Drawing and twisting process during spinning and yarn drawing and twisting unit

Abstract

The present invention relates to a drawing and twisting process during spinning and a yarn drawing and twisting unit that at least comprise a first phase (i) of drawing (A) fibres on a drawing unit (1) by means of cylinders (2), bags (3) and / or other drawing means, wherein said first phase (i) comprises the twisting (B) of one or more portions of said fibres, so that said drawing (A) and said twisting (B) are performed continuously and simultaneously in the same phase (i) and in the drawing unit (1). The unit comprises, before, between, after and / or as substitutes of said cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means, one or more guiding elements (8) of the fibres (5a) with the capacity for transverse and / or rotary movement that confer transverse and / or rotational movement to the same, in addition to drawing them or not.

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] DRAWING AND TWISTING PROCESS IN SPINNING AND YARN DRAWING AND TWISTING MILL

[0003] OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The invention, as expressed in the title of this specification, relates to a drawing and twisting process in spinning and to a yarn drawing and twisting train, providing advantages and characteristics, which are described in detail below.

[0005] The object of the present invention lies in an improved process within the textile spinning sector, where fiber stretching and parallelization are required. This process has the novel feature of stretching and twisting the fibers simultaneously, obtaining a much greater regularization of the thread, roving, or sliver by concentrating the twist (which provides greater strength to the thread) in the narrowest or weakest points of the thread. Furthermore, by stretching these narrowest points with simultaneous twisting, making them stronger, the thicker parts are simultaneously stretched with less twist. This repeated process of simultaneous stretching and twisting produces a self-regulating effect on the thread.

[0006] A second aspect of the invention relates to a drawing system or device, specifically a drawing train, of those used in the textile spinning sector, normally as a station prior to a subsequent yarn twisting station, which has been structurally improved to apply, simultaneously with the drawing of the fibers, twist to one or more parts of said fibers and regularize the yarn, as occurs in the aforementioned process, by comprising one or several elements, preferably specific condensers, provided with the capacity for transversal and / or rotary movement in any part of the train, providing a better quality of the yarn as the fibers are more controlled, as well as an increase in production by preferably introducing at least one rotating element just after the last cylinder of the drawing train, prior to the conventional twisting station of the machine, which gives the fiber a previous twist that will not be necessary to apply later.FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION.

[0007] The scope of the present invention falls within the textile industry, focusing particularly on textile spinning processes and machines, particularly processes comprising a prior fiber drawing stage and a subsequent twisting stage of the drawn fiber bundle, and machines comprising a drawing system. In textile machinery, these may be:

[0008] - Open-end machines or open-end spinning, where there is a prior stretching.

[0009] - Friction spinning machines.

[0010] - Air spinning or Voretex machines.

[0011] - Fiber disaggregators such as those in open-end machines that can be rotary.

[0012] - Card, the output coils where a stretch is applied.

[0013] - Draw frames or gills where the fibers are drawn or parallelized, which is what the system seeks.

[0014] - Hairdressers.

[0015] - Fin and friction burners.

[0016] - Continuous spinning machines for short and long fibers, special fibers, carded wool, special machines where there is a drafting train.

[0017] - Pneumatic compaction systems.

[0018] - Mechanical compaction systems with steam stretching cylinders.

[0019] - Ring twisters or other types such as double twisting or other applications such as steel cables or other materials.

[0020] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0021] As is well known, in the field of yarn manufacturing, a series of processes are generally followed to prepare the fibers and convert them into yarn. Briefly, these processes include cleaning the fibers with impurities, carding the tangled fibers, parallelizing the individual fibers, and drawing them in a drafting system to compress them and thin the bundle, which is finally twisted to obtain a single-ply or multi-ply yarn. To achieve this, a drafting system generally consists of three or four lines of rollers with upper cylinders that rotate under pressure. These lines of cylinders have different ascending speeds in the direction of the yarn or roving. In this way, the fibers are forced to separate and, by rubbing against each other, narrow the roving and, in turn, parallelize the fibers in the direction of the rollers' advance.This is how the stretching process is carried out.

