exchange information related to the Tx beam.

[0423] According to this embodiment, the UE / BS can properly perform beam sweeping for sensing.

[0424] <Embodiment C2> This embodiment relates to beam management for sensing.

[0425] Beam sweeping can significantly increase sensing coverage at the cost of high overhead. After beam sweeping, or if prior information about the target location is available, one or more beams may be selected for further sensing. For example, in a localization and tracking sensing use case, beam sweeping may be necessary during the localization phase. Once the target location is available, one beam may be selected for tracking the target.

[0426] Sensing beam management procedures, parameters, and MIMO methods may be designed / defined.

[0427] In the example of Figure 53, when the location and tracking sensing service (sensing procedure) is started / triggered / activated, the sensing station (UE or BS) performs beam sweeping for each sensing burst as the target location phase. The target is not found in the first sensing burst, and the target is successfully found in the second sensing burst. When the sensing station obtains the target's location based on the second sensing burst, it stops beam sweeping and determines an initial beam for tracking the target. In the tracking phase, the sensing station tracks the target using the initial beam and adjusts the beam based on the target's location. For example, the sensing service (sensing procedure) is released when service requirements are not met or the target moves out of the sensing station's sensing coverage.

[0428] After beam sweeping for sensing, some specific Tx-Rx beams may be selected and used for further target sensing. In bistatic sensing, both the Tx sensing beam and the Rx sensing beam may be used for target sensing. The Tx-Rx sensing beam may be further defined.

[0429] <<Embodiment C2-1>> One or more Tx-Rx sensing beams or one or more sensing RS antenna ports may be selected and reported. The number of Tx-Rx sensing beam pairs to be reported may be configured. The selected Tx-Rx sensing beam may be configured / instructed to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be determined by the BS itself, may be indicated / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the LMF / SF, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.), may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), may be indicated / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0430] The Tx-Rx sensing beam may follow at least one of several options:

[0431] - Option 1: In monostatic sensing without multi-BS / UE coordination, the sensing transmitter and receiver are co-located. The selected Tx-Rx sensing beam may be determined by the sensing station itself (BS or UE). Feedback / indication / reporting of the Tx-Rx sensing beam may not be required.

[0432] Option 2: In monostatic / bistatic sensing with cooperation of multiple BSs / UEs, to avoid interference and improve sensing performance using cooperation, indication / configuration of sensing Tx-Rx beam information (beam-related information) between cooperating BSs / UEs may be supported. The information may be indicated / configured / exchanged between sensing BSs via X2 / Xn / F1-AP interfaces and signaling, indicated / configured / exchanged from BS to UE via Uu interface of SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE / DCI signaling, indicated / configured / exchanged from UE to BS via Uu interface of MAC CE / RRC IE / UCI signaling, reported from sensing BS / US to LMF / SF, or configured / indicated from LMF / SF to BS / UE. For example, BS1 using monostatic sensing and BS2 using monostatic sensing may cooperatively track a target. The sensing beams of BS1 and BS2 may be determined jointly or separately. Beam-related information may be reported from BS1 / BS2 to the LMF / SF, or may be exchanged between BS1 and BS2 via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface and signaling.

[0433] - Option 3: In bistatic sensing, the sensing receiver and the sensing transmitter are different. Bistatic sensing can be from BS to UE, from UE to BS, from BS1 to BS2, from UE1 to UE2. Feedback / reporting / instruction / configuration of Tx and Rx beams may be required. The feedback / report / instruction / configuration of the Tx beam and the Rx beam may be notified from the BS to the UE via higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE / DCI) on the Uu interface, or from the UE to the BS via higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling (MAC CE / RRC IE / UCI) on the Uu interface, or between multiple UEs via a sidelink interface, or between multiple BSs via an X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, or may be reported / exchanged from the BS / UE to the LMF / SF, or may be indicated / configured from the LMF / SF to the BS / UE. One or more Tx-Rx sensing beams may be selected based on metrics defined in the specification. The metrics may be, for example, at least one of an estimated target angle, a sensing SINR threshold, a sensing RSRP threshold, a false alarm probability threshold, and an estimation accuracy threshold. The sensing Tx beam may be explicitly or implicitly indicated / configured by the spatial domain filter / QCL Type D RS / TCI state. The sensing Rx beam may be explicitly or implicitly indicated / configured by the spatial domain filter / QCL Type D RS / TCI state. The QCL Type D RS / TCI state may be used to implicitly indicate the sensing Rx beam. The definition of the QCL Type D RS / TCI state for the Rx beam may differ from the definition of the QCL Type D RS / TCI state for the Tx beam. Whether a Tx beam, an Rx beam, or a Tx-Rx beam pair is reported may be defined in the specification, may be configured by an RRC IE, or may depend on the UE capability report.

[0434] <<Embodiment C2-2>> Parameters related to transmission and reception resource configuration and MIMO methods for sensing beam management may be defined.

[0435] The parameters related to resource configuration for beam management may include at least one of the following parameters: - Time domain resources for beam management, which may include at least one of a start time T0 and a duration. The start time may be represented by a slot / symbol index. The duration may be represented by the number of slots / symbols. - Frequency domain resources for beam management, which may include at least one of a start frequency location and a bandwidth. The start frequency location may be represented by an RB / RE index. The bandwidth may be represented by the number of RBs / REs.

