Quantum computing system and method

Abstract

Disclosed are a quantum computing system and method, which relate to the technical field of quantum computing. If an atom cavity comprises at least two different types of atoms, the different types of atoms are captured by means of optical tweezers, and interatomic forces are controlled on the basis of the number of magnetic quanta of the atoms in different Rydberg states. During the selection of Rydberg states, the numbers of magnetic quanta of two Rydberg states to be manipulated by the same type of atoms are different, such that during a transition between different Rydberg states, the same type of atoms have energy values related to the numbers of magnetic quanta of the two Rydberg states. The two energy values are determined on the basis of the numbers of magnetic quanta of the Rydberg states of the atoms, the frequency range of light that is required to be adjusted for changing the number of magnetic quanta of the atoms is relatively small, and the frequency range of light that is required to be adjusted for the quantum computing system to control transitions of different types of atoms between Rydberg states is reduced, which is conducive to quickly adjusting the quantum state of an atom array, thereby improving the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

Description

A quantum computing system and method

[0001] This application claims priority to the Chinese patent application filed with the State Intellectual Property Office on November 14, 2023, with application number 202311521664.8 and application name “A Quantum Computing System and Method”, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this application. Technical Field

[0002] The present application relates to the field of quantum computing technology, and in particular to a quantum computing system and method. Background Art

[0003] With the continuous advancement of technology, traditional computer calculations are unable to meet the needs of computational tasks with high computing resource requirements, such as quantum chemistry simulation, optimal path finding, and large number factorization. Quantum computing systems based on neutral atom architectures (neutral atom systems) have emerged. Neutral atom systems use an objective lens to focus trapped light to form optical tweezers (optical tweezers), which are used to capture laser-cooled atoms. The trapped atoms are then arranged in an orderly array in a vacuum glass chamber to represent quantum bits. Typically, irradiating the atoms in the atomic array with global and addressing light enables parallel or independent operations on quantum bits, such as changing the state of the quantum bit (0, 1, or a superposition of 0 and 1). During the quantum bit reading process, the atoms in the atomic array are irradiated with probe light to generate scattered photons. The electronic signals collected by the objective lens are used to determine the state of the quantum bit, thereby obtaining the result of the quantum computation.

[0004] In the process of operating a logic gate with multiple quantum bits (multi-bit logic gate), neutral atoms need to be excited from the ground state to the Rydberg state; the electron cloud between different atoms in the Rydberg state increases by several orders of magnitude, so that the atoms in different optical tweezers generate sufficient interatomic forces, thereby realizing multi-qubit operations. Among them, the interatomic force depends on the size of the electron cloud and the distance between atoms. The size of the electron cloud is determined by the principal quantum number (n) of the Rydberg state, and the interatomic force is proportional to n. 11 , and is inversely proportional to the interatomic distance (R 6 ).

[0005] Taking a two-component system in a neutral atomic system as an example, a two-component system uses two different types of atoms to represent quantum bits. Because different types of atoms have different energy level structures, the excitation light frequencies corresponding to different energy level structures are also different. Therefore, in a two-component system, different frequencies of excitation light can be used to excite the atoms of different components into different Rydberg states to realize the operation of multi-bit logic gates. In other words, the interatomic forces are adjusted by changing the principal quantum number of atoms of the same type. However, the frequency difference between the Rydberg states of different types of atoms is on the order of 10 GHz, while the rapid adjustment range of the excitation light is only on the order of 100 MHz. The difference between the frequency difference of the Rydberg states and the rapid adjustment range of the excitation light is too large, resulting in low efficiency in quantum state adjustment of the atomic array in the vacuum glass cavity, which affects the speed of quantum computing.

[0006] Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present application provides a quantum computing system and method, which solves the problem of low quantum state adjustment efficiency caused by the large difference between the frequency difference of the Rydberg state and the rapidly adjustable range of the excitation light, and is conducive to improving the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0008] This application adopts the following technical solution.

[0009] In a first aspect, the present application provides a quantum computing system. The quantum computing system includes: an atomic source, an atomic cavity, an optical tweezers unit, a light emitting unit, and a quantum bit measurement unit. The atomic source is used to provide multiple types of atoms. The atomic cavity is connected to the atomic source and is used to store the atoms provided by the atomic source. The atoms provided by the atomic source include first and second type atoms. The Rydberg states of the first type of atoms include: a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, wherein the first Rydberg state corresponds to a first value of the magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms, and the second Rydberg state corresponds to a second value of the magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms; the Rydberg states of the second type of atoms include: a third Rydberg state and a fourth Rydberg state, wherein the third Rydberg state corresponds to a third value of the magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms, and the fourth Rydberg state corresponds to a fourth value of the magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms. The optical tweezers unit is used to generate multiple optical tweezers in the atomic cavity and arrange the optical tweezers that have captured atoms in the atomic cavity in a first manner to form an atomic array, wherein one optical tweezer is used to capture one or more atoms. The light emitting unit is configured to generate a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction based on first information. The first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam are used to illuminate the atomic array, wherein the first frequency and the first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state, and the second frequency and the second direction of the second polarized light beam correspond to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state. The qubit measurement unit is configured to collect scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being illuminated by the probe light beam and determine a quantum computation result of the first information based on the scattered photons.

[0010] The quantum computing system provided by the present application, when the atomic cavity includes at least two different types of atoms, uses optical tweezers to capture different types of atoms, and controls the interatomic force according to the magnetic quantum number of the atoms between different Rydberg states. Specifically, in the process of selecting the Rydberg state, the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states to be manipulated by atoms of the same type are different, so that the same type of atoms have energy values ​​related to the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states during the transition between different Rydberg states. Since these two energy values ​​are determined based on the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms, and the frequency range of the light required to adjust to change the magnetic quantum number of the atoms is relatively small, the frequency range of the light required to adjust to control the transition between Rydberg states of different types of atoms in the quantum computing system is reduced, which is conducive to quickly adjusting the quantum state of the atomic array to improve the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0011] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect, in an optional implementation, the light emitting unit includes: an excitation light source and an optical path modulation component. The optical path modulation component is connected to the excitation light source, and the excitation light source is used to provide an illumination light beam. The optical path modulation component is used to: process the optical parameters of the illumination light beam based on the first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction. The optical parameters include one or a combination of the following: beam direction, polarization, and frequency.

[0012] It is worth noting that the polarization of light is strongly correlated with the direction of light travel and the angle of the quantization axis. The direction of the quantization axis is determined by the magnetic field generated by the coil. Since the adjustment of the magnetic field will affect the quantum state of the quantum bit represented by the atoms in the optical tweezers, the adjustment of the polarization needs to be achieved by changing the direction of the excitation light. Therefore, the present application provides two non-codirectional excitation light paths (a first polarized light beam and a second polarized light beam), and uses an optical path modulation component to change the beam direction, polarization and frequency to control the transition of atoms between different Rydberg states, which is conducive to the realization of quantum computing processes based on quantum bits.

[0013] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect, in an optional implementation, the optical path modulation component includes an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and a beam splitter. The AOM is configured to split an illumination light beam into a first light beam having a first frequency and a second light beam having a second frequency, and the beam splitter is configured to adjust the direction of the first light beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized light beam, and adjust the direction of the second light beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized light beam.

[0014] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect, in an optional implementation, an optical path modulation component includes an electro-optic modulator (EOM) and a polarizing beam splitter (PBS), the polarizing beam splitter also being called a polarization beam splitter prism. The EOM is configured to process an illumination beam to obtain a first illumination sub-beam and a second illumination sub-beam having different polarizations; the PBS is configured to adjust the direction of the first illumination sub-beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized beam, and adjust the direction of the second illumination sub-beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized beam.

[0015] In combination with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect, in an optional implementation, the optical path modulation component includes: a digital micromirror device (DMD), which is used to: determine the light parameters to be used based on the first information, and process the irradiation light beam according to the light parameters to be used to obtain a first polarized light beam and a second polarized light beam.

[0016] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect, in an optional implementation, the atomic cavity includes: a glass cavity and a vacuum structure. The glass cavity includes: a first connector and a cavity structure, the first connector being connected to the atomic source, and the cavity structure being provided with a first hole structure. The vacuum structure and the first hole structure are detachably connected. Exemplarily, if the cavity structure is connected to the vacuum structure via the first hole structure, the vacuum structure is used to extract background gas molecules in the cavity structure, thereby placing the cavity structure in a vacuum state.

[0017] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect, in an optional implementation, the quantum bit measurement unit includes: an atom detection light source, an objective lens, a photoelectric conversion unit, and a bit quantization unit. The atom detection light source is used to provide a detection beam for irradiating the atomic array. The objective lens is used to collect scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being irradiated by the detection beam. The photoelectric conversion unit is connected to the objective lens and is used to perform photoelectric conversion on the scattered photons and output an electrical signal, where the electrical signal indicates the quantum bits in the atomic array, such as a voltage or current. The bit quantization unit is connected to the photoelectric conversion unit and is used to determine the quantum computing result of the first information based on the electrical signal.

