Cars and car-NK cells targeting both BCMA and GPRC5d and use thereof in treating multiple myeloma
Bi-specific CAR-NK cells targeting BCMA and GPRC5D, potentially armed with an IL15 gene, offer an effective treatment for multiple myeloma by enhancing cytotoxicity and persistence, addressing the limitations of current therapies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/133844
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-24
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-30
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for multiple myeloma, particularly autologous CAR-T cell therapy, face challenges such as high cost, patient eligibility issues, disease progression, long waiting times, high cytokine release syndrome, and manufacturing difficulties. Additionally, there is a need for novel targets to address the heterogeneity of multiple myeloma cells and the risk of relapse.
Development of bi-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology targeting both BCMA and GPRC5D, combined with genetically modified CAR-NK cells. These CAR-NK cells are engineered to express a tandem CAR comprising a BCMA targeting domain and a GPRC5D targeting domain, with the option of incorporating an IL15 armor gene to enhance persistence and cytotoxicity.
The bi-specific CAR-NK cells demonstrate enhanced cytotoxicity and persistence, capable of targeting and eliminating multiple myeloma cells through both BCMA and GPRC5D antigens. The IL15 armor gene further improves the therapeutic efficacy by increasing the cells' ability to persist and kill tumor cells, while minimizing cytokine release syndrome.
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Abstract
Description
CARS AND CAR-NK CELLS TARGETING BOTH BCMA AND GPRC5D AND USE THEREOF IN TREATING MULTIPLE MYELOMATECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure concerns the field of genetic engineering and immunotherapy. It inter alia pertains to genetically modified and CAR-NK cells targeting both BCMA and GPRC5D, and use thereof in treating multiple myeloma (MM) .BACKGROUND
[0002] Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood disease, representing 10%of all hematological malignancies, being the second most common blood cancer. MM is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of malignant plasma cells. The treatment paradigm of MM has evolved tremendously over the past decades. However, even with new treating strategies, most MM patients still cannot be cured, and commonly progress into refractory and resistant multiple myeloma (RRMM) .
[0003] In recent years, cell therapy CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T) has brought new hope forMM, especially RRMM patients. These T cells are commonly transduced with a lentiviral or retroviral vector that carries a gene encoding a CAR, after which they are expanded ex vivo before they can be infused into patients. Once infused into patients, these CAR-T cells encounter antigen and in response release cytokines, lyse the target cells and proliferate in vivo.
[0004] B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) , a type III transmembrane receptor, is an excellent target for immunotherapy as it is almost exclusively expressed on plasma cells and in most plasma cell neoplasms. It is also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17) or CD269. Despite encouraging clinic results from BCMA CAR-T therapy, most MM patients still have to face MM disease relapse after therapy. One of the possible reasons of relapse is the heterogenous expression of BCMA, which causes MM cells with low BCMA expression level to be resistant to BCMA CAR-T therapy. Thus, new targets are still needed to counter the heterogeneity of MM cells.
[0005] GPRC5D, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor of family C, group 5, member D, is a promising novel target forMM immunotherapy. GPRC5D is highly and selectively expressed in MM cells, whereas in normal tissues, it is only expressed in cells that produce hard keratin, such as in hair follicles. Further, the expression profile of GPRC5D in MM patients has been found to be independent of the expression profile of BCMA.
[0006] Until now, CAR-T cells have been autologous products where a patient's own T cells are collected and reinfused back after CAR insertion in the laboratory. Despite undoubtedly clinical success in the clinic study, the drawbacks of this autologous drug in real world experience cannot be ignored, including high cost, patient eligibility and / or fitness, disease progression, long waiting time, high cytokine release syndrome (CRS) , manufacture issues, etc. Therefore, allogeneic and off-the-shelf cell therapy methods are highly demanded.
[0007] CAR-NK cells emerge as strong candidates due to the unique biological properties and multiple mechanisms of action of natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast to T cells, adoptive NK or CAR-NK therapy does not cause serious cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effectorcell-associatedneurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) . Allogeneic CAR-NK products surpass the expensive and lengthy procedure of autologous CAR-T manufacturing, and constitute “off-the-shelf” products for immunotherapy that can be applied to different patients and generated from multiple sources, due to their minimal risk to cause graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) . Besides, NK cells retain CAR-independent killing capacity through innate receptors even in a tumor escape scenario characterized by CAR antigen loss or downregulation, reducing the risk of relapse.
[0008] There is still a great need to develop novel products and methods for the effective treatment of MM which may have high heterogeneity and relapse rate or being refractory.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] Disclosed herein are CARs and genetically modified CAR-NK cells targeting both BCMA and GPRC5D, and the uses thereof in treating MM.
[0010] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is a bi-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising:
[0011] (a) a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) targeting domain; and
[0012] (b) a G protein-coupled receptor of family C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) targeting domain.
[0013] In some embodiments, the two targeting domains of the CAR are independently selected or derived from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the two targeting domains of the CAR are independently selected or derived from a scFv, a VHH, and a nanobody. In some embodiments, the two targeting domains of the CAR are tandemly connected, fused, or conjugated to each other in any order, optionally with or without a linker.
[0014] In some embodiments, the CAR is further armored to improve the performance of the CAR, such as increasing the cytotoxicity and persistence of the CAR or CAR-NK cells and / or reducing cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of the CAR or CAR-NK cells.
[0015] In some embodiments, the CAR is further armored with such as IL15.
[0016] In some embodiments, despite the targeting domains, the CAR further comprises one or more of the following domains and / or unit:
[0017] (c) an extracellular signal domain;
[0018] (d) an extracellular hinge domain;
[0019] (e) a transmembrane (TM) domain;
[0020] (f) one or more intracellular cell signaling domain (ICD) ;
[0021] (g) an armor unit; and
[0022] (h) one or more independently selected linkers between two domains or a domain and a unit.
[0023] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is an anti-GPRC5D antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a GPRC5D binding domain, wherein the GPRC5D binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the anti-GPRC5D antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in construction of a CAR or a modified NK cell with the CAR.
[0024] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is an anti-BCMA antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a BCMA binding domain, wherein the BCMA binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; or wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; or wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the anti-BCMA antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in construction of a CAR or a modified NK cell with the CAR.
[0025] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is one or more polynucleotide molecules encoding the CAR of the present application.
[0026] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is one or more vectors comprising the coding polynucleotide molecule (s) for the CAR.
[0027] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is a modified NK cell comprising one or more of the CARs or the polynucleotide molecule (s) of the present application, or transduced with the vector (s) of the present application.
[0028] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is a product comprising one or more of the CARs, the polynucleotide molecules, the vectors, and the CAR-NK cells of the present application.
[0029] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for preparing the modified NK cell of the present application comprising the steps of: (i) modifying a NK cell to make it comprises an armored or not armored CAR according to the present application; and, (ii) optionally, expanding and collecting the modified NK cell comprising a CAR.
[0030] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is use of the modified NK cell of the present application in the preparation of a product for treating multiple myeloma (MM) .
[0031] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for treating MM in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the modified NK cell of the present application.
[0032] According to some aspects, disclosed herein is a modified NK cell for use in the treatment of MM.
[0033] Other objects, features, advantages and aspects of the present application will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and appended claims. It should be understood, however, that the following description, appended claims, and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the application, are given by way of illustration only. Various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosed invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from reading the following.
[0034] BRIEF DESCRTPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0036] Figure 1 shows the binding of anti-BCMA W3566 VHH-Fc (human IgG1) antibodies to cell surface BCMA (Figure 1A, NCI-H929 cell line) and cyno BCMA (Figure 1B, 293T overexpressing cyno BCMA) .
[0037] Figure 2 shows the binding of anti-GPRC5D antibodies to human GPRC5D positive cell line MM.1R (Figure 2A) , human GPRC5D positive cell line OPM-2 (Figure 2B) and GPRC5D negative cell line Nalm-6 (Figure 2C) .
[0038] Figure 3 shows the binding of anti-GPRC5D antibodies to cyno GPRC5D overexpressing cell line (293F-cyno GPRC5D) .
[0039] Figure 4 shows the map of CAR expressing retrovirus plasmid vector pMSCV-BCMA-1D5xGPRC5D-1G4-sIL15 (Figure 4A) and the core elements of CAR (Figure 4B) .
[0040] Figure 5 shows the representative CAR expression analysis of tandem lead CAR (BCMA-1D5xGPRC5D-1G4 tandem CAR) , BCMA-1D5 mono CAR, BCMA-BMK CAR, GPRC5D-1G4 mono CAR and GPRC5D-BMK CAR on CAR-NK cells, detected with BD FACS CantoII.
[0041] Figure 6 shows the membrane expression of BCMA protein or GPRC5D protein onvarious multiple myeloma cell lines (Figure 6A) or on BCMA-knockout (BCMA-KO) or GPRC5D-knockout (GPRC5D KO) OPM2 cells, respectively (Figure 6B) .
[0042] Figure 7 shows the cytotoxicity of CAR-NK towards OPM2 (Figure 7A) , NCI-H929 (Figure 7B) , RPMI-8226 (Figure 7C) , BCMA-KO OPM2 (Figure 7D) and GPRC5D-KO OPM2 (Figure 7E) .
[0043] Killing of target cells was determined by green fluorescence detected with Operetta CLS High Content Analysis System (PerkinElmer) , and was normalized to killing in cultures with target tumor cells alone (N=3, mean ± SEM) .
[0044] Figure 8 shows the tumor eradication of CAR-NK in OPM2 mixture models (consisting of 50%BCMA-KO OPM2-ZsGreen cells and 50%GPRC5D-KO OPM2-ZsGreen cells) .
[0045] Green fluorescence signal of remaining alive target cells was detected with Incucyte S3 Live-Cell Analysis System (Sartorius) . Tandem Lead (BCMA-1D5xGPRC5D-1G4) showed stronger tumor eradication in the MM cell mixture model, compared with mono CARs and BMKs. (N=3, mean ± SEM) .
[0046] Figure 9 shows the IFN-γ secretion of CAR-NK cells when co-incubated with target cells OPM2 (Figure 9A) or NCI-H929 (Figure 9B) .
[0047] CAR-NK cells were co-cultured 1: 1 or 0.5: 1 with OPM2 (Figure 9A; co-incubation for 2 days; fixed target cells starting density of 4e5 cells / mi) or NCI-H929 (Figure 9B; co-incubation for 1 day; fixed target cells starting density of 4e5 cells / mi) , and supernatant was collected for IFN-γ detection. (N=3, mean ± SEM) .
[0048] Figure 10 shows the cytotoxicity of CAR-NK towards target cell OPM2-ZsGreen: IL15 armor gene enhanced the cytotoxicity of CAR-NK (Figure 10A) . Besides, IL15 armored CAR-NK showed stronger cytotoxicity than CAR-T (Figure 10B) .
[0049] Killing of target cells was determined by green fluorescence detection with Operetta CLS High Content Analysis System (PerkinElmer) , and was normalized to killing in cultures with target tumor cells alone (n = 3, technical replicates, two-way ANOVA comparing Tandem Lead+ sIL15 (secreted IL15) to Tandem Lead (A) , Tandem Lead to Control NK (A) and Tandem Lead+ sIL15 to Tandem Lead CAR-T (B) , ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01) . Data are represented as the mean ± SEM.
[0050] Figure 11 shows the persistent cytotoxicity of IL15 armored CAR-NK, CAR-NK without IL15 armor gene, and CAR-T.
[0051] Target cells were added every 3 or 4 days to test the repeated killing ability of CAR-NK and CAR-T. GFP signal of remaining alive target cells was detected with Incucyte S3 Live-Cell Analysis System (Sartorius) . IL15 armored CAR-NK showed best persistent cytolytic activity after 4 rounds of tumor cell challenge. (n = 3, technical replicates, two-way ANOVA compared to Tandem Lead+ sIL15, ****P < 0.0001) . Data are represented as the mean ± SEM.
