Convergent particle beam radiotherapy
The convergent particle beam radiotherapy system addresses the challenge of precise tumor targeting and reduced healthy tissue exposure by using magnets to control beam divergence and convergence, resulting in improved dose distribution and reduced side effects.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/129799
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-03
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Current radiation therapy techniques face challenges in delivering precise and high-intensity radiation to tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
The implementation of a convergent particle beam radiotherapy system, which uses magnets to diverge and then converge particle beams, allowing for a larger beam cross-section at the skin entry area and a focused beam at the target, thereby optimizing dose distribution and reducing side effects.
This approach enables more efficient delivery of therapeutic doses to tumors with reduced exposure to healthy tissues, potentially allowing for fewer treatment fractions and decreased side effects.
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Figure CN2024129799_08052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CONVERGENT PARTICLE BEAM RADIOTHERAPY
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 595,943, filed November 3, 2023, titled “CONVERGENT PARTICLE BEAM RADIOTHERAPY, ” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0003] Radiation therapy or “radiotherapy” may be used to treat cancers or other ailments in mammalian (e.g., human and animal) tissue. One such radiotherapy technique is referred to as “gamma knife, ” by which a patient is irradiated using a number of lower-intensity gamma rays that converge with higher intensity and high precision at a targeted region (e.g., a tumor) . In another example, radiotherapy is provided using a linear accelerator ( “linac” ) , whereby a targeted region is irradiated by high-energy particles (e.g., electrons, high-energy photons, and the like) . In another example, radiotherapy is provided using a heavy charged particle accelerator (e.g., protons, carbon ions, and the like) . The placement and dose of the radiation beam is accurately controlled to provide a prescribed dose of radiation to the targeted region. The radiation beam is also generally controlled to reduce or minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue, such as may be referred to as “organ (s) at risk” (OARs) . Radiation may be referred to as “prescribed” because generally a physician orders a predefined dose of radiation to be delivered to a targeted region such as a tumor.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] FIG. 1 illustrates generally an example of a system, such as may include a particle therapy system controller, in accordance with an example.
[0005] FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example of a radiation therapy system, such as may include a particle treatment system and an imaging acquisition device, in accordance with an example.
[0006] FIG. 3 illustrates generally a particle treatment system that may include a radiation therapy output configured to provide a proton therapy beam, in accordance with an example.
[0007] FIG. 4 illustrates generally radiation dose depths in human tissue for various types of particles, in accordance with an example.
[0008] FIG. 5 illustrates generally a spread-out Bragg Peak, in accordance with an example.
[0009] FIG. 6 illustrates generally pencil beam scanning of an irregular shape volume from distal edge to proximal edge, in accordance with an example.
[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates generally a diagram of an active scanning proton beam delivery system, in accordance with an example.
[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates an example radiotherapy device in accordance with an example.
[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates an example coverage map of skin dosage to a patient in accordance with an example.
[0013] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate examples of overlapping dose coverage on skin of a patient in accordance with an example.
[0014] FIGS. 11-12 illustrate flowcharts showing techniques for delivering convergent particle therapy to a patient in accordance with an example.
[0015] FIG. 13 illustrates a simulation of Convergent Beam proton therapy in accordance with an example.
[0016] FIG. 14 illustrates an example rotating chair, according to some examples.
[0017] FIG. 15 illustrates an example gyroscope gantry, according to some examples.
[0018] In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various examples discussed in the present document.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] As discussed above, radiation therapy or “radiotherapy” is used to treat cancers or other ailments in mammalian (e.g., human and animal) tissue. Generally, ionizing radiation in the form of a collimated beam is directed from an external radiation source toward a patient. Modulation of a radiation beam may be providedby one or more attenuators or collimators (e.g., a multi-leaf collimator) . The intensity and shape of the radiation beam may be adjusted by collimation avoid damaging healthy tissue (e.g., OARs) adjacent to the targeted tissue by conforming the projected beam to a profile of the targeted tissue.
[0020] In one approach, radiation therapy may be provided by using particles, such as protons, instead of photons. This typically may be referred to as proton therapy. One significant known advantage of proton therapy is it provides superior dose distribution with minimal exit dose compared to other forms of radiation therapy, such as x-ray therapy. There is a significant reduction of dose to organs at risk (OAR) because of the minimal exit dose. Further advantages include lower dose per treatment, which lowers the risk of side effects and may improve quality of life during and after proton therapy treatment.
[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates generally an example of a system 100, such as may include a particle therapy system controller, in accordance with an example. The system 100 may include a database or a hospital database. The particle therapy system controller may include a processor, communication interface, or memory. The memory may include treatment planning software, an operating system, or a delivery controller. The delivery controller may include a beamlet module for determining or planning spot delivery (e.g., using a spot delivery module) or line segment delivery (e.g., using a line segment delivery module) .
[0022] In an example, the spot delivery module or the beamlet module may be configured to plansize of beamlets, location of a target or spot, or the like. The beamlet module may be used to determine an order of delivery of beamlets, for example in a spiral pattern as described herein. The order of delivery module may be in communication with the treatment planning software for planning delivery of beamlets. For example, the treatment planning software may be used to determine or plan gantry angle, gantry speed, beamlet size, spiral pattern (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise) , angle range for a particular spiral pattern (e.g., every ten degrees of the gantry rotation) , or the like.
[0023] The processor may implement the plan, such as by communicating, via the communication interface or otherwise, to components used to implement the plan (e.g., to control devices or components, such as those described below with reference to FIG. 3) . In an example, the communication interface may be used to retrieve stored information from a database or a hospital database (e.g., patient information, past procedure information for the patient or other patients, procedure instructions, information about particular devices or components, or the like) .