[0018] In a second aspect, the present application provides a quantum computing method. The quantum computing method is applied to a quantum computing system in any optional implementation of the first aspect, the quantum computing system comprising: an atomic source, an atomic cavity, an optical tweezers unit, a light emitting unit, and a quantum bit measurement unit, wherein the atomic cavity is connected to the atomic source. The quantum computing method provided in the present application comprises: the atomic source provides multiple types of atoms to the atomic cavity, the atoms provided by the atomic source include first-type atoms and second-type atoms; wherein the Rydberg state of the first-type atoms includes a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, the first Rydberg state corresponding to the magnetic quantum number of the first-type atoms is a first value, the second Rydberg state corresponding to the magnetic quantum number of the first-type atoms is a second value, the Rydberg state of the second-type atoms includes a third Rydberg state and a fourth Rydberg state, the third Rydberg state corresponding to the magnetic quantum number of the second-type atoms is a third value, and the fourth Rydberg state corresponding to the magnetic quantum number of the second-type atoms is a fourth value. Furthermore, the optical tweezers unit generates multiple optical tweezers in the atomic cavity, and arranges the optical tweezers that have captured atoms in the atomic cavity in the multiple optical tweezers in a first manner to obtain an atomic array, and one optical tweezer is used to capture one or more atoms. The aforementioned light emitting unit generates a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction according to the first information, and irradiates the atomic array with the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam. The first frequency and the first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state, and the second frequency and the second direction of the second polarized light beam correspond to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state. The quantum bit measurement unit collects scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being irradiated by the detection beam, and determines the quantum calculation result of the first information based on the scattered photons.

[0019] In this way, when selecting Rydberg states, the two Rydberg states manipulated by atoms of the same type have different magnetic quantum numbers. This results in the same type of atoms transitioning between different Rydberg states with energy values ​​related to the magnetic quantum numbers of the two states. Because these energy values ​​are determined by the atoms' magnetic quantum numbers, and the frequency range of the light required to adjust the magnetic quantum numbers is relatively small, the quantum computing system reduces the frequency range of light required to control transitions between different types of atoms. This facilitates rapid adjustment of the quantum state of the atomic array, thereby improving the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0020] In conjunction with the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, the light emitting unit includes: an excitation light source, and an optical path modulation component connected to the excitation light source. The excitation light source provides an illumination light beam, and the optical path modulation component processes the optical parameters of the illumination light beam based on first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction. The optical parameters in this implementation include one or a combination of the following: beam direction, polarization, and frequency.

[0021] In conjunction with the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, an optical path modulation component includes: an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and a spectrometer. The optical path modulation component processes the optical parameters of the aforementioned illumination light beam based on first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction, including: the spectrometer splits the illumination light beam into the first light beam in the first direction and the second light beam in the second direction based on the first information; and the AOM adjusts the frequency of the first light beam in the first direction to a first frequency to obtain the first polarized light beam, and adjusts the frequency of the second light beam in the second direction to a second frequency to obtain the second polarized light beam based on the first information.

[0022] In conjunction with the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, an optical path modulation component includes: an electro-optical modulator (EOM) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS). The aforementioned optical path modulation component processes the optical parameters of the aforementioned illumination light beam according to first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction, including: the EOM processes the illumination light beam according to the first information to obtain a first illumination sub-beam and a second illumination sub-beam with different polarizations; and the PBS adjusts the direction of the first illumination sub-beam to the first direction to obtain the first polarized light beam, and adjusts the direction of the second illumination sub-beam to the second direction to obtain the second polarized light beam according to the first information.

[0023] In combination with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, the energy difference between the first type of atoms in a Rydberg state and an adjacent Rydberg state of the Rydberg state, and the energy difference between the second type of atoms in a Rydberg state and an adjacent Rydberg state of the Rydberg state is less than an energy threshold. For example, the energy difference between the first Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a first energy value, the energy difference between the second Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a second energy value, the energy difference between the third Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a third energy value, and the energy difference between the fourth Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a fourth energy value. Exemplarily, the difference (energy difference) between the first energy value and the third energy value is less than the energy threshold; the difference (energy difference) between the first energy value and the fourth energy value is less than the energy threshold; the difference (energy difference) between the second energy value and the third energy value is less than the energy threshold; the difference (energy difference) between the second energy value and the fourth energy value is less than the energy threshold. The aforementioned AOM can be used to quickly adjust the Rydberg state of atoms, which is beneficial to improving the quantum computing efficiency of quantum bits based on Rydberg state characterization.

[0024] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, the orbital quantum number of the first type of atoms corresponding to the first Rydberg state and the second Rydberg state is not zero; and / or, the orbital quantum number of the second type of atoms corresponding to the third Rydberg state and the fourth Rydberg state is not zero. In the present application, if the orbital quantum number corresponding to the Rydberg state of at least one type of atoms in the quantum computing system is not zero, it can break the spatial symmetry of the transition between adjacent Rydberg states, strengthen the directionality of the interaction force between atoms, and be more conducive to the manipulation of the quantum bits represented by the atomic array in the atomic cavity, thereby improving the accuracy of quantum computing.

[0025] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, in an atomic array, the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of the same type is smaller than the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of different types. In the present application, the interatomic interaction force between different components is much greater than the interatomic interaction force between the same components, which is beneficial for enhancing the directionality and adjustability of the heterogeneous interaction channel.

[0026] In combination with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, the arrangement relationship of the optical tweezers that capture different types of atoms in the atomic array is determined based on second information, and the second information and the first information are input information of the quantum computing process of the quantum computing result.

[0027] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in one optional implementation, the wavelengths of the multiple optical tweezers are different, with optical tweezers in a first wavelength range being used to capture a first type of atoms, and optical tweezers in a second wavelength range being used to capture a second type of atoms. Using optical tweezers in different wavelength ranges to capture different types of atoms avoids the problem of disrupting the atomic array arrangement caused by using optical tweezers in the same wavelength range to capture different types of atoms, thereby improving the accuracy of quantum computing.

[0028] In conjunction with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, the first frequency and first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to a first Rydberg state or a second Rydberg state, including: the first polarized light beam is used to excite the first type of atoms to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state. The second frequency and second direction of the second polarized light beam correspond to a third Rydberg state or a fourth Rydberg state, including: the second polarized light beam is used to excite the second type of atoms to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state.

[0029] In combination with the quantum computing system provided in the first aspect and the quantum computing method provided in the second aspect, in an optional implementation, the first type of atoms are rubidium (Rb) atoms, and the second type of atoms are ytterbium (Yb) atoms.

[0030] Based on the implementation methods provided in the above aspects, this application can also be further combined to provide more implementation methods, which will not be described in detail here. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] FIG1 is a schematic diagram of different types of quantum numbers of atoms provided in this application;

[0032] FIG2 is a schematic diagram of magnetic quantum numbers provided in this application;

[0033] FIG3 is a schematic diagram of the energy difference and dipole moment of rubidium atoms provided by the present application;

[0034] FIG4 is a first structural diagram of a quantum computing system provided by the present application;

[0035] FIG5 is a schematic diagram of Rydberg state transitions of different atoms provided in this application;

[0036] FIG6 is a schematic diagram of the energy difference between rubidium and ytterbium and their adjacent Rydberg states at different principal quantum numbers provided by the present application;

[0037] FIG7 is a schematic diagram of three types of interatomic interaction forces provided in this application;

[0038] FIG8A is a schematic diagram of the information control process and quantum computing process provided by this application;

[0039] FIG8B is a schematic diagram of the loading of the optical tweezers and the atomic array provided by the present application;

[0040] FIG9 is a second structural diagram of a quantum computing system provided by this application;

[0041] FIG10 is a schematic diagram of an implementation of an optical path modulation component provided by the present application;

[0042] FIG11 is a schematic diagram of a method for rapidly changing light parameters provided by the present application;

[0043] FIG12 is a third structural diagram of a quantum computing system provided by this application;

[0044] FIG13 is a schematic diagram showing the enhanced magnitude of the directionality of the Rb-Yb heterogeneous interaction relative to the homogeneous interaction under different principal quantum number combinations;

[0045] FIG14 is a schematic diagram showing how the interaction under different quantum states changes with angle;

[0046] FIG15 is a schematic diagram 1 of quantum bit manipulation provided by this application;

[0047] FIG16 is a schematic diagram showing the change of the interatomic interaction force under different principal quantum number combinations;

[0048] FIG17 is a second schematic diagram of quantum bit manipulation provided in this application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The present application provides a quantum computing system, in which, when an atomic cavity includes at least two different types of atoms, different types of atoms are captured by optical tweezers, and the interatomic forces are controlled according to the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms between different Rydberg states. Specifically, in the process of selecting the Rydberg state, the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states to be manipulated by atoms of the same type are different, so that the same type of atoms have energy values ​​related to the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states during the transition between different Rydberg states. Since these two energy values ​​are determined based on the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms, and the frequency range of the light required to adjust the magnetic quantum number of the atoms is relatively small, the frequency range of the light required to adjust the transition between Rydberg states of the quantum computing system to control different types of atoms is reduced, which is conducive to quickly adjusting the quantum state of the atomic array to improve the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0050] This application may be applicable not only to current quantum computing technologies or quantum computing standards, but also to future quantum computing technologies or quantum computing standards. The terms used in the implementation methods of this application are only used to explain the specific embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit this application. The following is a brief introduction to some concepts that may be involved in this application.

[0051] 1. Qubit: The basic unit of quantum information. Unlike the classical bit in a traditional binary computer, which can only be 0 or 1, a qubit can be in a state of either 0 or 1, or in a superposition of 0 and 1. Qubits can be expressed in a variety of carriers, including superconducting circuits, ions, atoms, photons, and quantum dots.

[0052] 2. Logic gate: the basic logical operation unit in quantum circuits.

[0053] 3. Energy levels: The relatively stable states in a quantum system. These states correspond to a range of discrete energies.

[0054] 4. Quantum state: the state of a quantum system represented by a set of quantum numbers.

