Thermally conductive two-component polyurethane adhesive exhibiting cohesive failure on aluminum alloys
The two-component thermally conductive adhesive formulation addresses the challenge of achieving cohesive failure on aluminum alloys by using a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol in the polyol component, resulting in improved adhesion, thermal conductivity, and reliability for battery pack applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/131464
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-14
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-22
AI Technical Summary
Existing thermally conductive two-component polyurethane adhesives face challenges in achieving cohesive failure on aluminum alloys, such as 3003 aluminum, which is crucial for reliable adhesion and thermal conductivity in battery pack applications.
A two-component thermally conductive adhesive formulation is designed, comprising an isocyanate component with an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer and a thermally conductive filler, and a polyol component with a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol, a second thermally conductive filler, and a catalyst, which are mixed to form an adhesive mixture that cures to adhere substrates.
The adhesive formulation significantly improves adhesion onto aluminum alloy substrates by achieving cohesive failure, thereby enhancing the thermal conductivity and reliability of the bond, while also reducing the need for primers and improving moisture resistance.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2023131464-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2023131464-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2023131464-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
THERMALLY CONDUCTIVE TWO-COMPONENT POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE EXHIBITING COHESIVE FAILURE ON ALUMINUM ALLOYSBACKGROUND
[0001] New energy vehicles require continuous optimization with respect to thermal conductivity and assembly modes of battery packs, as well as improvements to the rapid charging technology of the battery to solve range problems. As a result, higher requirements are demanded for a thermally conductive adhesive for the battery pack, taking into account the functions of the gluing process, bonding, shock resistance, and the like.
[0002] To obtain more reliable adhesion, it is not only necessary to have higher lap shear strength and tensile strength of the structural adhesive, but also to provide for good adaptability of the adhesive with the bonding material. Certain aluminum alloys, for example 3003 aluminum alloy, has good formability and is widely used for cooling plates and shells of the prismatic cell in battery packs. For 3003 aluminum bonding, it is necessary to achieve cohesive failure, or in other words, destruction of the adhesive layer rather than destruction of the interface between the adhesive layer and aluminum surface. For existing thermally conductive two-component polyurethane adhesives, primers are typically used before the adhesive is applied. The use of primers has a number of disadvantages.SUMMARY
[0003] Disclosed is an uncured, two-component thermally conductive adhesive formulation having: (a) an isocyanate component comprising: (i) an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer prepared from a polyisocyanate and a first polyol, and (ii) a first thermally conductive filler; and (b) a polyol component comprising: (i) a second polyol comprising a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol having an OH number of 28-120 mg KOH / g; (ii) a second thermally conductive filler; and (iii) a catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate group; wherein the uncured adhesive formulation is in the form of a kit in which the isocyanate and polyol components are not mixed.
[0004] Also described is a method for adhering two or more substrates, comprising: mixing the isocyanate and polyol components of the adhesive formulation to produce an adhesive mixture; applying the adhesive mixture to a first substrate; contacting a second substrate with the first substrate; and allowing the adhesive mixture to cure, thereby adhering the two or more substrates together.
[0005] Also described is an adhered assembly comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate; and a cured adhesive mixture at least partially between the first and second substrates, the cured adhesive mixture resulting from mixing the isocyanate and polyol components of the adhesive formulation to produce an adhesive mixture, and allowing the adhesive mixture to cure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0006] The inventors have found that by designing a polyurethane two-component system having a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol in the polyol component of the adhesive formulation, adhesion onto substrates such as aluminum alloy-based substrates (e.g., 3003 aluminum) can be greatly improved.
[0007] I. Adhesive Formulation
[0008] A. Isocyanate Component
[0009] The isocyanate component comprises a prepolymer made by reacting at least one polyisocyanate with at least one hydrophobic polyol to produce an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer.
[0010] i. Polyisocyanate
[0011] The polyisocyanate is not particularly limited. It may be aliphatic or aromatic. Examples of suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates include hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) , isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) , methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1, 5-pentamethylene diisocyanate, and mixtures of these.
[0012] Examples of suitable aromatic polyisocyanates include methylene-bis- (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) , polymethylene polyphenylisocyanates, tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, any of which can be modified to include biuret, allophonate, urea, carbamate, isocyanurate or carbodiimide groups. MDI includes 2, 2’-, 2, 4’-and 4, 4’-MDI. In one embodiment, the polyisocyanate comprises or consists of MDI. In a further embodiment, the polyisocyanate comprises or consists of polymeric MDI. For example, in a specific embodiment, the polyisocyanate comprises or consists of a polymeric MDI having an average functionality of 2.7. In a further specific embodiment, the polyisocyanate comprises or consists of MDI having an average functionality of 2. In still a further embodiment, the polyisocyanate comprises or consists of a mixture of 2, 4’-and 4, 4’-MDI having an average functionality of 2.