[0436] One of multiple MIMO methods for sensing beam management may be configured / exchanged / instructed / reported. The multiple MIMO methods may include at least one of beam for modulation (BF) and beam asymmetric (VA). If no configuration / instruction is made regarding the MIMO method, beam for modulation (BF) or beam asymmetric (VA) may be used as a default. The MIMO method may be related to the sensing method. For example, in monostatic sensing, the MIMO method may be beam for modulation (BF) or beam asymmetric (VA). For example, in bistatic sensing, only beam for modulation (BF) may be supported.

[0437] Beam management parameters may be defined in a specification, may be semi-statically / dynamically configured / instructed to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be determined by the BS itself, may be instructed / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, may be semi-statically / dynamically configured / instructed to the UE by the LMF / SF, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), may be instructed / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0438] The configuration parameters and signaling during beam management may be different from those during beam sweeping. For example, in periodic beam sweeping, broadcast or periodic signaling (e.g., SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE) may be used. In aperiodic beam management, target / service-specific / dynamic / aperiodic signaling (e.g., DCI / UCI) may be used.

[0439] Along with the time / frequency domain resources and MIMO method configured for beam management, beam-related information in embodiment C2-1 may be continuously updated / exchanged between sensing stations.

[0440] <<Embodiment C2-3>> Beam sweeping and beam management may be switched or may coexist based on some rules, which may follow at least one of the following options:

[0441] - Option 1: Based on the sensing service / requirements, beam sweeping and beam management are switched (not co-existent). For example, in the service of target location and tracking, beam sweeping may be stopped after the target is located, and then beam management may be started for tracking the target position.

[0442] - Option 2: For some sensing services / targets, beam sweeping and beam management can coexist. For example, in the intruder detection service, the sensing beam may be constantly swept regardless of whether a target (intruder) is detected or not. Beam management may be initiated to track the position of each detected intruder.

[0443] Option 3: There is no relationship between beam sweeping and beam management. For example, beam sweeping may be used in the service of intruder detection, and beam management may be used in the service of tracking. Different targets / services of sensing may require different procedures.

[0444] The sensing method and associated signaling for the sensing beam between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may follow at least one of the following examples.

[0445] - Example 1: Monostatic sensing of one sensing station (BS / UE). In the example of Figure 54, there may be a link for signaling of reports / configurations / instructions between the sensing station and the server / LMF / SF. Configurations / instructions may be notified from the server / LMF / SF to the sensing station. Reports may be notified from the sensing station to the server / LMF / SF.

[0446] - Example 2: Monostatic sensing of multiple cooperating sensing stations (BS / UE). Figure 55A shows an example of monostatic sensing of multiple cooperating BSs. Figure 55B shows an example of monostatic sensing of multiple cooperating UEs. There may be a link for signaling of report / configuration / instruction between the multiple sensing stations. There may be a link for signaling of report / configuration / instruction between at least one of the multiple sensing stations and the server / LMF / SF / BS. Configuration / instruction may be notified from the server / LMF / SF / BS to at least one of the multiple sensing stations. A report may be notified from at least one of the multiple sensing stations to the server / LMF / SF / BS. Configuration / instruction may be notified from a first sensing station to a second sensing station. A report may be notified from the first sensing station to a second sensing station. There may be an Xn / X2 / F1-AP interface link between the multiple cooperating BSs. There may be links of sidelink interface between the cooperating UEs, and there may be links of Uu interface between the cooperating UEs and the BS.

[0447] Example 3: Bistatic sensing (sensing transmitter to sensing receiver, e.g., from BS to UE, from UE to BS, from BS1 to BS2, from UE1 to UE2). In the BS-to-UE bistatic sensing example of Figure 56A, there may be a link for reporting / configuring / indicating signaling between the BS and the server / LMF / SF, and there may be a link for reporting / configuring / indicating signaling between the UE and the server / LMF / SF. Reports may be notified from the UE to the BS via MAC CE / RRC IE / UCI on the Uu interface. In the UE-to-BS bistatic sensing example of Figure 56B, there may be a link for reporting / configuring / indicating signaling between the BS and the server / LMF / SF, and there may be a link for reporting / configuring / indicating signaling between the UE and the server / LMF / SF. The configuration / instruction may be notified from the BS to the UE via SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE / DCI on the Uu interface. In the example of bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 in Figure 57A, there may be a link for signaling the report / configuration / instruction between BS1 and the server / LMF / SF, there may be a link for signaling the report / configuration / instruction between BS2 and the server / LMF / SF, or there may be a link for signaling the report / configuration / instruction between BS1 and BS2. The report / configuration / instruction may be notified / exchanged between BS1 and BS2 via the Xn / X2 / F1-AP interface. In the example of bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2 in Figure 57B, there may be a link for signaling of reporting / configuration / instruction between UE1 and the server / LMF / SF / BS, a link for signaling of reporting / configuration / instruction between UE2 and the server / LMF / SF / BS, or a link for signaling of reporting / configuration / instruction between UE1 and UE2. Reporting / configuration / instruction may be signaled / exchanged between UE1 and UE2 via a sidelink interface. Reporting / configuration / instruction may be signaled / exchanged between at least one of UE1 and UE2 and the BS via a Uu interface.