[0052] Figure 12 shows the IFN-γ secretion of CAR-NK and CAR-T cells when co-incubated with target cells OPM2.
[0053] CAR-NK cells were co-cultured 1: 1 or 0.5: 1 with OPM2 (co-incubation for 2 days, fixed target cells starting density of 4e5 cells / mi) , and supernatant was collected for IFN-γ detection. CAR-NK produced much less IFN-γ than CAR-T. (n = 3, technical replicates, two-way ANOVA comparing Tandem CAR-NK, Tandem CAR-NK+ sIL15 and Tandem CAR-T, ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, ns=non-significance) Data are represented as the mean ± SEM.
[0054] Figure 13 shows tumor burden in mice, as plotted (Figure 13A) and imaged (Figure 13B) via bioluminescence imaging, injected with wild-type OPM2-luciferase cells, following 3 weeks of treatment with single dose IL15 armored BCMAxGPRC5D tandem CAR-NK, BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK (no IL15) , Mock NK (CD19 CAR-NK with IL15 armor gene) or vehicle (200μl cryopreservation buffer) . (n = 4, technical replicates, two-way ANOVA comparing: 1. Tandem CAR-NK+sIL15 to Tandem CAR-NK (no IL15) , ***; 2. Tandem CAR-NK+sIL15 to Mock NK, ****; 3. Tandem CAR-NK (no IL15) to Mock NK, *.****P <0.0001, ***P<0.001, *P<0.05) . Data are represented as the mean ± SEM.
[0055] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0056] The following description and examples illustrate embodiments of the invention in detail. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein and as such can vary. Those of skill in the art will recognize that there are numerous variations and modifications of this invention, which are encompassed within its scope.
[0057] In this study, we applied a tandem CAR targeting both BCMA and GPRC5D into PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) to produce derived and ex vivo expanded NK cells. Those BCMAxGPRC5D tandem CAR-NK cells target and kill MM cells through BCMA, GPRC5D and NK innate immunity function. Besides, to further enhance the proliferation, persistence and cytotoxicity of CAR-NK cells, an IL15 armor gene has also been inserted into NK cells. Both in vitro and in vivo efficacy of BCMAxGPRC5D tandem CAR-NK have been validated, offering a novel promising therapy method for MM patients.
[0058] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, preferred methods and materials are described.
[0059] As used herein, the term ″a″ or ″an″ is intended to mean ″one or more″ (i.e., at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. Singular expressions, unless defined otherwise in contexts, include plural expressions. By way of example, ″an element″ means one element or more than one element.
[0060] By ″about″ is meant a quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that varies by as much as 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1%to a reference quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length.
[0061] The use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise.
[0062] As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term ″comprise″ , ″include″ and ″including″ will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group of steps or elements.
[0063] The phrase ″consisting of″ is meant to include, and is limited to, whatever follows the phrase ″consisting of. ″ Thus, the phrase ″consisting of″ indicates that the listed elements are required or mandatory and that other elements may be present.
[0064] The term ″isolated″ refers to a material that is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany it in its native state. The material can be a cell or a macromolecule such as a protein or nucleic acid. For example, an ″isolated cell, ″ as used herein, refers to a cell, which has been purified from the cells in a naturally-occurring state.
[0065] The term “antibody” as used herein encompasses any immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, nanobody (VHH) , multi-specific antibody, or bispecific (bivalent) antibody that binds to one or more specific antigens. Typically, as in the case of a native intact antibody, an antibody comprises two heavy chains and two light chains. However, some special antibodies only have VH domains and lack VL domains, but are still highly stable, such as those known as VHH antibodies or nanobodies.
[0066] Each heavy chain comprises a variable region ( “VH” ) and a first, a second, a third constant regions (CH1, CH2, CH3) and conditionally a fourth constant region (CH4) as in the cases of IgM and IgE antibodies, while each light chain consists of a variable region ( “VL” ) and a constant region (CL) . Mammalian heavy chains are classified as α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, and mammalian light chains are classified as λ or κ. The variable regions of the light and the heavy chains are responsible for antigen binding.
[0067] Each variable region typically contains three highly variable loops called ″complementarity determining regions (CDRs) ″ . As used herein, the term ″CDR″ or ″complementarity determining region″ means the noncontiguous antigen combining sites found within the variable region of the heavy and / or light chain polypeptides. CDR boundaries can be defined or identified by the conventions of such as Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, Al-Lazikani numbering scheme or combinations thereof. The three CDRs are interposed between flanking stretches known as framework regions (FRs) , which are more highly conserved than the CDRs and form a scaffold to support the hypervariable loops. In some embodiments, one or more of the CDRs are identified according to Kabat numbering scheme, IMGT numbering scheme or a combination of IMGT and Kabat numbering schemes.
[0068] The constant regions of the heavy and light chains are not involved in antigen binding, but exhibit various effector functions. The five major classes of antibodies are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are characterized by the presence of α, δ, ε, γ, and μ heavy chains, respectively. Several of the major antibody classes are divided into subclasses such as IgG1 (γ1 heavy chain) , IgG2 (γ2 heavy chain) , IgG3 (γ3 heavy chain) , IgG4 (γ4 heavy chain) , IgA1 (α1 heavy chain) , or IgA2 (α2 heavy chain) . Accordingly, in context of the present invention, a particular IgG isotype, e.g., ″IgG1″ or ″IgG1 isotype″, refers to IgG isotypes of the defined subclass, and different IgG isotypes refer to IgG isotypes of different subclasses.
[0069] The term ″NK cell″ or ″natural killer cell″ refers to a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. NK cells mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses, and therefore possess promising clinical utilization. The NK cell of the present disclosure may be derived from blood (such as autologous or allogenic PBMCs) , NK cell lines (such as NK-92, NKG, YT, NK-YS, HANK-1, YTS, NKL and so on) , or differentiated stem cells (such as iPSC) .
[0070] I. Anti-GPRC5D antibody and anti-BCMA antibody
[0071] Provide herein is an anti-GPRC5D antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a GPRC5D binding domain, wherein the GPRC5D binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of 26, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of 27.
[0072] In some embodiments, the GPRC5D binding fragment of the anti-GPRC5D antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5.
[0073] In some embodiments, the GPRC5D binding fragment of the anti-GPRC5D antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and has the binding specificity to GPRC5D.
[0074] In some embodiments, the GPRC5D binding fragment of the anti-GPRC5D antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32.
[0075] In some embodiments, the GPRC5D binding fragment of the anti-GPRC5D antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32 and encodes a GPRC5D binding polypeptide.
[0076] Also provided herein is an anti-BCMA antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a BCMA binding domain, wherein the BCMA binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 19 and 22; the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 20 and 23; and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21 and 24.
[0077] In some embodiments, the BCMA binding domain comprises VH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20 and 21, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23 and 24, respectively.
[0078] In some embodiments, the BCMA binding fragment of the anti-BCMA antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11.
[0079] In some embodiments, the BCMA binding fragment of the anti-BCMA antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11 and has the binding specificity to BCMA.
[0080] In some embodiments, the BCMA binding fragment of the anti-BCMA antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38.
[0081] In some embodiments, the BCMA binding fragment of the anti-BCMA antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38 and encodes a BCMA binding polypeptide.
[0082] In some embodiments, the anti-GPRC5D and / or the anti-BCMA antibody or the antigen binding fragment is a monovalent or multivalent monoclonal antibody, nanobody, scFv, Fab, F (ab) 2, Fv.
[0083] In some embodiments, the anti-GPRC5D and / or the anti-BCMA antibody is a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody.
[0084] In some embodiments, the anti-GPRC5D antibody and / or the anti-BCMA or the antigen binding fragment thereof is used in construction of a CAR. In some embodiments, the anti-GPRC5D antibody and / or the anti-BCMA or the antigen binding fragment is used in the construction of a modified NK cell comprising one or more of CARs.
[0085] II. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and CAR-NK cells
[0086] Provided herein is a bi-specific CAR capable of targeting and binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D, and thus at least comprising:
[0087] (a) a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) targeting domain; and
[0088] (b) a G protein-coupled receptor of family C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) targeting domain.
[0089] The extracellular targeting domains (or the so-called antigen (or ligand) binding domain) of the CAR are generally linked to one or more intracellular signaling components, in some aspects via linkers and / or transmembrane domain (s) . Such molecules typically mimic or approximate a signal through a natural antigen receptor, a signal through such a receptor in combination with a co-stimulatory receptor, and / or a signal through a co-stimulatory receptor alone.
[0090] In some embodiments, the CAR is constructed with a bi-specificity for particular antigens, BCMA and GPRC5D which are expressed in MM cells of some or most of the patients.
[0091] The CAR typically includes in its extracellular portion the antigen binding molecules, such as one or more antigen-binding fragment, domain, or portion, or one or more antibody variable domains, and / or antibody molecules. In some embodiments, the CAR includes an antigen-binding portion or portions of an antibody molecule, such as a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) derived from the variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chains of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) .
[0092] Antibody fragments can be made by various techniques, including but not limited to proteolytic digestion of an intact antibody as well as production by recombinant host cells. In some embodiments, the antibodies are recombinantly-produced fragments, such as fragments comprising arrangements that do not occur naturally, such as those with two or more antibody regions or chains joined by synthetic linkers, e.g., peptide linkers, and / or that are may not be produced by enzyme digestion of a naturally-occurring intact antibody. In some aspects, the antibody or fragments are VHH or scFvs.
[0093] In some embodiments, the BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain are independently selected or derived from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof having the desired targeting activity. In some embodiments, the targeting domains are independently selected or derived from a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , a variable domain of heavy chain of a heavy chain antibody (VHH) , and a nanobody.
[0094] In some embodiments, the BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain are tandemly connected, fused, or conjugated to each other in any order, optionally with or without a linker. The BCMA targeting domain (a) and the GPRC5D targeting domain (b) are arranged as follows but not limited to: (a) - (b) , (b) - (a) , (a) -L- (b) , (b) -L- (a) or (a) / (b) , (b) / (a) , wherein “-” represents a bond, “L” represents a linker, and “ / ” represents fusion.
[0095] In some embodiments, the BCMA targeting domain is derived from a BCMA targeting VHHs or the CDRs thereof, such as those obtained in Example 1, preferably those listed in Tables 1 and 6, more preferably in Table 6; or combinations thereof. For example, the BCMA targeting domain comprises: a VH or VHH CDR1 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 19 and 22; a VH or VHH CDR2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 20 and 23; and a VH or VHH CDR3 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21 and 24.
[0096] In some embodiments, the BCMA targeting domain comprises VH or VHH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20 and 21, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23 and 24, respectively. In some embodiments, the BCMA targeting domain:
[0097] (al) comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11; and / or
[0098] (a2) comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11 and has the binding specificity to BCMA; and / or
[0099] (a3) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38; and / or
[0100] (a4) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38 and encodes a BCMA binding polypeptide.
[0101] In some embodiments, the GPRC5D targeting domain is derived from a GPRC5D targeting VHHs or the CDRs thereof, such as those obtained in Example 2, preferably those listed in Table 6; or combinations thereof. For example, wherein the GPRC5D targeting domain comprises VH or VHH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26 and 27, respectively.
[0102] In some embodiments, the GPRC5D targeting domain:
[0103] (bl) comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5; and / or
[0104] (b2) comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and has the binding specificity to GPRC5D; and / or (b3) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32; and / or
[0105] (b4) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32 and encodes a GPRC5D binding polypeptide.