[0013] ii. First Polyol
[0014] The at least one polyol used in the polyol component is not particularly limited. In general, the polyol in the isocyanate component (i.e., the first polyol) can be the same or different from the second polyol in the polyol component (i.e., the first polyol) . In one embodiment, the isocyanate component comprises at least one polyol that is different from at least one polyol in the polyol component, e.g., the dimer-based polyol. In one embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of a polyether polyol, e.g., a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) polyol. In another embodiment, the at least one first polyol is a poly (propylene oxide) polyol. The first polyol can have a functionality of 2.0-3.5, e.g., 2. In one embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of a polyol having a functionality of 2.0-3.5, e.g., 2, and an Mn of 300-3,000 Da. In one embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of a mixture of two or more polyols, e.g., a mixture of two or more polyether polyols.
[0015] In one embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of a mixture of a first polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 and an Mn of 300-3, 000 Da, and a second polyether polyol having a functionality of 3 and an Mn of 350 Da. In another embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of a mixture of a first poly (propylene oxide) -based polyol having a functionality of 2 and an Mn of 2,000 Da, and a second poly (propylene oxide) -based polyol having a functionality of 3 and an Mn of 350 Da.
[0016] In one embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of an approximately 50: 50 (wt: wt) mixture of a first poly (propylene oxide) -based polyol having a functionality of 3 and an Mn of 3, 000 Da, and a second poly (propylene oxide) -based polyol having a functionality of 3 and an Mn of 350 Da. The at least one first polyol can be used at 15-30 wt%, e.g., 15-25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polyol component.
[0017] In one embodiment, the at least one first polyol comprises or consists of 25-35 wt%of a first poly (propylene oxide) -based polyol having a functionality of 3 and an Mn of 3,000 Da, and 25-35 wt%of a second poly (propylene oxide) -based polyol having a functionality of 3 and an Mn of 350 Da, based on the total weight of the polyol component.
[0018] In a further embodiment, the isocyanate component can comprise a hydrophobic polyol, i.e., a polyol that forms a distinct phase when mixed with water. For example, when a hydrophobic polyol is mixed with water at a 1: 1 ratio, a distinct phase can form. In some embodiments, hydrophobicity of this polyol can be defined by the water contact angle, i.e., the geometry of water on a flat film of the polyol, specifically the angle between a droplet’s edge and the polyol surface underneath it. If the droplet forms a sphere that barely touches the surface of polyol being tested, the contact angle is more than 90°. Thus, in some embodiments, the hydrophobic polyol has a water contact angle of greater than 90°, e.g., 100° or greater, 105° or greater, or 110° or greater.
[0019] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polyol constitutes at least 75 wt%of the total polyol content of the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer, for example, at least 80 wt%, at least 90 wt%, and in some cases 100 wt%.
[0020] In one embodiment, the hydrophobic polyol is a bio-based polyol, such as castor oil, cashew nut shell oil, soybean oil polyols, dimeric acid polyester polyols, and the like. In one specific embodiment, the hydrophobic polyol comprises castor oil.
[0021] The isocyanate-terminated prepolymer can be made by reacting the at least one polyisocyanate with the at least one first polyol. The reaction can be carried out at elevated temperature under vacuum or an inert atmosphere (e.g. nitrogen, argon) . For example, the at least one polyisocyanate can be reacted with the at least one first polyol at 100-130℃, e.g., at or about 120℃. The prepolymer can be prepared using a stoichiometric excess of isocyanate groups, resulting in an NCO-terminated prepolymer. The prepolymer may be isolated after reaction, or it may be used as-is to formulate the isocyanate component of the adhesive.
[0022] Exemplary prepolymers result from the reaction of the following pairs of polyisocyanates and polyols:
[0023] In further embodiments, additional exemplary prepolymers can result from the reaction of the following pairs of polyisocyanates and polyols:
[0024] The amount of polyisocyanate used to make the prepolymer can range from 60-85 wt%, e.g., 65-80 wt%, or 70-78 wt%, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer. The amount of hydrophobic polyol used to make the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer can range from 15-40 wt%, e.g., 20-35 wt%, or 22-30 wt%, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer.
[0025] In one embodiment, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is made using 60-85 wt%MDI, e.g., 65-80 wt%MDI, or 70-78 wt%MDI, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer.
[0026] In a further embodiment, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is made using 15-40 wt%castor oil, e.g., 20-35 wt%castor oil, or 22-30 wt%castor oil, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer. In another embodiment, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is made using 15-40 wt%polyether / polyester polyol, e.g., 20-35 wt%polyether / polyester polyol, or 22-30 wt%polyether / polyester polyol, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer.
[0027] In one embodiment, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is made using 15-40 wt%cashew nut shell oil polyol, e.g., 20-35 wt%cashew nut shell oil polyol, or 22-30 wt%cashew nut shell oil polyol, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer.
[0028] In one embodiment, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is made using 15-40 wt%soybean oil polyol, e.g., 20-35 wt%soybean oil polyol, or 22-30 wt%soybean oil polyol, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer.
[0029] In a further embodiment, the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is made using 15-40 wt%polyester polyol, e.g., 20-35 wt%polyester polyol, or 22-30 wt%polyester polyol, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate and hydrophobic polyol used to make the prepolymer.
