Method for controlling fungal infestation in crops and uses thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a method for controlling phytopathogens including fungal pests. Particularly, the disclosure provides method of controlling fungal infestation in olive crops by application of fungicide(s). The disclosure also relates to corresponding use thereof.

Description

“METHOD FOR CONTROLLING FUNGAL INFESTATION IN CROPS AND USES THEREOF”TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure is in the field of agrochemicals, particularly towards agricultural pest (fungal pest) control. In particular, the present disclosure relates to methods of controlling harmful fungal pest(s) in olive crops / orchards using fungicide(s).BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is relevant to the presently claimed disclosure, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art to the presently claimed disclosure.

[0003] Olive crops (Olea europaea) are extremely vulnerable to fungal pests and diseases that can damage them to cause deterioration of the quality, health, and even death of crops, amounting to significant economic losses. Thus, protection of olive crops from diseases and fungal pests plays a decisive role in sustainable agricultural development. The most common fungal diseases of Olea europaea are olive leaf spot (Spilocaea oleagina, Cycloconium oleaginurri), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) and cercospora leaf spot (Pseudocercospora cladosporioides) .

[0004] The leaves of the olive plants are susceptible to different fungal pathogens, which in turn cause disease and damage to the leaves. Olive leaf spot (OLS) (also known as bird’s eye spot or peacock spot) caused by Spilocaea oleagina. also known as Venturia oleagina or Cycloconium oleaginum is wide-spread in all olive-growing areas and can cause severe loss in yield. Typical disease symptoms appear on the upper side of the leaves, where the first symptoms are characterized by circular green spots, which are barely visible. Successively, the spots develop in concentric rings, which are olive-green, grey, dark brown from center to periphery. With the eruption of conidiophores and conidia, the spots assume a velvety appearance. In extremely severe cases, spots can coalesce. Severe and recurrent attacks of the fungus cause intense defoliation, poor growth and dieback of defoliated branches as well as significant losses in yield.

[0005] Cercospora leaf mould is another disease affecting the leaves of olive crops, whose causative organism is Cladosporium cladosporioides or Pseusocercospora cladosporioides . The disease often occurs together with peacock spot and the first signs of infection are grey blotches on the underside of the leaves, yellowing of the top of the leaves, followed by defoliation. Severe and recurrent fungal infection results in major losses in yield.

[0006] While many fungicidal compounds belonging to various chemical classes have been or are being developed for controlling fungal pests in olive crops, however, many of these fungicides have one or more drawbacks such as low bio efficacy, high phytotoxicity, high dosage requirements, crop tolerance, and the likes. Therefore, there exists a need in the art for improved methods for controlling fungal pests infecting olive crops, particularly the leaves of olive crops. The present disclosure has addressed the said need.OBJECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0007] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a method of controlling fungal infestation or fungal growth in olive crop.

[0008] It is another object of the present disclosure to provide a method of controlling fungal infestation or fungal growth in olive crop, wherein the fungal pest infects the leaves of the olive crop.

[0009] It is another object of the present disclosure to provide a method of controlling fungal infestation or fungal growth in olive crop, caused by fungus selected from a group comprising Spilocaea spp., Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum spp, Cladosporium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Pseusocercospora spp., Pseusocercospora cladosporioides, Botryosphaeria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas savastanoi, Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora dreschleri, Armillaria spp., Armillaria mellea, Verticillium spp., and Verticillium dahlia, or combinations thereof.

[0010] It is yet another object of the present disclosure to provide a method of controlling fungal infestation or fungal growth in olive crops by employing a fungicide or a combinationof fungicides, wherein said fungicide(s) show low phytotoxicity, improved olive crop health, improved cost benefit ratio and / or improved olive crop yield.SUMMARY

[0011] The present disclosure provides a method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil.

[0012] In an embodiment, pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of about 1 g a i / hato about 1000 g a i / ha.

[0013] The present disclosure provides a method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil.

[0014] The present disclosure also provides a method of improving health of olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil.

[0015] The present disclosure also provides a method of improving yield in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil.

[0016] In some embodiments, the fungal infestation is caused by a fungal pest selected from a group comprising Spilocaea spp., Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum spp., Cladosporium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Pseusocercospora spp., Pseusocercospora cladosporioides. Botryosphaeria spp., Botryosphaeria doth idea. Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas savastanoi, Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora ciiricola. Phytophthora dreschleri. Armillaria spp., Armillaria mellea, Verticillium spp., and Verticillium dahlia, or combinations thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, the fungal infestation is caused by a fungal pest selected from a group comprising Spilocaea spp., Spilocaea oleagina, Cladosporium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Pseusocercospora spp., and Pseusocercospora cladosporioides, or combinations thereof.

[0018] In some embodiments, the fungal infestation causes a disease selected from a group comprising olive spot disease, leaf spot disease, cercospora leaf mould and a combination thereof.

[0019] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination or the fungicidal composition comprises: a) pyrimethanil, and b) an inorganic fungicide.