[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example of a radiation therapy system 200, such as may include a particle treatment system and an imaging acquisition device, in accordance with an example. The particle treatment system includes an ion source, an accelerator, scanning magnets, and convergence magnets each of which is described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 3. The particle treatment system includes a gantry and a table, where the gantry may be mounted on the table, affixed to the table, or stabilized with respect to the table. The table may hold a patient. The gantry may be a rotating gantry, and may rotate with respect to the table (e.g., around the table) or with respect to the patient (and the table or a portion of the table may rotate with the gantry) .
[0025] The particle treatment system may communicate with a treatment control system, which may be used to control actions of the particle treatment system. The treatment control system may communicate with an imaging acquisition device (e.g., to receive images taken by the imaging acquisition device or an imaging database) or an oncology information system. The oncology information system may provide treatment plan details to the treatment control system, such as received from treatment planning system. The treatment control system may use the treatment plan to control the particle treatment system (e.g., activate the gantry, the ion source, the accelerator, the scanning magnets, the convergence magnets, a particle beam, or the like) . The treatment control system, for example, may include a beamlet intensity control, a beamlet energy control, a scanning magnet control, a convergence magnet control, a table control, a gantry control, etc. In an example, the beamlet intensity control and the beamlet energy control may be used to activate a beamlet of a particular size or to target a particular location. The scanning magnetic control or the convergence magnet control may be used to deliver beamlets according to the treatment plan, for example in a convergence pattern. In some examples, the scanning magnet control and the convergence magnet control may be a single control. The gantry control or the table control may be used to rotate the gantry. In some examples, the gantry may be rotated gyroscopically around the patient, for example to achieve a multiplane delivery with each plane having 360 degree rotation. The gantry control may be configured to consider relative displacement between the patient and the source within each plane (e.g., due to potential differing distances between source and patient at each planes) .
[0026] The treatment planning software may include components such as a beamlet delivery and ordering module, with, for example, separate controls for beamlet ordering for spots or line segments. The treatment planning software is described in more detail above with respect to FIG. 1. The treatment planning software may access an imaging database to retrieve images or store information. When a treatment plan is completed, the treatment planning software may send the plan to an oncology information system for communication with the treatment control system.
[0027] FIG. 3 illustrates in an example of a particle treatment system 300 that may include a radiation therapy output configured to provide a proton therapy beam. The particle treatment system 300 includes an ion source 301, an injector 303, an accelerator 305, an energy selector 307, a plurality of bending magnets 309, a plurality of scanning magnets 311, a plurality of convergence magnets 312, and a snout 313. The plurality of convergence magnets 312 may be used to converge a beam initiated by the ion source 301, as described in further detail below.
[0028] The ion source 301, such as a synchrotron (not shown) may be configured to provide a stream of particles, such as protons. The stream of particles is transported to an injector 303 that provides the charged particles with an initial acceleration using a Coulomb force. The particles are further accelerated by the accelerator 305 to about 10%of the speed of light. The acceleration provides energy to the particles, which determines the depth within tissue the particles may travel. The energy selector 307 (e.g., a range scatter) may be used to select the energies of the particles to be delivered to the patient. In an example called passive scattering, an optional range modulator 308 (e.g., also called a ridge filter or a range modulation wheel) may be utilized to broaden the beam to fit the tumor. After selecting energies, a set of bending magnets 309 may be utilized to transport the stream of particles into a radiation therapy treatment room of a hospital. Further, scanning magnets 311 (e.g., x-y magnets) are used to spread the particle beam to, or trace, an exact image of the tumor shape. A snout 313 is used to further shape the particle beam. In various examples, the stream of particles may be composed of protons, carbon ions, pions, positively charged ions, or the like.
[0029] After the scanning magnets 311 spread the particle beam, the particle beam may be in a diverged state (e.g., outline of the delivery pattern on the skin at entrance to the patient is smaller than the outline at the target within the patient) . The convergence magnets 312 may be used to converge the particle beam from the diverged state to a converging state. The converging state particle beam may be configured using the convergent magnets 312 to converge at a target (e.g., at a tumor or past a tumor in a patient) . The converging state particle beam is larger at an area of entry on the skin of the patient thanat the target (e.g., it may converge at the target) . In some examples, the converging state particle beam may be attenuated to ramp up and ramp downat edges of its width to prevent double dosage at edge areas of the patient skin (e.g., as described below with respect to FIGS. 10A-10C) .
[0030] FIG. 4 provides an illustration of a comparison of radiation dose depths for various types of particles in human tissue. As shown, the relative depth of penetration into human tissue of photons (e.g., x-rays) versus protons versus carbon ions is provided (e.g., including any radiation dose provided at a distance beneath the surface, including secondary radiation or scatter) . Each radiation dose is shown relative to the peak dose for a proton beam having a single energy which has been set to 100%.
[0031] The mono-energetic (e.g., single energy) proton beam indicates a plateau region starting at approximately 25%that gradually increases until approximately 10 cm depth in tissue where it rapidly increases to the Bragg Peak at 15cm and then advantageously falls to zero within a short distance. No additional dose is delivered at the end of the Bragg peak.
[0032] The photon beam (e.g., labelled as X-rays) indicates the initial build up due to electron scatter (e.g., the primary means by which X-rays deliver dose to tissue is through transfer of energy to electrons in the tissue) . This is followed by an exponential fall off, which continues past the distal edge of the target, which is at approximately 15 cm depth in the diagram. The x-ray beam has an entrance (skin) dose set to match that of the proton beam. With normalization (e.g., scaling) at 15 cm depth, the dose due to x-rays is at 40%of the dose provided by proton beam, while the x-ray beam has a peak dose of greater than 95% ( “near” 100%) at approximately 3cm depth. If the x-ray data is renormalized to achieve 100%dose at 15 cm, the peak dose at approximately 3cm depth would be approximately 240%, in a location where dose is not desired (e.g., prior to the target) . Therefore, with x-rays, a considerable amount of dose is delivered prior to the target and an appreciable amount of dose is delivered past the target.