[0030] In some embodiments, the prepolymer is a reaction product of castor oil with MDI variants. The isocyanate component of the adhesive can contain up to 15 wt. %of a polyol mixture, e.g., 5 wt%-10 wt%of a polyol mixture. The isocyanate content of the isocyanate components can range from 5 wt%-25 wt%, e.g., 5 wt%-15 wt%. The prepolymers can be MDI end-capped polyols. Thus, the content of the prepolymers can be between 5 wt%and 30 wt%, more preferably between 5 wt%and 20 wt%, relative to the total weight of the isocyanate component. In some embodiments, the combined residual monomeric content in the isocyanate component after formation of the prepolymer can be between 5 wt%and 25 wt%, e.g., between 10 wt%and 20 wt%.
[0031] iii. Thermally Conductive Filler
[0032] In one embodiment, the isocyanate component comprises a thermally conductive filler. In some embodiments, the thermally conductive filler comprises aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) . The ATH can have any suitable average particle size. In some embodiments, the ATH has an average particle size ranging from 3-100 μm, e.g., 5-40 μm, 5-30 μm, 5-20 μm, 5-15 μm, 5-10 μm, or about 8 μm. The polyol component may comprise 60-85%of ATH by weight of the polyol component, e.g., 65-80%ATH by weight of the polyol component.
[0033] In a further embodiment, the isocyanate component can comprise a spherical alumina filler. In some embodiments, the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler does not comprise any internal crystalline water, unlike aluminum trihydroxide for instance. A variety of particle sizes for such fillers are contemplated. In one embodiment, the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has an average particle size ranging from 2-100 μm. In a further embodiment, the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has a bimodal particle size distribution with a first modal average particle size ranging from 2-5 μm and a second modal average particle size ranging from 50-100 μm. In one embodiment, 30-60%by weight, e.g., 40-50%by weight, of the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has an average particle size ranging from 50-100 μm, and 10-50%by weight, e.g., 20-30%by weight, of the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has an average particle size ranging from 2-5 μm.
[0034] In a further embodiment, the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has a bimodal particle size distribution with a first modal average particle size of about 5 μm and a second modal average particle size of about 70 μm. In one embodiment, 30-60%by weight, e.g., 40-50%by weight, of the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has an average particle size of about 70 μm, and 10-50%by weight, e.g., 20-30%by weight, of the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has an average particle size of about 5 μm. In some embodiments, the isocyanate component is free of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) .
[0035] In one embodiment, the adhesive formulation comprises 60-85%of the thermally conductive filler by weight of the isocyanate component. In a further embodiment, the adhesive formulation comprises 60-80%of the thermally conductive filler by weight of the isocyanate component. In a further embodiment, the adhesive formulation comprises 65-85%of the thermally conductive filler by weight of the isocyanate component.
[0036] B. Polyol Component
[0037] The polyol component comprises at least one a polyol (second polyol) comprising a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol having an OH number of 28-120 mg KOH / g, a thermally conductive filler, and at least one catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate group.
[0038] i. Second Polyol
[0039] In one embodiment, the second polyol comprises a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol having an OH number of 28-120 mg KOH / g. In a further embodiment, the dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol has an OH number in the range from 34 to 120 mg KOH / g, e.g., 52 to 120 mg KOH / g. Such a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol can have in some embodiments an average molecular weight Mn in the range of 950 to 3,300 g / mol. Suitable examples include the following: PRIPLAST 1837: dimer fatty acid-based amorphous polyester diol, OH number 110 mg KOH / g, liquid at room temperature; PRIPLAST 1838: dimer fatty acid-based amorphous polyester diol, OH number 56 mg KOH / g, liquid at room temperature; PRIPLAST 3196: dimer fatty acid-based amorphous polyester diol, OH number 37 mg KOH / g, liquid at room temperature; and PRIPLAST 3197: dimer fatty acid-based amorphous polyester diol, OH number 56 mg KOH / g, liquid at room temperature.
[0040] In some embodiments, the second polyol may include other polyols in addition to the dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol. These additional polyols are not particularly limited and can be the same or different from a polyol component of the first polyol in the isocyanate component. In one embodiment, in addition to the dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol, the polyol component can comprise at least one polyol that comprises or consists of a polyether polyol, e.g., a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) polyol. An example is a poly (propylene oxide) polyol. These additional polyols in the polyol component can have a functionality of 2.0-3.5, e.g., 2 or 3. In one embodiment, additional polyols in the polyol component comprises or consists of a polyol having a functionality of 2.0-3.5, e.g., 2, and an Mn of 300-3, 000 Da. In one embodiment, in addition to the dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol, the at least one second polyol comprises a mixture of two or more additional polyols, e.g., a mixture of two or more polyether polyols, e.g., a polypropylene glycol having a functionality of 2 and a Mn of about 400 g / mol, and a polypropylene glycol having a functionality of 3 and a Mn of about 350 g / mol.
[0041] ii. Second Thermally Conductive Filler
[0042] In some embodiments, the polyol component comprises a second thermally conductive filler, which can be the same or different from the first thermally conductive filler. In one embodiment, the second thermally conductive filler comprises aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) . The ATH can have any suitable average particle size. In some embodiments, the ATH has an average particle size ranging from 3-100 μm, e.g., 5-40 μm, 5-30 μm, 5-20 μm, 5-15 μm, 5-10 μm, or about 8 μm. The polyol component may comprise 60-85%of ATH by weight of the polyol component, e.g., 65-80%ATH by weight of the polyol component.