[0106] In some embodiments, the CAR comprises tandemly connected BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain in any order. In some embodiments, the CAR comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; and / or the CAR comprises a polypeptide having a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 12 and capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D; and / or the CAR comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; and / or the CAR comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39 and encoding a polypeptide capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D.
[0107] The extracellular targeting domains (or the so-called antigen (or ligand) binding domain) of the CAR are generally linked to one or more intracellular signaling components, in some aspects via linkers and / or transmembrane domain (s) . Such molecules typically mimic or approximate a signal through a natural antigen receptor, a signal through such a receptor in combination with a co-stimulatory receptor, and / or a signal through a co-stimulatory receptor alone.
[0108] The transmembrane domain in some embodiments is derived either from a natural or from a synthetic source. Where the source is natural, the domain in some aspects is derived from any membrane-bound or transmembrane protein. Transmembrane regions include those derived from (i.e. comprise at least the transmembrane region (s) of) the alpha, beta or zeta chain of the T-cell receptor, CD8, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD 134, CD137, CD154. Alternatively the transmembrane domain in some embodiments is synthetic. In some aspects, the synthetic transmembrane domain comprises predominantly hydrophobic residues such as leucine and valine. In some aspects, a triplet of phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine will be found at each end of a synthetic transmembrane domain. In some embodiment, the CAR includes CD8 hinge and transmembrane region.
[0109] In some embodiments, a short oligo-or polypeptide linker, for example, a linker of between 2 and 50 amino acids in length, such as one containing glycines and serines, e.g., glycine-serine doublet, is present and forms a linkage between the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic signaling domain of the CAR.
[0110] The CAR generally includes at least one intracellular signaling component or components. In some embodiments, the CAR includes an intracellular component of the TCR complex, such as a TCR CD3+ chain that mediates T-cell activation and cytotoxicity, e.g., CD3 zeta chain. Thus, in some aspects, the antigen binding molecule is linked to one or more cell signaling modules. In some embodiments, cell signaling modules include CD3 transmembrane domain, CD3 intracellular signaling domains, and / or other CD transmembrane domains. In some embodiments, the CAR further includes a portion of one or more additional molecules such as Fc receptor γ, CD8, CD4, CD25, or CD16. For example, in some aspects, the CAR includes a chimeric molecule between CD3-zeta (CD3-ζ) or Fc receptor γ and CD8, CD4, CD25 or CD16.
[0111] In some embodiments, upon ligation of the CAR, the cytoplasmic domain or intracellular signaling domain of the CAR activates at least one of the normal effector functions or responses of the NK cell
[0112] In some embodiments, the CAR includes a signaling domain and / or transmembrane portion ofa co-stimulatory receptor, such as 4-1BB, CD28, OX40, DAP10, and ICOS. In some aspects, the same CAR includes both the activating and co-stimulatory components; in other aspects, the activating domain is provided by one CAR whereas the co-stimulatory component is provided by another CAR recognizing another antigen.
[0113] In certain embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a CD28 transmembrane and signaling domain linked to a CD3 (e.g., CD3-zeta) intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a chimeric CD28 and CD137 (4-1BB, TNFRSF9) co-stimulatory domains, linked to a CD3 zeta intracellular domain.
[0114] In some embodiments, the CAR encompasses two or more co-stimulatory domain combined with an activation domain, e.g., primary activation domain, in the cytoplasmic portion. One example is a receptor including intracellular components of CD3-zeta and 4-1 BB.
[0115] In some embodiments, the CAR contains anti-BCMA VHH (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11) and anti-HPTC5D VHH (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5) or their tandem connection (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 12) , with human CD8 hinge and transmembrane region (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8) , cytoplasmic domains 4-1BB (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 9) and CD3 zeta (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0116] Using advanced genetic-engineering technology, NK cells can be engineered to express the CARs to form the CAR-NK cells of the present application.
[0117] Also provided herein is polynucleotides encoding the CARs of the present application and vector comprising the same for introducing into suitable host cells (i.e., NK cells) .
[0118] III. "Armored" CAR and Armored CAR-NK cells
[0119] Armored CAR is a fourth generation of CARs which further comprises intracellular domains for co-expressing regulative small molecules, such as cytokines or chemokines. It is known to a person skilled in the art that armored CAR is a particular type of CARs, and unless otherwise stated, the term CAR covers various generations and types of CARs including armored CARs.
[0120] Also provided herein is an "armored" CAR and armored CAR-NK cells. As used herein, the term "armored CAR-NK cells" refers to NK cells not only have a CAR as disclosed above, but also co-expressing armor gene. Such NK cells may have one or more of the following further advantages: increased persistence, increased cytotoxicity, reduced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) , improved migratory capacity towards target cells, tumor infiltration.
[0121] In some embodiments, the armor gene sequence is inserted at the C-terminal of the CAR and separated by the self-cleaving 2A peptide. To date, 2A-like sequences in various viral mRNA molecules have been successfully identified, including the porcine teschovirus-1 2A (P2A) , thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A) , equine rhinitis A virus 2A (E2A) , cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV 2A) and flacherie virus (BmIFV 2A) of B. mori.
[0122] The multi-genes expression system (MGES) based on 2As has the following advantages: (i) multiple proteins known to be expressed in equivocal amounts in the same cells and tissues because they were controlled by only one promoter, (ii) 2A is small, which can readily cleave multiple proteins while minimizing the possibility of their loss of function and (iii) proteins linked by 2A could be co-expressed in all cell types because cleavage activity was only dependent on the ribosome, which is highly structurally conserved in eukaryotes. Thus, multi-genes expression system (MGES) based on 2A sequences have been widely applied in gene therapy.
[0123] The 2A peptide that can be used in the present disclosure can be derived from the group consisting of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) , cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) , Theiler′smurine encephalitis virus (TMEV) , equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) , equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV) and porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) , insect viruses Thosea asigna virus (TaV) .
[0124] In some embodiments, the 2A peptide is selected from the group consisting of T2A, E2A, F2A, P2A, BmCPV2A, and BmIFV2A, for example a T2A peptide of SEQ ID NO: 15 or a sequence having at least 80%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, or a T2A peptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO: 15 or a sequence having at least 80%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. Optionally, to improve the cleavage efficiency of 2A peptide, a glycine-serine-glycine spacer (GSG) can be added to the N-terminus of a 2A peptide.
[0125] Using advanced genetic-engineering technology, NK cells can be engineered to co-express functional molecules with CARs, which could be cytokines or chemokines, such as IL15, IL12, IL18, IL7, IL4, CXCL9, CXCL10 or any combinations thereof and may be selected according to the need in practice.
[0126] Importantly, CAR-NK cells expressing multiple exogenous genes, known as “armored” CAR-NK cells or “NK cell pharmacies” have a potential of providing a unique and safer approach for modulating the local TME with less or no systemic adverse effects. The ability to create “armored” CAR-NK cells provides a unique method for modulating the local microenvironment while sparing the host from systemic effects.
[0127] Using advanced genetic-engineering technology, NK cells can be engineered to express the CARs and armor gene to form the armored CAR-NK cells of the present application.
[0128] Also provided herein is polynucleotides encoding the CARs and armor gene of the present application and vector comprising the same for introducing into suitable host cells (i.e., NK cells) .
[0129] IV. Cell population, cell culture, or product
[0130] Also provided herein is a cell population, a cell culture, or a product comprising the antibody and / or the modified NK cells as disclosed herein.
[0131] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least 50%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%or 100%cells in the cell population, cell culture or product are the modified NK cells of the present application. In some embodiments, the cell population, cell culture or product are free of other cells.
[0132] In some embodiments, the cell population, cell culture or product may be used for disease treatment, such as used as a pharmaceutical composition and formulation. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations generally include one or more optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some embodiments, the composition includes at least one additional therapeutic agent.
[0133] The term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of an active ingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered.
[0134] A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.
[0135] In some embodiments, the choice of carrier is determined in part by the particular cell, binding molecule, and / or antibody, and / or by the method of administration. Accordingly, there are a variety of suitable formulations. Carriers are described, e.g., by Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980) . Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are generally nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.
[0136] The formulation or composition may also contain more than one active ingredient useful for the particular indication, disease, or condition being treated with the binding molecules or cells, preferably those with activities complementary to the binding molecule or cell, where the respective activities do not adversely affect one another. Such active ingredients are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended. Thus, in some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further includes other pharmaceutically active agents or drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., asparaginase, busulfan, carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, fiuorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, methotrexate, paclitaxel, rituximab, vinblastine, vincristine, etc.
[0137] In some embodiments, in the context of genetically engineered cells, a subject is administered the range of about one million to about 100 billion cells, such as, e.g., 1 million to about 50 billion cells (e.g., about 5 million cells, about 25 million cells, about 500 million cells, about 1 billion cells, about 5 billion cells, about 20 billion cells, about 30 billion cells, about 40 billion cells, or a range defined by any two of the foregoing values) , such as about 10 million to about 100 billion cells (e.g., about 20 million cells, about 30 million cells, about 40 million cells, about 60 million cells, about 70 million cells, about 80 million cells, about 90 million cells, about 10 billion cells, about 25 billion cells, about 50 billion cells, about 75 billion cells, about 90 billion cells, or a range defined by any two of the foregoing values) , and in some cases about 100 million cells to about 50 billion cells (e.g., about 120 million cells, about 250 million cells, about 350 million cells, about 450 million cells, about 650 million cells, about 800 million cells, about 900 million cells, about 3 billion cells, about 30 billion cells, about 45 billion cells) or any value in between these ranges, and / or such a number of cells per kilogram of body weight of the subject.
[0138] The medicament of the present disclosure may be administered using standard administration techniques, formulations, and / or devices. Provided are formulations and devices, such as syringes and vials, for storage and administration of the compositions. Administration of the cells can be autologous or heterologous. For example, immunoresponsive cells or progenitors can be obtained from one subject, and administered to the same subject or a different, compatible subject. Peripheral blood derived immunoresponsive cells or their progeny can be administered via localized injection, including catheter administration, systemic injection, localized injection, intravenous injection, or parenteral administration. When administering a therapeutic composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition containing a genetically modified immunoresponsive cell) , it will generally be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form (solution, suspension, emulsion) .
[0139] Formulations include those for oral, intravenous, intraperitone al, subcutaneous, pulmonary, transdermal, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, or suppository administration. In some embodiments, the cell populations are administered parenterally. The term “parenteral, ” as used herein, includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, vaginal, and intraperitoneal administration. In some embodiments, the cell populations are administered to a subject using peripheral systemic delivery by intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous injection.
[0140] V. Therapeutic methods and uses
[0141] Also provided are therapeutic methods and uses of the antibody, the engineered cells, cell population, cell culture, product of the present disclosure. The methods and uses may involve administration of the antibody, the cells, or compositions containing the same, to a subject having a disease, condition, or disorder of MM which can be treated with the antibody or the modified NK cells.
[0142] As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating” ) refers to complete or partial amelioration or reduction of a disease or condition or disorder, or a symptom, adverse effect or outcome, or phenotype associated therewith. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis.
[0143] As used herein, the term “effective amount” , in the context of administration, refers to an amount effective, at dosages / amounts and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired result, such as a therapeutic result. A “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation, refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result, such as for treatment of a disease, condition, or disorder, and / or pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic effect of the treatment. The therapeutically effective amount may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the subject, and the populations of cells administered.
[0144] The present invention is directed to a method of treating a subject with multiple myeloma comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the antibody or the modified CAR-NK cells disclosed herein.
[0145] The treatment including all stages of MM (such as stage I, II, or III) , all subtypes of MM (such as RRMM) , and MM related organ or tissue impairment or symptoms.