[0020] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is selected from a group comprising copper fungicides, sulphur fungicides and combinations thereof.

[0021] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is a copper salt, preferably copper sulphate.

[0022] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is sulphur or a sulphur based compound.

[0023] The present disclosure also relates to the use of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, or for controlling growth of fungal pests in olive crops, or for improving health of olive crops, or for improving yield in olive crops.

[0024] Various objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments.DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0025] The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiments are in such detail as to clearly communicate the disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

[0026] Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability.

[0027] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes” and “including” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense that is as “including, but not limited to.”

[0028] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “some embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in some embodiments” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0029] As used in the description herein and throughout the numbered embodiments or claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0030] In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, concentration, ratio and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the disclosure are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable.

[0031] The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

[0032] The headings and abstract of the disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.

[0033] All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illustrate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure otherwise claimed.

[0034] The following discussion provides many exemplary embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventiveelements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus, if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.

[0035] Various terms as used herein are described below. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents at the time of filing.

[0036] The term “about” as used herein encompasses variations of + / -10% and more preferably + / -5%, or any such variations that are appropriate for practicing the present disclosure to achieve desired effects.

[0037] The term “locus” as used herein means the point of pest growth or infestation in the plant / crop.

[0038] The term “crop” in the context of the present disclosure refers to an olive plant or tree, i.e., Olea europea. As used herein, the term “plant”, “crop” and “olive” have been used interchangeably throughout the present disclosure. Said term refers to all physical parts of an olive plant or tree including foliage / leaves, seeds, seedlings, saplings, roots, tubers, stems, stalks, and fruits.

[0039] The terms “leaf’ and “foliage” have been interchangeably used throughout the disclosure.

[0040] The term “control” or “controlling” a pest refers to preventing or inhibiting or reducing the growth, preventing or inhibiting or reducing the ability of pest to grow or reproduce or proliferate or spread, including killing (e.g., causing the morbidity or mortality, or reduced fecundity) of pest. Controlling effects include all deviation from natural development, for example: killing or retardation of the pest, or decrease and prevention and / or treatment of the disease caused by the pest, including preventing and / or treating symptom(s) or condition(s) associated with the disease.

[0041] The term “pest” refers to an organism which is detrimental to the growth, reproduction, and / or viability of a plant, a portion of the plant or a plant seed and cause damage / disease in a plant, or a portion of the plant. In the context of the present disclosure, the pest is a fungal pest affecting olive crop.

[0042] The term “fungicide” or “fungicides” as used herein, refer to chemicals / compounds used to control fungi by killing them or preventing their growth or the growth of spores.

[0043] The term “fungicidal” as used herein, refers to the ability of a fungicide to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of fungi or their spores.

[0044] Fungicides are classified based on their structure and mode of action. The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) classifies the various fungicides according to their mode of action.

[0045] The term “copper based fungicide” or “copper based compound” includes all compounds having a copper moiety that exert a controlling or inhibiting effect on phytopathogenic fungi in crops.

[0046] The term “sulphur based fungicide” or “sulphur based compound” includes all compounds having a sulphur moiety that exert a controlling or inhibiting effect on phytopathogenic fungi in crops.

[0047] The term ‘infestation’ in the context of the present invention means the presence of a large number of fungal pests or spores in the olive crop, so as to cause damage or disease. In some embodiments, ‘infestation’ refers to the presence of a large number of fungal pests or spores in the leaves or foliage of olive crop, so as to cause damage or disease.

[0048] Pyrimethanil is a synthetic compound of the chemical group anilnopyrimidine that can act as a contact fungicide, giving protective and curative properties. Pyrimethanil has the chemical formula C12H13N3 and is represented as follows:

[0049] Pyrimethanil inhibits the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes by the fungi that are needed during the infection process. More particularly, Pyrimethanil acts by inhibiting methionine biosynthesis, thereby preventing protein formation and cell division. Pyrimethanil thus blocks the ability of fungi to degrade and digest the plant tissues, thereby stopping penetration and development of the disease.

[0050] It was surprisingly found by the present inventors that pyrimethanil alone or in combination with an inorganic fungicide selected from copper (Cu) fungicides or sulphur (S)based fungicides is capable of effectively preventing or treating fungal infestation or fungal growth specifically in olive plants / orchards, particularly in the leaves of olive plants. More particularly, the inventors found that pyrimethanil alone or in combination with inorganic fungicides selected from copper (Cu) fungicides, and sulphur (S) fungicides is capable of effectively preventing or treating Spilocaeci spp., Spilocaea oleagina, Cladosporium spp., Cladosporium clados porioides. Pseusocercospora sp., and / orPseusocercospora dadosporioides infestation or growth in the leaves of olive plants. The present inventors have also identified the duration at which pyrimethanil is needed to be applied to the olive crop to obtain best results in reducing the incidence and severity of fungal diseases.Method of controlling fungal infestation in olive crops

[0051] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at the locus of infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil.