[0043] iii. Catalyst
[0044] The polyol component comprises at least one catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate group. Examples of such catalysts include tertiary amine catalysts, organometallic catalysts, such as bismuth catalysts, alkyl tin carboxylates, oxides and tin mercaptides.
[0045] Specific examples of tertiary amine catalysts include N-methyl morpholine, N-methyl imidazole, triethylenediamine, bis- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) -ether, 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) , dimethylcyclohexylamine, dimethylethanolamine, 2, 2-dimorpholinyl-diethylether (DMDEE) , N, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl hexahydrotriazine, dimethyltetrahydropyrimidine, tetramethylethylenediamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, 2, 2-N, N benzyldimethylamine, dimethylethanol amine, dimethylaminopropyl amine, Penta-dimethyl diethylene triamine, N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-1, 6-hexanediamine, N, N', N'-trimethylaminoethylpiperazine, 1, 1'- [ [3- (dimethylamino) propyl] imino] bispropan-2-ol, 1, 3, 5-tris [3- (dimethylamino) propyl] hexahydro-1, 3, 5-triazine, N-N-dimethyldipropylene triamine, N, N, N'-trimethylaminoethylethanolamine, with DMDEE being particularly preferred.
[0046] If an organometallic catalyst is used, it is any organometallic catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of isocyanate with a functional group having at least one reactive hydrogen. Examples include bismuth catalysts, metal carboxylates such as tin carboxylate and zinc carboxylate. Metal alkanoates include stannous octoate, bismuth octoate or bismuth neodecanoate. Preferably the at least one organometallic catalyst is a bismuth catalyst or an organotin catalyst. Examples include dibutyltin dilaurate, dimethyl tin dineodecanoate, dimethyltin mercaptide, dimethyltin carboxylate, dimethyltin dioleate, dimethyltin dithioglycolate, dibutyltin mercaptide, dibutyltin bis (2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) , dibutyltin sulfide, dioctyltin dithioglycolate, dioctyltin mercaptide, dioctyltin dioctoate, dioctyltin dineodecanoate, dioctyltin dilaurate. In a particularly preferred embodiment, it is a tin catalyst, or dioctyltin mercaptide.
[0047] The catalyst can be used at 0.002 to 0.02 wt%, e.g., 0.005 wt%, based on the total weight of the polyol component. In one specific embodiment, the catalyst is dioctyl tin mercaptide, used at 0.002 to 0.005 wt%, based on the total weight of the polyol component.
[0048] C. Optional ingredients
[0049] In some embodiments, the isocyanate component, the polyol component, or both, can include a silane coupling agent, such as SILQUEST A-187, which can be used to improve aging resistance. The silane in some embodiments can be present at 0.1-3%by weight of the isocyanate or polyol components, e.g., 0.5-2%, or about 1%by weight of the component.
[0050] In some embodiments, stabilizers can be used to minimize delamination. For example, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) coating with calcium stearate can be used, e.g., CALOFORT SV from Specialty Minerals Inc. Fumed silica can also be used, such as CAB-O-SIL TS-720 from Cabot.
[0051] If desired, a coloring agent can be used. An example is a color paste, such as JSLD4529 from ColorSaint. Such an agent can be used to distinguish between the two components of the adhesive. It can be present in either the isocyanate or polyol components, but preferably not both.
[0052] Water scavengers may also be used. P-methyl benzenesulfonyl isocyanate, such as Additive TI from Borchers, and zeolites or silicates with a cavity size of approx. such as Purmol 4ST from Zeochem, can be used in the isocyanate and the polyol components, respectively.
[0053] II. Method of Manufacture and Use
[0054] The adhesive compositions can be made by mixing the ingredients of each component separately, for example under inert and dry conditions and / or under vacuum, until a homogenous mixture is obtained. Once each component is mixed, they are stored in separate containers until use.
[0055] In one embodiment, the method of use involves: providing a two-component adhesive comprising: (a) an isocyanate component comprising: i) an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer prepared from a polyisocyanate and a first polyol, and ii) a first thermally conductive filler; and (b) a polyol component comprising: i) a second polyol comprising a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol having an OH number of 28-120 mg KOH / g; ii) a second thermally conductive filler; and iii) a catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate group. The two components can then be mixed to produce an adhesive mixture. The adhesive mixture can be applied to a first substrate, which can then be contacted with a second substrate. Either substrate or both substrates can comprise those commonly used in the automotive industry, including aluminum alloy-based substrates such as 3003 aluminum. The adhesive mixture can be allowed to cure to provide a bonded assembly.
[0056] As mentioned above, one way of providing each component of the adhesive is in airtight containers, such as airtight sealed tubes. The containers can be opened immediately prior to use. Mixing each component or both components together may be by any means that achieves a homogenous mixture. In one embodiment, the mixing ratio of each component is 0.5: 1 to 1: 0.5 (v: v) , e.g., 1: 1.2 to 1.2: 1 (v: v) , or 1: 1 (v: v) . The adhesive mixture may be applied by any application method, manually or with robotic equipment, including, for example, by spreading, application through a nozzle.