[0033] The mono-energetic carbon ion beam shows a plateau region at the entrance dose that is lower than the proton beam. The carbon ion beam has a sharper Bragg Peak that falls more precipitously than the proton beam, but the carbon ion beam has a tail (e.g., knownas a “spallation tail” , where some of the Carbon nuclei shatter into Helium ions) that has approximately 10%additional dose, or less, past the desired target by several centimeters. The carbon ion beam has an undesired entrance and skin dose compared to the proton beam, but the carbon ion beam has a non-trivial dose delivered past the target.
[0034] FIG. 5 provides an illustration of a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) . The SOBP. displays a relative depth dose curve for the combination of a set of proton beams of various initial energies each of which has had some spread in energy (e.g., variable absorption of energy in tissue) . The desired result of having a uniform dose for a target of a particular thickness. As shown, the target is shown with a proximal depth of approximately 10 cm, a distal depth of approximately 13 cm, and a target thickness of approximately 3 cm. Within the target, the dose is quite uniform (with an average normalized at 100%) . The diagram does not start at 0 cm depth and is not explicitly showing the entrance (skin) dose, but the nature of the entrance region of proton beams is a relatively flat depth dose curve. Typically, the entrance (skin) dose will be approximately 70%of the target dose (e.g., shown at the far right edge of the x-axis) . A SOBP may be obtained using a variety of approaches, including using a scattered proton beam with modulation of the energy (variable absorption) utilizing a variety of devices (e.g., a static ridge filter or a dynamic range modulation wheel) , or by selection of a number of mono-energetic proton beams that do not undergo scatter.
[0035] FIG. 6 provides an illustration of a Pencil Beam Scanning of an irregular shape volume from a distal edge (e.g., bottom) to a proximal (e.g., top) edge. As shown, the irregular shaped tumor volume is irradiated layers of protons. For example, a first time snapshot 602 shows a first layer of protons being delivered, and a later time snapshot 604 shows that most of the layers have been delivered. Each layer has its own cross-sectional area to which the protons having the same energy are delivered. The total radiation dose is provided as a layer-by-layer set of beamlets. Each layer of may have different energies. The most common means of specifying and delivering the set of beamlets to the cross-sectional area is to define and deliver beamlets having a constant diameter ( “spot size” ) to a selection of grid points on each layer. While the majority of the dose from the beamlet is delivered to the targeted layer, a significant amount of dose is delivered along the path to the targeted layer. The dose to proximal layers from beamlets defined for distal layers is accounted for in the specification of the beamlets defined for the proximal layers. The ability to individually specify the number of particles (e.g., the meterset) for a given beamlet ensures that each part of the volume being irradiate receives the desired dose.
[0036] FIG. 7 provides an illustration of a diagrammatic representation of an example active scanning proton beam delivery system configured to deliver a convergent particle beam. As shown, a particle beam is emitted by a particle beam emitter 702. An incoming mono-energetic proton beamlet has a specified amount of its energy absorbed by the Range Shifter (e.g., in FIG. 7 it is a Range Shifter plate 704) , resulting in a beamlet with the desired energy to achieve a certain depth for the Bragg Peak in the patient to treat the specified layer. A magnetic scanner 706, which has the ability to deflect the particles in both a vertical and a horizontal direction may be used to diverge the particle beam. The strength of the magnetic fields in the magnetic scanner 706 may be adjusted to control the deflection in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field and the incoming beamlet. The rate at which the magnetic field strengths may be adjusted determines the rate at which the scanning may take place. For example, the intensity of the proton beamlet in combination with the scanning rate determines how much dose may be delivered to a specific area in a particular amount of time (e.g., particles / unit area) .
[0037] After diverging via the magnetic scanner 706, a set of magnets 708 may be used to converge the divergent beam such that the beam converges at a target 712 in a patient. A spread width (e.g., size) of delivery that occurs at a skin entry area 710 of the patient is larger than a converged spread width at the target 712. By diverging and then converging the beam via the magnetic scanner 706 and a set of magnets 708, radiation delivered to the skin entry area 710 is more spread out than that delivered to the target 712. This may provide a lower dosage per area unit on the skin of the patient than at the target. This may provide an opportunity to deliver a higher dose to the target 712 with a same skin radiation delivery (e.g., if the beam was divergent) , which may allow for fewer factions to be needed. In some examples, instead of delivering a higher dose to the target 712, a lower dose may be delivered per area unit on the skin while maintaining a same dose to the target, reducing severity of side effects to the skin.
[0038] In an example, the skin entry area 710 may be spread over 10cm (e.g., in contrast to a divergent beam, which may only be 5cm) . The skin entry area 710 may include a rectangle or other shape, but is shown in a cross-section in FIG. 7. In an example, a 20cm by 20cm box may exit the set of magnets 708, with a focus such that at the skin entry area 710, it is 10cm by 10cm, and then at the target 712, it is 5cm by 5cm.
[0039] The convergent beam techniques described herein may be used with a rotational delivery system. For example, a gantry may be rotated or a patient chair may be rotated. The rotation may occur such that each beam is delivered statically (e.g., without rotation during delivery) in a static arc. After delivery, the rotation may occur, stop, and another delivery may occur. In some examples, 360 degree coverage may be applied (e.g., at one or more angles throughout the 360 degree rotation) , while in others, a subset of angles may be used (e.g., only rotating 270 degrees or 180 degrees, etc. ) .
