The invention discloses a Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer for single-photon detection based on an edged filter method, which comprises a narrow linewidth laser (1), a pulse modulator (2), a circulator (3), a sensing optical fiber (4), an optical fiber module (5), 3dB coupler (6), a linear edged filter (7), an InGaAs/InP SPAD (single-photon avalanche diode) detector group (8), a signal generator (9), a data processing module (10) and a pulse signal generator (11), wherein the InGaAs/InP SPAD detector group (8) includes two or three InGaAs/InP SPAD detectors. The InGaAs/InP SPAD detector group with a high counting rate and high sensitivity is used as a detection unit, Brillouin frequency shift information is acquired by the edged filter method, time correlation single-photon counting technology is adopted by the data processing module (10), limitations on the bandwidth and sensitivity of a traditional detector are broken through, spatial resolution and measuring precision of the reflectometer can be simultaneously improved, and temperature and strain are simultaneously sensed.