[0448] The beam sweeping and beam management procedure for sensing may be at least one of the following several procedures:

[0449] - Procedure 1: The Tx MIMO method (scheme) is BF and the Rx MIMO method (scheme) is VA. The MIMO method configured for Phase 2 may be the same as or different from the MIMO method configured for Phase 1. For example, Phase 1 may be sweeping and Phase 2 may be tracking. If no MIMO method is configured, the MIMO method in Phase 2 may be the same as the MIMO method in Phase 1 by default. The example of the beam sweeping and beam management procedure in Figure 58 includes the following Phases 0 to 2.

[0450] In Phase 0, at least one of time domain resources, frequency domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (BF / VA) may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. The configuration / instruction may be notified from the LMF / SF to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, or may be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 may start in response to a trigger.

[0451] In the subsequent Phase 1, Tx and Rx sensing beam sweeping may be performed. Phase 1 may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, aperiodically, or may be triggered by an event. The event may be the acquisition of prior information about the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter may perform Tx beam sweeping. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is BF, the sensing receiver may perform Rx beam sweeping. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is VA, the sensing receiver may perform reception without Rx beamforming.

[0452] In the subsequent Phase 2, beam tracking of the Tx and Rx may be performed. Beam tracking may select one or more beams from the multiple beams used in beam sweeping, and continue sensing using the selected beam. If sensing is bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / instruction may be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. If the sensing stations cooperate, exchange / instruction may be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter may transmit using the selected Tx beam. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is BF, the sensing receiver may receive using the selected Rx beam. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is VA, the sensing receiver may receive without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 may include Phases 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, at least one of time domain resources, frequency domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (BF / VA) may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. In Phase 2-2, continuous update / feedback / exchange / instruction / configuration of Tx / Rx beams may be performed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. Phase 2 may end depending on the release.

[0453] - Procedure 2: The Tx MIMO method (system) and the Rx MIMO method (system) are VA. The example of the beam sweeping and beam management procedure in Figure 59 includes the following phases 0 to 2.

[0454] In Phase 0, at least one of time domain resources, frequency domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (VA) may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. The configuration / instruction may be notified from the LMF / SF to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, or may be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 may start in response to a trigger.

[0455] In the subsequent Phase 1, Tx sensing beam sweeping for VA may be performed. Phase 1 may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, aperiodically, or triggered by an event. The event may be the acquisition of prior information about the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter may perform Tx beam sweeping using TDM signals for different antenna groups. This beamforming may conform to embodiment C4 described below. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter may perform Tx beam sweeping using FDM / CDM signals for different antenna groups. In Phase 1, the sensing receiver may achieve Rx VA by performing reception without Rx beamforming for VA.

[0456] In the subsequent Phase 2, beam tracking of the Tx and Rx may be performed. Beam tracking may select one or more beams from the multiple beams used in beam sweeping, and sensing may continue using the selected beam. If sensing is bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / instruction may be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. If the sensing stations cooperate, exchange / instruction may be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter may transmit for VA using the selected Tx beam. In Phase 2, the sensing receiver may achieve Rx VA by receiving for VA without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 may include Phases 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, at least one of time domain resources, frequency domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (VA) may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. In Phase 2-2, the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver may be continuously updated / feedback / exchanged / instructed / configured for the Tx / Rx beams. Phase 2 may end upon release.

[0457] According to this embodiment, the UE / BS can perform the sensing procedure properly.

[0458] <Embodiment C3> This embodiment relates to beam sweeping and beam management using EA. EA may be realized by repeated transmission. Repetition can improve sensing performance.

[0459] Iterative beam sweeping and beam management may be defined / designed / supported.

[0460] <<Embodiment C3-1>> Tx sensing beam sweeping with repetition may be defined / designed / supported. Beam-level / burst-level / multi-beam-level repetition may be supported. The repetition may follow at least one of the following options:

[0461] - Option 1: Beam-level repetition. The same beam may be repeated in multiple slots / symbols of sensing during beam sweeping. The sensing burst in embodiment C1 may be improved as a sensing burst with repetition. For improved performance, this repetition may occur within one coherent processing interval (CPI). In the example of Figure 60, the sensing transmitter sweeps beams #0 to #3 within one sensing burst, transmitting N repetitive times within the transmission period of each beam. In this example, N = 3. The length of the transmission period of each beam may be the CPI required for the repetition gain. The minimum latency to cover the sensing area is the time it takes to use all beams.

[0462] - Option 2: Burst-level repetition. A sensing burst may be repeated in multiple sensing slots / symbols. The definition of a sensing burst in embodiment C1 may be used. The sensing area can be covered within a short time, or beam sweeping can be reliably performed. In the example of FIG. 61, the sensing transmitter sweeps beams #0 to #3 within one sensing burst, repeatedly transmitting N sensing bursts. In this example, N=3. The length of the transmission period of the N sensing bursts may be the CPI required for the repetition gain. The minimum latency to cover the sensing area is the time it takes to use all beams.

[0463] - Option 3: Multi-beam (beam group) level repetition. Multiple beams are divided into multiple beam groups. Repetition may be performed within a beam group. A good trade-off can be achieved between repetition gain (related to CPI length) and latency for the sensing coverage area. In the example of Figure 62, beams #0 to #3 are divided into beam group #0 with beams #0 and #1 and beam group #1 with beams #2 and #3. The sensing transmitter transmits N repetitions within the transmission period of each beam group. In this example, N = 3. The sensing transmitter performs beam sweeping within the beam group within one repetition. The length of the transmission period of each beam group may be the CPI required for the repetition gain. The minimum latency to cover the sensing area is the time it takes to use all beams.