[0052] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops / orchards, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at the locus of infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil.

[0053] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is formulated as a solid composition.

[0054] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is formulated as a liquid composition.

[0055] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC).

[0056] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is present at a concentration of 10% to 50% w / v or w / w of the composition.

[0057] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at the locus of infestation, an effective amount of a fungicidal composition or a fungicidal combination comprising pyrimethanil.

[0058] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises:- pyrimethanil, and an inorganic fungicide.

[0059] In some embodiments, the fungicidal composition comprises: pyrimethanil, an inorganic fungicide, and at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.

[0060] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is selected from copper (Cu) fungicides or sulphur (S) fungicides, or combinations thereof.

[0061] In some embodiments, the copper-based compound / fungicide is a copper salt. In some embodiments, the copper-based compound is a copper (I) salt or a copper (II) salt.

[0062] In some embodiments, the copper salt is selected from a group comprising copper sulphate, dibasic copper sulphate, tribasic copper sulphate, copper chloride, copper iodide, copper bromide, copper fluoride, copper nitrate, copper oxide, copper hydroxide, bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride and combinations thereof.

[0063] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is copper sulphate.

[0064] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is tribasic copper sulphate.

[0065] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is sulphur.

[0066] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises:- pyrimethanil, and a copper fungicide.

[0067] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises:- pyrimethanil, and copper salt.

[0068] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises:- pyrimethanil, and copper sulphate.

[0069] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises:- pyrimethanil, and- tribasic copper sulphate.

[0070] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises:- pyrimethanil, and sulphur or sulphur-based fungicide.

[0071] In some embodiments, the fungicidal composition comprises: pyrimethanil, an inorganic fungicide selected from a group comprising copper or its salts and a sulphur based fungicide, and at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.

[0072] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and an inorganic fungicide in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1:25.

[0073] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and an inorganic fungicide in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1:20.

[0074] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and an inorganic fungicide in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1: 10.

[0075] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and a copper salt in a ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 1:25.

[0076] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and a copper salt in a ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 :20.

[0077] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and a copper salt in a ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 1:10.

[0078] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and tribasic copper sulphate in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1:25.

[0079] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and tribasic copper sulphate in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1:20.

[0080] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and tribasic copper sulphate in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1: 10.

[0081] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and sulphur in a ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 :25.

[0082] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and sulphur in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1:20.

[0083] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil, and sulphur in a ratio ranging from 1: 1 to 1: 10.

[0084] In the context of the present disclosure, ‘fungicidal combination’ refers to pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide both being applied individually (i.e., as separate actives) either at the same time or at different time points. Further, each of said individual actives i.e., pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide of the ‘fungicidal combination’ can be applied in any dosage form. In some embodiments, the individual actives of the ‘fungicidal combination’ can be formulated with an agriculturally acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the individual actives can be applied directly with or without formulating with an agriculturally acceptable excipient.

[0085] The ‘fungicidal combination’ alternatively also refers to pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide both being applied together as a tank mix or pre-mix.

[0086] In the context of the present disclosure, ‘fungicidal composition’ refers to a composition comprising pyrimethanil, an inorganic fungicide and at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.

[0087] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable excipient employed in the fungicidal combination, or the fungicidal composition is selected from a group comprising solvent, diluent, carrier, surfactant, dispersing agent, wetting agent, antifoam agent, stabilizing agent, anti-freezing agent, biocide, viscosity modifiers, pH modifier and combinations thereof.

[0088] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable solvent is selected from aromatic compounds, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatic compounds or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol, and also ethers and esters thereof, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide, and also water.

[0089] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable carrier is a solid carrier or a liquid carrier.

[0090] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable liquid carrier is selected from a group comprising water, toluene, xylene, petroleum ether, vegetable oils, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acid anhydrides, acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2- butanone, butylene carbonate, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl esters of acetic acid, diacetone alcohol, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine, p-diethylbenzene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol abietate, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, diproxitol, alkylpyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene carbonate, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane, 2- heptanone, alpha-pinene, d-limonene, ethyl lactate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, gamma-butyrolactone, glycerol, glycerol acetate, glycerol diacetate, glycerol triacetate, hexadecane, hexylene glycol, isoamyl acetate, isobomyl acetate, isooctane, isophorone, isopropylbenzene, isopropyl myristate, lactic acid, laurylamine, mesityl oxide, methoxypropanol, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl laurate, methyl octanoate, methyl oleate, methylene chloride, m-xylene, n-hexane, n-octylamine, octadecanoic acid, octylamine acetate, oleic acid, oleylamine, o-xylene, phenol, polyethyleneglycol, propionic acid, propyl lactate, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, p-xylene, toluene, triethyl phosphate, triethylene glycol, xylenesulfonic acid, paraffin, mineral oil, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and alcohols ofhigher molecular weight, such as amyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, hexanol, octanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, N-methyl-2 -pyrrolidone and combinations thereof.