[0055] 5. Quantum number: used to describe the numerical values ​​of various conserved physical quantities in a quantum system, thereby expressing the quantum state of the system.

[0056] 6. Principal quantum number (n): One of the quantum numbers representing atomic orbitals, describing the electron shell in which the electron is located, its distance from the nucleus, and its corresponding energy.

[0057] 7. Orbital quantum number (1): One of the quantum numbers representing atomic orbitals, describing the magnitude of the electron orbital angular momentum and the shape of the corresponding electron cloud.

[0058] 8. Magnetic quantum number (m): One of the quantum numbers representing atomic orbitals, describing the projection of electron angular momentum in space and its corresponding equivalent magnetic moment.

[0059] 9. Ground state: The lowest energy quantum state of an atom in a quantum computing system.

[0060] 10. Rydberg state: A highly excited state of an atomic or molecular system. Compared to an atom in the ground state, the electron cloud of an atom in a Rydberg state is several orders of magnitude larger.

[0061] 11. Optical tweezers array: After the laser beam is highly focused by the objective lens, it can be used to trap atoms. Multiple optical tweezers can be arranged regularly to form an optical tweezers array; the optical tweezers here refer to optical tweezers formed by focusing the trapped light through the objective lens.

[0062] 12. Component: In this article, it means isotope or element.

[0063] 13. Magneto-optical trap: Through a spatially varying magnetic field and laser cooling, atoms are cooled and collected at the center of the magnetic field. The temperature of atoms can be cooled to hundreds to several uK. Magneto-optical trap is the first step in most atomic experiments.

[0064] 14. Hamiltonian: The total energy of a system, including the kinetic energy and potential energy of particles.

[0065] 15. Alkali Metals: Alkali metals refer to the six metallic elements that belong to Group 1 of the periodic table: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and menthium. Alkali metals all have an outermost electron in an s orbital.

[0066] 16. Alkaline Earth Metals: Alkaline earth metals refer to the six metallic elements that belong to Group 2 of the periodic table: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Alkaline earth metals all have two outermost electrons in s orbitals.

[0067] 17. Single-photon excitation: An atom is excited from a lower-energy quantum state to a higher-energy quantum state by absorbing a single photon of excitation light. The frequency and polarization of the excitation light photon determine the quantum state to which it is excited.

[0068] 18. Two-photon excitation: An atom is excited from a lower-energy quantum state to a higher-energy quantum state by absorbing two photons of excitation light. The frequency and polarization of the two excitation light photons jointly determine the quantum state to which it is excited.

[0069] 19. Dipole interaction: the interaction between two electric dipoles.

[0070] 20. C6: A commonly used parameter for the strength of the interatomic interaction force. For example, the commonly used Rydberg state C6 is about 100 GHz / (μm) 6 Magnitude.

[0071] 21. Polarization: The phenomenon in which the spatial distribution of the electric vector vibration of a light wave loses symmetry with respect to the direction of light propagation is called polarization of light. It is a phenomenon in which the vibration vector of the transverse wave of light (perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation) deviates in certain directions.

[0072] 22. Optical frequency is short for optical frequency. The product of optical frequency and wavelength is the speed of light (c = 299,792,458 m / s). In this article, optical frequency is also called frequency, and this will not be repeated here.

[0073] The following, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrates the quantum state and the excitation process of the quantum state, the ground state and the Rydberg state of the atom involved in the embodiments of the present application, and the quantum computing system and method provided by the present application.

[0074] 1. Quantum state and the excitation process of quantum state.

[0075] Taking the alkali metal atom, the most common type of neutral atomic system, as an example, an atom can be considered to be composed of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron. The principal quantum number n reflects the size of the electron cloud; as the principal quantum number increases, the electron cloud becomes diffuse. The orbital quantum number reflects the shape of the electron cloud. As the orbital quantum number increases, the number of nodes increases accordingly, and the spatial distribution of the electron cloud becomes more complex. A quantum state with an orbital quantum number of zero is called an s-state, a quantum state with an orbital quantum number of one is called a p-state, and a quantum state with an orbital quantum number of two is called a d-state. The magnetic quantum number m reflects the projection of the atom's angular momentum onto the quantization axis. When the magnetic quantum number changes, the atom's equivalent magnetic moment also changes.

[0076] Quantum state excitation of atoms is generally performed by irradiating the atoms with laser light. The change in the principal quantum number determines the frequency of the excitation light. As shown in Figure 1, Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of different types of quantum numbers of atoms provided in this application. There is no limit to the change in the principal quantum number |n1-n2| (n1 is the principal quantum number of the first quantum state, and n2 is the principal quantum number of the second quantum state), but the greater the difference in |n1-n2|, the higher the frequency of the excitation light required to adjust the principal quantum number.

[0077] Take the transition of an atom between two adjacent quantum states as an example, as shown in Figure 2, which is a schematic diagram of the magnetic quantum number provided by this application. The atom includes: multiple quantum states, and the excitation light frequency required for the transition between two adjacent quantum states is f i , such as the first quantum state (corresponding to the required excitation light frequency f1), the second quantum state (corresponding to the required excitation light frequency f2), and the third quantum state (corresponding to the required excitation light frequency f3). Therefore, the orbital quantum number difference |l1-l2| between two adjacent quantum states can only be 1 (l1 is the orbital quantum number of the first quantum state, l2 is the orbital quantum number of the second quantum state), and the magnetic quantum number difference is -1, 0, or 1.

[0078] As shown in Figure 2, the polarization of the excitation light determines the magnetic quantum number of the excited state. Changing the principal quantum number of the excited state requires significant adjustments to the laser frequency, which cannot be dynamically altered during computation or simulation. However, changing the magnetic quantum number of the excited state only requires changing the polarization of the excitation light and fine-tuning the excitation light frequency by an order of magnitude of 10 MHz. The polarization of the excitation light can be adjusted using a polarization electro-optical modulator (PEM), with a modulation rate in the GHz range. Rapid fine-tuning of the excitation light frequency can be achieved using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM), with a modulation rate in the order of magnitude of 100 MHz.

[0079] 2. The ground state and Rydberg state of an atom.

[0080] The ground state of an atom refers to the quantum state with the lowest energy. Because physical systems tend to occupy states with lower energy, the ground state is the most stable quantum state. Due to atomic symmetry, atoms typically have multiple quantum states with equal energy but different orbital quantum numbers. Quantum computing generally uses two different ground states with zero orbital quantum numbers as the computational basis, and prefers a ground state with zero magnetic quantum number to minimize the impact of ambient magnetic field noise on quantum state coherence.

[0081] Because the electron cloud of ground-state atoms is extremely small, their interatomic interactions are almost negligible, making it only possible to manipulate qubits in single-bit gates, rather than multi-bit gates. Therefore, when performing multi-bit logic gates or entanglement, atoms must be excited to Rydberg states to generate sufficient interatomic interactions.

[0082] Rydberg state refers to a highly excited state with a large principal quantum number. When the principal quantum number increases, the energy difference between adjacent energy levels decreases significantly. n -E n±1 |∝n -3 .

[0083] Taking rubidium (Rb) atoms as an example, FIG3 is a schematic diagram of the energy difference and dipole moment of rubidium atoms provided in this application.

[0084] As shown in (A) and (B) in Figure 3, when the principal quantum number increases, the dipole moment will also increase significantly, and the energy difference between adjacent principal quantum numbers is proportional to n -3 (|E n -E n+1 |∝n -3 ), the dipole moment is proportional to n 2 (<ns|p|np> ∝n 2 For example, the energy difference from principal quantum number n = 5 to 6 is 6×10 5 GHz, while the energy difference between n = 43 and 44 is only 100 GHz, which means the energy difference is significantly reduced by three orders of magnitude. The dipole moment when n = 43 is about 400 times that of n = 5.

[0085] Combining the above two characteristics, as shown in Figure 3 (C), the interaction between atoms will increase significantly with the principal quantum number, which is proportional to n 11 , such as the force intensity ∝n 11 The interatomic interaction when n=43 is about 3×10 15 Even for atoms trapped in optical tweezers a few microns apart, there are enough interactions to make multi-bit logic gates or entanglement.

[0086] In the embodiments of the present application, the commonly used parameter for the interaction force strength is C6, and the commonly used Rydberg state C6 is about 100 GHz / (μm) 6 Magnitude.

[0087] The following describes in detail the quantum computing system and quantum computing method applicable to the embodiments of the present application in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0088] FIG4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a quantum computing system provided by the present application. The quantum computing system 400 includes: an atomic source 410, an atomic cavity 420, an optical tweezers unit 430, a light emitting unit 440, and a quantum bit measurement unit 450. The atomic cavity 420 is connected to the atomic source 410.

[0089] Optionally, the quantum computing system 400 may further include a control system, such as a controller and a memory. The memory may include, but is not limited to, the following types of storage media: random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, mobile hard disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage media known in the art.

[0090] The controller can be used to control various components in the quantum computing system 400 based on the information to be calculated. For example, the controller can be a processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a programmable logic device (PLD). The PLD can be a complex programmable logical device (CPLD), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a generic array logic (GAL), or any combination thereof. For example, the processor can also be a digital signal processor (DSP) or other programmable logic device, a transistor logic device, a hardware component, or any combination thereof. In this embodiment, the controller can be a microprocessor or any conventional processor.