[0464] At least one of the repetition number and the repetition type (beam level repetition, or burst level repetition, or multi-beam level repetition) may be configured / instructed to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be determined by the BS itself, may be indicated / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the LMF / SF, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), may be indicated / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0465] The number of repetitions may be defined in the specification or may be semi-statically / dynamically set / instructed based on the sensing SNR or sensing coverage or sensing requirements. The repetitions may be stopped early if the sensing requirements are met.

[0466] <<Embodiment C3-2>> Rx sensing beam sweeping with repetition may be defined / designed / supported based on the sensing method.

[0467] In monostatic sensing, the Rx sensing beam may always be the same as the Tx sensing beam regardless of the repetition number and repetition type. In the example of Figure 63, the sensing station (BS or UE) performs Tx sensing beam sweeping and sweeps the Rx sensing beam to match the Tx sensing beam.

[0468] In bistatic sensing, to obtain repetition gain at the expense of higher overhead and longer latency, the Rx sensing beam / spatial domain filter / QCL Type D RS / TCI state may not be expected to change during one Tx sensing beam sweep with repetition. In the example of Figure 64, the sensing transmitter (BS or UE) performs Tx sensing beam sweeping, and the sensing receiver (BS or UE) may not change the Rx sensing beam (do not sweep the Rx sensing beam) during one Tx sensing beam sweeping, and may change the Rx sensing beam (sweep the Rx sensing beam) between multiple Tx sensing beam sweeps.

[0469] <<Embodiment C3-3>> The sensing beam during the beam management phase may be set with repetition.

[0470] The parameters of the number of iterations and the type of iterations may be set for a better trade-off between performance and latency. The optimal values ​​of the parameters may differ for different scenarios, so the parameters may be dynamically changed.

[0471] At least one of the repetition number and repetition type during the beam management phase may be configured / instructed to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be determined by the BS itself, may be indicated / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the LMF / SF, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), may be indicated / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0472] The number of repetitions and the repetition type may be related to at least one of the sensing SNR, the sensing coverage, the sensing requirements in terms of performance and latency, and the beam.

[0473] Beam sweeping and beam management with repetition may follow the following procedure.

[0474] An example of a beam sweeping and beam management procedure with iterations in FIG. 65 includes the following phases 0 to 2:

[0475] In Phase 0, at least one of the time domain resource, frequency domain resource, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. The configuration / instruction may be notified from the LMF / SF to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, or may be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 may start in response to a trigger.

[0476] In the subsequent Phase 1, repeated Tx and Rx sensing beam sweeping may be performed. Phase 1 may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, aperiodically, or may be triggered by an event. The event may be the acquisition of prior information about the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter may perform Tx beam sweeping. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is BF, the sensing receiver may perform Rx beam sweeping. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is VA, the sensing receiver may perform reception without Rx beamforming.

[0477] In the subsequent Phase 2, iterative Tx and Rx beam tracking may be performed. Beam tracking may select one or more beams from the multiple beams used in beam sweeping and continue sensing using the selected beam. If sensing is bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / instruction may be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. If the sensing stations cooperate, exchange / instruction may be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter may transmit using the selected Tx beam. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is BF, the sensing receiver may receive using the selected Rx beam. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is VA, the sensing receiver may receive without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 may include Phases 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, at least one of time domain resources, frequency domain resources, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. In Phase 2-2, continuous update / feedback / exchange / instruction / configuration of Tx / Rx beams may be performed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. Phase 2 may end depending on the release.

[0478] According to this embodiment, the repetition can improve the sensing SNR / coverage.

[0479] <Embodiment C4> This embodiment relates to beam sweeping and beam management using a VA.

[0480] VA can improve sensing angle resolution and accuracy by using multiple orthogonal signals from different Tx antennas (groups). One method of generating multiple orthogonal signals is TDM. Multiple orthogonal signals may be transmitted using different Tx antennas (groups) on different time domain resources. In TDMed-VA, multiple signals from multiple Tx antennas on different time domain resources may be defined / designed / supported along with beam sweeping.

[0481] In the example of Tx antenna arrangement in TDMed-VA in Figure 66A, some of the multiple Tx antennas are used as Tx antenna groups (ports) #0 to #3 to generate VA. Tx antenna groups (ports) #0 to #3 use time / frequency domain resources #0 to #3, respectively. This TDMed-VA may follow at least one of the following options.

[0482] Option 1: Resources #0 to #3 are allocated, and resources #0 to #3 are TDM'd (FIG. 66B).

[0483] Option 2: Resources #0 to #3 are hybrid TDM-FDM, e.g., resources #0 and #1 are FDM, resources #2 and #3 are FDM, resources #0 and #2 are TDM, and resources #1 and #3 are TDM (see FIG. 66C).

[0484] Option 3: Resources #0 to #3 are hybrid TDM-CDM. For example, resources #0 and #1 are CDM, resources #2 and #3 are CDM, and resources #0 and #1 and resources #2 and #3 are TDM (see FIG. 66D).

[0485] Sensing beam sweeping with TDMed-VA may be defined / designed / supported.