[0091] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable solid carrier is selected from a group comprising talc, titanium dioxide, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, limestone, calcium carbonate, bentonite, calcium montmorillonite, cottonseed husks, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, ground walnut shells, lignin and combinations thereof.

[0092] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable surfactant is selected from nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl (mono- or di-) phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene (mono-, di- or tri-) styrylphenyl ethers, polyoxyylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers, polyoxyethylene fatty acid (mono- or di-)esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, castor oil ethylene oxide adducts, acetylene glycol, acetylene alcohol, ethylene oxide adducts of acetylene glycol, ethylene oxide adducts of acetylene alcohol, alkyl glycosides, etc.; anionic surfactants, such as alkyl sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignin sulfonates, alkyl sulfosuccinates, naphthalene sulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, salts of formalin condensate of naphthalenesulfonic acid, salts of formalin condensate of alkylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid ester salts, polyoxyethylene (mono- or di-) alkylphenyl ether sulfate or phosphate ester salts, polyoxyethylene (mono-, di- or tri)styrylphenyl ether sulfuric or phosphoric ester salts, polycarboxylates (for example, polyacrylic acid salts, polymaleic acid salts, a copolymer of maleic acid and olefin, etc.), polystyrene sulfonate, etc.; cationic surfactants, such as alkyl amine salts, alkyl quaternary ammonium salts, etc.; amphoteric surfactants of amino acid type, betaine type, etc.; silicone surfactants, fluorine surfactants, and combinations thereof.

[0093] In some embodiments, the dispersing agent enables disintegration of granules in water with ease. In some embodiments, the dispersing agent is an ionic dispersing agent or a non-ionic dispersing agent such as salts of polystyrenesulphonic acids, salts of polyvinylsulphonic acids, salts of naphthalenesulphonic acid / formaldehyde condensates, salts of condensates of naphthalenesulphonic acid, phenolsulphonic acid and formaldehyde, andsalts of lignosulphonic acid, polyethylene oxide / polypropylene oxide block copolymers, polyethylene glycol ethers of linear alcohols, reaction combinations of fatty acids with ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide, furthermore polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acrylic copolymers, copolymers of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic esters, furthermore alkyl ethoxylates and alkylarylethoxylates. The preferred dispersing agents include sodium naphthalene sulfonateformaldehyde condensate, polyethyleneglycol mono- [2,4,6-tris (1 -phenylethyl] phenyl ether, or any combination thereof.

[0094] In some embodiments, the stabilizers may include carboxylic acids, such as citric acid and butenedioic acid, or inorganic components such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate which may also act as a pH modifier.

[0095] In some embodiments, the antifoam agent is selected from silicone oil, modified polydimethylsiloxane, magnesium stearate or a suitable combination thereof.

[0096] In some embodiments, the pH modifier is selected from organic and inorganic components that are usually employed in agrochemical compositions to modify the pH. In a non-limiting embodiment, the pH modifier may be selected from potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and sodium dihydrogen phosphate.

[0097] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination or the fungicidal composition is in a solid dosage form or a liquid dosage form.

[0098] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination or the fungicidal composition is in a dosage form selected from a group comprising suspension concentrate (SC), water dispersible granule (WDG), aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold-fogging concentrates, warmfogging concentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowable concentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in- water emulsions, water-in oil emulsions, macrogranules, microgranules, oil-dispersible powders, oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, foams, pastes, pesticide- coated seed, suspension concentrates, suspension emulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates, suspensions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-soluble granules or tablets, water-soluble powders for the treatment of seed, wettable powders, natural combinations and synthetic substances impregnated with active compound, and also microencapsulations in polymeric substances and in coating materials for seed, and also ULV cold fogging and warm -fogging formulations.

[0099] In some embodiments, the fungicidal composition comprises pyrimethanil at a concentration of about 10% to 50% w / v or w / w of the composition and inorganic fungicideselected from a group comprising Cu, Cu based fungicide, S, S based fungicide and combinations thereof, at a concentration of about 1 to 30% w / w or w / v.

[0100] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC) and inorganic fungicide selected from a group comprising Cu or its salts, S, S-based compounds and combinations thereof, formulated as a water dispersible granule (WDG).

[0101] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil formulated at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L as a suspension concentrate (SC); and the inorganic fungicide is selected from a group comprising Cu or its salts, C S-based compound and combinations thereof, formulated at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg as a water dispersible granule (WDG).

[0102] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide selected from a group comprising Cu, Cu-based compound, S, S-based compound and combinations thereof, wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween, and the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 18 kg / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0103] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of about 1 g a i / ha to about 1000 g a i / ha. The term “g a i / ha” refers to the amount of active ingredient in grams applied per hectare.

[0104] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of about 100 g a i / ha to about 700 g a i / ha.