[0091] The quantum computing method provided in this embodiment may include the following steps: the atomic source 410 provides multiple types of atoms, and the atomic cavity 420 stores the atoms provided by the atomic source 410, and the atoms provided by the atomic source 410 include first-type atoms and second-type atoms. In addition, the optical tweezers unit 430 generates a plurality of optical tweezers in the atomic cavity 420, and arranges the optical tweezers that have captured the atoms in the atomic cavity 420 in the plurality of optical tweezers in a first manner to obtain an atomic array. The light emitting unit 440: generates a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction according to the first information, and irradiates the aforementioned atomic array with the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam. Finally, the quantum bit measurement unit 450 collects scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being irradiated by the detection light beam, and determines the quantum computing result of the first information based on the scattered photons. The Rydberg states of the first type of atoms include a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, wherein the first Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms having a first value, and the second Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms having a second value. The Rydberg states of the second type of atoms include a third Rydberg state and a fourth Rydberg state, wherein the third Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms having a third value, and the fourth Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms having a fourth value. Furthermore, the first frequency and the first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state, and the second frequency and the second direction of the second polarized light beam correspond to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state.

[0092] Since these two energy values ​​are determined based on the magnetic quantum number of the atom, and the frequency range of light required to adjust the magnetic quantum number of the atom is relatively small, the frequency range of light required to adjust the quantum computing system to control the transition between different types of atoms in the Rydberg state is reduced, which is conducive to the rapid adjustment of the quantum state of the atomic array to improve the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0093] The following describes in detail the various components of the quantum computing system 400 and the specific process of the quantum computing method with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0094] Atom source 410 provides various types of atoms. For example, the atoms provided by atom source 410 may include, but are not limited to, the following types of atoms: alkali metal atoms such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, or alkaline earth metal atoms such as beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. The difference between alkali metal atoms and alkaline earth metal atoms is that alkali metal atoms have one outermost electron in an s orbital, while alkaline earth metal atoms have two outermost electrons in an s orbital.

[0095] As an optional implementation, the atomic cavity 420 includes: a glass cavity and a vacuum structure.

[0096] Exemplarily, the glass chamber is capable of withstanding a vacuum environment within its cavity. For example, the glass chamber includes a first connector and a cavity structure. Exemplarily, the vacuum structure may refer to a vacuum pump or other component or device for generating a vacuum environment, which is not limited in this application.

[0097] As a possible specific example, the glass chamber includes a first connector and a chamber structure, wherein the first connector (ie, the vacuum structure) is detachably connected to a first hole structure. The first connector is connected to the atomic source 410, and the chamber structure is provided with a first hole structure. For example, the first hole structure extends through both the inner and outer walls of the chamber structure.

[0098] For example, if the cavity structure is connected to a vacuum structure via a first hole structure, the vacuum structure is used to extract background gas molecules from the cavity structure, thereby maintaining a vacuum state. In this example, the center of the quantum computing system can be a vacuum glass cavity, connected to a vacuum pump to maintain an ultra-high vacuum environment in the glass cavity. This suppresses collisions between atomic qubits and background gas molecules in the cavity, thereby increasing the trapped time and coherence time of atoms in the atomic cavity. The vacuum system is also equipped with an atomic source to provide the atomic qubits used by the system.

[0099] The above glass cavity and vacuum structure are only possible implementations of the atomic cavity 420 provided in this embodiment and should not be construed as limiting the present application. In other optional implementations, the glass cavity can also be replaced with other cavities capable of supporting a vacuum environment within its cavity, such as cavities composed of atoms or compositions with extremely high energies required to transition from the ground state to the Rydberg state, which is not limited in this application.

[0100] In this embodiment, the atom chamber 420 is used to store atoms provided by the atom source 410. The atoms provided by the atom source 410 include first type atoms and second type atoms. In some optional cases, the atoms provided by the atom source 410 may also include other types of atoms, such as third type atoms.

[0101] For example, the first type of atom may be a rubidium atom (Rb), and the second type of atom may be an ytterbium atom (Yb); or, the first type of atom may be an ytterbium atom (Yb), and the second type of atom may be a rubidium atom (Rb). It is worth noting that the first type of atom and the second type of atom may also refer to other atoms, which is not limited in this application.

[0102] This article uses the example of Rb as the first type of atom and Yb as the second type of atom for illustrative purposes, and will not repeat the explanation later.

[0103] In this embodiment, the Rydberg state of the first type of atoms includes a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, wherein the first Rydberg state corresponds to a first value of the magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms, and the second Rydberg state corresponds to a second value of the magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms.

[0104] In addition, the Rydberg state of the second type of atom includes a third Rydberg state and a fourth Rydberg state. The third Rydberg state corresponds to a third value of the magnetic quantum number of the second type of atom, and the fourth Rydberg state corresponds to a fourth value of the magnetic quantum number of the second type of atom.

[0105] The following, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, exemplifies the energy differences (energy differences) of the magnetic quantum numbers of different types of atoms and their corresponding Rydberg states, as shown in FIG5 , which is a schematic diagram of the transition of Rydberg states of different atoms provided in this application. Assuming that the first type of atoms are α atoms and the second type of atoms are β atoms, the interatomic distance between the α atoms and the β atoms can be represented by R.

[0106] Among them, the first Rydberg state is the Rydberg state in Figure 5 The adjacent Rydberg states of the first Rydberg state are

[0107] The second Rydberg state is the Rydberg state in Figure 5 The adjacent Rydberg state of the second Rydberg state is

[0108] The third Rydberg state is the Rydberg state in Figure 5 The adjacent Rydberg states of the third Rydberg state are

[0109] The fourth Rydberg state is the Rydberg state in Figure 5 The adjacent Rydberg states of the fourth Rydberg state are

[0110] For example, the energy difference between the first Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a first energy value, the energy difference between the second Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a second energy value, the energy difference between the third Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a third energy value, and the energy difference between the fourth Rydberg state and its adjacent Rydberg state is a fourth energy value.

[0111] The energy difference (energy difference) between the Rydberg state of the first type of atoms and its adjacent Rydberg state, and the energy difference between the Rydberg state of the second type of atoms and its adjacent Rydberg state is less than the energy threshold.

[0112] For example, the difference between the first energy value and the third energy value (energy difference) is smaller than the energy threshold.

[0113] For another example, the difference between the first energy value and the fourth energy value (energy difference) is smaller than the energy threshold.

[0114] For another example, the difference between the second energy value and the third energy value (energy difference) is smaller than the energy threshold.

[0115] For another example, the difference between the second energy value and the fourth energy value (energy difference) is smaller than the energy threshold.

[0116] In this example, the above energy difference is also called the energy defect of different types of atoms in the transition process. For example, the interatomic interaction force V(R) between α atoms and β atoms can be obtained according to the following formula (1).

[0117] Where, △ = E bd -E ac ,△ refers to the transition process The energy defect of the channel (eg, the difference between the first energy value and the third energy value). for The dipole interaction of a single channel has the characteristics of rapid adjustment and strong directionality. In order to isolate and highlight The channel can be achieved by using a two-component system and selecting a suitable combination of principal quantum number and orbital quantum number. (i.e. the energy threshold mentioned above). Taking rubidium and ytterbium atoms as examples, Figure 6 shows the energy difference between rubidium and ytterbium and their adjacent Rydberg states at different principal quantum numbers. In a two-component atomic system or a multi-component atomic system, there are multiple principal quantum number combination.

[0118] As an optional implementation, the above principal quantum number combination can be achieved by the following method: by selecting the principal quantum number of the rubidium atom (n Rb ) and the principal quantum number of the ytterbium atom (n Yb ), and n Rb 、n Yb and the energy difference of their respective neighboring Rydberg states to determine As shown in Figure 6, the abscissa is the principal quantum number of the atom (n), and the ordinate is Log(|E ns -E np |in GHz), where E ns It refers to the energy value corresponding to the s orbital of an atom with a principal quantum number of n. np It refers to the energy value corresponding to the p orbital of an atom with a principal quantum number of n.

[0119] Based on the quantum properties of atoms, it can be known that the strength of the interatomic interaction force varies in many different forms as the angle of the quantization axis changes. FIG7 is a schematic diagram of three interatomic interaction forces provided in this application.

[0120] In Example 1 shown in FIG7 , the force in the vertical direction is larger, and the force in the horizontal direction is smaller, that is, the dipole force in the vertical direction is strong, and the interatomic interaction force has a strong directionality in the vertical direction.

[0121] In Example 2 shown in FIG7 , there is no force in the up-down direction, but a larger force in the left-right direction. That is, the dipole force in the left-right direction is strong, and the interatomic interaction force has a strong directionality in the left-right direction.

[0122] In Example 3 shown in FIG7 , the force along the lower left to upper right direction is larger, and the force along the upper left to lower right direction is larger, that is, the interatomic interaction force has strong directionality in the directions along the lower left to upper right direction and the upper left to lower right direction.

[0123] The above three examples are implementation methods provided in this embodiment and should not be understood as limiting the present application. In general, the three interatomic interaction forces shown in FIG7 are mixed with each other, causing the interatomic interaction forces in the atomic array to lose strong directionality.

[0124] In order to make the interatomic interaction force have strong directionality, thereby effectively controlling the interatomic interaction forces in different directions, the embodiments of the present application provide an optional implementation method: selecting an appropriate orbital quantum number to break the spatial symmetry of the transition between adjacent Rydberg states, thereby strengthening the directionality of the interatomic interaction force and improving the accuracy of quantum computing. For more information about orbital quantum numbers, please refer to the description related to strong directionality in the following (3) Quantum State Preparation and Manipulation (Control), which is not repeated here.