[0486] <<Embodiment C4-1>> Tx sensing beam sweeping of multiple Tx antennas (groups) of a TDMed-VA may be defined / designed / supported. In the Tx sensing beam sweeping, at least one of the following options may be supported:

[0487] - Option 1: Beam-level TDMed-VA. A TDMed-VA may be generated for each beam on multiple adjacent time domain resources. In the example of Figure 67A, some of the multiple Tx antennas may be defined / configured / selected as antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1. The sensing transmitter may sweep beams #0 to #3 for each antenna port group (port). In the example of Figure 67B, the time domain resources for beams #0 to #3 may be TDMed, and within the time domain resources for each beam, the time domain resources for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 may be TDMed. The sensing receiver may generate a VA by receiving multiple time domain resources for antenna port group (port) #0 and a VA by receiving multiple time domain resources for antenna port group (port) #1.

[0488] - Option 2: Burst-level TDMed-VA. Beam sweeping may be performed individually for each antenna group (port). TDMed-VA may be generated for multiple sensing bursts. In the example of Figure 67C, the time domain resources for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 may be TDMed, and within the time domain resources for each antenna port group (port), the time domain resources for beams #0 to #3 may be TDMed. The sensing receiver may generate a VA by receiving multiple time domain resources for antenna port group (port) #0 and a VA by receiving multiple time domain resources for antenna port group (port) #1.

[0489] The beam sweeping configuration of TDMed-VA may include at least one of the following parameters: - Time / frequency domain resources for all Tx antenna groups (ports); - Orthogonal division method of multiple antenna ports, which may be any of TDM, FDM, CDM, or a hybrid of at least two of them; - Option of TDMed-VA with beam sweeping, which may be beam-level or burst-level TDMed-VA; - Parameters related to Tx / Rx antenna configuration, which may include at least one of Tx / Rx configuration, Tx beam number, and Rx port number. Tx / Rx configuration may be expressed as a relative ratio or an absolute value.

[0490] Dynamic Tx / Rx antenna placement may follow at least one of the following principles: - For high SNR, by using a small number of Tx antennas and a large number of Rx antennas, at least one of wide Tx bandwidth, zero or short sweeping duration, and omnidirectional reception can be realized. - For low SNR, by using a large number of Tx antennas and a small number of Rx antennas, at least one of narrow Tx bandwidth, long sweeping duration, and directional reception using the same beam direction as the Tx beam direction (due to AoA = AoD in monostatic sensing) can be realized.

[0491] The parameters of TDMed-VA during beam sweeping may be configured / instructed to the BS by the LMF / SF, may be determined by the BS itself, may be instructed / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the LMF / SF, may be configured / instructed to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), may be instructed / configured / exchanged between multiple cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0492] The number of Tx / Rx antennas may be explicitly indicated by the Tx / Rx arrangement or the like, or may be implicitly indicated by the number of beams (or the number of CSI-RS ports) or the like. For example, the explicit indication may be a defined set of Tx / Rx arrangements including a Tx / Rx antenna ratio or a set of Tx and Rx antenna values ​​(locations / numbers). For example, when one beam number (or CSI-RS port number) is set as an implicit indication, one antenna may be arranged for each Tx antenna group (port). For example, when X beam numbers (or CSI-RS port numbers) are set as an implicit indication, X antennas may be arranged for each Tx antenna group (port).

[0493] <<Embodiment C4-2>> Parameters in beam management for TDMed-VA may be defined in a specification or may be set / instructed / exchanged semi-statically / dynamically. The parameters may include at least one of the following parameters:

[0494] - Beam management parameters, e.g. Tx beam / spatial domain filter / QCL type D RS / TCI state etc.

[0495] TDMed-VA parameters, such as at least one of multiple ports / groups of Tx antennas, resource allocation for each port / group of Tx antennas, orthogonal partitioning method, number of Tx antennas, antenna arrangement / position of each port / group of Tx antennas, number of Rx antennas, and Tx-Rx antenna ratio.

[0496] Variations For higher SNR, TDMed-VA may be combined with iterations of embodiment C3.

[0497] Some of the multiple Tx antennas may be defined / configured / selected as antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1, and the sensing transmitter may sweep beams #0 to #3 for each antenna port group (port).

[0498] In the example of beam-level TDMed-VA with repetition of Figure 68A, the time domain resources for beams #0 through #3 may be TDM'd. Within the time domain resources for each beam, the time domain resources for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 may be TDM'd. Within the N time domain resources for each antenna port group (port), N repetition transmissions may occur, respectively. In this example, the number of repetitions, N, is 2.

[0499] In the example of beam-level TDMed-VA with repetition of Figure 68B, the time domain resources for beams #0 to #3 may be TDMed. Within the N time domain resources for each beam, N repeat transmissions may each be performed. In this example, the number of repetitions is N = 2. Within the time domain resources for each repeat transmission, the time domain resources for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 may be TDMed.

[0500] In the burst-level TDMed-VA example with repetition of Figure 69A, N repeat transmissions may be performed within N time domain resources. In this example, the number of repetitions N = 2. Within the time domain resources for each repeat transmission, the time domain resources for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 may be TDM. Within the N time domain resources for each antenna port group (port), the time domain resources for beams #0 to #3 may be TDM.

[0501] In the burst-level TDMed-VA example with repetition of Figure 69B, the time domain resources for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 may be TDM'd. Within the N time domain resources for each antenna port group (port), N repeat transmissions may be performed. In this example, the number of repetitions is N = 2. Within the time domain resources for each repeat transmission, the time domain resources for beams #0 through #3 may be TDM'd.