[0105] In some embodiments, pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of about 200 g a i / ha to about 500 g a i / ha.

[0106] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is applied at a rate of about 1 g a i / ha to about 500 g a i / ha.

[0107] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is applied at a rate of about 10 g a i / ha to about 300 g a i / ha.

[0108] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is applied at a rate of about 50 g a i / ha to about 200 g a i / ha.

[0109] In some embodiments, the inorganic fungicide is applied at a rate of about 100 g a i / ha to about 150 g a i / ha.

[0110] In some embodiments, the fungicidal combination comprises pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide selected from a group comprising Cu, Cu-based compound, S, S-based compound and combinations thereof, wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about0.5 to 5 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween, and the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 1 to 8 kg / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0111] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure comprises controlling infestation by fungal pest(s) that affect the leaves / foliage of olive crops.

[0112] In some embodiments, the fungal infestation is caused by a fungal pest selected from a group comprising Spilocaea spp., Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum spp., Cladosporium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides.. Pseusocercospora spp., Pseusocercospora cladosporioides. Botryosphaeria spp., Botryosphaeria doth idea. Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas savastanoi, Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora ciiricola. Phytophthora dreschleri. A rmillaria spp., Armillaria mellea, Verticillium spp., and Verticillium dahlia or combinations thereof.

[0113] In some embodiments, the fungal pest is selected from a group comprising Spilocaea oleagina, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Pseusocercospora cladosporioides, and combinations thereof.

[0114] In some embodiments, Spilocaea oleagina causes olive spot disease.

[0115] In some embodiments, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Pseusocercospora cladosporioides cause cercospora leaf mould.

[0116] Accordingly, when the method of the present disclosure involves controlling infestation by Spilocaea oleagina in olive crops, the method results in the prevention and / or treatment of olive spot disease, including symptoms and / or conditions associated with said disease. Similarly, when the method of the present disclosure involves controlling infestation by Cladosporium cladosporioides and / or Pseusocercospora cladosporioides in olives, the method results in the prevention and / treatment of cercospora leaf mould, including symptoms and / or conditions associated with said disease.

[0117] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure involves controlling infestation by .S', oleagina, C. cladosporioides and / or P. Cladosporioides in olive crops comprising contacting or applying to foliage or at the locus of infestation an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal composition or a fungicidal combination comprising pyrimethanil, which results in the prevention and / or treatment of olive spot disease and cercospora leaf mould, including symptoms and / or conditions associated with said diseases.

[0118] The present disclosure particularly provides a method for controlling fungal infestation in leaves of olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil. In some embodiments ofthe method for controlling fungal infestation in leaves of olive crops, the applied amount of the pyrimethanil, or the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil is as described above.

[0119] The present disclosure particularly provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil.

[0120] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC).

[0121] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L.

[0122] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of 1 g a i / ha to about 1000 g a i / ha.

[0123] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC, and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0. 1-10 L / ha, about 0.1-8 L / ha, 0.3-6 L / ha, about 0.5-5 L / ha, about 0.8-3 L / ha, about 0.1 L / ha, about 0.3 L / ha, about 0.5 L / ha, about 0.7 L / ha, about 0.9 L / ha, about 1 L / ha, about 2 L / ha, about 3 L / ha, about 4 L / ha, about 5 L / ha, about 6 L / ha, about 7 L / ha, about 8 L / ha, about 9 L / ha, or about 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0124] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC, and wherein pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.5 to 5 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0125] The present disclosure also provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil.

[0126] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC).

[0127] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of 1 g a i / ha to about 1000 g a i / ha.

[0128] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC, and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0. 1-10 L / ha, about 0.1-8 L / ha, 0.3-6 L / ha, about 0.5-5 L / ha, about 0.8-3 L / ha, about 0.1 L / ha, about 0.3 L / ha, about 0.5 L / ha, about 0.7 L / ha, about 0.9 L / ha, about 1 L / ha, about 2 L / ha, about 3 L / ha, about 4 L / ha, about 5 L / ha, about 6 L / ha, about 7 L / ha, about 8 L / ha, about 9 L / ha, or about 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0129] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC, and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.5 to 5 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0130] The present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:- pyrimethanil, and an inorganic fungicide selected from a group comprising Cu, Cu-based compound, S, S-based compound and combinations thereof, wherein the Cu-based compound and S- based compound are as described above.

[0131] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L;(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is formulated as a WDG at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg.

[0132] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 1 g a i / ha to 1000 g a i / ha, including values and ranges therebetween; and(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 1 to 500 g a i / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0133] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleagina infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L; and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0. 1 to 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween; and(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is formulated as a WDG at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg; and wherein the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 20 kg / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0134] In some non-limiting embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaea oleaginci infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L; and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.5 to 5 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween; and(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is formulated as a WDG at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg; and wherein the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 1 to 8 kg / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0135] The present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:- pyrimethanil, and an inorganic fungicide selected from a group comprising Cu, Cu-based compound, S, S-based compound and combinations thereof, wherein the Cu-based compound and S- based compound are as described above.