[0146] The stage of multiple myeloma can be determined by using the International Staging System (ISS) . The ISS is based on the assessment of two blood test results, β2-microglobulin (β2-M) and albumin, which together showed the greatest prognostic power for multiple myeloma among a number of factors tested. The criteria for determining different stages according to the International Staging System for myeloma is listed below:
[0147] · Stage I: β2-M <3.5 mg / dL and albumin >3.5 g / dL
[0148] · Stage II: β2-M <3.5 mg / dL or β2-M 3.5 -5.5 mg / dL, and albumin < 3.5 g / dL (neither Stage I or Stage III)
[0149] · Stage III: β2-M >5.5 mg / dL
[0150] Multiple myeloma patients are typically classified into one of several myeloma categories. Multiple myeloma can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Asymptomatic myeloma patients do not show related organ or tissue impairment or symptoms. Myeloma related organ or tissue impairment includes hypercalcemia, impaired kidney function, anemia and bone lesions. Asymptomatic myeloma includes smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) , indolent multiple myeloma (IMM) and Stage I of multiple myeloma. Smoldering multiple myeloma is characterized by monoclonal protein and slightly increased number of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Indolent multiple myeloma is characterized by small amounts of monoclonal protein or increased number of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
[0151] Multiple myeloma patients are also characterized by their disease status. Disease status is determined based on whether the patient has already received therapy and if so, the outcome. Patients with newly diagnosed disease are individuals who have myeloma that has yet been treated.Patients who have received therapy fall into several categories:
[0152] ● Responsive disease: refers to myeloma that is responding to therapy. There has been a decrease in M protein of at least 50%.
[0153] ● Stable / Non-responsive disease: refers to myeloma that has not responded to treatment (i.e., the decrease in M protein has not reached 50%) , but has not progressed (gotten worse) .
[0154] ● Progressive disease: refers to active myeloma that is worsening (i.e., increasing M protein and worsening organ or tissue impairment) . In most cases, relapsed and / or refractory disease can be considered to be progressive disease.
[0155] ● Relapsed disease: refers to myeloma disease that initially responded to therapy but has then begun to progress again. Patients may be further classified as having relapsed after initial therapy or after subsequent therapy.
[0156] ● Refractory disease: refers to myeloma that has not responded to initial therapy, as well as relapsed myeloma that does not respond to subsequent treatment. In this last instance, the myeloma may also be referred to as relapsed and refractory disease.
[0157] As used herein, a “subject” is a vertebrate, e.g., a mammal, such as a human or other animal, and typically is human. In some embodiments, the subject has persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with other therapy, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. In some embodiments, the subject has not relapsed but is determined to be at risk for relapse, such as at a high risk of relapse, and thus the CAR-NK cell is administered prophylactically, e.g., to reduce the likelihood of or prevent relapse.
[0158] In some embodiments, the treatment is an adoptive cell therapy, whereby genetically engineered CAR-NK cells of the present disclosure are administered to subjects. Such administration can promote activation of the NK cells in a targeted manner, such that the cells of the disease or disorder are targeted for destruction.
[0159] Adoptive cell therapy represents a new paradigm in cancer immunother ap y, but it can be limited by the poor persistence and function of transferred NK cells. Natural killer (NK) cells can be xenografted and have the potential to become off-the-shelf products, making NK cell or CAR-NK cell adoptive cellular therapies universal.
[0160] In some embodiments, the methods include administration of the antibody or the cells or a composition containing the cells to a subject, tissue, or cell, such as one having, at risk for, or suspected of having the disease, condition or disorder. In some embodiments, the cells, populations, and compositions are administered to a subject having the particular disease or condition to be treated, e.g., via adoptive cell therapy, such as adoptive NK cell therapy or CAR-NK cell therapy. In some embodiments, the cells or compositions are administered to the subject, such as a subject having or at risk for the disease or condition. In some aspects, the methods thereby treat, e.g., ameliorate one or more symptom of the disease or condition, such as by lessening tumor burden.
[0161] Methods for administration of cells for adoptive cell therapy are known and may be used in connection with the provided methods and compositions. In some embodiments, the adoptive NK cell therapy is carried out by autologous transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from the subject who is to receive the cell therapy, or from a sample derived from such a subject. Thus, in some aspects, the NK cells are derived from a subject, e.g., patient, in need of a treatment and the cells, following isolation and processing are administered to the same subject.
[0162] In some embodiments, the CAR-NK cell therapy, is carried out by allogeneic transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from a subject other than a subject who is to receive or who ultimately receives the cell therapy, e.g., a first subject. In such embodiments, the cells then are administered to a different subject, e.g., a second subject, of the same species. In some embodiments, the first and second subjects are genetically identical. In some embodiments, the first and second subjects are genetically similar. In some embodiments, the second subject expresses the same HLA class or supertype as the first subject.
[0163] Depending on the type and severity of the disease, dosages of cells or pharmaceutical composition may include about 1x10^5 cells / kg to 3x10^8 cells / kg, such as 5x10^5 cells / kg to 1x10^8 cells / kg, 1x10^6 cells / kg to 3x10^7 cells / kg. Multiple doses may be administered intermittently, e.g. every week or every three weeks. An initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses may be administered.
[0164] After administering the cells to a mammal (e.g., a human) , the biological activity of the engineered cell populations and / or the pharmaceutical composition can be measured by any of known methods. Parameters to assess include specific binding of engineered NK cells to antigen, in vivo, e.g., by imaging, or ex vivo, e.g., by ELISA or flow cytometry. In certain embodiments, the ability of the engineered cells to destroy target cells can be measured using any suitable method known in the art, such as cytotoxicity assays. In certain embodiments, the biological activity of the cells also can be measured by assaying expression and / or secretion of certain cytokines. In some aspects the biological activity is measured by assessing clinical outcome.
[0165] In some embodiments, the cells or pharmaceutical composition are administered as part of a combination treatment, such as simultaneously with or sequentially with, in any order, another therapeutic intervention, such as another engineered cell or receptor or agent, such as a cytotoxic or therapeutic agent.
[0166] VI. Specific Embodiments
[0167] Further embodiments of the present invention are described again in the following. The present invention in particular also provides for the following items:
[0168] 1. A bi-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising:
[0169] (a) a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) targeting domain; and
[0170] (b) a G protein-coupled receptor of family C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) targeting domain.
[0171] 2. The CAR of item 1, wherein the BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain are:
[0172] (i) independently selected or derived from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof; and / or
[0173] (ii) independently selected or derived from a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , a variable domain of heavy chain of a heavy chain antibody (VHH) , and a nanobo dy; and / or
[0174] (iii) tandemly connected, fused, or conjugated to each other in any order, optionally with or without a linker.
[0175] 3. The CAR of item 1, wherein the BCMA targeting domain comprises: a VH or VHH CDR1 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 19 and 22; a VH or VHH CDR2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 20 and 23; and aVH orVHH CDR3 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21 and 24; and / or
[0176] wherein the BCMA targeting domain comprises VH or VHH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20 and 21, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23 and 24, respectively; and / or
[0177] wherein the BCMA targeting domain:
[0178] (a1) comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11; and / or
[0179] (a2) comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11 and has the binding specificity to BCMA; and / or
[0180] (a3) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38; and / or
[0181] (a4) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38 and encodes a BCMA binding polypeptide.
[0182] 4.The CAR of item 1, wherein the GPRC5D targeting domain comprises VH or VHH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26 and 27, respectively; and / or
[0183] wherein the GPRC5D targeting domain:
[0184] (b1) comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5; and / or
[0185] (b2) comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than80%with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and has the binding specificity to GPRC5D; and / or
[0186] (b3) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32; and / or
[0187] (b4) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32 and encodes a GPRC5D binding polypeptide.
[0188] 5. The CAR of item 1, wherein the CAR comprises tandemly connected BCMA targeting domain and the GPRCSD targeting domain in any order; and / or
[0189] the CAR comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; and / or
[0190] the CAR comprises a polypeptide having a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 12 and capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D; and / or
[0191] the CAR comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; and / or
[0192] the CAR comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39 and encoding a polypeptide capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D.
[0193] 6. The CAR of item 1, wherein the CAR further comprises one or more domains or unit selected from the group consisting of:
[0194] (c) an extracellular signal domain;
[0195] (d) an extracellular hinge domain;
[0196] (e) a transmembrane (TM) domain;
[0197] (f) one or more intracellular cell signaling domain (ICD) ;
[0198] (g) an armor unit; and
[0199] (h) one or more independently selected linkers between two domains or a domain and a unit.
[0200] 7. The CAR of item 6, wherein
[0201] (c) the extracellular signal domain is CD8 signal peptide; and / or
[0202] (d) the extracellular hinge domain is a CD8 hinge, IgG4Fc hinge; and / or
[0203] (e) the transmembrane (TM) domain is selected from the group consisting of: CD8 TM, CD4 TM, CD28 TM, CD16 TM, EPOR TM, CD3ζ TM; and / or
[0204] (f) the intracellular cell signaling domain (ICD) is selected from the group consisting of:
[0205] 4-1BB (CD137) , CD3ζ endodomain, CD8alpha, CD8beta, a co-stimulatory signaling domain selected from CD27, CD28, OX40, CD30, CD4O, PD-1, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, a ligand that specifically binds with CD83, CDS, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp8O (KLRF1) , CD16O, CD19, CD4, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD1O3, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD16O (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly1O8) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD1SO, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) ; and / or (h) the linker is independently selected from a flexible linker, a rigid linker and a cleavable linker; and / or
[0206] the linker is independently selected from a serine-glycine linker, a glycine linker, an (EAAAK) n linker (n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9) , T2A linker; and / or
[0207] the linker is a (G4S) n linker, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.
[0208] 8. The CAR of item 1, wherein the CAR is an armored CAR comprising one or more armor unit; and / or
[0209] wherein the armor unit comprises a linker between the CAR and the armor unit, a signal domain, and an armor domain; and / or
[0210] wherein the linker is a self-cleaving linker; and / or
[0211] wherein the linker is T2A, E2A, F2A, P2A, BmCPV2A, and BmIFV2A linker; and / or
[0212] wherein the armor domain is selected from IL15, IL12, IL18, IL7, IL4, CXCL9, CXCL10 or any combinations thereof; and / or
[0213] wherein the armor unit comprises the combination of a self-cleaving T2A linker, a CD8a signal peptide for IL15, and an IL15; and / or.
[0214] 9. The CAR of item 1, wherein the CAR comprises (a') and (b') or (ab') :
[0215] (a') the BCMA targeting domain as defined in item 4; and
[0216] (b') the GPRC5D targeting domain as defined in item 5; or
[0217] (ab') the tandemly connected BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain as defined in item 6;
[0218] and wherein the CAR further comprises:
[0219] (c') a CD8 signal peptide in the extracellular signal domain;
[0220] (d') a CD8 TM domain;
[0221] (e') a CD8 TM in the TM domain;
[0222] (f') a 4-1BB-derived ICD and / or a CD3ζ derived ICD in the ICD domain; (g') a T2A self-cleaving linker, a CD8a signal peptide for IL15 and a IL15 in the armor unit; and
[0223] (h') a (G4S) 3 linker between (a') and (b') or in (ab') .
[0224] 10. The CAR of item 1, wherein the CAR comprises
[0225] (I) a combination of domains having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 8, 9, 10; or
[0226] (II) a combination of domains having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15; or
[0227] (III) a combination of domains having a sequence identity of more than 80%to the combination as defined in (I) or (I) , and capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D.
[0228] 11. An anti-GPRC5D antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a GPRC5D binding domain, wherein the GPRC5D binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of 26, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of 27.