[0125] Continuing to refer to FIG4 , the optical tweezers unit 430 provided in this embodiment is used to generate a plurality of optical tweezers in the atomic cavity 420, and arrange the optical tweezers that have captured atoms in the atomic cavity 420 in the plurality of optical tweezers in a first manner to obtain an atomic array. Exemplarily, the optical tweezers unit 430 may include, but is not limited to, one or both of a light source, a spatial light modulator (SLM), or an acousto-optic deflector (AOD). The light source is used to provide trapped light, and the SLM and AOD are used to generate an optical tweezers array.

[0126] It is worth noting that since the optical tweezers generated by the optical tweezers unit 430 are used to capture atoms, in some examples, these light beams forming the optical tweezers can also be called static optical tweezers array light (beam) in the quantum computing process.

[0127] Based on the above-mentioned atomic sequence, the quantum computing system can realize the quantum computing process between data and data (or information and information). As shown in Figure 8A, Figure 8A is a schematic diagram of the information control process and quantum computing process provided by this application.

[0128] As shown in Figure 8A, the information control process includes: Step 1, designing an applicable atomic array arrangement relationship and quantum bit logic gate (abbreviated as quantum gate or logic gate) according to the target problem; Step 2, designing an applicable quantum number combination according to the target problem (refer to the contents of Figures 5 and 6); Step 3, adjusting the optical parameters of the light beam during the quantum computing process; Step 4, determining whether to adjust the optical parameters during the quantum computing process. If so, return to step 3; if not, end the information control process. The contents of steps 3 and 4 and the description of (III) quantum state preparation and manipulation (manipulation) below are not repeated here. The quantum computing process generally includes the following four processes: (I) preparation and cooling of the atomic magneto-optical trap; (II) loading and rearrangement of the atomic array; (III) quantum state preparation and manipulation (manipulation); (IV) quantum state reading. The above four processes are exemplified below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0129] (1) Preparation and cooling of atomic magneto-optical trap.

[0130] Figure 8B is a schematic diagram of the loading of the optical tweezers and atomic array provided in the present application. In (a) of Figure 8B, the multiple atoms stored in the atomic cavity form an atomic cloud, and the atoms in the atomic cloud are collected in the magnetic field center of the atomic cavity after being cooled by the laser. At the same time, the atomic cavity also includes a plurality of optical tweezers generated by the optical tweezers unit 430, and these multiple optical tweezers form a light trap as shown in (b) of Figure 8B. In (b) of Figure 8B, the light trap corresponds to a 4×4 optical tweezers array, that is, the atomic cavity includes 16 optical tweezers for capturing atoms. Since the optical tweezers array is used to capture the atomic cloud located in the center of the magnetic field, in some cases, the light trap is also called an atomic magneto-optical trap or magneto-optical trap in the atomic cavity.

[0131] In this embodiment, each optical tweezer can be used to trap one or more atoms.

[0132] In one possible example, an optical tweezer is used to trap an atom.

[0133] In another possible example, one optical tweezer is used to trap multiple atoms, such as two, three, five, or another number.

[0134] The number of atoms that can be captured by each optical tweezer is related to the atomic spatial density and the spatial range that the optical tweezers can cover.

[0135] The following is an exemplary description of the process of capturing atoms by optical tweezers (loading and rearrangement of the atomic array) in conjunction with (c) in FIG. 8B .

[0136] (2) Loading and rearrangement of atomic arrays.

[0137] As shown in Figure 8B (c), due to the random nature of the loading process using optical tweezers, only some of the optical tweezers in the magneto-optical trap (optical trap) may be loaded with atoms, resulting in a random distribution of atoms in the optical tweezers array. In order for the atoms in the atomic cavity to meet the requirements of quantum computing, the atoms in the atomic cavity need to be rearranged according to the computational problem to be solved by quantum computing (such as quantum simulation, data calculation, etc.).

[0138] Optionally, the controller in the quantum computing system may determine the arrangement of atoms in the atomic cavity according to input information to be calculated.

[0139] For example, as shown in the information control process in FIG8A , the input information to be calculated includes first information and second information. The first information is used to determine the optical parameters of the excitation light required to manipulate the quantum state (such as beam direction, frequency, and polarization), and the second information is used to determine the arrangement relationship of the optical tweezers that capture different types of atoms in the atomic cavity.

[0140] In some possible approaches, the above second information is determined based on the target problem to be solved by the quantum computing system. For example, in the information control process in FIG8A , an applicable atomic array arrangement relationship and a quantum bit logic gate (abbreviated as quantum gate or logic gate) are designed according to the target problem. The atomic array arrangement relationship is used to determine the above second information, and the quantum bit logic gate is used to determine the quantum number combination (principal quantum number, orbital quantum number, and magnetic quantum number) to be used in this embodiment. For the content of the quantum number combination, please refer to the relevant description of FIG5 and FIG6 above, which will not be repeated here.

[0141] In this embodiment, the controller controls the optical tweezers unit 430 based on the aforementioned second information, causing the optical tweezers unit 430 to arrange the different types of atoms captured in the magneto-optical trap according to the first method to form an atomic array, such as the atomic array shown in FIG4 . In FIG4 , the black circular patterns in the atomic array represent atoms of the first type, and the white circular patterns represent atoms of the second type.

[0142] Optionally, the data size of the second information is associated with the bit width of the quantum bits that can be represented by the atomic array. Exemplarily, the bit width of the quantum bits that can be represented by the atomic array is greater than or equal to the data size of the second information.

[0143] In the first optional scenario, the bit width of the qubit that can be represented by the atomic array is greater than the data size of the second information. For example, if the bit width of the qubit that can be represented by the atomic array is 10 bits, then the data size of the second information is 9 bits, 8 bits (1 byte), or other amounts.

[0144] In a second optional scenario, the bit width of the qubit that can be represented by the atomic array is equal to the data size of the second information. For example, if the bit width of the qubit that can be represented by the atomic array is 10 bits, then the data size of the second information is 10 bits.

[0145] The above two possible situations are only examples of the bit width of the quantum bits that can be represented by the atomic array provided in this embodiment, and should not be understood as limiting the present application. In some optional situations, an atomic array can be used to represent quantum bits with smaller or larger bit widths, such as 4 bits, 2 10 bit, 2 20 bit, 2 100 bit or other and so on.

[0146] In order to more accurately manipulate different types of atoms in the atomic cavity, optical tweezers with different wavelength ranges can be used to capture and manipulate different types of atoms. For example, the wavelengths of the optical tweezers in Figure 8B are different, and the optical tweezers in the first wavelength range are used to capture the first type of atoms, and the optical tweezers in the second wavelength range are used to capture the second type of atoms. In an embodiment of the present application, during the loading and rearrangement stages of the atomic array, optical tweezers with different wavelengths are used to stagger the atoms of two different components so that the arranged atomic array meets the requirements of quantum computing.

[0147] As shown in (c) and (d) in Figure 8B, (c) shows that only some of the optical tweezers have trapped atoms, and the tweezers are randomly arranged; (d) shows the atomic array obtained after the randomly arranged atoms are rearranged. In some cases, the atomic array shown in (d) is also called a defect-free atomic array.

[0148] In this way, optical tweezers in different wavelength ranges are used to capture different types of atoms, avoiding the problem of optical tweezers in the same wavelength range capturing different types of atoms causing disorder in the arrangement of the atomic array, which is beneficial to improving the accuracy of quantum computing.

[0149] (3) Quantum state preparation and manipulation (control).

[0150] 4 , the light emitting unit 440 generates a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction according to the first information, and irradiates the atomic array generated in step (2) with the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam.

[0151] The first frequency and the first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to a first Rydberg state or a second Rydberg state. Exemplarily, the first polarized light beam is used to excite the first type of atoms to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state. For example, when the first type of atoms are in a ground state, after the first polarized light beam irradiates the first type of atoms, the quantum state of the first type of atoms changes to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state.

[0152] The second frequency and the second direction of the second polarized light beam correspond to a third Rydberg state or a fourth Rydberg state. Exemplarily, the second polarized light beam is used to excite the third type of atoms to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state. For example, when the second type of atoms are in a ground state, after the second polarized light beam is irradiated on the second type of atoms, the quantum state of the second type of atoms changes to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state.

[0153] In quantum computing scenarios, since the polarization purity of the light beam has a significant impact on the fidelity of the quantum bit logic gate, a suitable angle is required between the two light paths (the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam) to improve the fidelity of the quantum bit logic gate represented by the atomic array in the atomic cavity 420. For example, the angle between the two light paths can be determined based on the confidence requirement of the quantum computing. If the confidence requirement is high, the angle between the two light paths is larger; if the confidence requirement is low, the angle between the two light paths is smaller.

[0154] As a possible example, the angle between the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam is 90 degrees. During quantum computing, by changing the angle between the two polarized light beams, the Rydberg states of the atoms corresponding to the polarized light beams can be manipulated, so that the atomic array represents different quantum bits.

[0155] Regarding the process of generating and adjusting a polarized light beam, based on the light emitting unit 440 shown in FIG4 , an embodiment of the present application provides a possible implementation method, as shown in FIG9 , which is a second structural schematic diagram of a quantum computing system provided by the present application. The light emitting unit 440 includes: an excitation light source 441 and an optical path modulation component 442 , which are connected to each other.

[0156] The excitation light source 441 is used to generate an irradiation light beam for irradiating the atomic array in the atomic cavity 420 .

[0157] Optical path modulation component 442 is configured to process the optical parameters of the illumination light beam based on the first information to produce a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction. The optical parameters include one or a combination of the following: beam direction, polarization, and frequency. The beam direction indicates the physical orientation of the optical path of the light beam during propagation. For an introduction to polarization and frequency, please refer to the technical terminology described in the detailed description and will not be repeated here.