[0502] According to this embodiment, the SNR / coverage of sensing can be improved by repetition.

[0503] <Embodiment C5> This embodiment relates to beam sweeping and beam management using repetition / EA and VA.

[0504] With repetition / EA / pulse integration for sensing, multi-slot EA for sensing and coherent estimation can be considered for higher SNR, but the angular resolution is limited by the physical aperture size.

[0505] VA for sensing allows for splitting multiple Tx antennas into multiple antenna groups to create a VA for better angular resolution / accuracy, but results in lower SNR due to the small number of Tx antennas in each antenna group with small array gain.

[0506] Issues include how to flexibly use multiple antennas and multiple time domain resources for sensing, and how to flexibly combine the advantages of EA and VA in various scenarios.

[0507] Flexible switching between EA and VA can be achieved by dynamically changing the sensing signal and the receiving strategy across multiple time domain resources. The sensing signal may be at least one of transmitting a signal and Tx beamforming. The receiving strategy may be at least one of Rx beamforming and an estimation algorithm.

[0508] The sensing signal and receiving strategy may follow at least one of the following schemes: - Scheme 1: Repetition / EA / Pulse Integration. Tx may repeat the signal and the same beam using all Tx antennas / ports in multiple slots. Rx may add up the received signals in multiple slots. - Scheme 2: VA. Tx may repeat the signal and the same beam using different Tx antennas / ports in multiple slots. Rx may combine the received signals without beamforming.

[0509] The sensing methods supported in monostatic sensing may be repetition and VA, and the sensing method supported in bistatic sensing may be repetition only.

[0510] In the example of Scheme 1 in Figure 70, the frame structures of time domain resources T1 and T2 are equal, and the frame structures of time domain resources T3 and T4 are equal. The sensing transmitter uses the same arrangement / group of Tx antennas in time domain resources T1 to T4. The sensing transmitter repeatedly transmits using beam #0 in T1 and T2, and the sensing transmitter repeatedly transmits using beam #1 in T3 and T4. The sensing receiver performs coherent estimation using beam #0 in T1 and T2, and coherent estimation using beam #1 in T3 and T4. All Tx antennas and coherent estimation result in a high SNR. Angular resolution is limited by the Rx physical aperture.

[0511] In the example of Scheme 2 in Figure 71, the frame structures of time domain resources T1 and T2 are the same, and the frame structures of time domain resources T3 and T4 are the same. The sensing transmitter uses beam #0 for time domain resources T1 and T2 and beam #1 for time domain resources T3 and T4. The sensing transmitter uses Tx antenna arrangement / group #0 for T1 and T3 and Tx antenna arrangement / group #1 for T2 and T4. The sensing receiver receives signals T1 to T4 using Rx antennas (arrangements) without beamforming. The sensing receiver combines the received signals of T1 and T2 to generate Rx VA and combines the received signals of T3 and T4 to generate Rx VA. Fewer Tx antennas result in lower SNR. A larger Rx VA improves angular resolution.

[0512] The radio modes of repetition and TDMed-VA may be supported in a pattern defined in the specification, or may be configured / indicated to the BS by the LMF / SF, or may be determined by the BS itself, or may be indicated / configured / exchanged between cooperating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, or may be configured / indicated to the UE by the LMF / SF, or may be configured / indicated to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), or may be indicated / configured / exchanged between cooperating UEs via the sidelink interface, or may be determined by the UE itself.

[0513] First, iterations may be performed to improve the sensing coverage, and then VA may be performed to improve the sensing (angle) performance.

[0514] The iterative / TDMed-VA may follow at least one of several options:

[0515] - Option 1: A pattern for repetition and TDMed-VA is defined in the specification. For example, the pattern may indicate M slots / symbols for repetition and N slots / symbols for TDMed-VA. A set of (M,N) values ​​may be defined in the specification. Based on the pattern, repetition and TDMed-VA may be configured / instructed semi-statically / dynamically. The set of (M,N) values ​​may be related to at least one of the number of Tx / Rx antennas and the number of Tx antenna groups / ports. This reduces signaling overhead, but limits the flexibility of time domain resources for repetition and TDMed-VA.

[0516] In the example of Figure 72, sensing is performed in the following time domain resources T1 to T8. --- At T1 and T2, all Tx antennas are used, and repetition / EA is performed by using the same narrow Tx-Rx beam. This allows sensing to be achieved for low SNR scenarios. --- At T3 and T4, wider Tx beams are used, and different Tx antenna ports are used, respectively, for TDMed-VA. This allows sensing to be achieved for scenarios with high angular resolution requirements. --- At T5 and T6, repetition / EA is performed by using the same Tx beam and the same Tx antenna port #0. At T7 and T8, repetition / EA is performed by using the same Tx beam and the same Tx antenna port #1. TDMed-VA is performed from T5 to T8. This allows sensing to be achieved for scenarios with low SNR and high angular resolution requirements.

[0517] - Option 2: The repetition and TDMed-VA configurations are explicitly indicated / configured by parameters in the beam sweeping and beam management procedures of embodiment C1 / embodiment C2 / embodiment C3 / embodiment C4. For example, at least one value of the number of repetitions and the number of TDMed-VA time slots may be defined by a set, limited by a range of values, or determined to a specific value based on the configuration. The set may be, for example, {N1, N2, ...}. The range may be, for example, {Nmin, Nmax}. The value may be determined based on the SNR and antenna configuration. This increases the flexibility of repetition and TDMed-VA, but increases the signaling overhead.