[0136] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L; and(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is formulated as a WDG at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg.

[0137] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L; and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 10 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween; and(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is formulated as a WDG at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg; and wherein the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 0.1 to 20 kg / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0138] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicidal combination comprising:(a) pyrimethanil, wherein the pyrimethanil is formulated as a SC at a concentration of about 40% w / v or about 400 g / L; and wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at an amount of about 0.5 to 5 L / ha, including values and ranges therebetween; and(b) an inorganic fungicide, wherein the inorganic fungicide is formulated as a WDG at a concentration of about 2% w / w or about 20 g / kg; and wherein the inorganic fungicide is applied at an amount of about 1 to 8 kg / ha, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0139] The present disclosure provides a method for controlling Spilocaeci oleaginci infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of infestation, a fungicidally effective amount of the fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil, wherein the fungicidal composition is as described above.

[0140] The present disclosure also provides a method of improving health of olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of fungal growth or infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil, as described herein.

[0141] The present disclosure further provides a method of improving yield in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to foliage, or at the locus of fungal growth or infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil, as described herein.

[0142] Accordingly, while the above embodiments focus on method of improving health of olive crops and method of improving yield in olive crops, all the features and characteristics of the methods, including the steps involved, components used such as pyrimethanil, inorganic fungicide, fungicidal composition, fungicidal combination, concentrations of the components, fungal pest, the fungal disease, amount of application of the components, etc., are as described by any of the embodiments above relating to method of controlling fungal infestation of olive crops. Forthe sake ofbrevity, and avoiding repetition, each ofthose embodiments are not being reiterated here again. However, each of the said embodiments completely fall within thepurview of method of improving health of olive crops and method of improving yield in olive crops.

[0143] The methods of the present disclosure can be carried out in agricultural lands such as fields, lawns, and orchards, or in non-agricultural lands. The present methods may be used to control diseases in agricultural lands by cultivating olive crops without any phytotoxicity to the crop. The pyrimethanil, fungicidal combinations and compositions thereof of the present disclosure do not show any sign or symptoms of any phytotoxicity and are safe at different growth stages of crops.

[0144] In some embodiments of the present methods, the pyrimethanil, combinations or compositions thereof may be applied to the leaves of the olive crop by various conventional treating techniques and machines, such as sprayers, fluidized bed techniques, the roller mill method, drones, rotostatic seed treaters, drum coaters, spouted beds, etc. Pre- and post-coating procedures such as sizing etc., may also be carried out. Such procedures are known in the art.

[0145] In some embodiments of the present methods, the pyrimethanil, combinations or compositions thereof may be applied to the seeds, foliage or at the locus of infestation of the olive crops at the pre-flowering stage. In some embodiments of the present methods, the pyrimethanil, combinations or compositions thereof may be applied to the foliage of the olive crop at the pre -flowering stage.

[0146] In some embodiments of the present methods, the pyrimethanil, combinations or compositions thereof may be applied to the seeds, foliage or at the locus of infestation of the olive crops at post-harvest stage when fruits lose turgidity and start to fall.

[0147] In some embodiments of the present methods, the pyrimethanil, combinations or compositions thereof may be applied to the leaves of the olive crop pre- or post-infection of the leaves with one or more of the fungal pests described herein.

[0148] In some embodiments of the present methods, the combination comprising pyrimethanil and an inorganic fungicide may be applied simultaneously to the seeds, to the foliage, or at the locus of infestation of the olive crops, at different or same concentrations / amounts and at different or same times.

[0149] In some embodiments of the present methods, the combination comprising pyrimethanil and an inorganic fungicide may be applied sequentially to the seeds, to the foliage, or at the locus of infestation of the olive crops, at different or same concentrations / amounts and at different or same times.

[0150] In some embodiments of the sequential application, the components (pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide) may be applied in any order. For instance, the pyrimethanil may be first applied to the seeds, to the foliage, or at the locus of infestation of the olive crop followed by the application of the inorganic pesticide, or vice versa. In some embodiments of the sequential application, the time gap between application of the pyrimethanil and inorganic fungicide ranges from 2 days to 200 days.

[0151] The present disclosure also relates to use of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops.

[0152] The present disclosure also relates to use of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil for controlling growth of fungal pests in olive crops.

[0153] The present disclosure also relates to use of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil for improving health of olive crops.

[0154] The present disclosure also relates to use of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil for improving yield in olive crops.

[0155] Accordingly, while the above embodiments focus on use of pyrimethanil or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, or for controlling the growth of fungal pest in crops, or for improving health of olive crops, or for improving yield in olive crops, all the features and characteristics defined in the embodiments, including the components used such as pyrimethanil, inorganic fungicide, fungicidal composition, fungicidal combination, concentrations of the components, fungal pest, the fungal disease, amount and mode of application of the components, etc., are as described by any of the embodiments above relating to method of controlling fungal infestation of olive crops. For the sake of brevity, and avoiding repetition, each of those embodiments are not being reiterated here again. However, each of the said embodiments completely fall within the purview of use embodiments described above.