[0158] The optical path modulation component 442 can be implemented in one or more different ways to control the optical parameters of the illumination light beam. Three possible implementations of the optical path modulation component 442 are provided below in conjunction with FIG10 , which is a schematic diagram of the implementation of the optical path modulation component provided in this application.

[0159] In a first implementation (implementation 1 in FIG. 10 ), the optical path modulation assembly 442 includes a beam splitter and an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). The AOM is configured to split the illumination beam into a first beam having a first frequency and a second beam having a second frequency. The beam splitter is configured to adjust the direction of the first beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized beam, and adjust the direction of the second beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized beam.

[0160] In one possible scenario, the above AOM can also be replaced by an AOD or other optical device that can be used to adjust frequency and polarization. During the adjustment process of the light beam, the order of adjusting the direction and frequency of the light beam can also change, such as first adjusting the frequency of the irradiated light beam by the AOD and then adjusting the direction of the light beam by the spectrometer. That is to say, in the embodiment of the present application, the adjustment order of each optical parameter can be changed according to the physical position of the optical path modulation component in the quantum computing system or the priority of the optical parameters in the optical path (manual setting or system default), and this application is not limited to this.

[0161] In this way, the frequency of the light beam is adjusted using an AOM, and the incident angle (beam direction) of the light beam is adjusted using a spectrometer, so that the adjusted two polarized light beams can be used to manipulate the quantum state in the atomic cavity, so that each atom in the atomic array is excited to a different Rydberg state, and then the interatomic interaction force of different atoms in the atomic array is controlled, the quantum bit logic gate is opened or closed, and the quantum computing process is completed.

[0162] In addition, since the present application selects a suitable Rydberg state combination, the frequency range of the light required to adjust the magnetic quantum number of the atom is smaller. Therefore, the frequency range of the light required to adjust the quantum computing system to control the transition between different types of atoms in the Rydberg state is reduced. The use of AOM or AOD can also meet the requirements of quickly adjusting the frequency range of the light beam, which is conducive to quickly adjusting the quantum state of the atomic array to improve the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0163] For example, if the interatomic interaction representing a qubit is less than a set threshold, the qubit logic gate is indicated to be closed; if the interatomic interaction representing a qubit is greater than the set threshold, the qubit logic gate is indicated to be open. It is worth noting that if the interatomic interaction representing a qubit is equal to the set threshold, the qubit logic gate is indicated to be open or closed. The specific opening or closing can be determined based on the needs of quantum computing and is not limited in this application.

[0164] In a second implementation (Implementation 2 in FIG. 10 ), the optical path modulation assembly 442 includes an electro-optical modulator (EOM) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS), also known as a polarization beam splitter prism. The EOM is configured to process the illumination beam to produce a first illumination sub-beam and a second illumination sub-beam of different polarizations. The PBS is configured to adjust the direction of the first illumination sub-beam to a first direction to produce a first polarized beam, and adjust the direction of the second illumination sub-beam to a second direction to produce a second polarized beam.

[0165] In this way, the embodiments of the present application provide two non-codirectional excitation light paths (a first polarized light beam and a second polarized light beam), and use an optical path modulation component to change the direction, polarization and frequency of the light beam to control the transition of atoms between different Rydberg states, so that the magnetic quantum numbers of different types of atoms change, which is conducive to the realization of quantum computing processes based on quantum bits.

[0166] In the third implementation (method 3 in FIG10 ), the optical path modulation component 442 includes a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD is used to determine the optical parameters to be used based on the first information, and process the irradiated light beam according to the optical parameters to be used to obtain a first polarized light beam and a second polarized light beam. The DMD is a type of optical switch that uses a rotating reflector to realize the opening and closing of the optical switch, and the opening and closing time is on the order of microseconds. The working principle of the DMD includes: the light beam is directed to the reflective lens of the DMD. When the DMD is turned on, the light beam can enter the optical fiber at one end through a symmetrical optical path; when the DMD is turned off, that is, the reflector of the DMD produces a small rotation, the light beam is reflected and transmitted in another direction. If the light path in the other direction is closed, the effect of closing the optical switch is achieved.

[0167] The above three implementations are merely examples of optical path modulation components provided in the embodiments of this application and should not be construed as limiting this application. For example, the device used for optical splitting is not limited to an optical splitter, PBS, or DMD; other fast optical splitting components capable of performing optical splitting functions may also be used. In some optional situations, the above three implementations may be used individually, or in combination, in part or in whole.

[0168] Regarding the optical path of the illumination beam, assuming the above three implementation methods are used in combination, Figure 11 provides a possible example based on Figures 9 and 10. Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of a method for rapidly changing optical parameters provided by this application. The frequency of the beam can be rapidly modulated using a radio frequency signal from an AOM or EOM; polarization adjustment of the beam requires changing the incident direction of the beam using a fast beam splitter, such as to achieve a 90° angle between the two polarized beams.

[0169] In the embodiments of the present application, regulation of the interatomic interaction forces requires rapid changes in the atomic Rydberg states. This is achieved by rapidly adjusting the frequency, direction, and polarization of the light beam. Rapid adjustment of the laser frequency can be achieved by adjusting the radio frequency signal controlling the AOM or EOM, while adjustment of the excitation light polarization requires changing the incident direction of the excitation light. Because the frequency required to change the magnetic quantum number (100 MHz) is much smaller than the frequency required to change the principal quantum number (10 GHz), the quantum number adjustment is shortened from milliseconds to nanoseconds, effectively increasing the rate of interatomic force regulation and promoting the efficiency of quantum computing.

[0170] During quantum computing, the polarization and direction of the light beam are also related to the angle of the quantization axis in the atomic cavity 420, and the direction of the quantization axis is determined by the magnetic field generated by the coil wrapped around the atomic cavity 420. Therefore, in order to improve the strong directionality of the interatomic interaction force, the quantization axis can also be adjusted by adjusting the size and direction of the magnetic field to change the direction of the interatomic interaction in the atomic array.

[0171] In order to further enhance the strong directionality of the interatomic interaction force in the atomic array, the embodiments of the present application can also enhance the single dipole moment force by controlling the orbital quantum number. In conjunction with the relevant content of Figure 7 above, the embodiments of the present application select the orbital quantum number to implement the following three possible scenarios.

[0172] In the first possible scenario, the orbital quantum numbers of the first type of atoms corresponding to the first and second Rydberg states are non-zero. Thus, the first type of atoms have a single-directional dipole moment force in the atomic array, as shown in Example 1 or Example 2 in FIG7 . It should be understood that this single direction is not limited to the up-down or left-right direction, but may also be other directions, and this application does not limit this.

[0173] In the second possible scenario, the orbital quantum numbers of the second type of atoms corresponding to the third and fourth Rydberg states are non-zero. Thus, the second type of atoms have a single-directional dipole moment in the atomic array, as shown in Example 1 or Example 2 in FIG7 . It should be understood that this single direction is not limited to the up-down or left-right direction, but may also be other directions, and this application does not limit this.

[0174] In a third possible scenario, the orbital quantum numbers of the first type of atoms corresponding to the first and second Rydberg states are not zero, and the orbital quantum numbers of the second type of atoms corresponding to the third and fourth Rydberg states are not zero.

[0175] As an optional implementation, in the atomic arrays provided in the above embodiments, the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of the same type is smaller than the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of different types. This allows the interatomic interaction strength to vary orders of magnitude with angle, enabling the effect of opening or closing a qubit logic gate in a specific direction.

[0176] In one possible specific example, a quantum computing system can make the interaction force between atoms of the same component much smaller than the interaction force between atoms of different components through the selection of quantum states (Rydberg states) or the spatial arrangement of atoms (the arrangement of atomic arrays), thereby equivalently closing the logic gates between the same components to realize the opening or closing of quantum bit logic gates in a specific direction.

[0177] For example, polarized light beams in different directions can be used to perform parallel logic gate operations (multi-qubit logic gates, multi-bit logic gates) on all atoms in an atomic array. If the polarized light beam is focused by an objective lens to a specific location in the atomic array and the selected atoms are independently manipulated, the polarized light beam and the illumination light beam can also be referred to as addressing and manipulation light in the quantum computing system. When a polarized light beam is used to manipulate all atoms in the atomic array, it is also called global addressing light or global light.

[0178] (4) Quantum state reading.

[0179] 4 , the qubit measurement unit 450 is configured to collect scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being irradiated by the probe beam and determine a quantum computation result of first information based on the scattered photons. This first information is one of the inputs to the quantum computation.

[0180] Regarding the implementation of the qubit measurement unit 450, an optional example is provided based on FIG9 , as shown in FIG12 , which is a third structural diagram of a quantum computing system provided by this application. Existing components in FIG4 and FIG9 are not described here in detail. The qubit measurement unit 450 in FIG12 includes: an atomic detection light source 451, an objective lens 452, a photoelectric conversion unit 453, and a bit quantization unit 454. The photoelectric conversion unit 453 is connected to the objective lens 452, and the bit quantization unit 454 is connected to the photoelectric conversion unit 453.

[0181] The atom detection light source 451 is used to provide a detection beam for illuminating the atom array. In some possible situations, the detection beam can also be called a detection beam for quantum bits.

[0182] Objective lens 452 is used to collect scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being illuminated by the probe beam. In Figure 12, qubit measurement unit 450 includes two objective lenses 452. However, this is merely an example provided in this embodiment and should not be construed as limiting the present application. Qubit measurement unit 450 may also include only one objective lens or a greater number of objective lenses to collect the aforementioned scattered photons.