[0229] 12. The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of item 11,
[0230] wherein the GPRC5D binding fragment comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5; and / or
[0231] wherein the GPRC5D binding fragment comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and has the binding specificity to GPRC5D; and / or
[0232] wherein the GPRC5D binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32; and / or
[0233] wherein the GPRC5D binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32 and encodes a GPRC5D binding polypepti de;
[0234] and / or
[0235] wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in construction of a CAR.
[0236] 13. The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of item 11, wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is a monovalent or multivalent monoclonal antibody, nanobody, scFv, Fab, F (ab) 2, Fv; and / or
[0237] wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody; and / or
[0238] wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in the construction of a modified NK cell comprising one or more of CARs.
[0239] 14. An anti-BCMA antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a BCMA binding domain, wherein the BCMA binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 19 and 22, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 20 and 23, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21 and 24.
[0240] 15. The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of item 14, wherein the binding domain comprises VH CDR1-3 selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20 and 21, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23 and 24, respectively.
[0241] 16. The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of item 14, wherein
[0242] wherein the BCMA binding fragment comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11; and / or
[0243] wherein the BCMA binding fragment comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11 and has the binding specificity to BCMA; and / or
[0244] wherein the BCMA binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38; and / or
[0245] wherein the BCMA binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38 and encodes a BCMA binding polypeptide; and / or
[0246] wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in construction of a CAR.
[0247] 17. The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of item 14, wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is a monovalent or multivalent monoclonal antibody, nanobody, scFv, Fab, F (ab) 2, Fv; and / or
[0248] wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody; and / or
[0249] wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in the construction of a modified NK cell comprising one or more of CARs.
[0250] 18. One or more polynucleotide molecules encoding the CAR of any one of items 1-10 or the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of items 11 -17.
[0251] 19. One or more vectors comprising the coding polynucleotide molecule (s) for the CAR of any one of items 1-10, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of items 11-17, or the polynucleotide molecules of item 18.
[0252] 20. A modified NK cell comprising one or more of the CARs of any of items 1-10, one or more of CARs constructed with the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of items 11-17, the polynucleotide molecule (s) encoding the CAR of item 18, or transduced with the vector (s) of item 19.
[0253] 21. The modified NK cell of item 20, wherein the NK cell is derived from the group consisting of: umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood and / or placenta of a vertebrate (e.g., human or rodent cell) , and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) ; and / or
[0254] wherein the NK cell is autologons or allogeneic; and / or
[0255] wherein the NK cell is transduced by the same vector or separated vectors; and / or
[0256] wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, virus, bacterial, phage; and / or
[0257] wherein the modified NK cell is in a cell population, a cell culture or a product.
[0258] 22. A product comprising one or more selected from: one or more of the CARs of any of items 1-10, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of items 11-17, the polynucleotide molecule (s) of item 18, the vector (s) of item 19, and the modified NK cell of any one of items 20-21.
[0259] 23. A method for preparing the modified NK cell of any one of items 20-21 comprising the steps of: (i) modifying a NK cell to make it comprises an armored or not armored chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) according to any one of items 1-10 or a CAR constructed with the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of items 11-17; and, (ii) optionally, expanding and collecting the modified NK cell comprising a CAR.
[0260] 24. Use of the modified NK cell of any one of items 20-21, inthe preparation of a product for treating multiple myeloma (MM) .
[0261] 25. A method for treating multiple myeloma (MM) in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the modified NK cell of any one of items 20-21.
[0262] 26. The modified NK cell of any one of items 20-21 for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) .
[0263] 27. The use of item 24, or the method of item 25, or the modified NK cell for use in the treatment of MM of item 26, wherein the treatment is an adoptive cellular therapy, in particular a CAR-NK adoptive cellular therapy; and / or
[0264] wherein the MM is a responsive MM, a non-responsive MM, a progressive MM, a relapsed MM and / or a refractory MM; and / or
[0265] wherein the MM is a RRMM; and / or
[0266] wherein the MM is a Stage I, II, or III MM according to the International Staging System for myeloma.
[0267] This invention is not limited by the exemplary methods and materials disclosed herein, and any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of this invention. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of this invention which can be read by reference to the specification as a whole.
[0268] Throughout the specification, where compositions are described as comprising components or materials, it is contemplated that the compositions can in embodiments also consist essentially of, or consist of, any combination of the recited components or materials, unless described otherwise. Reference to ″the disclosure" and “the invention” and the like includes single or multiple aspects taught herein; and so forth. Aspects taught herein are encompassed by the term "invention" .
[0269] It is preferred to select and combine preferred embodiments described herein and the specific subject-matter arising from a respective combination of preferred embodiments also belongs to the present disclosure.
[0270] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples are provided merely for illustration purposes and shall not be interpreted to limit the scope or content of the present invention in any way.
[0271] Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited are hereby specifically incorporated by reference in their entireties. All reagents, unless otherwise indicated, were obtained commercially. All parts and percentages are by weight unless stated otherwise. An average of results is presented unless otherwise stated. The abbreviations used herein are conventional, unless otherwise defined.EXAMPLES
[0272] Example 1. Anti-BCMA VHH nanobody sequence screeningA. BCMA antigen generation
[0273] DNA sequences encoding the extracellular domain sequence of human BCMA (Uniprot No. Q02223-1) was synthesized in Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) , and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors with MBP tag and AVI-His tag or human Fc tag and AVI-His tag in C-terminal.
[0274] Expi293 cells (Invitrogen-A14527) were transfected with the purified expression vectors. Cells were cultured for 5 days and supernatant was collected for protein purification using Ni-NTA column (GE Healthcare, Cat.175248) orProtein A column (GE Healthcare, Cat. 175438) . The obtained human BCMA ECD protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and SEC, and then stored at -80℃.
[0275] B. Production of anti-BCMA benchmark (BMK) antibody (W356-BMK7-hIgG1)
[0276] DNA sequences encoding the variable regions of a benchmark anti-BCMA antibody, W356-BMK7 (monoclonal antibody of EngMab, Mab42 as disclosed in patent application WO2018083204A1) was synthesized in Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) , and then subcloned into modified pcDNA3.3 expression vectors with constant region of human IgG1 or IgG4.
[0277] The plasmids containing VH and VL genes were co-transfected into Expi293 cells. Cells were cultured for 5 days and supernatant was collected for protein purification using Protein A column (GE Healthcare, 175438) . The obtained antibodies were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and SEC, and then stored at -80℃.
[0278] C. Generation of cynomolgus BCMA expressing stable cell lines
[0279] Using Lipofectamine 2000, 293F cells were transfected with the expression vector containing gene encoding cynomolgus BCMA (XP_001106892.1) . Cells were cultured in medium containing proper selection marker. Cynomolgus (cyno) BCMA high expression stable cell line (W356-293F. cPro1. P1G5) were selected after limited dilution.
[0280] D. Generation of anti-BCMA VHHs
[0281] Anti-BCMA VHHs were generated by immunization of Camelidae animals and phage display technology. Briefly, Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) were subcutaneously immunized with hFc tagged human BCMA ECD protein (W356-hpro1. ECD. hFcAVI) and hFc tagged mouse BCMA ECD protein (W356-mpro1. ECD. hFcAVI) . After immunization, peripheral blood was collected for construction of phage library displaying VHH fragments. After bio-panning with corresponding target ECD proteins or target cell line, the positive VHH clones binding to BCMA were selected.
[0282] E. VHH sequencing
[0283] The positive E. coli clones selected by target specific binding ELISA and FACS with E. coli supernatants were sent to Biosune (Shanghai, China) for nucleotide sequencing of VHH gene. The sequencing results were analyzed using CLC Main Workbench (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) .
[0284] F. Antibody humanization
[0285] Several VHHs with high affinity and specificity to BCMA were selected for humanization, to reduce the risk of immunogenicity when used in clinical trials. “Best Fit” approach was used to humanize VHH chains. Amino acid sequences of VHH framework regions were blasted against human germline V-gene database, and humanized VHH sequences were generated by replacing human CDR sequences in the top hit with VHH CDR sequences using Kabat CDR definition. Several residues in the framework region were back mutated to VHH to maintain the affinity.
[0286] Humanized VHH genes were synthesized in GENEWIZ and expressed in BL21. After tested on BCMA binding using SPR, variants with proper affinity were selected as humanized antibody leads. As to one of the VHH named “W3566-FP20R3-1D5” , the selected humanized antibody lead was W3566-FP20R3-1D5-z2 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 28) .
[0287] G. Affinity maturation of VHH antibodies
[0288] To increase the affinities of humanized VHHs to human BCMA, each amino acid of three complementary-determining regions (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) of parental clone was individually mutated to other 20 amino acids using a site-directed mutagenesis method. DNA primers containing an NNS codon encoding twenty amino acids were used to introduce mutation to each targeted CDR position. The individual degenerate primers of phosphorylated were used in site-directed mutagenesis reactions. 200 ng of the reaction products was electroporated into BL21 and expressed. The point mutations in VHH determined to be beneficial for binding to antigen were further combined to gain enhanced affinity synergy. The combinatorial mutants were synthesized in GENEWIZ and expressed in BL21.
[0289] Supernatant of the mutants were detected by SPR. After affinity maturation, affinity matured VHHs showed enhanced SPR affinity compared with the parental VHH antibody.
[0290] H. Generation of humanized VHH-Fc (human IgG1) fusion antibody
[0291] The clones of interest were converted to VHH-Fc (human IgG1) fusion antibodies. The VHH antibodies and VHH-Fc fusion antibodies were collectively referred to as WBP3566 antibodies herein. Briefly, the VHH genes were PCR amplified from the pET-bac vectors using VHH-specific cloning primers containing appropriate restriction sites then cloned by fusion into a modified human hIgG1 expression pcDNA3.3 vector to create corresponding clones of VHH-Fc (human IgG1) fusion antibody. 293F or Expi293 cells were transiently transfected with the vector for antibody expression. The cell culture supernatants containing antibodies were harvested and purified using Protein A chromatography.
[0292] I. Full kinetic binding affinity of VHH antibodies to human and cyno BCMAs
[0293] Anti-BCMA WBP3566 VHH binding affinity to cyno BCMA and human BCMA was detected by SPR assay using Biacore 8K. hFc tag labeled cyno BCMA or human BCMA was captured on an anti-human IgG Fc antibody immobilized CM5 sensor chip (GE) , respectively. WBP3566 VHH samples at different concentrations were injected over the sensor chip at a flow rate of 30 uL / min for an association phase of 120 s, followed by 300-3000 s dissociation. The chip was regenerated by 10 mM glycine (pH 1.5) after each binding cycle.
[0294] The sensorgrams of blank surface and buffer channel were subtracted from the test sensorgrams. The experimental data was fitted by 1: 1 model using Langmiur analysis. Molecular weight of 15 kDa was used to calculate the molar concentration of WBP3566 VHH samples. The binding affinities of WBP3566 VHH antibody W3566-FP20R3-1D5-z2 and its affinity matured VHH variants to human and monkey BCMA are shown in Table 1, including affinity matured variants W3566-FP20R3-1D5-z2-m17 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 29) and W3566-FP20R3-1D5-z2-m52 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 3; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 30) .
[0295] Table 1. Full kinetic binding affinity of anti-BCMA VHH to cyno and human BCMAs
[0296] J. Binding of W3566 VHH-Fc (human IgG1) fusion antibodies to cell surface BCMA
[0297] Serial dilutions of testing antibodies and isotype control antibodies were incubated with human BCMA expressing NCI-H929 cells or cyno BCMA transfected cells, respectively, then the binding of antibodies to the cell surface BCMA was detected by 2nd antibody Goat Anti-Human IgG Alexa Fluor647 (Jackson, cat: 109-605-098) .