[0057] In one embodiment, one or both of the first and second substrates are selected from metal, e.g., Ni-plated steel and / or aluminum, including aluminum alloys such as 3003 aluminum. In some embodiments, when an aluminum alloy-based substrate is used, it is unnecessary to a apply a primer to the substrate prior to applying the adhesive. In another embodiment, one or both of the first and second substrates are selected from metal, including e-coated aluminum, e-coated steel, laser treated metal surfaces, metal surfaces treated with plasma or flaming. Plasma pretreatment can comprise plasma processes, which further chemically modify or treat the surface, such as plasma plus. One of these plasma plus treatments include a silane functionalization of the metallic surface. Further substrates include coated metals and metal surfaces modified with functional foils. Coatings include epoxy-based coating and acrylic coatings. Foils are predominantly PET based. In general, curing begins as soon as the components are mixed. Typical curing conditions are 3 to 7 days at 23℃.
[0058] EXAMPLES
[0059] I. Thermally Conductive Two-Component Polyurethane Adhesive Exhibiting Cohesive Failure Mode on Aluminum Alloys
[0060] Table 1. Ingredients Used in Examples § I
[0061] Table 2. Comparative and Inventive Examples.
[0062] “C” = Comparative; “Inv” = Inventive
[0063] Comparative example 1 represents a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. The Isocyanate component contained prepolymer, isocyanate, filler, stabilizers, silane, color paste, and a water scavenger. The polyol component contained polyether polyols, filler, stabilizers, silane, a water scavenger, and catalyst. Prepolymer in the isocyanate component was synthesized with SUPRASEC 5005, SUPRASEC 2020, and polypropylene glycol NJ-220. Polyols in the polyol component were polypropylene glycol polyether polyols. Filler in both components was aluminum trihydroxide (ATH APYRAL 20X) .
[0064] Comparative example 2 represents a 2.0 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. Compositions of the isocyanate component and the polyol component are similar to those of Comparative example 1.
[0065] Inventive example 3 represents a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. A dimer-based polyester polyol (PRIPLAST 1837, OH number 110 mg KOH / g) was used instead of the polyether polyols used in Comparative example 1. Isocyanate components of both Comparative example 1 and Inventive example 3 were similar.
[0066] Inventive example 4 represents a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. A dimer based polyester (PRIPLAST 1837, OH number 110 mg KOH / g) instead of the polyether polyols used in comparative examples. The composition of the isocyanate components of both Comparative example 2 and Inventive example 4 are similar.
[0067] A. Preparation of Formulations
[0068] i. Prepolymers
[0069] The prepolymers were prepared in a 2L four-necked flask with a mechanical stirring bar and thermometer. The prepolymer can be isolated and stored. The prepolymer preparation process is described based on Inventive example 3. Approximately 346.5g of NJ-220 was added into a four-necked flask with a mechanical stirring bar and thermometer at room temperature. The reaction mixture was dried under reduced pressure at 120℃ for 1 h. When the temperature was cooled to 80℃, 178.5g of SUPRASEC 5005 and 825g of SUPRASEC 2020 were added into flask, and the reaction was continued under reduced pressure at 80℃ for 1 h. When the reaction was complete, the prepolymer was then shored hermetically. The prepolymer was prepared with a significant stochiometric excess of MDI, resulting in end-capped polyols.
[0070] ii. Adhesives
[0071] The isocyanate and the polyol components of the adhesives were prepared in a 2L planetary mixer laboratory scale mixer. The adhesive preparation process is described based on the isocyanate component of Inventive example 3. Before the adhesive was prepared, all solid raw materials, like APYRAL 20X, CAROFORT SV, and CAB-O-SIL TS-720 were dried in a 120℃ oven for above 24 hours until the moisture content was less than 200ppm. All liquid polyols in the polyol component, like PRIPLAST 1837, NJ-220, NJ-204, and NJ-303 were dried by molecular sieve until the moisture content was less than 300ppm. Approximately 300g of prepolymer, 10g of SILQUEST A-187, 1g of JSLD4529, and 5g of PTSI were added into a 2L planetary mixer laboratory scale mixer. After 10 minutes of mixing, 696g of APYRAL 20X, 8g of CAB-O-SIL TS-720, and 20g of CAROFORT SV were added into the mixer. Stirring was continued for half an hour at room temperature. The mixture was then stirred under reduced pressure at room temperature for another half an hour. The vacuum was broken with nitrogen, and the adhesive component was filled in a suitable packaging size.
[0072] B. Test Methods
[0073] Lap shear strength was measured using DIN EN 1465; bonded area: 10*25 mm2; adhesive layer thickness: 0.25 mm; substrate: e-coated steel; all surfaces are prepared with solvent clean; curing condition: 7 d@23℃; shear samples were pulled at 5 mm / min in the process of testing.
[0074] Tensile properties including Tensile strength, E-modulus, and Elongation, were measured with DIN EN ISO 527-2; curing condition: 7 d@23℃; tensile samples were pulled at 1 mm / min in the process of testing.
[0075] Thermal conductivity: measured according to ASTM D5470. A thermal interface material tester from Linseis TIM D5470 was used for the test. The measurement was performed in Spaltplus mode between 1.5~3.0 mm thickness. The absolute thermal conductivity λ (W / mK) was reported.