[0040] FIG. 8 depicts an example particle beam radiation therapy system 802 configured to deliver one or more charged particle beams of radiation to a patient. In some aspects, radiation therapy system 802 may be configured to deliver a pencil beam of protons. A pencil beam may be delivered from radiation therapy system 802 using magnetic or electrostatic field controls (not shown) to generate a charged particle beam having a predetermined trajectory and a predetermined particle energy. Radiation therapy system 802 may be part of a larger imaging and radiotherapy system. For example, radiation therapy system 802 may operate independently or may operate in conjunction with an imaging acquisition system, for example, an MR imaging, X-ray imaging, CT imaging, ultrasound, or any other suitable medical imaging acquisition system. One or more components of an imaging system may acquire images before, during, or after radiotherapy treatment.
[0041] Radiation therapy system 802 may be used to provide real-time monitoring of the locations of the end points of emitted charged particle beams during radiotherapy, in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.
[0042] System 802 may include a radiation therapy output 804 configured to deliver a charged particle beam of radiation 808 to a portion of a patient located in region 812. Radiation therapy output 804 may include one or more collimators, such as a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) , or compensators. Collimators or compensators may be used to shape particle beam 808, e.g., based on the size or shape of the target region.
[0043] System 802 may also include a surface 816, for example, a table, bed, or couch, and a patient or a portion of a patient may be positioned on region 812 of surface 816 to receive a prescribed radiation therapy dose according to a radiation therapy treatment plan. In some examples, the surface 816 may rotate, instead of or in addition to the gantry, for example when the surface 816 is a chair. In some examples, surface 816 may move relative to system 802. For example, surface 816 may move in a transverse (T) direction, a lateral direction (L) , an axial direction (A) , or may rotate about a transverse axis (R) , e.g., to assist with moving the patient into and out of system 802, positioning the patient within system 802, setting up system 802, or cleaning or repairing system 802.
[0044] Radiation therapy output 804 may be coupled to a gantry 806 or other mechanical support and may be configured to move relative to the patient, relative to system 802, or relative to gantry 806. For example, radiation therapy output 804 may rotate on gantry 806 around an axis (A) extending through a central region of gantry 806. Radiation therapy output 804 may additionally or alternatively be moveable in a transverse direction or a lateral direction. This may, e.g., allow radiation therapy output 804 to be positioned relative to the patient. In some examples, radiation therapy system 802 may not include a gantry 806, and the location of radiation therapy output 804 may be fixed in place or may move less than 360 degrees around a patient positioned on surface 816.
[0045] One or more of surface 816, radiation therapy output 804, or gantry 806 may be manually or automatically positioned relative to one another in system 802. Characteristics of charged particle beam 808 output by radiation therapy output 804 may be manually or automatically controlled and may be determined according to a specified dose of radiation intended for a specific region of interest of the patient for a particular radiotherapy delivery session during a treatment plan. A sequence of radiation therapy deliveries may be specified according to a radiation therapy treatment plan, for example, one or more different orientations or locations of gantry 806, surface 816, or radiation therapy output 804 may be adjusted based on the sequence. For example, radiation therapy output 804 may move along gantry 806 around axis A and may output one or more particle beams 808 at a number of different locations. Thus, charged particle beams 808 from radiation therapy output 804 may be delivered to the target region from a number of different directions. In some examples, deliveries of radiation therapy from different angles may occur sequentially but each may end at region of interest 810. In this way, a prescribed cumulative dose of radiation therapy may be delivered to a target region within the patient from different angles. During delivery, exposure and damage to structures surrounding the target region may be reduced or avoided with precise delivery of radiation by, e.g., controlling the position of radiation therapy output 804, the energy of charged particle beams 808, or the intensity of the charged particle beams 808.
[0046] The general goal of radiation therapy is to deliver the necessary dose to a tumor while minimizing dose elsewhere. It is not possible to deliver zero dose to intervening tissue, but it is possible to deliver radiation from a plurality of angles so that the dose that is delivered to intervening tissue is spread out to avoid too high a dose in any one place. Arc therapy in general follows this approach. However, it is impractical, if not impossible, to deliver convergent photon beams. The area at entrance in a divergent beam is smaller than the area at the tumor, so there is a higher fluence on entrance simply based on the geometry.
[0047] The systems and techniques described herein provide for delivering radiation through a larger solid angle towards the tumor or target such that the dose is more highly concentrated at the target, while undesired entrance dose is distributed across a larger volume of normal tissue.
[0048] A particle beam line with focusing electromagnets may provide beam optics such that the virtual source is at or past the isocenter such that Virtual Source Axis Distance (VSAD) X and Y are both negative. A treatment planning system may be used to calculate and optimize dose based on a convergent beam. The convergent beam may be aligned to converge using magnets such that projection of the beam outlines on a virtual cylinder or sphere surrounding the treatment isocenter with slightly overlapping dose delivery over an arc. In some examples, overlapping regions may have individual beamlets that are oppositely ramped in intensity to minimize over or underdose at the beam adjacencies.
[0049] A convergent beam having a virtual source location (or focus) at the tumor site or, in some examples, past the tumor site, allows a focused beam to be developed that utilizes Bragg Peak absorption to deliver a maximum dose across the tumor target site (e.g., pinpoint delivery where focus is at the tumor, shaped delivery where the VSAD is past the tumor) . This convergent beam also minimizes the dose in the intervening areas, notably the skin boundary, by having a greater beam cross section at the intervening areas than the concentrated beam intensity of a divergent beam. Configurable parameters such as beam shape, beam width, delivery depth (e.g., using Bragg peak) , or ramping may be used to generate highly customized and accurate delivery plans, minimize damage to organs at risk, limit potential skin damage or reduce the dose to skin, support hypofractionation by delivery of higher doses per fraction to reduce the overall fractions required, or minimize side effects by retaining fractions.