[0298] Figures 1A and 1B show that W3566-FP20R3-1D5-z2 and its affinity matured VHH variants bound to cell surface BCMA. The binding EC50 values of W3566 antibodies to NCI-H929 cells were between 2~6nM, while EC50 values to cyno BCMA were 0.7~1.4nM.
[0299] The above experimental data verifies that via the method disclosed above, we successfully obtained anti-BCMA VHH nanobody with high affinity to cell surface BCMA.
[0300] Example 2. Anti-GPRC5D VHH nanobody sequence screening
[0301] A. Anti-GPRC5D benchmark antibodies generation
[0302] Anti-GPRC5D reference antibodies W3XX109-cAb1 and W3XX109-cAb2 were generated according to the disclosed sequence GCDB72 in Janssen's patent US20180037651A1 and 5F11-TCB in Roche's patent US20220259318 respectively. DNA sequence encoding variable regions of GCDB72 and 5F11-TCB were subcloned into modified pcDNA3.4 expression vectors with constant region of human IgG1. The human IgG1 isotype control antibody targeting envelope glycoprotein GP120 was provided by WuXi Biologics.
[0303] B. Cell line / pool and tumor cells
[0304] Human GPRC5D expressing cell lines (WBP3XX109-CHOK1. hPro1. C7 and WBP3XX109-293F. hPro1. B8) were generated. Briefly, CHO-K1 or 293F cells were transfected with pcDNA3.3 expression vector containing full-length of human GPRC5D (NM_018654.1) using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection kit according to manufacturer's protocol. 48-72 hours post transfection, the transfected cells were cultured in medium containing blasticidin for selection, and then tested for human GPRC5D expression by flow cytometry. The human GPRC5D-expressing cell line was obtained by limiting dilution or BD FACSMelodyTM cell sorter.
[0305] Cynomolgus monkey (cyno) GPRC5D expressing cell line (WBP3XX109-293F. cPro1. E1) was generated. Briefly, 293F cells were transfected with pcDNA3.3 expression vector containing full-length of cynomolgus monkey GPRC5D (XM_005570192.2) using Lipofectamine 2000 trausfection kit according to manufacturer's protocol. 48-72 hours post transfection, the transfected cells were cultured in medium containing blasticidin for selection and tested for cynomolgus monkey GPRC5D expression by FACS. The cynomolgus monkey GPRC5D-expressing cell line was obtained by BD FACSMelodyTM cell sorter.
[0306] Human GPRC5A expressing cells were generated. Briefly, 293F cells were transfected with pcDNA3.3 expression vector containing full-length of human GPRC5A (NM_003979.3) and a Flag tag using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher) transfection kit according to manufacturer's protocol. 48-72 hours post transfection, the transfected cells were harvested and tested for Flag expression by FACS.
[0307] Human multiple myeloma cells MM. 1S (ATCC, CRL-2974) , MM. 1R (ATCC, CRL-2975) , human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell Nalm-6 (ATCC, CRL-3273) and Chinese hamster ovary cells CHO-K1 (ATCC, CCL-61) were purchased from ATCC. Human multiple myeloma cells OPM-2 (DSMZ, ACC 50) were purchased from DSMZ. Human kidney epithelial cells 293F (Invitrogen, R79007) and Expi293 (Invitrogen, A14635) were purchased from Invitrogen.
[0308] C. Immunization and Serum titer detection
[0309] To induce a humoral immune response directed towards human GPRC5D in camelid animals, an alpaca was immunized with 1mg plasmid expressing full length human GPRC5D and adjuvant (CpG DNA) intradermal and intramuscular (ID and IM respectively) for six injections every two weeks. When serum titer of anti-human GPRC5D were sufficient, the alpaca was subcutaneously (s. c. ) boosted twice with 293F expressing human GPRC5D supplement with IFA adjuvant once.
[0310] Anti-human and cyno GPRC5D specific antibody titer was determined by WBP3XX109-CHOK1. hPro1. C7 and WBP3XX109-293F. cPro1. E1. Briefly, WBP3XX109-CHOK1. hPro1. C7 and WBP3XX109-293F. cPro1. E1 cells (1×10^5 cells / well) were incubated with different diluted immune sera for 1h in a refrigerator at 4℃. After washing cells twice with 1×PBS / 2%BSA, goat-anti-llama-IgG (H+L) -RPE (Antibodies-online, ABIN3045709) was added. The cells were incubated in a refrigerator at 4℃ for 0.5 hour in the dark. Cells were washed with 1×PBS / 2%BSA twice and then was detected by a flow cytometer (BD Canto II) .
[0311] D. Phage library construction
[0312] After the final boost in alpaca, blood samples were collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purified by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque (GE Healthcare, Cat#GE-17-1440-03) . Total mRNA was extracted from these PBMCs and transcribed into cDNA using an oligo-dT primer and SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix System (Invitrogen, Cat#18080400) according to the manufacture's recommendations.
[0313] The purified cDNA was then used as template to amplify the repertoire of Ig heavy chain-encoding gene segments, using signal peptide domain specific primers and CH2 domain specific primers. This amplification resulted in PCR fragments of approximately 900 bp (representing conventional IgGs) and 700 bp (representing heavy-chain IgGs that lack a CH1 domain) . The two classes of heavy chain encoding genes were then size-separated on agarose gels and the genes encoding heavy-chain only IgG were purified by QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Cat#28706) . The purified fragments were used as templates to amplify the VHH repertoire using frameworkl (FR1) and framework4 (FR4) specific primer pairs. This amplification procedure introduced a Sfi I restriction site at the 5' end of FR1 and a Not I restriction site at the 3' end of FR4. The repertoire of PCR-amplified VHH genes at round 300~400 bp were loaded on agarose gels and purified by QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Cat#28706) . The purified fragments were then cut with Sfi I and Not I and purified by QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Cat#28106) . The VHH gene fragments were finally ligated in phagemid vector pFL249 and electro-transformed into E. coli TG1 cells. After transformation, the TG1 cells were cultured in SOC medium with shaking at 200 rpm for 1 hour at 37℃, then the E. coli TG1 cells were plated onto plates containing solid 2YT medium supplemented with 100 μg / mL carbenicillin and 1% (w / v) glucose, and cultured at 37℃ overnight. The next day, the colonies were scraped into liquid 2YT medium supplemented with 1 / 3 (v / v) of 80%glycerol and were stored at -80℃.
[0314] E. Phage display selection of anti-GPRC5D specific VHH fragments
[0315] The frozen library cells were thawed and grown in 2YT medium supplemented with 100 μg / mL carbenicillin and 1% (w / v) glucose. The cell culture was incubated in the shaker at 37℃ and 220 rpm until the cell culture density reached OD600 at 0.4-0.6. The cells were infected with M13KO7 helper phage in incubator at 37℃ for 1 hour, then supplemented with IPTG and incubated overnight. The supernatant was collected by centrifugation, and precipitated by PEG / NaCl. The pelleted phage was resuspended with PBS, and the titer was determined.
[0316] To select VHH fragments that would effectively bind to GPRC5D, the method of cell-based panning was employed. Panning strategies are show in Table 2.
[0317] For cell-based panning, GPRC5D engineering cells and tumor cells were incubated with phage libraries in arefrigerator at 4℃ for 2hours inthe dark. After extensive washing with 1 ×PBS / 5%FBS, the nonspecifically adsorbed phages were discarded and the target specifically bound phages were eluted by 0.1 M Glycine-HCl (pH2.2) and then neutralized by 1 M Tris-HCl (pH8.0) for infection of exponentially growing TG1 cells. The infected TG1 cells were used for a subsequent selection round after rescue with M13KO7 helper phage, and / or for screening of individual clones after plating on agar plates.
[0318] Table 2. Panning strategy
[0319] F. VHH fragment expression, screening and VHH-Fc protein production
[0320] After desired panning steps, VHH fragments were subcloned into the expression vector containing genes of hexa-histidine-and c-Myc-tag. The vectors comprising the sub-clones were transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells. Individual colonies were picked and expressed in ZYM-5052 medium. The bacterial culture supernatants were collected for screening.
[0321] The expression supernatants were screened for human GPRC5D binding by flow cytometry using MM. 1S cells. Briefly, 1×10^5 MM. 1S cells were incubated in VHH expression supernatants in a refrigerator at 4℃ for 1 hour in the dark, and then washed 3 times (1×PBS / 1%BSA) . Cells were then incubated with 1: 800 diluted Goat anti-cMyc-RPE (Bethyl) in a refrigerator at 4℃ for 30 min in the dark. Samples were washed and resuspended in 1×PBS / 1%BSA. Cell suspensions were then analyzed on a BD FACS Array.
[0322] All the positive clones were sent for sequencing. The antibodies were converted to VHH-Fc (human IgG1) fusion antibody. Briefly, DNA sequence encoding the VHHs were synthesized in GENEWIZ (Suzhou, China) , and then cloned into modified pcDNA3.4 expression vectors containing Fc of human IgG1 to create corresponding clones of VHH-Fc chimeric antibody. Expi293 (Invitrogen, Cat#A14635) cells were transiently transfected with the vector for antibody expression. The cell culture supernatants containing antibodies were harvested and purified using protein A chromatography. Several VHH-Fc fusion antibodies were further tested. One of the selected VHH-Fc fusion antibody was named W306109-P7R2-1G4-uIgG1, the corresponding binder VHH was W306109-P7R2-1G4 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 4; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 31) .
[0323] G. Human GPRC5D cell-based binding assay
[0324] WBP3XX109-CHOK1. hPro1. C7 and multiple myeloma cells were incubated with various concentrations of VHH-Fc antibodies for 1 hour in a refrigerator at 4℃.After washing the cells with 1×PBS / 1%BSA, PE-labeled goat anti-human antibody (Jackson ImmunoReasearch, Cat#109-115-098) was added. The cells were incubated in a refrigerator at 4℃ for 1 hour in the dark. Anti-human GPRC5D reference BMK antibody, W3XX109-cAb1 and W3XX109-cAb2 were used as the positive control. Human IgG1 isotype was used as the negative control. The cells were then washed and resuspended in 1×PBS / 1%BSA. MFI (Mean Fluorescence Intensity) of the cells was measured by a flow cytometry (BD Canto II) and analyzed by FlowJo.
[0325] The binding results of antibodies on MM. 1R or OPM-2 cells are shown in Figures 2A and 2B (in those figures and the following figures and tables, only results of W306109-P7R2-1G4-uIgG1 and BMKs were shown) . These results showed that W306109-P7R2-1G4-uIgG1 specifically bound to GPRC5D-positive MM.1R, OPM-2 cells, while not to GPRC5D-negative Nalm-6 cells (Figure 2C) . A summary of antibodies binding results are shown in Table 3.
[0326] Table 3. Summary of EC50 and top MFI values from MM. 1R and OPM-2 cell binding assay
[0327] Note: N.A. = not available due to no full curve; EC50: Half maximal effective concentration; MFI: Mean Fluorescence Intensity
[0328] H. Cross-species binding assay
[0329] Cynomolgus monkey GPRC5D transduced cells were incubated with various concentrations of VHH-Fc antibodies for 1 hour in a refrigerator at 4℃. After washing the cells with 1×PBS / 1%BSA, PE-labeled goat anti-human antibody (Jackson ImmunoReasearch, Cat#109-115-098) was added. The cells were incubated in a refrigerator at 4℃ for 1 hour in dark. The cells were then washed and resuspended in 1×PBS / 1%BSA. MFI of the cells was measured by a flow cytometry (BD Canto II) and analyzed by FlowJo. The binding results of antibodies to cynomolgus monkey GPRC5D is shown in Figure 3 and a summary of the binding results is shown in Table 4.