[0183] Photoelectric conversion unit 453 is used to convert scattered photons collected by objective lens 452 into electrical signals, which are indicative of qubits in the atomic array, such as voltage or current. In some possible scenarios, photoelectric conversion unit 453 may include a camera and a photoelectric signal processing module. For example, the camera may be used to perform fluorescence imaging on the scattered photons collected by objective lens 452 and output image data; the photoelectric signal processing module may be used to process the image data output by the camera to obtain electrical signals representing the qubits. The camera and photoelectric signal processing module may be two interconnected hardware devices or integrated into a single hardware device, which is not limited in this application.

[0184] The bit quantization unit 454 is used to determine a quantum computing result of the first information according to the electrical signal.

[0185] In the embodiments of the present application, during the selection of Rydberg states, the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states to be manipulated by atoms of the same type differ. This results in the same type of atoms having energy values ​​related to the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states during transitions between the different Rydberg states. Because these two energy values ​​are determined based on the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms, and the frequency range of the light required to adjust the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms is relatively small, the frequency range of the light required to adjust the transitions between the Rydberg states of different types of atoms in the quantum computing system is reduced, facilitating rapid adjustment of the quantum state of the atomic array, thereby improving the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0186] Taking the first type of atom being Rb and the second type of atom being Yb as an example, two possible specific implementations of the above embodiment are provided.

[0187] In a first possible specific implementation, the rapid adjustability of magnetic quantum numbers is utilized during quantum computing or simulation to quickly change the direction or strength of the force.

[0188] First, the technical principles behind this specific implementation are explained: ① The energy defect in the heterogeneous interaction channel is significantly smaller than that in the homogeneous interaction channel, making the interaction force between heterogeneous components much greater than that between homogeneous components. ② The Rydberg state of at least one component is in a P- or D-state (i.e., the orbital quantum number is not equal to zero), enhancing the directionality and tunability of the heterogeneous interaction channel. Consequently, when the magnetic quantum number changes, the direction of the interatomic interaction force can be significantly altered.

[0189] Taking Rb and Yb atoms as an example, consider Rb in P 1 / 2、 Yb is in 1P1 orbital quantum state. Figure 13 shows the enhanced magnitude of the directional interaction between Rb-Yb heterogeneous components relative to homogeneous components under different principal quantum number combinations. In Figure 13 (a) and (b), the quantum number combinations are (Rb, P 1 / 2 , m j =1 / 2; Yb, 1 P1,m j =0) and (Rb, P 1 / 2 , m j =1 / 2; Yb, 1 P1,m j =1), ① in FIG13 represents that the strong axis of Rb-Yb interaction is in the same direction as the quantization axis, and ② represents that the strong axis of Rb-Yb interaction is perpendicular to the quantization axis.

[0190] In (a) and (b) of FIG13 , when the magnetic quantum number changes, the interaction force changes from being perpendicular to the quantization axis to being in the same direction as the quantization axis.

[0191] Combining (a) and (b) in Figure 13, (c) in Figure 13 shows the variation of the interaction directionality with the magnetic quantum number, and the black square pattern represents a quantum number combination with a larger variation.

[0192] (n Yb =52,n Rb =46) as an example, (a) and (b) in Figure 14 respectively show the Rb =46, P 1 / 2 , m j =1 / 2; n Yb =52, 1 P1,m j =0) and (n Rb =46, P 1 / 2 , m j =1 / 2; n Yb =52, 1 P1,m j = 1) quantum state, the interaction changes with angle. As shown in Figures 14 (a) and (b), when the magnetic quantum number of Yb changes from 0 to 1, the strong axis of the interaction changes from perpendicular to the quantization axis to being aligned with the quantization axis. In calculations and simulations, by changing the polarization and frequency of the excitation light, the magnetic quantum number of the Rydberg state is altered, thereby changing the direction of the strong axis of the interaction.

[0193] During the atomic array loading and rearrangement stage, optical tweezers arrays of different wavelengths are used to stagger the atoms of two different components. As shown in Figure 15, Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of quantum bit manipulation provided by this application. In the quantum computing and simulation stage, by changing the polarization and frequency of the excitation light, the magnetic quantum number of the Rydberg state is changed, thereby changing the direction of the strong axis of interaction, so that adjacent atoms feel different interactions. Since the time required to change the frequency and polarization is on the order of 100ns, which is much shorter than the general quantum computing or simulation process, it can be used to dynamically adjust the direction of the strong axis of interaction during the calculation or simulation process, thereby adjusting the quantum logic gate or simulated Hamiltonian, realizing the Floquet Hamiltonian, and can be used to simulate topological systems.

[0194] Compared to conventional force adjustment methods, which alter the spatial spacing of atoms or the principal quantum number of the Rydberg state, and which require moving the trapped optical tweezers to change the atomic spacing, this approach can take anywhere from 1 to 100 milliseconds, depending on the distance moved and the number of tweezers involved. This makes quantum computing or simulations time-consuming. For example, in conventional techniques, altering the principal quantum number of the Rydberg state requires changing the excitation light frequency by several GHz, requiring relocking the laser, which typically takes several milliseconds.

[0195] The embodiments of the present application provide a method for rapidly adjusting the interactions between atoms. Changing the magnetic quantum number of the Rydberg state only requires changing the frequency of the excitation light to the MHz level, and the adjustment time of the light beam is on the order of 100ns, which is much shorter than the time of general quantum computing or simulation processes. Therefore, it can be used to dynamically adjust the direction of the strong axis (quantization axis) of the interaction during the calculation or simulation process.

[0196] In the second possible specific implementation method, a suitable combination of Rydberg quantum states is selected during the quantum computing or simulation process so that certain specific heterocomponent dipole interaction channels are isolated and highlighted, making the interaction force between heterocomponent atoms highly directional.

[0197] First, the technical principles behind this specific implementation are explained: ① When selecting a quantum state combination, the Rydberg atoms of at least one component are in a P-state or D-state (i.e., the orbital quantum number is not equal to zero), thereby enhancing the directionality of the interaction channel between different components. ② By selecting the quantum state or spatial arrangement of atoms, the interaction force between components within the same group is significantly smaller than the interaction force between different components.

[0198] Taking Rb and Yb atoms as an example, assuming that the goal is to obtain a cross-shaped heterogeneous component interaction, consider Rb in P 3 / 2 、Yb is in 1 P1 orbital quantum state.

[0199] Figure 16 (a) shows the different principal quantum number combinations. changes.

[0200] Figure 16(b) shows the Rb =58,P 3 / 2 , m j =3 / 2; n Yb =51, 1 P1,m j =0), the interaction between the Rb-Yb components is a cross.

[0201] Figure 16(c) shows two Yb atoms (n Yb =51, 1 P1,m j =0). The Yb-Yb homologous interaction is much weaker than the Rb-Yb heterologous interaction.

[0202] In the atomic array loading and rearrangement stage, optical tweezers arrays of different wavelengths are used to stagger the atoms of two different components. As shown in Figure 15, Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of the second quantum bit manipulation provided by this application. In the quantum computing and simulation stage, the atoms are excited to the appropriate Rydberg state with (n Rb =58,P 3 / 2 , m j =3 / 2; n Yb =52, 1 P1,m j = 0) can make the Rb-Yb heterogeneous interaction more than an order of magnitude stronger than the Yb-Yb homogeneous interaction at the same atomic distance. Furthermore, because the Yb-Yb spacing is larger than that of the Rb-Yb pair, the effective Rb-Yb interaction is more than two orders of magnitude stronger than the Yb-Yb pair. This can be considered as the equivalent of closing a Yb-Yb qubit logic gate, enabling the realization of a CNOT4 qubit logic gate.

[0203] In conventional technical solutions, the orbital quantum numbers corresponding to the Rydberg states of different components are all zero, resulting in the inter-component interaction strength having no order of magnitude variation with angle, making it difficult to close a bit logic gate in a specific direction. In the embodiments of the present application, however, the orbital quantum number of the Rydberg state of at least one component is non-zero, enabling the inter-component interaction force to vary in magnitude with angle. Furthermore, by selecting quantum states or the spatial arrangement of atoms, the interaction force between components within the same group can be made much smaller than the interaction force between components outside the same group, thereby effectively closing a logic gate between components within the same group.

[0204] In summary, this application uses a quantum computing system with multi-component atoms. By selecting appropriate magnetic quantum numbers, atoms of the same type have energy values ​​related to the magnetic quantum numbers of the two Rydberg states during the transition between them. Because these two energy values ​​are determined based on the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms, and the frequency range of the light required to adjust the magnetic quantum numbers of the atoms is relatively small, the frequency range of the light required to adjust the transition between different types of atoms in the quantum computing system is reduced, which is conducive to quickly adjusting the quantum state of the atomic array, thereby improving the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0205] In addition, by selecting the appropriate orbital quantum number, an interatomic interaction force with strong directionality and adjustable strength is achieved, and the strength of the interatomic interaction force changes by orders of magnitude with the angle. Therefore, by changing the polarization and frequency of the light beam (the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam), the magnetic quantum number of the atoms can be quickly adjusted during quantum computing or simulation to control the interatomic interaction force and improve the speed and efficiency of quantum computing.

[0206] The method steps in the embodiments of the present application can also be implemented by a processor executing software instructions. The software instructions can be composed of corresponding software modules, which can be stored in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, mobile hard disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor so that the processor can read information from the storage medium and write information to the storage medium. Of course, the storage medium can also be an integral part of the processor. The processor and storage medium can be located in an ASIC. In addition, the ASIC can be located in a network device or a terminal device. Of course, the processor and storage medium can also exist as discrete components in a video processing device and a multimedia device.