[0050] FIG. 9 illustrates an example coverage map 900 of skin dosage to a patient in accordance with an example. The example coverage map 900 illustrates overlapping shapes, representing dosage received by skin, according to some examples. Although a hexagon (and partial hexagons) are shown in FIG. 9, dosage may be delivered in other shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, octagons, etc. The shapes are represented as an image in FIG. 9, such as from the top of a patient’s head looking down. In delivery, the shapes may be three-dimensional (e.g., an area may have a curvature when delivered to a patient’s head) .
[0051] The example coverage map 900 shows a plurality of overlapping delivery shapes, such as 902, 904, and 906. In some locations, there is an overlapping dose delivered, which is represented by areas 910 and 912. Area 910 includes overlapping dosage from 902 and 904, while area 912 includes overlapping dosage from 902, 904, and 906. The overlapping dosage may be minimized by using a ramping technique to deliver less radiation at edges of each shape. In some examples, the example coverage map 900 may be used for a tumor in a brain of a patient.
[0052] In an example, the example coverage map 900 may be generated by delivering a particle beam while using a rotating gantry and rotating the patient using a rotating chair (e.g., a chair the patient occupies) in a coordinated fashion. The example coverage map 900 may be generated by causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver 360 degree radiotherapy to the patient (e.g., over time at one or more angles throughout the 360 degree plane while rotating both the patient via the rotating chair and rotating the beam via the gantry) . The rotating gantry and the rotating chair may be independently controlled (e.g., via separate motors) and may be under coordinated control (e.g., controlled by a single controller to rotate in a coordinated manner) . In an example, area 914 may represent a future dose, such as one generated when the rotating chair or the rotating gantry or both are rotated. Area 914 may include delivery of a dosage at a later time than that delivered to area 904, for example. The example coverage map 900 may cover not only a 360 degree rotation around the head of the patient, but also vertically from the top of the patient’s head down. In some examples, this is referred to as a 4Pi geometry (e.g., inward from the surface of the sphere or head) .
[0053] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate examples of overlapping dose coverage on skin of a patient in accordance with an example. FIG. 10A illustrates an overlapping dose coverage 1004 from a first dose 1002 and a second dose 1006 (e.g., using a static arc rotation delivery) . The overlapping dose coverage 1004 of FIG. 10A is the sum of both the first dose 1002 and the second dose 1006. Because there is no ramping in the first and second doses 1002 and 1006, the overlapping dose coverage 1004 is much higher (e.g., at a skin entry area) than either the first or the second dose 1002 or 1006. This may lead to side effects at the area affected by the overlapping dose coverage 1004. In examples where the first and second doses 1002 and 1006 do not overlap, there may be a target dose gap (e.g., part of the target is not adequately covered) .
[0054] To alleviate the double dose coverage, FIG. 10B illustrates a first dose 1008 that ramps downand a second dose 1010 that ramps up. An overlapping dose coverage 1012 increases where the first and second doses 1008 and 1010 overlap, but is lower than the overlapping dose coverage 1004 of FIG. 10A due to the ramping of the first and second doses 1008 and 1010. Only a portion of the first and second doses 1008 and 1010 are shown for convenience, and either of the doses may both ramp up and ramp down.
[0055] FIG. 10C illustrates an idealized ramping of a first dose 1014 and a second dose 1016 where an overlapping dose coverage 1018 is flat and maintains a same dose as a maximum dose of the first and second doses 1014 and 1016. Examples where an overlapping dose coverage is lower than a maximum dose may have inadequate dose coverage at a target (similar to if no overlap occurs, although to a lesser effect) .
[0056] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart showing a technique 1100 for delivering convergent particle therapy to a patient in accordance with an example. The technique 1100 may cause a therapeutic dose to be delivered to a tumor or a target of a patient in a single fraction.
[0057] The technique 1100 includes an operation 1102 to cause a first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle to a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam caused to diverge at a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam converging at or past the target location. The first radiotherapy particle beam may have a width of at least ten centimeters at the first skin entry area of the patient and a width of no more than five centimeters at the target location, according to some examples. The target location may be within a tumor or distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the radiotherapy particle beam. The first radiotherapy particle beam may include a beam of carbon or protons.
[0058] The technique 1100 includes an operation 1104 to cause a gantry to rotate or cause a patient support chair to rotate from the first angle to a second angle. The technique 1100 includes an operation 1106 to cause a second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle to the target location, the second radiotherapy particle beam delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient that partially overlaps the first skin entry area of the patient. In an example, the first radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a first delivery step, and radiotherapy particle beam delivery is blocked from the patient during a movement step. In this example, the second radiotherapy particle beam may occur during a second delivery step.
[0059] The technique 1100 may include rotating the patient or a particle beam using a rotating gantry or a rotating chair. The technique 1100 may include causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver 360 degree radiotherapy to the patient. The technique 1100 may include causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at some number of additional angles around the patient (e.g., one extra for two total, four extra for five total, five extra for six total, six extra for seven total, eleven extra for twelve total, etc. ) .
[0060] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart showing a technique 1200 for delivering convergent particle therapy to a patient in accordance with an example. The technique 1200 may include causing a therapeutic dose to be delivered to a patient in a single fraction.
[0061] The technique 1200 includes an operation 1202 to cause a first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle towards a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam caused to diverge at a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam converging at or past the target location, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a first Bragg peak dose is delivered to a first portion of the target location. In some examples, the first radiotherapy particle beam has a width of at least ten centimeters at the first skin entry area of the patient and a width of no more than five centimeters at the target location. The first radiotherapy particle beam may be a beam of carbon or protons, in some examples.