[0076] C. Results
[0077] Table 3. Properties for Comparative examples and inventive Examples
[0078] As shown from Table 3, Lap shear strength (LSS) of both Comparative example 1 and Comparative example 2 was 7.5MPa and 5.5MPa, respectively, and both showed failure mode for shear samples with 100%adhesion failure. When the dimer-based polyester polyol, PRIPLAST 1837, was instead of polyether polyols are lap shear strength (LSS) of both Inventive example 3 and Inventive example 4 increased to 9.2MPa and 10.1 MPa, respectively. Failure mode of shear samples for both Inventive examples were not less than 80%cohesive failure. In addition, use of the dimer-based polyester polyol instead of the polyether polyols showed no sharp change of tensile properties for the adhesives.
[0079] II. Thermally Conductive Two-Component Polyurethane Adhesive with Low Moisture Sensitivity
[0080] Compared with epoxy or acrylate structural adhesives, isocyanate components of common thermally conductive two-component (2K) polyurethane adhesives are particularly sensitive to moisture in the storage and curing process. As a direct result, if moisture in the packaging is not exhausted completely, the isocyanate component will be unstable, and the surface will crust easily over time during shelf storage, which is unaccepted by automobile manufacturers. At the same time, when glue has been applied to the gluing equipment, if sealing between the glue packaging and the pressure plate is not good, or if the production line has been shut down for long time, the isocyanate component tends to exhibit crusting. If crusts are not cleaned up promptly, the mixing pipe of the equipment can become easily blocked, and parts of equipment become subject to abrasion, causing significant problems with efficient production line assembly.
[0081] In addition, due to the moisture sensitivity of the isocyanate component, the viscosity of isocyanate component can increase significantly during shelf storage, and the viscosity instability of the isocyanate component will have a negative effect to the stability of the flow rate during the gluing process. Consequently, a need in the art exists for a formulation that provides for stable viscosity and acceptable skinning time for appropriate applications. The following Examples address this need.
[0082] Table 4. Ingredients Used Examples § II
[0083] Table 5. Comparative and Inventive Example Formulations
[0084] “C” = Comparative; “Inv” = Inventive
[0085] Comparative example 5 represents a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. The isocyanate component contains prepolymer, isocyanate, filler, stabilizers, silane, color paste, and water scavenger. The polyol component contains polyols, filler, stabilizers, silane, water scavenger, and catalyst. The prepolymer is synthesized by SUPRASEC 5005, SUPRASEC 2020 and polypropylene glycol NJ-220, and the filler in both components is only ATH, APYRAL 20X.
[0086] Comparative example 6 represents a 2.0 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. Compositions of both the isocyanate component and the polyol component are similar to Comparative example 1.
[0087] Comparative example 7 represents a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. Two different sizes of spherical alumina particles with grade names of SA0050 and SA0700 instead of APYRAL 20X (ATH) are used in the isocyanate component of Comparative example 7, compared to that of Comparative example 5. Meanwhile, the polyol components of both Comparative example 5 and Comparative example 7 are the same.
[0088] Comparative example 8 represents a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. Compared to the prepolymer used in Comparative example 5, the prepolymer used in the isocyanate component of Comparative example 8 is prepared by SUPRASEC 2020 and a bio-based polyol, castor oil. Meanwhile, polyol components of both Comparative example 5 and Comparative example 8 are the same.
[0089] Inventive examples 9 and 10 represent a 1.2 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. Compared to the prepolymer used in isocyanate component of Comparative example 1, isocyanates for the prepolymer preparation in the isocyanate components of Inventive examples 5 and 6 are SUPRASEC 2020 or a mixture of SUPRASEC 5005 and SUPRASEC 2020, and the polyol is a bio-based polyol, castor oil. Meanwhile, the polyol components of Comparative example 5, Inventive example 9, and Inventive example 10 are same.
[0090] Inventive example 11 represents a 2.0 W / m. K thermally conductive 2K polyurethane adhesive formulation. Compared to the prepolymer used in the isocyanate component of Comparative example 6, the isocyanate for the prepolymer preparation of Inventive example 10 is SUPRASEC 2020, and the polyol is a bio-based polyol, castor oil. Meanwhile, polyol components of Comparative example 6 and Inventive example 10 are the same.
[0091] A. Preparation of Formulations
[0092] i. Prepolymers
[0093] The prepolymers were prepared in a 2L four-necked flask with a mechanical stirring bar and thermometer. The prepolymer can be isolated and stored. The prepolymer preparation process is described based on the example of the Inventive example 9.375g of Castor Oil was added into a four-necked flask with a mechanical stirring bar and thermometer at room temperature. Then, the reaction mixture was dried under reduced pressure at 120℃ for 1 h. When the temperature was cooled to 80℃, 1,125g of SUPRASEC 2020 was added into the flask, and kept under reduced pressure at 80℃ for 2 h. Finally, the reaction was completed, and the prepolymer was then shored hermetically. The prepolymer was prepared with a significant stochiometric excess of MDI, resulting in end-capped polyols.