[0207] In the above embodiments, all or part of the embodiments can be implemented by software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. When implemented using software, all or part of the embodiments can be implemented in the form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer programs or instructions. When the computer program or instructions are loaded and executed on a computer, the process or function described in the embodiments of the present application is performed in whole or in part. The computer can be a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a computer network, a network device, a user device or other programmable device. The computer program or instruction can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium or transmitted from one computer-readable storage medium to another computer-readable storage medium. For example, the computer program or instruction can be transmitted from one website, computer, server or data center to another website, computer, server or data center via wired or wireless means. The computer-readable storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or a data storage device such as a server or data center that integrates one or more available media. The available medium can be a magnetic medium, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a tape; it can also be an optical medium, such as a digital video disc (DVD); it can also be a semiconductor medium, such as a solid state drive (SSD).

[0208] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present application, but the scope of protection of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of various equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present application, and such modifications or substitutions should be included in the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present application should be based on the scope of protection of the claims.

Claims

1. A quantum computing system, characterized in that: include: an atom source for providing various types of atoms; an atom cavity, connected to the atom source, and used to store atoms provided by the atom source, wherein the atoms provided by the atom source include first-type atoms and second-type atoms; The Rydberg state of the first type of atoms includes: a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, the first Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms having a first value, and the second Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms having a second value, and the Rydberg state of the second type of atoms includes: a third Rydberg state and a fourth Rydberg state, the third Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms having a third value, and the fourth Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms having a fourth value; An optical tweezers unit is used to: generate a plurality of optical tweezers in the atomic cavity, and arrange the optical tweezers that have captured atoms in the atomic cavity among the plurality of optical tweezers in a first manner to obtain an atomic array, wherein one optical tweezer is used to capture one or more atoms; a light emitting unit, configured to: generate a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction according to first information; the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam are used to irradiate the atomic array, and a first frequency of the first polarized light beam and the first direction correspond to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state, and a second frequency of the second polarized light beam and the second direction correspond to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state; The quantum bit measurement unit is used to collect scattered photons generated by the atomic array after being irradiated by the detection light beam, and determine the quantum calculation result of the first information based on the scattered photons.

2. The quantum computing system according to claim 1, characterized in that An energy difference between the first Rydberg state and an adjacent Rydberg state of the first Rydberg state is a first energy value, an energy difference between the third Rydberg state and an adjacent Rydberg state of the third Rydberg state is a third energy value, and a difference between the first energy value and the third energy value is less than an energy threshold.

3. The quantum computing system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The light emitting unit comprises: An excitation light source, used for providing an irradiation light beam; An optical path modulation component is connected to the excitation light source and is used to: process the optical parameters of the irradiation light beam according to the first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction; the optical parameters include one or a combination of the following: beam direction, polarization, and frequency.

4. The quantum computing system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The optical path modulation component comprises: an acousto-optic modulator AOM, for: dividing the illumination light beam into a first light beam of a first frequency and a second light beam of a second frequency; The beam splitter is used to adjust the direction of the first light beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized light beam, and adjust the direction of the second light beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized light beam.

5. The quantum computing system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The optical path modulation component comprises: An electro-optic modulator EOM is used to: process the illumination beam to obtain a first illumination sub-beam and a second illumination sub-beam with different polarizations; The polarization beam splitter PBS is used to adjust the direction of the first irradiation sub-beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized beam, and adjust the direction of the second irradiation sub-beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized beam.

6. The quantum computing system according to claim 3, characterized in that The optical path modulation component comprises: The digital micromirror device (DMD) is used to determine the light parameters to be used according to the first information, and process the illumination light beam according to the light parameters to be used to obtain the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam.

7. The quantum computing system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The orbital quantum numbers of the first type of atoms corresponding to the first Rydberg state and the second Rydberg state are not zero; And / or, the orbital quantum numbers of the second type of atoms corresponding to the third Rydberg state and the fourth Rydberg state are not zero.

8. The quantum computing system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: In the atomic array, the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of the same type is smaller than the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of different types.

9. The quantum computing system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The arrangement relationship of the optical tweezers that capture different types of atoms in the atomic array is determined based on second information, and the second information and the first information are input information of the quantum computing process of the quantum computing result.

10. The quantum computing system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The wavelengths of the multiple optical tweezers are different, wherein the optical tweezers in a first wavelength range are used to capture the first type of atoms, and the optical tweezers in a second wavelength range are used to capture the second type of atoms.

11. The quantum computing system according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that: The first frequency and the first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to a first Rydberg state or a second Rydberg state, including: the first polarized light beam is used to excite the first type of atoms to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state.

12. The quantum computing system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that: The first type of atoms are rubidium atoms, and the second type of atoms are ytterbium atoms.

13. A quantum computing method, characterized in that: Applied to a quantum computing system, the quantum computing system comprises: an atomic source, an atomic cavity, an optical tweezers unit, a light emission unit and a quantum bit measurement unit, the atomic cavity being connected to the atomic source; The quantum computing method comprises: The atom source provides multiple types of atoms to the atom cavity, and the atoms provided by the atom source include first type atoms and second type atoms; The Rydberg state of the first type of atoms includes: a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, the first Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms having a first value, and the second Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the first type of atoms having a second value, and the Rydberg state of the second type of atoms includes: a third Rydberg state and a fourth Rydberg state, the third Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms having a third value, and the fourth Rydberg state corresponds to a magnetic quantum number of the second type of atoms having a fourth value; The optical tweezers unit generates a plurality of optical tweezers in the atomic cavity, and arranges the optical tweezers that have captured atoms in the atomic cavity among the plurality of optical tweezers in a first manner to obtain an atomic array, wherein one optical tweezer is used to capture one or more atoms; The light emitting unit generates a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction according to first information, and irradiates the atomic array with the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam; a first frequency of the first polarized light beam and the first direction correspond to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state, and a second frequency of the second polarized light beam and the second direction correspond to the third Rydberg state or the fourth Rydberg state; The quantum bit measurement unit collects scattered photons generated after the atomic array is irradiated by the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam detection light beam, and determines the quantum calculation result of the first information based on the scattered photons.

14. The quantum computing method according to claim 13, characterized in that: An energy difference between the first Rydberg state and an adjacent Rydberg state of the first Rydberg state is a first energy value, an energy difference between the third Rydberg state and an adjacent Rydberg state of the third Rydberg state is a third energy value, and a difference between the first energy value and the third energy value is less than an energy threshold.

15. The quantum computing method according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that: The light emitting unit comprises: an excitation light source and an optical path modulation component connected to the excitation light source; The light emitting unit generates a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction according to the first information, including: The excitation light source provides an irradiation light beam; The optical path modulation component processes the optical parameters of the irradiation light beam according to the first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction; the optical parameters include one or a combination of the following: beam direction, polarization, and frequency.

16. The quantum computing method according to claim 15, characterized in that: The optical path modulation component includes: a spectrometer and an acousto-optic modulator (AOM); The optical path modulation component processes the optical parameters of the irradiation light beam according to the first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction, including: The AOM divides the illumination beam into a first beam of a first frequency and a second beam of a second frequency; The beam splitter adjusts the direction of the first light beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized light beam, and adjusts the direction of the second light beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized light beam.

17. The quantum computing method according to claim 15, characterized in that: The optical path modulation component includes: an electro-optic modulator EOM and a polarization beam splitter PBS; The optical path modulation component processes the optical parameters of the irradiation light beam according to the first information to obtain a first polarized light beam in a first direction and a second polarized light beam in a second direction, including: The EOM processes the illumination beam according to the first information to obtain a first illumination sub-beam and a second illumination sub-beam with different polarizations; The PBS adjusts the direction of the first irradiation sub-beam to a first direction to obtain a first polarized beam, and adjusts the direction of the second irradiation sub-beam to a second direction to obtain a second polarized beam according to the first information.

18. The quantum computing method according to claim 15, characterized in that: The optical path modulation component includes a digital micromirror device (DMD), which is used to determine the optical parameters to be used according to the first information, and process the irradiation light beam according to the optical parameters to be used to obtain the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam.

19. The quantum computing method according to any one of claims 13 to 18, characterized in that: The orbital quantum numbers of the first type of atoms corresponding to the first Rydberg state and the second Rydberg state are not zero; And / or, the orbital quantum numbers of the second type of atoms corresponding to the third Rydberg state and the fourth Rydberg state are not zero.

20. The quantum computing method according to any one of claims 13 to 19, characterized in that: In the atomic array, the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of the same type is smaller than the interatomic interaction force between two adjacent atoms of different types.

21. The quantum computing method according to any one of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that: The arrangement relationship of the optical tweezers that capture different types of atoms in the atomic array is determined based on second information, and the second information and the first information are input information of the quantum computing process of the quantum computing result.

22. The quantum computing method according to any one of claims 13 to 21, characterized in that: The wavelengths of the multiple optical tweezers are different, wherein the optical tweezers in a first wavelength range are used to capture the first type of atoms, and the optical tweezers in a second wavelength range are used to capture the second type of atoms.

23. The quantum computing method according to any one of claims 13 to 22, characterized in that: The first frequency and the first direction of the first polarized light beam correspond to a first Rydberg state or a second Rydberg state, including: the first polarized light beam is used to excite the first type of atoms to the first Rydberg state or the second Rydberg state.

24. The quantum computing method according to any one of claims 13 to 23, characterized in that: The first type of atoms are rubidium atoms, and the second type of atoms are ytterbium atoms.

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