[0062] The technique 1200 includes an operation 1204 to cause a gantry to rotate or cause a patient support chair to rotate from the first angle to a second angle. The technique 1200 includes an operation 1206 to cause a second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle towards the target location, the second radiotherapy particle beam delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient, wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a second Bragg peak dose is delivered to a second portion of the target location. The target location may be within a tumor or distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the radiotherapy particle beam.
[0063] In some examples, the first radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a first Bragg peak dose is delivered to a first portion of the target location and the second radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a second Bragg peak dose is delivered to a second portion of the target location.
[0064] The first radiotherapy particle beam may occur during a first delivery step and the radiotherapy particle beam delivery may be blocked om the patient during a movement step. The second radiotherapy particle beam may occur during a second delivery step.
[0065] The technique 1200 may include rotating the patient or a particle beam using a rotating gantry or a rotating chair. The technique 1200 may include causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver 360 degree radiotherapy to the patient. The technique 1200 may include causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at five additional angles around the patient.
[0066] FIG. 13 illustrates a simulation of Convergent Beam proton therapy in accordance with an example. The simulation in FIG. 13 illustrates a dose volume histogram comparison (e.g., where dashed lines are convergent, solid lines are traditional and not convergent) . The simulation indicates in the upper right quadrant image that the first two dashed lines from the left show improvements using a convergent beam over the traditional approach. While the volume of tissue (e.g., skin) affected using a convergent beam may be greater, the dose to that tissue is significantly lower. For example, the volume may increase by a factor of 2.5 while the dose is reduced by a factor of 5. The convergent beam approach may be used to deliver a therapeutic dose to a target in 40%or 20%of the treatment sessions (e.g., fewer fractions, and optionally a single fraction) , in some examples. In other examples, the treatment sessions may stay the same or similar for scheduling, which may result in fewer or less likely side effects.
[0067] FIG. 14 illustrates an example rotating chair system 1400, according to some examples. The example rotating chair system 1400 includes a chair 1402 configured to seat a radiotherapy patient (e.g., with straps or additional securing elements) affixed to a rotating chair gantry 1404. The rotating chair gantry 1404 may cause the chair 1402 to rotate, for example relative to a floor, to a particle beam gantry, or the like.
[0068] FIG. 15 illustrates an example gyroscope gantry system 1500, according to some examples. The example gyroscope gantry system 1500 includes a chair 1502 and a gyroscope gantry 1504. The gyroscope gantry 1504 may cause the chair 1502 to rotate, for example in 360 degree freedom of movement about a central point of the chair 1502 (e.g., a center of mass of the chair 1502 when a patient is seated in the chair 1502) . In some examples, the gyroscope gantry 1504 may rotate the chair 1502 vertically, horizontally, or both at the same time.
[0069] In an example, a patient may be rotated using a rotating patient gantry, a gyroscope gantry, a rotating chair, or the like. Any one or more of these rotational techniques may be used separately or in combination. An object (e.g. the patient’s head being irradiated as a sphere) , may have radiotherapy delivered at one or more angles along a 4Pi geometry. The 4Pi geometry may be configured based on a gantry angle providing coverage of a Polar Angle (e.g., Latitude) , and a chair angle providing coverage of an Azimuthal Angle (e.g., Longitude) . For example, the gantry angle may cause the patient to move from zero (e.g., pointing down) to an appropriate furthest gantry angle for coverage (e.g., 135 degrees) in appropriate increments. The chair may be rotated by an appropriate increment and the gantry may rotate back up to zero. The chair may be rotated by an appropriate increment and rotate the gantry rotate back down, for example iterating across different chair angles. In another example, the chair may be rotated 360 degrees with a constant gantry angle, and then increment the gantry angle, and then rotate the chair another 360 degrees, continuing until all Polar angles are addressed. When a gyroscope is used, the chair may be tilted (e.g., separate from or in addition to rotating the chair) .
[0070] The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific examples in which the invention may be practiced. These examples are also referred to herein as “examples. ” Such examples may include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof) , either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof) , or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.
[0071] In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and any documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in this document controls.
[0072] In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more. ” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B, ” “B but not A, ” and “A and B, ” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein. ” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first, ” “second, ” and “third, ” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.
[0073] Method examples described herein may be machine or computer-implemented at least in part. Some examples may include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples. Animplementation of such methods may include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like. Such code may include computer readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form portions of computer program products. Further, in an example, the code may be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media may include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks) , magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs) , read only memories (ROMs) , and the like.
[0074] The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other examples may be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72 (b) , to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed example. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or examples, with each claim standing on its own as a separate example, and it is contemplated that such examples may be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
[0075] Example 1 is a system comprising: a particle beam emitter configured to deliver, using a static arc delivery, a radiotherapy particle beam towards a patient; a first set of magnets configured to cause the radiotherapy particle beam to diverge; and a second set of magnets configured to cause the radiotherapy particle beam to converge at a target location inside the patient.
[0076] In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 includes, wherein the static arc delivery includes a delivery portion and a movement portion, and wherein the radiotherapy particle beam is delivered to the patient during the delivery portion and blocked from the patient during the movement portion.
[0077] In Example 3, the subject matter of Examples 1–2 includes, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the radiotherapy particle beam.
[0078] In Example 4, the subject matter of Examples 1–3 includes, a rotating gantry configured to rotate the particle beam emitter to deliver the radiotherapy particle beam at a plurality of angles of the static arc delivery.
[0079] In Example 5, the subject matter of Examples 1–4 includes, a rotating chair configured to rotate the patient to receive the radiotherapy particle beam at a plurality of angles of the static arc delivery.
[0080] In Example 6, the subject matter of Examples 1–5 includes, wherein the static arc delivery is configured to deliver the radiotherapy particle beam at any angle throughout 360 degree coverage of the patient.