[0330] Table 4. Summary of EC50 and top MFI values from cyno GPRC5D binding assay
[0331] Note: N.A. = not available due to no full curve; EC50: Half maximal effective concentration; MFI: Mean Fluorescence Intensity
[0332] I. Paralog binding assay
[0333] Human GPRC5A positive 293F cells were incubated with various concentrations of VHH-Fc antibodies for 1 hour in a refrigerator set to 4℃. After washing the cells with 1×PBS / 1%BSA, PE-labeled goat anti-human antibody (Jackson ImmunoReasearch, Cat#109-115-098) was added. The cells were incubated in a refrigerator set to 4℃ for 1 hour in dark. The cells were then washed and resuspended in 1×PBS / 1%BSA. MFI of the cells was measured by a flow cytometry (BD Canto II) and analyzed by FlowJo.
[0334] W306109-P7R2-1G4-uIgG1 showed almost no binding to human GPRC5A, while W3XX109-cAb2 showed a little non-specific binding to GPRC5A. The binding result is shown in Table 5.
[0335] Table 5. Summary of MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) from human GPRC5A binding assay
[0336] J. Antibody Humanization
[0337] Several VHH binders with high affinity and specificity to GPRC5D were selected for humanization, to reduce the risk of immunogenicity when used in clinical trials. Then humanized VHH candidates were tested on human GPRC5D expression cell lines. As to the VHH binder “W306109-P7R2-1G4” , the final humanized variant referred to as “W306109-P7R2-1G4-z02” (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 5; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 32) with proper affinity was selected as humanized antibody lead.
[0338] The above experimental data suggests that via the method disclosed above, we successfully obtained anti-GPRC5D VHH nanobody with high specificity and affinity to cell surface GPRC5D.
[0339] The CDR sequences of some exemplary VHH mAbs generated against human BCMA or human GPRC5D via the methods of Examples 1 and 2 are listed in Table 6.
[0340] Table 6. CDR sequences of VHH mAbs generated against human BCMA or human GPRC5D
[0341] Note: The CDRs (complementarity-determining regions) are defined according to Kabat+ IMGT numbering scheme.
[0342] Example 3. Generation of anti-BCMA×GPRC5D chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and cells expressing anti-BCMA×GPRC5D CARs
[0343] Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) were engineered, incorporating BCMA-targeted VHHs (from Example 2) and / or GPRC5D-targeted VHH (from Example 3) . Polynucleotide constructs encoding a dual tandem CAR were generated that encoded an antigen-binding domain containing one anti-BCMA VHH and one anti-GPRC5D VHH, in which the two VHHs were connected by a (G4S) 3 linker (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 6; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 33) (Figure 4) . As to mono BCMA CAR or mono GPRC5D CAR, the antigen-binding domain contains only anti-BCMA VHH or only anti-GPRC5D VHH.
[0344] Each generated CAR construct contained a human CD8 signal peptide (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 34) ; a mono or tandem VHH antigen-binding domain; a human CD8 hinge and transmembrane (TM) domain (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO:35) ; a human 4-1BB-derived intracellular (ICD) signaling domain (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 36) ; and a human CD3zeta-derived intracellular signaling domain (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 10; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 37) (Figure 4) .
[0345] To screen for best tandem BCMAxGPRC5D dual CAR, various BCMA-targeted VHHs from Example 2 and GPRC5D-targeted VHHs from Example 3 were selected and combined. Around 20 BCMAxGPRC5D combinations had been tested, including both orders as BCMA-VHH~linker~GPRC5D-VHH-hinge-TM-ICD and GPRC5D-VHH~linker~BCMA-VHH-hinge-TM-ICD. After function assay screening, the best tandem BCMAxGPRC5D CAR was validated, which was BCMA-1D5 (W3566-FP20R3-1D5-z2-ml7) ~ (G4S) 3 linker~GPRC5D-1G4 (W306109-P7R2-1G4-z02) -hinge-TM-ICD. The sequences of mono BCMA-1D5 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 38) CAR, mono GPRC5D-1G4 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 5; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 32) CAR and dual tandem BCMA-1D5xGPRC5D-1G4 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 39) CAR are listed in Table 7.
[0346] BCMA-BMK CAR sequence was from LCAR-B38M BCAR003 (as disclosed in patent WO2017025038) , consisting of a human CD8 signal peptide, two bi-paratopic VHH binding domains, a human CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain; a human 4-1BB-derived intracellular signaling domain and a human CD3zeta-derived intracellular signaling domain.
[0347] GPRC5D-BMK sequence was from MCARH109 (as disclosed in patent WO2020092854, refer to as CAR 203) , consisting of a human CD8 signal peptide; an antigen-binding domain containing a scFv, in which the variable heavy chain (VH) and variable light chain (VL) were connected by a linker; a long immunoglobulin-derived spacer domains (hinge-CH2-CH3) with CH2 modifications to limit Fc receptor binding; a human CD28-derived transmembrane domain; a human 4-1BB-derived intracellular signaling domain; and a human CD3zeta-derived intracellular signaling domain.
[0348] Table 7. the components and SEQ ID NOs of the generated CAR constructs
[0349] As to 4th generation CAR-NK with IL15 armor gene, nucleic acid constructs encoding the CARs were followed by sequence encoding a human CD8 signal peptide (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 13; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 40) and a codon optimized human IL15 (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 14; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 41) . IL15 armor gene was separated from the CAR sequence by a self-cleaving T2A sequence (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 42) (Figures 4A&4B) .
[0350] The nucleic acid constructs were cloned into a pMSCV retroviral expression vector (Miaolingbio, P10650) for transduction of cells. Retrovirus was produced and titer was determined with 293T cells.
[0351] For transduction of primary human NK cells, primary human NK cells were isolated from PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) obtained from healthy donors. NK cells were stimulated with feeder cells (K562-mblL21-41BBL) , in the presence of recombinant IL-2. After 5 to 6 days of expansion, NK cells were transduced with retrovirus pre-coated on RetroNectin. Then, transduced NK cells were expanded in the presence of recombinant IL-2, and used for function assay or cryopreserved around 7~10 days after transduction.
[0352] For transduction of primary human T cells, primary human T cells were also isolated from PBMCs obtained from healthy donors. T cells were stimulated with T Cell TransAct (Miltenyi Biotec) . After 3 days of expansion in the presence of recombinant IL-2, T cells were transduced with retrovirus under the help of transduction enhancer Vectofusin-1 (Miltenyi Biotec) . Then, transduced T cells were expanded in the presence of recombinant IL-2, and used for function assay or cryopreserved around 7~12 days after transduction.
[0353] The CAR expression rates of BCMA-1D5xGPRC5D-1G4 tandem CAR, BCMA-1D5 mono CAR, BCMA-BMK CAR and GPRC5D-1G4 mono CAR were detected with MonoRabTM Rabbit Anti-Camelid VHH Cocktail [PE] (Genscript, A02018) or MonoRabTM Rabbit Anti-Camelid VHH Cocktail [iFluor 647] (Genscript, A02019) . The CAR expression rate of GPRC5D-BMK (MCARH109, IgG4 hinge) was detected with primary antibody Anti-IgG4 antibody [EP4420] (Abcam, ab109493) , plus secondary antibody Alexa Flour647-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 111-605-144) .
[0354] The results show that all the mono and tandem CARs were highly expressed on NK cells after retrovirus transduction (Figure 5) .
[0355] Example 4. In vitro activity of BCMAxGPRC5D targeted CAR-NK cell therapy
[0356] CAR-NK cells incorporating the BCMAxGPRC5D tandem CAR, BCMA mono CAR, BCMA BMK, GPRC5D mono CAR and GPRC5D BMK were tested for functional activity based on cytotoxic activity and ability to induce production of cytokines in the presence of antigen. To generate CAR-NK cells, NK cells were isolated, stimulated, transduced and expanded as described in Example 3.
[0357] A. Cytotoxicity
[0358] A panel of multiple myeloma cell lines were evaluated for GPRC5D and BCMA expression by flow cytometry (Figure 6A) . The results show that MM cells lines express both GPRC5D and BCMA.
[0359] To understand the specificity of the anti-BCMA and anti-GPRC5D CARs, either GPRC5D or BCMA was knocked out from OPM2-1uciferase-GFP cells with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool, respectively. As shown in Figure 6B and 6C, flow cytometric analysis confirmed a lack of GPRC5D expression in the OPM2 GPRC5D KO cells (without affecting the expression of BCMA) and a lack of BCMA expression in the OPM2 BCMA KO cells (without affecting the expression of GPRC5D) . OPM2 wild-type cells served as a control, showing expression of both GPRC5D and BCMA.
[0360] CAR-NK cells were co-cultured with human MM target cell line OPM2, NCI-H929 and RPMI8226 (which all express endogenous BCMA and GPRC5D) engineered to express green fluorescence (ZsGreen or GFP) at a range of effector to target (E: T) ratios for 24 or 48 hours. Killing of target cells was determined by green fluorescence detection with Operetta CLS High Content Analysis System (PerkinElmer) , and was normalized to killing in cultures with target tumor cells alone (N=3, mean ± SEM) . As shown in Figures 7A, 7B and 7C, anti-BCMAxGPRC5D tandem lead CAR-expressing NK cells induced cytotoxicity across a broad range of E: T ratios. These cytotoxicity results were comparable to BCMA-1D5 mono CAR, BCMA-BMK, GPRC5D-1G4 mono CAR and GPRC5D-BMK CAR-NK cells.
[0361] On the other hand, when co-incubated with BCMA-KO OPM2 or GPRC5D-KO OPM2 cells, tandem BCMAxGPRC5D dual CAR-NK showed better target coverage than BCMA or GPRC5D mono CAR-NK cells. As showed in Figures 7D and 7E, BCMA-1D5 and BCMA BMK mono CAR-NKs didn't show any specific cell lysis towards BCMA-KO OPM2 cells, while GPRC5D-1G4 and GPRC5D-BMK mono CAR-NK didn't respond to GPRC5D-KO OPM2 either. On the contrary, tandem BCMAxGPRC5D dual CAR-NK showed strong cytolytic activity towards both those two gene KO cell lines.
[0362] Furthermore, an OPM2 mixture models, consisting of 50%BCMA-KO OPM2-ZsGreen cells and 50%GPRC5D-KO OPM2-ZsGreen cells, was used in cytotoxicity assay. The tumor lysis by CAR-NK cells in OPM2 mixture model was detected with Incucyte S3 Live-Cell Analysis System (Sartorius) (Figure 8) , with Y axis referring to GFP signal intensity of remaining alive target cells. As showed in Figure 8, only BCMAxGPRC5D tandem lead CAR-NK was able to eradicate tumor cells in OPM2 mixture model, while BCMA or GPRC5D mono CAR and BMK CAR-NKs failed to achieve the full tumor eradication effect.
[0363] To conclude, tandem BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK exhibited better target coverage than mono targeting CAR-NKs, which offers a way to counter MM tumor heterogenicity.
[0364] B. Cytokine secretion
[0365] BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK cells were co-cultured 1: 1 or0.5: l with OPM2 or NCI-H929 MM cells for 1 or 2 days, and supernatant was collected for IFN-γ detection.
[0366] As shown in Figures 9A&9B, IFN-γ secretion profile after co-culture with the OPM2 or NCI-H929 MM cell line were comparable among tandem lead BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK, BCMA mono CAR-NK and GPRC5D mono CAR-NK.
[0367] Example 5. IL15 armor gene enhanced the cytotoxicity and persistence of CAR-NK
[0368] CAR-NK and CAR-T were produced as described in Example 3. The cytotoxicity of CAR-NK and CAR-T were evaluated 1 or 2 days after cells being thawed. As shown in Figure 10A, tandem lead BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK cell shows stronger cytotoxicity as compared to control NK Cell, and IL15 armor gene further enhanced the cytotoxicity of tandem lead CAR-NK cell in high significance. The tumor lysis activity of IL15 armored tandem lead BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK was also significantly stronger than that of tandem lead BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-T or BCMA-BMK CAR-T (Figure 10B) .