[0518] Beam sweeping and beam management with repetition may follow the following procedure.

[0519] An example of a beam sweeping and beam management procedure with iterations in FIG. 73 includes the following phases 0 to 2:

[0520] In Phase 0, at least one of the time domain resource, frequency domain resource, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. The configuration / instruction may be notified from the LMF / SF to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, or may be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 may start in response to a trigger.

[0521] In the subsequent Phase 1, repeated Tx and Rx sensing beam sweeping may be performed. Phase 1 may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, aperiodically, or may be triggered by an event. The event may be the acquisition of prior information about the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter may perform Tx beam sweeping. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is BF, the sensing receiver may perform Rx beam sweeping. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is VA, the sensing receiver may perform reception without Rx beamforming.

[0522] In the subsequent Phase 2, iterative Tx and Rx beam tracking may be performed. Beam tracking may select one or more beams from the multiple beams used in beam sweeping and continue sensing using the selected beam. If sensing is bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / instruction may be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. If the sensing stations cooperate, exchange / instruction may be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter may transmit using the selected Tx beam. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is BF, the sensing receiver may receive using the selected Rx beam. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is VA, the sensing receiver may receive without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 may include Phases 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, at least one of time domain resources, frequency domain resources, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type may be configured / instructed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. In Phase 2-2, continuous update / feedback / exchange / instruction / configuration of Tx / Rx beams may be performed to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. Phase 2 may end depending on the release.

[0523] The multiple time slots for repetition and TDMed-VA may include both DL time slots and UL time slots in half duplex. The frame structure for the DL time slots and UL time slots may be in accordance with embodiment B1 / embodiment B2.

[0524] According to this embodiment, the repetition / EA and VA can improve the SNR / coverage / angular resolution of sensing.

[0525] <Supplementary Information> [Notification of Information to UE] In the above-described embodiments, any information may be notified to the UE (from a network (NW) (e.g., a base station (BS))) (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0526] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0527] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0528] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0529] [Notification of Information from UE] In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0530] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0531] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0532] Furthermore, any information in the above-described embodiments may be notified from the UE periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0533] [Application of Each Embodiment] At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied when a specific condition is met. The specific condition may be defined in a standard or may be notified to a UE / BS using higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling (RRC IE / MAC CE / UCI).

[0534] The specific conditions may indicate at least one of the following: - being set to enable at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments.

[0535] At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied only to UEs that have reported or support a particular UE capability.

[0536] The specific UE capability may indicate at least one of the following: - UE support for specific processing / operation / control / information for at least one of the above embodiments; - UE / BS capability for sensing; - UE / BS capability for sensing beam sweeping / management; - UE / BS capability for sensing MIMO transmission (BF / VA); - UE support for association between multiple antennas and multiple sensing antenna ports; - UE support for signal generation for multiple sensing antenna ports; - UE capability for supporting dynamic switching between repetition and VA.

[0537] UE capabilities may be read as BS capabilities. UE capabilities may be reported to a server / LMF / SF / BS / another UE. BS capabilities may be reported to a server / LMF / SF / UE / another BS.

[0538] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0539] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0540] Furthermore, at least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied when a UE configures / activates / triggers specific information related to the above-described embodiments (or performs the operations of the above-described embodiments) through higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling. The specific information may indicate at least one of the following: - Information indicating enabling / disabling the operations of the above-described embodiments. - RRC parameters for a specific release (e.g., Rel. 18 / 19). In Rel. YY (e.g., YY is 18 or greater), the RRC parameters enabling operation XXX may be represented as XXX_rYY (XXX-rYY).

[0541] If the UE does not support at least one of the specific UE capabilities or is not configured with the specific information, the UE may apply, for example, Rel. 15 / 16 behavior.

[0542] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes regarding one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiver that receives information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or some of multiple antennas, receive beamforming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping; and a controller that controls sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal described in Supplementary Note 1, wherein, after the transmit beam sweeping, the controller selects one or more beams from multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping and controls transmission of the one or more beams. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal described in Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein, after the transmit beam sweeping, the controller controls sensing using second receive beamforming or a second virtual aperture for one or more beams from multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein after the transmission beam sweeping, the control unit continues sensing using one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmission beam sweeping.

[0543] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes regarding one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping with repetition, receive beamforming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping; and a control unit that controls sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the transmit beam sweeping repeats the same beam over multiple time domain resources, or repeats sweeping of multiple beams, or repeats sweeping of a beam group within the multiple beams. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein after the transmit beam sweeping, the control unit controls sensing using one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit controls sensing using at least one of a second transmit beam sweeping using a part of the multiple antennas used for the transmit beam sweeping and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam sweeping.

[0544] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using some of multiple antennas and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping; and a control unit that controls sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein resources corresponding to each of the multiple beams used for the transmit beam sweeping are time-division multiplexed, or time-division multiplexed and frequency-division multiplexed, or time-division multiplexed and code-division multiplexed. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the transmit beam sweeping involves transmitting using a first beam and a first portion of the multiple antennas, followed by transmitting using a second portion of the multiple antennas and the first beam, or transmitting using the first portion and the first beam, followed by transmitting using the first portion and the second beam. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit controls sensing using at least one of a second transmit beam sweeping using all of the multiple antennas, a second receive beam forming for the second transmit beam sweeping, and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam sweeping.