[0081] In Example 7, the subject matter of Examples 1–6 includes, wherein the static arc delivery includes delivery at seven angles around the patient.
[0082] In Example 8, the subject matter of Examples 1–7 includes, wherein a therapeutic dose is delivered by the system in a single fraction.
[0083] In Example 9, the subject matter of Examples 1–8 includes, wherein the particle beam emitter emits carbon ions or protons.
[0084] In Example 10, the subject matter of Examples 1–9 includes, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.
[0085] Example 11 is a method comprising: causing a first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle towards a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam caused to diverge at a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam converging at or past the target location; causing a second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle towards the target location, the second radiotherapy particle beam delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient; wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a first Bragg peak dose is delivered to a first portion of the target location; and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a second Bragg peak dose is delivered to a second portion of the target location.
[0086] In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 11 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a first delivery step, wherein radiotherapy particle beam delivery is blocked from the patient during a movement step, and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a second delivery step.
[0087] In Example 13, the subject matter of Examples 11–12 includes, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the first radiotherapy particle beam.
[0088] In Example 14, the subject matter of Examples 11–13 includes, rotating the patient using a rotating gantry.
[0089] In Example 15, the subject matter of Examples 11–14 includes, rotating the patient using a rotating chair.
[0090] In Example 16, the subject matter of Examples 11–15 includes, causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane to the patient.
[0091] In Example 17, the subject matter of Examples 11–16 includes, rotating the patient using a rotating patient gantry and rotating the patient using a rotating chair simultaneously; and causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane in a 4Pi geometry within the patient.
[0092] In Example 18, the subject matter of Examples 11–17 includes, rotating the patient using a rotating patient gantry or rotating the patient using a rotating chair; and causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane in a 4Pi geometry within the patient by rotating a particle beam emitter using a rotating gantry.
[0093] In Example 19, the subject matter of Examples 11–18 includes, wherein the method causes a therapeutic dose to be delivered to the patient in a single fraction.
[0094] In Example 20, the subject matter of Examples 11–19 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is a beam of carbon ions or protons.
[0095] In Example 21, the subject matter of Examples 11–20 includes, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.
[0096] Example 22 is a method of planning radiation therapy delivery, the method comprising: determining a planned first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle towards a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam planned to diverge at a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam planned to converge at or past the target location; determining a planned second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle towards the target location, the planned second radiotherapy particle beam planned to be delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient; wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is planned to be emitted such that a first Bragg peak dose is delivered to a first portion of the target location; and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is planned to be emitted such that a second Bragg peak dose is delivered to a second portion of the target location.
[0097] In Example 23, the subject matter of Example 22 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is planned to occur during a first delivery step, wherein radiotherapy particle beam delivery is planned to be blocked from the patient during a movement step, and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is planned to occur during a second delivery step.
[0098] In Example 24, the subject matter of Examples 22–23 includes, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the first radiotherapy particle beam.
[0099] In Example 25, the subject matter of Examples 22–24 includes, determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating gantry.
[0100] In Example 26, the subject matter of Examples 22–25 includes, determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating chair.
[0101] In Example 27, the subject matter of Examples 22–26 includes, planning a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane to the patient.
[0102] In Example 28, the subject matter of Examples 22–27 includes, determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating patient gantry and to rotate the patient using a rotating chair simultaneously; and planning a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane in a 4Pi geometry within the patient.
[0103] In Example 29, the subject matter of Examples 22–28 includes, determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating patient gantry or to rotate the patient using a rotating chair; and planning a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane in a 4Pi geometry within the patient by rotating a particle beam emitter using a rotating gantry.
[0104] In Example 30, the subject matter of Examples 22–29 includes, planning a therapeutic dose to be delivered to the patient in a single fraction.
[0105] In Example 31, the subject matter of Examples 22–30 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is a beam of carbon ions or protons.
[0106] In Example 32, the subject matter of Examples 22–31 includes, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.
[0107] Example 33 is a method comprising: causing a first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle to a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam caused to diverge by a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam converging at or past the target location; causing a second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle to the target location, the second radiotherapy particle beam delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient thatpartially overlaps the first skin entry area of the patient; wherein the first and second radiotherapy particle beams have varying intensity, including a maximum therapy dose, such thatan overlap area between the first skin entry area and the second skin entry area receives a dose that is lower than double the maximum therapy dose.
[0108] In Example 34, the subject matter of Example 33 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a first delivery step, wherein radiotherapy particle beam delivery is blocked from the patient during a movement step, and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a second delivery step.
[0109] In Example 35, the subject matter of Examples 33–34 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam has a width of at least ten centimeters at the first skin entry area of the patient and a width of no more than five centimeters at the target location.
[0110] In Example 36, the subject matter of Examples 33–35 includes, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the radiotherapy particle beam.
[0111] In Example 37, the subject matter of Examples 33–36 includes, rotating the patient using a rotating gantry.
[0112] In Example 38, the subject matter of Examples 33–37 includes, rotating the patient using a rotating chair.
[0113] In Example 39, the subject matter of Examples 33–38 includes, causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane to the patient.
[0114] In Example 40, the subject matter of Examples 33–39 includes, causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at five additional angles around the patient.
[0115] In Example 41, the subject matter of Examples 33–40 includes, wherein the method causes a therapeutic dose to be delivered to the patient in a single fraction.
[0116] In Example 42, the subject matter of Examples 33–41 includes, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is a beam of carbon ions or protons.
[0117] In Example 43, the subject matter of Examples 33–42 includes, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.
[0118] Example 44 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations to implement of any of Examples 1–43.
[0119] Example 45 is an apparatus comprising means to implement of any of Examples 1–43.
[0120] Example 46 is a system to implement of any of Examples 1–43.
[0121] Example 47 is a method to implement of any of Examples 1–43.