[0369] Lack of persistence has been a shortcoming of 2nd generation CAR-NK cell (no IL15 armor gene) , when compared with CAR-T cell. With IL15 armor gene, the persistence of 4th generation CAR-NK product was greatly improved. A long-time (300 hours) serial killing assay was performed with the detection of lncucyte S3 Live-Cell Analysis System (Figure 11) . Target cell OPM2-ZsGreen had been constantly added and after several rounds' stimulation, IL15 armored tandem lead BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK showed better persistent cytotoxicity than tandem lead BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-T, BCMA-BMK CAR-T or CAR-NK without armored IL15. The improved persistence with IL15 armor gene would probably further benefit CAR-NK in clinic.
[0370] Despite high level of cytotoxicity and persistence, IL15 armor gene didn't significantly affect the IFN-γ release of CAR-NK cells, and IL15 armored CAR-NK still secret much less IFN-γ under the stimulation of target cells, compared with CAR-T cell (Figure 12) . This was consistent with the fact that, in clinic, CAR-NK induces much less CRS (cytokine release syndrome) than CAR-T, which has been a significant advantage in safety for CAR-NK cell in clinic.
[0371] Example 6. In vivo activity of BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK
[0372] An OPM2 human myeloma cell line xenograft model, which leads to bone marrow predominant disease, was used to evaluate the in vivo effects of cryopreserved BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK cell therapy.
[0373] NPG (NOD-PrkdcscidlL2rgnull) immunodeficient mice (female, 8~10 weeks, body weight 22~25 grams, 4 mice each group, Beijing Vitalstar Biotech Co., Ltd) were injected via tail vein with 1 x 10^6 OPM2-Luc (firefly luciferase) cells, which were allowed to engraft and expand for around 8 days before a single treatment with a tail vein injection of cryopreserved 1 x 10^7 IL15 armored BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK, no IL15 BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK, Mock NK (CD19 CAR-NK with IL15 armor gene) or vehicle (200μl buffer) . CAR-NK cells were injected directly after being thawed to mimic future clinic use. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of luciferase activity was used to monitor tumor burden (Figures 13A&13B) .
[0374] As shown in Figures, BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK (no IL15) showed moderate but significant tumor inhibition activity, compared to Mock NK, while IL15 armored BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK exhibited dramatically improved tumor inhibition activity in OPM2-1uc mice model, compared with Mock NK and no IL15 armored BCMAxGPRC5D CAR-NK. Mice model data suggests both the targeting activity of BCMAxGPRC5D CAR and further improvement of IL15 armor gene for CAR-NK in vivo.
[0375] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the embodiments disclosed herein, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and any that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Various modifications to the compositions and methods of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and teachings, and are similarly intended to fall within the scope of the invention. Such modifications or other embodiments can be practiced without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention.
[0376] Appendix. Particular sequences of the present application
Claims
1.A bi-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising:(a) a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) targeting domain; and(b) a G protein-coupled receptor of family C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) targeting domain.2.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain are:(i) independently selected or derived from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof; and / or(ii) independently selected or derived from a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , a variable domain of heavy chain of a heavy chain antibody (VHH) , and a nanobody; and / or(iii) tandemly connected, fused, or conjugated to each other in any order, optionally with or without a linker.3.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the BCMA targeting domain comprises: a VH or VHH CDR1 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 19 and 22; a VH or VHH CDR2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 20 and 23; and a VH or VHH CDR3 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21 and 24; and / orwherein the BCMA targeting domain comprises VH or VHH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20 and 21, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23 and 24, respectively; and / orwherein the BCMA targeting domain:(a1) comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11; and / or(a2) comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11 and has the binding specificity to BCMA; and / or(a3) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38; and / or(a4) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38 and encodes a BCMA binding polypeptide.4.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the GPRC5D targeting domain comprises VH or VHH CDR1-3 of: SEQ ID NOs: 25, 26 and 27, respectively; and / orwherein the GPRC5D targeting domain:(b1) comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5; and / or(b2) comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and has the binding specificity to GPRC5D; and / or(b3) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32; and / or(b4) is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32 and encodes a GPRC5D binding polypeptide.5.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the CAR comprises tandemly connected BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain in any order; and / orthe CAR comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; and / orthe CAR comprises a polypeptide having a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 12 and capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D; and / orthe CAR comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; and / orthe CAR comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39 and encoding a polypeptide capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D.6.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the CAR further comprises one or more domains or unit selected from the group consisting of:(c) an extracellular signal domain;(d) an extracellular hinge domain;(e) a transmembrane (TM) domain;(f) one or more intracellular cell signaling domain (ICD) ;(g) an armor unit; and(h) one or more independently selected linkers between two domains or a domain and a unit.7.The CAR of claim 6, wherein(c) the extracellular signal domain is CD8 signal peptide; and / or(d) the extracellular hinge domain is a CD8 hinge, IgG4Fc hinge; and / or(e) the transmembrane (TM) domain is selected from the group consisting of: CD8 TM, CD4 TM, CD28 TM, CD16 TM, EPOR TM, CD3ζ TM; and / or(f) the intracellular cell signaling domain (ICD) is selected from the group consisting of:4-1BB (CD137) , CD3ζ endodomain, CD8alpha, CD8beta, a co-stimulatory signaling domain selected from CD27, CD28, OX40, CD30, CD4O, PD-1, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, a ligand that specifically binds with CD83, CDS, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp8O (KLRF1) , CD16O, CD19, CD4, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD1O3, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD16O (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly1O8) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD1SO, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) ; and / or(h) the linker is independently selected from a flexible linker, a rigid linker and a cleavable linker; and / orthe linker is independently selected from a serine-glycine linker, a glycine linker, an (EAAAK) n linker (n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9) , T2A linker; and / orthe linker is a (G4S) n linker, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.8.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the CAR is an armored CAR comprising one or more armor unit; and / orwherein the armor unit comprises a linker between the CAR and the armor unit, a signal domain, and an armor domain; and / orwherein the linker is a self-cleaving linker; and / orwherein the linker is T2A, E2A, F2A, P2A, BmCPV2A, and BmIFV2A linker; and / orwherein the armor domain is selected from IL15, IL12, IL18, IL7, IL4, CXCL9, CXCL10 or any combinations thereof; and / orwherein the armor unit comprises the combination of a self-cleaving T2A linker, a CD8a signal peptide for IL15, and an IL15; and / or.9.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the CAR comprises (a’) and (b’) or (ab’) :(a’) the BCMA targeting domain as defined in claim 4; and(b’) the GPRC5D targeting domain as defined in claim 5; or(ab’) the tandemly connected BCMA targeting domain and the GPRC5D targeting domain as defined in claim 6;and wherein the CAR further comprises:(c’) a CD8 signal peptide in the extracellular signal domain;(d’) a CD8 TM domain;(e’) a CD8 TM in the TM domain;(f’) a 4-1BB-derived ICD and / or a CD3ζ derived ICD in the ICD domain;(g’) a T2A self-cleaving linker, a CD8a signal peptide for IL15 and a IL15 in the armor unit; and(h’) a (G4S) 3 linker between (a’) and (b’) or in (ab’) .10.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the CAR comprises(I) a combination of domains having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 8, 9, 10; or(II) a combination of domains having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15; or(III) a combination of domains having a sequence identity of more than 80%to the combination as defined in (I) or (I) , and capable of binding to both BCMA and GPRC5D.11.An anti-GPRC5D antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a GPRC5D binding domain, wherein the GPRC5D binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence of 26, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence of 27.12.The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of claim 11,wherein the GPRC5D binding fragment comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5; and / orwherein the GPRC5D binding fragment comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and has the binding specificity to GPRC5D; and / orwherein the GPRC5D binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32; and / orwherein the GPRC5D binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or 32 and encodes a GPRC5D binding polypeptide; and / orwherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in construction of a CAR.13.The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of claim 11, wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is a monovalent or multivalent monoclonal antibody, nanobody, scFv, Fab, F (ab) 2, Fv; and / orwherein the antibody is a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody; and / orwherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in the construction of a modified NK cell comprising one or more of CARs.14.An anti-BCMA antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a BCMA binding domain, wherein the BCMA binding domain comprises heavy chain (VH) complementary determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3, and wherein the VH CDR1 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 19 and 22, the VH CDR2 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 20 and 23, and the VH CDR3 has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 21 and 24.15.The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of claim 14, wherein the binding domain comprises VH CDR1-3 selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively; SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20 and 21, respectively; or SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23 and 24, respectively.16.The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of claim 14, whereinwherein the BCMA binding fragment comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11; and / orwherein the BCMA binding fragment comprises a polypeptide which has a sequence identity of more than 80%with SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 11 and has the binding specificity to BCMA; and / orwherein the BCMA binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38; and / orwherein the BCMA binding fragment is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule, which has sequence identity of more than 80%with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, or 38 and encodes a BCMA binding polypeptide; and / orwherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in construction of a CAR.17.The antibody or the antigen binding fragment of claim 14, wherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is a monovalent or multivalent monoclonal antibody, nanobody, scFv, Fab, F (ab) 2, Fv; and / orwherein the antibody is a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody; and / orwherein the antibody or the antigen binding fragment is used in the construction of a modified NK cell comprising one or more of CARs.18.One or more polynucleotide molecules encoding the CAR of any one of claims 1-10 or the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of claims 11-17.19.One or more vectors comprising the coding polynucleotide molecule (s) for the CAR of any one of claims 1-10, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of claims 11-17, or the polynucleotide molecules of claim 18.20.A modified NK cell comprising one or more of the CARs of any of claims 1-10, one or more of CARs constructed with the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of claims 11-17, the polynucleotide molecule (s) encoding the CAR of claim 18, or transduced with the vector (s) of claim 19.21.The modified NK cell of claim 20, wherein the NK cell is derived from the group consisting of: umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood and / or placenta of a vertebrate (e.g., human or rodent cell) , and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) ; and / orwherein the NK cell is autologous or allogeneic; and / orwherein the NK cell is transduced by the same vector or separated vectors; and / orwherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, virus, bacterial, phage; and / orwherein the modified NK cell is in a cell population, a cell culture or a product.22.A product comprising one or more selected from: one or more of the CARs of any of claims 1-10, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of claims 11-17, the polynucleotide molecule (s) of claim 18, the vector (s) of claim 19, and the modified NK cell of any one of claims 20-21.23.A method for preparing the modified NK cell of any one of claims 20-21 comprising the steps of: (i) modifying a NK cell to make it comprises an armored or not armored chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) according to any one of claims 1-10 or a CAR constructed with the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of any one of claims 11-17; and, (ii) optionally, expanding and collecting the modified NK cell comprising a CAR.24.Use of the modified NK cell of any one of claims 20-21, in the preparation of a product for treating multiple myeloma (MM) .25.A method for treating multiple myeloma (MM) in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the modified NK cell of any one of claims 20-21.26.The modified NK cell of any one of claims 20-21 for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) .27.The use of claim 24, or the method of claim 25, or the modified NK cell for use in the treatment of MM of claim 26, wherein the treatment is an adoptive cellular therapy, in particular a CAR-NK adoptive cellular therapy; and / orwherein the MM is a responsive MM, a non-responsive MM, a progressive MM, a relapsed MM and / or a refractory MM; and / orwherein the MM is a RRMM; and / orwherein the MM is a Stage I, II, or III MM according to the International Staging System for myeloma.
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