[0156] It is to be understood that the foregoing description is illustrative and not limiting. While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on particular features of this disclosure, it will be appreciated that various modifications can be made, and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without departing from the principles of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced withmodification within the spirit and scope of the embodiments as described herein. Similarly, additional embodiments and features of the present disclosure will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in art based upon description provided herein.

[0157] Descriptions of well-known / conventional methods / steps and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. Further, the disclosure herein provides for examples illustrating the above-described embodiments, and in order to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure, certain aspects have been employed. The examples used herein for such illustration are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments. Accordingly, the following examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein.

[0158] In view of the above, it will be seen that the several advantages of the disclosure are achieved, and other advantageous results are attained. Although the present disclosure has been disclosed in full, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The embodiments may be combined together for better understanding of the disclosure, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0159] In another embodiment, alternative or multiple embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each embodiment can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other embodiments of the disclosure. One or more embodiments of the disclosure can be combined together to exhibit the teaching of the invention, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.Advantages of the present disclosure

[0160] The methods and use of the present disclosure employing pyrimethanil, or fungicidal combination or fungicial composition comprising pyrimethanil as described herein, for controlling fungal pests such as .S', oleagina, C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides in olive plants, improve the fungal pest control and the yield of olive crops, with reduced phytotoxicity. An increase in vegetation volume is also observed.

[0161] The methods and use of the present disclosure employing pyrimethanil, or fungicidal combination or fungicial composition comprising pyrimethanil as described herein, for controlling fungal pests such as .S', oleagina, C. cladosporioides and / or P. cladosporioides in olive plants, show reduction in severity and incidence of the disease caused by fungal pests, including but not limiting to olive spot disease and cercospora leaf mould, with the efficacy ofthe active components being consistent over a period of time. This in turn indicates sustained and effective control of fungal pests in olive crops.

[0162] The present disclosure is further summarized by the following numbered embodiments:1) A method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil.2) A method of improving health of olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil.3) A method of improving yield in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil, or a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising the pyrimethanil.4) The method as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the fungal infestation is caused by a fungal pest selected from a group comprising Spilocaea oleagina. Cladosporium cladosporioides. Pseusocercospora cladosporioides. and combinations thereof.5) The method as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the fungal infestation causes a disease selected from a group comprising olive spot disease, cercospora leaf mould and a combination thereof.6) The method as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprises: a) pyrimethanil, and b) an inorganic fungicide.7) The method as defined in embodiment 6, wherein the inorganic fungicide is selected from a group comprising copper, copper-based compound, sulphur, sulphur-based compound, and combinations thereof.8) The method as defined in embodiment 6, wherein the inorganic fungicide is a copper salt, preferably copper sulphate.9) The method as defined in any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein the fungicidal combination comprising the pyrimethanil and the inorganic fungicide is contacted or applied simultaneously or sequentially.10) The method as defined in any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at a concentration of about 0.1 to 10 L / ha.11) The method as defined in any one of the embodiments 1-9, wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at a concentration of about 0.1 to 10 L / ha and the inorganic fungicide is applied at a concentration of about 0.1 to 20 kg / ha.12) Use of pyrimethanil, or the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil as defined in any of the embodiments 1-11, for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops.13) Use of pyrimethanil, or the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil as defined in any of the embodiments 1-11, for controlling growth of fungal pests in olive crops.14) Use of pyrimethanil or the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil as defined in any of the embodiments 1-11, for improving health of olive crops.15) Use of pyrimethanil or the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil as defined in any of the embodiments 1-11, for improving yield in olive crops.

[0163] Throughout this specification, the term ‘combinations thereof or ‘a combination thereof or ‘any combination thereof or ‘any combinations thereof are used interchangeably and are intended to have the same meaning, as regularly known in the field of patents disclosures.

[0164] As regards the embodiments characterized in this specification, it is intended that each embodiment be read independently as well as in combination with another embodiment. For example, in case of some embodiments 1 reciting 3 alternatives A, B and C, some embodiments 2 reciting 3 alternatives D, E and F and some embodiments 3 reciting 3 alternatives G, H and I, it is to be understood that the specification unambiguously discloses embodiments corresponding to combinations A, D, G; A, D, H; A, D, I; A, E, G; A, E, H; A,E, I; A, F, G; A, F, H; A, F, I; B, D, G; B, D, H; B, D, I; B, E, G; B, E, H; B, E, I; B, F, G; B,F, H; B, F, I; C, D, G; C, D, H; C, D, I; C, E, G; C, E, H; C, E, I; C, F, G; C, F, H; C, F, I, unless specifically mentioned otherwise.