[0094] ii. Adhesive
[0095] The isocyanate and the polyol components of the adhesive were prepared in a 2L planetary mixer laboratory scale mixer. The adhesive preparation process is described based on the example of the isocyanate component of the Inventive example 9. Before adhesive was prepared, all solid raw materials, like SA0050, SA0700, APYRAL 20X, CAROFORT SV, and CAB-O-SIL TS-720 were dried in a 120℃ oven for above 24 hours until moisture content was less than 200ppm. All liquid polyols in the polyol component, like NJ-220, NJ-204, and NJ-303 were dried by molecular sieve until moisture content was less than 300ppm. 300g of prepolymer, 10g of SILQUEST A-187, 1g of JSLD4529 and 5g of PTSI were added into 2L planetary mixer laboratory scale mixer. After 10 minutes of mixing, 240g of SA0050, 416g of SA0700, 8g of CAB-O-SIL TS-720 and 20g of CAROFORT SV were added into the mixer. The mixture was stirred for half an hour at room temperature, then the mixture was stirred under reduced pressure at room temperature for another half an hour. Finally, the vacuum was broken with nitrogen and the adhesive component filled into a suitable packaging size.
[0096] B. Test Methods
[0097] Skinning time: Once exposed at 23℃ / 50%relative humidity, the isocyanate component begins curing and skinning from the outside in.
[0098] Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield DV2T at a 10 rpm shearing rate with 14#spindle at 23℃.
[0099] Lap shear strength was measured using DIN EN 1465; bonded area: 10*25 mm2; adhesive layer thickness: 0.25 mm; substrate: e-coated steel; all surfaces were prepared with solvent clean; curing condition: 7 d@23℃; shear samples were pulled at 5 mm / min in the process of testing.
[0100] Tensile properties including Tensile strength, E-modulus, and Elongation, were measured with DIN EN ISO 527-2; curing condition: 7 d@23℃; tensile samples are pulled at 1 mm / min in the process of testing.
[0101] Thermal conductivity was measured according to ASTM D5470. A thermal interface material tester from Linseis TIM D5470 was used for the test. The measurement was performed in Spaltplus mode between 1.5~3.0 mm thickness. The absolute thermal conductivity λ (W / mK) was reported.
[0102] C. Results
[0103] Table 3. Properties for Comparative examples and Inventive Examples
[0104] Based on previous experience with polyurethane technology, the change of viscosity for the isocyanate component after 7d@55℃ accelerated heat aging can simulate the change of viscosity within 6 months of shelf life at room temperature.
[0105] Prepolymers used in the isocyanate component of both Comparative example 1 and Comparative example 6 were prepared with SUPRASEC 5005, SUPRASEC 2020 and NJ-220. Thermally conductive filler used in the isocyanate component of both Comparative example 5 and Comparative example 6 is ATH, APYRAL 20X. Skinning time of the isocyanate components of both Comparative example 5 and Comparative example 6 is around 4.5~5 hours. Viscosity of the isocyanate components of both Comparative example 5 and Comparative example 6 increases significantly after 7d@55℃ accelerated heat aging. Compared to the mechanical properties of Comparative example 5, Comparative example 6 has much lower lap shear strength, tensile strength, and elongation, as with the higher proportion of thermally conductive filler in the formulation.
[0106] Two different sizes of spherical alumina particles with grade names of SA0050 and SA0700 instead of APYRAL 20X (ATH) were used in the isocyanate component of Comparative example 7, compared to that of Comparative example 5. Even though there is no change for skinning time of the isocyanate component of Comparative example 7, compared to that of Comparative example 5, viscosity of the isocyanate component of Comparative example 7 becomes much more stable compared to that of Comparative example 5, which means that spherical alumina instead of ATH has a positive effect on the viscosity stability of the isocyanate component. In addition, different thermally conductive fillers have almost no effect on the mechanical properties of the adhesives, but the same amounts of spherical alumina instead of ATH for the isocyanate component will increase thermal conductivity.
[0107] Prepolymer prepared with SUPRASEC 2020 and a bio-based polyol, castor oil, instead of prepolymer prepared with SUPRASEC 5005, SUPRASEC 2020 and NJ-220, was used in the isocyanate component of Comparative example 8. There is improvement from 5 hours to 6 hours for skinning time of the isocyanate component of Comparative example 8, compared to that of Comparative example 5. However, viscosity of the isocyanate component of Comparative example 8 increases. In addition, mechanical properties of Comparative example 8 show little improvement compared to these of Comparative example 1.
[0108] As shown in Table 3, skinning time of the isocyanate components of Inventive examples 9, 10, and 11 is as high as around 11 hours, and the viscosity of the isocyanate components of Inventive examples 9, 10, and 11 does not change much, compared to Comparative example 5. When some amounts of polymeric MDI instead of liquefied MDI is used in the prepolymer preparation for the isocyanate component of Inventive example 10, mechanical properties improve, compared to Inventive examples 9. In addition, mechanical properties of Inventive examples 11 have also a little improvement compared to these of Comparative example 6.
[0109] The composition of the isocyanate components of Inventive examples 9, 10, and 11 include MDI variants + bio-based polyol (Castor Oil) + thermally conductive filler (spherical alumina) . The results show that hydrophobic castor oil and spherical alumina without internal crystalline water, instead of hydrophilic polyether polyols and ATH with internal crystalline water, respectively, can improve skinning time among other properties.