[0022] Furthermore, between the different drafting lines, there are usually component vapors. For example, before the roving enters the drawing system, there is usually a fiber condenser that, by means of a conical shape, forces the fibers to concentrate among themselves so that during the drawing process, fiber dispersion does not occur. This would cause an increase in the hairiness of the final yarn or worsen the mass regularity and, consequently, the final quality of the yarn. It is common in all fiber drawing processes to attempt to condense the fiber bundle to prevent its dispersion.

[0023] Another common element among drafting cylinders is the compaction bag. Its function is to apply regulated pressure (through the drafting arm itself or through clips of various sizes) to the fiber bundle during the drawing process between the rollers, usually the final ones.

[0024] These bags help fuse the fibers, cohesing and parallelizing them and preparing them for their subsequent twisting phase in the next station of the machine.

[0025] It's important to emphasize that quality, pressure, and the adjustment of the distance between bags, between the bag outlet and the final drawing cylinder, among other variables, are vitally important for obtaining a high-quality, consistent yarn in mass. The draw, or speed difference between the rollers where the bags are located, is approximately 10 to 60 times in this area, which has the greatest draw of the entire drawing system.

[0026] These bags only have this function, and do not provide any twist to the fibers.

[0027] From this phenomenon, mechanical fiber compaction processes or those using air have been developed, which have the purpose of avoiding fiber dispersion through air or more contact surface with the fiber bundle cylinders, controlling their position during the stretching and parallelization process before twisting (the next step after stretching).

[0028] The objective of the present invention is to provide an improved drawing process and system or train that combines simultaneous twisting of the fibers to increase the regularity of the bundle prior to the conventional twisting phase of the yarn.

[0029] To better understand the prior art, it is worth mentioning the Spinning Jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s. It was one of the first machines to revolutionize the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. Its operation was relatively simple but very effective in increasing yarn production. It worked as follows:

[0030] Spindle stand: The spinning jenny consisted of a horizontal frame with a support on which multiple vertical spindles were mounted. Each spindle could hold a spool of thread already wound on it.

[0031] Rails: At the top of the machine, there were a series of parallel rails along which the spindles moved. These rails were arranged in two levels, one above the other, and could move back and forth.

[0032] Feed bobbins: The spinning jenny operator would place several bobbins of yarn on the opposite end of the machine. These yarns would be used as feedstock to create new yarns.

[0033] Thread tension: When the machine was turned on, the threads from the feed bobbins were passed through guides and wound onto spindles mounted on the stand. The tension of these threads was controlled to ensure they did not break and remained constant.

[0034] Manual drive: The spinning jenny operator used a hand crank to turn the spindles. As the spindles turned, they pulled threads from the feed bobbins through guides and wound them onto additional spools. Each spindle could produce a separate thread.

[0035] Yarn Multiplication: The revolutionary feature of the Spinning Jenny was that it allowed the operator to control several spindles at once. Depending on the specific machine model, there could be anywhere from a few dozen to over a hundred spindles. This allowed for the simultaneous production of multiple yarns, greatly increasing efficiency compared to hand spinning.

[0036] In short, the Spinning Jenny worked by allowing a single operator to manage multiple spindles at once, resulting in much faster and more efficient yarn production than traditional hand spinning. This machine was an important step in the mechanization of the textile industry and contributed significantly to the industry's growth during the Industrial Revolution. It operated discontinuously, first drawing and then twisting.

[0037] On the other hand, and as a reference to the current state of the art, it should be noted that, at least on the part of the applicant, the existence of any other process or any other drawing train that presents technical, structural and constitutive characteristics equal to or similar to those of the process and the train claimed here is unknown.

[0038] To better understand the innovative contribution of the present invention, the separate stages of current stretching and twisting are briefly described below.