[0165] Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a part ofthe prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.EXAMPLESExample 1: Pyrimethanil 400 g / L efficacy against leaf spot (Peacock disease) caused by Cycloconium oleaginumPyrimethanil 400 g / L SC formulation was sprayed on olives and efficacy against leaf spot (Peacock disease) caused by Cycloconium oleaginum was observed. The treatment comprised 4 different application rates of pyrimethanil - 200 g a i / ha, 300 g a i / ha, 400 g a i / ha, 500 g a i / ha. The treatments were compared against standard treatment used against the disease - copper which was applied at a rate of 1000 g a i / ha. The treatments were applied as 3 foliar sprays - A, B and C.The trials were conducted at three different locations (Designated in tables 1, 2 and 3).Table 1: Efficacy of Pyrimethanil 400 SC on olives leaf spot (Peacock disease) caused byCycloconium oleaginum - Site 1Table 2: Efficacy of Pyrimethanil 400 SC on olives leaf spot (Peacock disease) caused byCycloconium oleaginum - Site 2Table 3: Efficacy of Pyrimethanil 400 SC on olives leaf spot (Peacock disease) caused byCycloconium oleaginum - Site 3In the above example, it is evident that pyrimethanil between rates of 200 - 500 g a i / ha produced more control efficacy over the disease compared to the market standard. It is also noteworthy that copper at 1000 g a i / ha produced less efficacy than pyrimethanil at half orless than half the application rate. It is therefore advantageous to use pyrimethanil for olives against the diseases as it provides an opportunity to reduce the amount of pesticide applied in the field.Example 2:_Efficacy of Pyrimethanil 400 SC in combination with copper sulphate on olives against Spilocaea oleaginaPyrimethanil 400 SC was applied along with copper sulphate 20 g / kg WG as a combination treatment. Copper sulphate was applied as 3 sprays A at stage BBCH 03, C at stage BBCH 68 and D at stage BBCH 92. Pyrimethanil was applied as a spray B at BBCH 50-57 before spray C and D of copper sulphate. Comparative treatment included market standard for disease treatment - dodine 544 g / L SC along with copper sulphate 20 g / kg WG. Copper sulphate was applied as 3 sprays A at stage BBCH 03, C at stage BBCH 68 and D at stage BBCH 92. Dodine was applied as a spray B at BBCH 50-57 before spray C and D of copper sulphate. The results are demonstrated in Table 4.A second set of treatment included applying copper sulphate as 3 sprays A, B and C and stages BBCH 03, BBCH 50-57 and BBCH 68 respectively. Pyrimethanil was applied as a spray D at BBCH 92. Comparative treatment included applying copper sulphate as 3 sprays A, B and C and stages BBCH 03, BBCH 50-57 and BBCH 68 respectively. Dodine was applied as a spray D at BBCH 92. The results are demonstrated in Table 4.Table 4: Efficacy of Pyrimethanil 400 SC in combination with copper sulphate on olives against Spilocaea oleaginaFrom the above table it can be observed that pyrimethanil combined with copper sulphate produced more control over the disease at lesser amount of pesticide applied as compared to control produced by combination of dodine with copper sulphate.

Claims

CLAIMS1) A method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of pyrimethanil.2) The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fungal infestation is caused by a fungal pest selected from a group comprising Spilocaeci oleagincp Cladosporium cladosporioides. Pseusocercospora cladosporioides. and combinations thereof.3) The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fungal infestation causes a disease selected from a group comprising olive spot disease, cercospora leaf mould and a combination thereof.4) The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein pyrimethanil is applied at a rate of about 1 g a i / ha to about 1000 g a i / ha.5) A method for controlling fungal infestation in olive crops, said method comprising contacting or applying to seeds, foliage, or at locus of fungal infestation, an effective amount of a fungicidal combination or a composition comprising pyrimethanil.6) The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the fungicidal combination or fungicidal composition comprises: a) pyrimethanil, and b) an inorganic fungicide.7) The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the inorganic fungicide is selected from a group comprising copper, copper-based compound, sulphur, sulphur-based compound, and combinations thereof.8) The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the inorganic fungicide is a copper salt, preferably copper sulphate.9) The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the fungicidal combination comprising the pyrimethanil and the inorganic fungicide is contacted or applied simultaneously or sequentially.10) The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the pyrimethanil is applied at about 1 g a i / ha to about 1000 g a i / ha.11) The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the inorganic fungicide is applied at about 1 g a i / ha to about 500 g a i / ha.12) Use of fungicidally effective amount of pyrimethanil for controlling fungal infestation or fungal pests in olive crops.13) Use of a fungicidal combination or a fungicidal composition comprising pyrimethanil and an inorganic fungicide for controlling fungal infestation or fungal pests in olive crops.14) The use as claimed in any one of claims 13 or 14, wherein the fungal infestation is caused by a fungal pest selected from a group comprising Spilocaea oleagina. Cladosporium cladosporioides. Pseusocercospora cladosporioides. and combinations thereof.