[0545] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0546] 74 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), or the like.

[0547] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0548] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0549] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0550] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The locations and numbers of the cells and user terminals 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0551] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0552] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0553] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0554] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0555] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0556] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0557] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0558] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0559] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0560] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0561] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0562] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0563] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0564] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0565] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0566] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0567] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0568] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0569] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0570] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0571] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0572] The core network 20 (a server in the core network 20) ​​may transmit a request or assistance data related to sensing. Based on the request, the base station 10 may control at least one of reporting a result of the sensing, activating or deactivating transmission of a reference signal for the sensing, configuring or updating the reference signal, activating or deactivating measurements for the sensing, and updating the sensing method. Based on the request or assistance data, the user terminal 20 may transfer either the capability for the sensing or the result of the sensing.

[0573] (Base Station) Fig. 75 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0574] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0575] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0576] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0577] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0578] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0579] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0580] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0581] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0582] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0583] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0584] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0585] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0586] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0587] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0588] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0589] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0590] The transceiver 120 may transmit information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or some of the multiple antennas, receive beam forming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping. The controller 110 may control sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0591] The transceiver 120 may transmit information on at least one of a transmit beam sweeping with repetition, a receive beam forming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping. The controller 110 may control sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0592] The transceiver 120 may transmit information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using some of the multiple antennas and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping. The controller 110 may control sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0593] (User terminal) Fig. 76 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0594] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0595] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0596] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0597] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0598] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0599] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0600] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0601] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0602] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0603] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0604] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0605] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0606] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0607] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0608] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0609] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0610] Note that the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0611] The transceiver 220 may receive information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or some of the multiple antennas, receive beam forming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping. The controller 210 may control sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0612] After the transmit beam sweeping, the control unit 210 may select one or more beams from the plurality of beams in the transmit beam sweeping and control transmission of the one or more beams.

[0613] After the transmit beam sweeping, the controller 210 may control second receive beamforming or sensing using a second virtual aperture for one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping.

[0614] After the transmit beam sweeping, the controller 210 may continue sensing using one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping.

[0615] The transceiver unit 220 may receive information on at least one of a transmit beam sweeping with repetition, a receive beam forming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping. The control unit 210 may control sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0616] The transmit beam sweeping may involve repeating the same beam over multiple time domain resources, or repeating sweeping of multiple beams, or repeating sweeping of a group of beams within the multiple beams.

[0617] After the transmit beam sweeping, the controller 210 may control sensing using one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping.

[0618] The control unit 210 may control sensing using at least one of a second transmit beam sweeping using some of the multiple antennas used for the transmit beam sweeping and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam sweeping.

[0619] The transceiver 220 may receive information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using some of the multiple antennas and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping. The controller 210 may control sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0620] The resources corresponding to the multiple beams used in the transmit beam sweeping may be time division multiplexed, or time division multiplexed and frequency division multiplexed, or time division multiplexed and code division multiplexed.

[0621] The transmit beam sweeping may involve transmitting using a first portion of the multiple antennas and a first beam, followed by transmitting using a second portion of the multiple antennas and the first beam, or may involve transmitting using the first portion and the first beam, followed by transmitting using the first portion and the second beam.

[0622] The control unit 210 may control sensing using at least one of a second transmit beam sweeping using all of the multiple antennas, a second receive beamforming for the second transmit beam sweeping, and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam sweeping.

[0623] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0624] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0625] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 77 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0626] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0627] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0628] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0629] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0630] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0631] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0632] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0633] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0634] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0635] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0636] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0637] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0638] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0639] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0640] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0641] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0642] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0643] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0644] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0645] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0646] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0647] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0648] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0649] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0650] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0651] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0652] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0653] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0654] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0655] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0656] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0657] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0658] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0659] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0660] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0661] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0662] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0663] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0664] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0665] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0666] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0667] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0668] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0669] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0670] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0671] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0672] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0673] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0674] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0675] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0676] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0677] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0678] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0679] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0680] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0681] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0682] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0683] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0684] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0685] 78 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0686] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0687] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0688] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0689] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0690] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0691] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0692] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0693] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0694] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0695] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0696] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0697] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0698] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0699] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0700] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0701] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0702] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0703] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0704] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0705] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0706] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0707] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0708] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ...." "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ...." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (e.g., if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0709] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0710] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0711] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0712] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0713] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0714] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0715] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0716] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0717] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0718] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0719] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A terminal having a receiving unit that receives information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or a part of multiple antennas, receive beam forming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping, and a control unit that controls sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein after the transmit beam sweeping, the control unit selects one or more beams from the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping and controls transmission of the one or more beams.

3. The terminal of claim 1, wherein after the transmit beam sweeping, the control unit controls a second receive beamforming or sensing using a second virtual aperture for one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping.

4. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein after the transmit beam sweeping, the control unit continues sensing using one or more beams of the multiple beams in the transmit beam sweeping.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising: a step of receiving information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or a part of multiple antennas, receive beamforming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping; and a step of controlling sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

6. A base station having a transmitting unit that transmits information on at least one of transmit beam sweeping using all or a part of multiple antennas, receive beam forming for the transmit beam sweeping, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam sweeping, and a control unit that controls sensing using at least one of the transmit beam sweeping, the receive beam forming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

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