Claims
1.A system comprising:a particle beam emitter configured to deliver, using a static arc delivery, a radiotherapy particle beam towards a patient;a first set of magnets configured to cause the radiotherapy particle beam to diverge; anda second set of magnets configured to cause the radiotherapy particle beam to converge at a target location inside the patient.2.The system of claim 1, wherein the static arc delivery includes a delivery portion and a movement portion, and wherein the radiotherapy particle beam is delivered to the patient during the delivery portion and blocked from the patient during the movement portion.3.The system of claim 1, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the radiotherapy particle beam.4.The system of claim 1, further comprising a rotating gantry configured to rotate the particle beam emitter to deliver the radiotherapy particle beam at a plurality of angles of the static arc delivery.5.The system of claim 1, further comprising a rotating chair configured to rotate the patient to receive the radiotherapy particle beam at a plurality of angles of the static arc delivery.6.The system of claim 1, wherein the static arc delivery is configured to deliver the radiotherapy particle beam at any angle throughout 360 degree coverage of the patient.7.The system of claim 1, wherein the static arc delivery includes delivery at seven angles around the patient.8.The system of claim 1, wherein a therapeutic dose is delivered by the system in a single fraction.9.The system of claim 1, wherein the particle beam emitter emits carbon ions or protons.10.The system of claim 1, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.11.A method comprising:causing a first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle towards a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam caused to diverge at a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam converging at or past the target location;causing a second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle towards the target location, the second radiotherapy particle beam delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient;wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a first Bragg peak dose is delivered to a first portion of the target location; andwherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is configured to be emitted such that a second Bragg peak dose is delivered to a second portion of the target location.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a first delivery step, wherein radiotherapy particle beam delivery is blocked from the patient during a movement step, and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a second delivery step.13.The method of claim 11, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the first radiotherapy particle beam.14.The method of claim 11, further comprising rotating the patient using a rotating gantry.15.The method of claim 11, further comprising rotating the patient using a rotating chair.16.The method of claim 11, further comprising causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane to the patient.17.The method of claim 11, further comprising:rotating the patient using a rotating patient gantry and rotating the patient using a rotating chair using a coordinated control or simultaneously; andcausing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 4Pi geometry to the patient.18.The method of claim 11, further comprising:rotating the patient using a rotating patient gantry or rotating the patient using a rotating chair; andcausing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 4Pi geometry to the patient by rotating a particle beam emitter using a rotating gantry.19.The method of claim 11, wherein the method causes a therapeutic dose to be delivered to the patient in a single fraction.20.The method of claim 11, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is a beam of carbon ions or protons.21.The method of claim 11, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.22.A method of planning radiation therapy delivery, the method comprising:determining a planned first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle towards a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam planned to diverge at a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam planned to converge at or past the target location;determining a planned second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle towards the target location, the planned second radiotherapy particle beam planned to be delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient;wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is planned to be emitted such that a first Bragg peak dose is delivered to a first portion of the target location; andwherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is planned to be emitted such that a second Bragg peak dose is delivered to a second portion of the target location.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is planned to occur during a first delivery step, wherein radiotherapy particle beam delivery is planned to be blocked from the patient during a movement step, and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam is planned to occur during a second delivery step.24.The method of claim 22, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the first radiotherapy particle beam.25.The method of claim 22, further comprising determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating gantry.26.The method of claim 22, further comprising determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating chair.27.The method of claim 22, further comprising planning a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane to the patient.28.The method of claim 22, further comprising:determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating patient gantry and to rotate the patient using a coordinated control or simultaneously; andplanning a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 4Pi geometry to the patient.29.The method of claim 22, further comprising:determining a plan to rotate the patient using a rotating patient gantry or to rotate the patient using a rotating chair; andplanning a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 4Pi geometry to the patient by rotating a particle beam emitter using a rotating gantry.30.The method of claim 22, further comprising planning a therapeutic dose to be delivered to the patient in a single fraction.31.The method of claim 22, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is a beam of carbon ions or protons.32.The method of claim 22, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.33.A method comprising:causing a first radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a first angle to a target location inside a patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam caused to diverge by a first set of magnets and caused to converge at a second set of magnets before reaching a first skin entry area of the patient, the first radiotherapy particle beam converging at or past the target location;causing a second radiotherapy particle beam to be delivered at a second angle to the target location, the second radiotherapy particle beam delivered to a second skin entry area of the patient that partially overlaps the first skin entry area of the patient;wherein the first and second radiotherapy particle beams have varying intensity, including a maximum therapy dose, such that an overlap area between the first skin entry area and the second skin entry area receives a dose that is lower than double the maximum therapy dose.34.The method of claim 33, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a first delivery step, wherein radiotherapy particle beam delivery is blocked from the patient during a movement step, and wherein the second radiotherapy particle beam occurs during a second delivery step.35.The method of claim 33, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam has a width of at least ten centimeters at the first skin entry area of the patient and a width of no more than five centimeters at the target location.36.The method of claim 33, wherein the target location is distally located from a tumor in the patient along a trajectory of the radiotherapy particle beam.37.The method of claim 33, further comprising rotating the patient using a rotating gantry.38.The method of claim 33, further comprising rotating the patient using a rotating chair.39.The method of claim 33, further comprising causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at one or more angles along a 360 degree plane to the patient.40.The method of claim 33, further comprising causing a plurality of radiotherapy particle beams to deliver radiotherapy at five additional angles around the patient.41.The method of claim 33, wherein the method causes a therapeutic dose to be delivered to the patient in a single fraction.42.The method of claim 33, wherein the first radiotherapy particle beam is a beam of carbon ions or protons.43.The method of claim 33, wherein the target location is within a tumor in the patient.
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