[0110] Exemplary embodiments of Examples § II include without limitation the following:
[0111] Embodiment 1: An uncured, two-component thermally conductive adhesive formulation having: (a) an isocyanate component comprising: (i) an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer prepared from a polyisocyanate and a first, hydrophobic polyol, and (ii) a thermally conductive spherical alumina filler; and (b) a polyol component comprising: (i) a second polyol; (ii) an aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) filler; and (iii) a catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate group; wherein the uncured adhesive formulation is in the form of a kit in which the isocyanate and polyol components are not mixed.
[0112] Embodiment 2: The adhesive formulation of Embodiment 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is aromatic.
[0113] Embodiment 3: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the polyisocyanate is methylene-bis- (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) .
[0114] Embodiment 4: The adhesive formulation of Embodiment 3, wherein the MDI comprises polymeric MDI.
[0115] Embodiment 5: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the first, hydrophobic polyol constitutes at least 75 wt%of the total polyol content of the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer.
[0116] Embodiment 6: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the first, hydrophobic polyol has a water contact angle of greater than 90°.
[0117] Embodiment 7: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein first, hydrophobic polyol is castor oil, cashew nut shell oil, a soybean oil polyol, a dimeric acid polyester polyol, or a combination thereof.
[0118] Embodiment 8: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has an average particle size ranging from 2-100 μm.
[0119] Embodiment 9: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler has a bimodal particle size distribution with a first modal average particle size ranging from 2-5 μm and a second modal average particle size ranging from 50-100 μm.
[0120] Embodiment 10: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, comprising 60-85%of the thermally conductive spherical alumina filler by weight of the isocyanate component.
[0121] Embodiment 11: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the second polyol is a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) polyol.
[0122] Embodiment 12: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, comprising 15-30%of the second polyol by weight of the polyol component.
[0123] Embodiment 13: The adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment, comprising 60-85%of the aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) filler by weight of the polyol component.
[0124] Embodiment 14: A method for adhering two or more substrates, comprising: (a) mixing the isocyanate and polyol components of the adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment to produce an adhesive mixture; (b) applying the adhesive mixture to a first substrate; (c) contacting a second substrate with the first substrate; and (d) allowing the adhesive mixture to cure.
[0125] Embodiment 15: An adhered assembly comprising: (a) a first substrate; (b) a second substrate; and (c) a cured adhesive mixture at least partially between the first and second substrates, the cured adhesive mixture resulting from mixing the isocyanate and polyol components of the adhesive formulation of any preceding Embodiment to produce an adhesive mixture, and allowing the adhesive mixture to cure.
[0126] Features and advantages of this disclosure are apparent from the detailed specification, and the claims cover all such features and advantages. Numerous variations will occur to those skilled in the art, and any variations equivalent to those described in this disclosure fall within the scope of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may be used as a basis for designing other compositions and methods for carrying out the several purposes of this disclosure. As a result, the claims should not be considered as limited by the description or examples.
Claims
1.An uncured, two-component thermally conductive adhesive formulation having:a) an isocyanate component comprising:(i) an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer prepared from a polyisocyanate and a first polyol, and(ii) a first thermally conductive filler; andb) a polyol component comprising:i) a second polyol comprising a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol having an OH number of 28-120 mg KOH / g;ii) a second thermally conductive filler; andiii) a catalyst capable of catalyzing the reaction of a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate group;wherein the uncured adhesive formulation is in the form of a kit in which the isocyanate and polyol components are not mixed.2.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is aromatic.3.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is methylene-bis- (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) .4.The adhesive formulation of claim 3, wherein the MDI comprises polymeric MDI.5.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the first polyol constitutes at least 75 wt%of the total polyol content of the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer.6.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the first polyol comprises a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) polyol.7.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the first polyol comprises a polypropylene glycol having a hydroxyl functionality of 2-3.5 and a number-average molecular weight of 300-3,000 g / mol.8.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the first thermally conductive filler comprises aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) .9.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, comprising 60-85%of the first thermally conductive filler by weight of the isocyanate component.10.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the second polyol comprises a dimer fatty acid-based polyester diol having an OH number of 52-120 mg KOH / g.11.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the second polyol further comprises a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) polyol.12.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, comprising 4-30%of the second polyol by weight of the polyol component.13.The adhesive formulation of claim 1, wherein the second thermally conductive filler comprises aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) .14.A method for adhering two or more substrates, comprising:a) mixing the isocyanate and polyol components of the adhesive formulation of claim 1 to produce an adhesive mixture;b) applying the adhesive mixture to a first substrate;c) contacting a second substrate with the first substrate; andd) allowing the adhesive mixture to cure.15.An adhered assembly comprising:a) a first substrate;b) a second substrate; andc) a cured adhesive mixture at least partially between the first and second substrates, the cured adhesive mixture resulting from mixing the isocyanate and polyol components of the adhesive formulation of claim 1 to produce an adhesive mixture, and allowing the adhesive mixture to cure.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Polyester polyol type bi-component polyurethane heat-conducting structural adhesive based on carbon dioxide as well as preparation method and application of polyester polyol type bi-component polyurethane heat-conducting structural adhesive
CN115851207A
High-thermal-conductivity detachable polyurethane structural adhesive and preparation method thereof
CN116731660A
Two-component polyurethane composition
US20220064359A1
Polyurethane elastomer with enhanced hydrolysis resistance
WO2008127926A1
Two-component polyurethane adhesive composition
WO2023136989A1