[0039] Thus, currently in the process of preparing fibers before being spun, the objectives are:

[0040] - Parallelize the fibers.

[0041] - Regularize the number of fibers in the fiber bundle section as much as possible.

[0042] In this way, with a tape or sliver with parallel fibers and a regular number of fibers per section, a very regular thread in mass and of maximum quality is obtained.

[0043] Each type of material, whether synthetic, artificial, mineral, or natural fibers, requires more or less parallelization and smoothing steps in the cards and draw frames (or gills for long-staple fibers). The drawing step has always been performed independently of the twisting step. It should be noted that the drawing and parallelization system used in the draw frame or gill consists of folding and stretching several slivers, repeating these steps two, three, four, or more times to achieve a parallelization (and yarn count or thickness) appropriate to the required quality of the final yarn. Therefore, it is well known that to fuse cotton slivers with synthetic fibers, for example, doublings exceeding 1,000 times are required for the product to be properly fused.

[0044] Once the parallel fiber bundle has been obtained in the draw frame and / or after the combing process, which pursues the same objective as parallelization and regularity of mass and fibers in the roving or sliver section, it is transferred to the roving machine. This can be of two types: fin twisting for short fibers or friction twisting (using bags) for long fibers. In both cases, the goal is to reduce the fibers in section through drafting using a drawing system.

[0045] The goal here is unique: to thin the ribbon so that it can be stretched and twisted on the spinning machine.

[0046] The roving frame is made up of two stations that perform two processes: Drawing and Twisting.

[0047] Drawing reduces the diameter of the yarn (the fibers in cross-section). This is achieved by a drawing system composed of several rollers—three, four, or more—rotating at different speeds, thereby drawing the fibers and thinning the fiber bundle.

[0048] Because the fiber bundle is very fine, it cannot be manipulated and breaks easily. To avoid this problem, the roving frame gives the fine fiber bundle a very low twist—5 to 1,000 twists per meter—which allows the roving to have greater consistency and prevent it from breaking. This twist cannot be very high because it would not be able to stretch on the spinning machine. A roving with a high twist cannot be stretched, since its fiber bundle is already cohesive, and the interfibrillar friction is so high (which produces the twist in the fibers) that it does not allow these fibers to move between them.

[0049] We see in the roving frame process that it is a machine that stretches and twists the roving but in separate stages and with different objectives: reducing the diameter of the ribbon and giving the roving the minimum resistance for its subsequent spinning.

[0050] The object of the present invention is to utilize the advantages of simultaneous drawing and twisting throughout the entire spinning preparation chain. That is, the roving frame could be considered a machine that draws and twists in two distinct stages. The new drawing and twisting process can also be applied to this machine, or even eliminated by increasing the drawing and twisting lines of the spinning machine, given that the twisting part of the roving frame is solely for consistency in handling and is not necessary in the in-line process. That is, combining the drawing of the roving frame with the drawing of the spinning machine but utilizing the drawing and rotational systems, providing drawing and twisting at the same time.

[0051] In fact, the high-draft process is not new. The Italian company Sampre developed an eight-line drafting system that merged the roving frame with the spinning machine. It coupled the roving frame's drafting system to the spinning frame. This is also common in so-called semi-combing processes, where the drafting system has more than three drafting rollers.

[0052] EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION

[0053] The drawing and twisting process in spinning and the yarn drawing and twisting train proposed by the invention are configured as an optimal solution to the objectives previously indicated which, in turn, represent an improvement of the current state of the art, the characterizing details that make them possible and that distinguish them being conveniently included in the final claims that accompany this description.

[0054] Specifically, what the invention proposes, as previously indicated, is, on the one hand, a spinning process, of those that require stretching and parallelization of fibers, which is distinguished by comprising in the actual stretching phase of the fibers the twisting of one or more portions thereof, obtaining a much greater regulation of the thread, by concentrating the twist in the narrowest points of the thread and, at the same time, producing a greater stretching of the thicker parts with less twist;a second aspect of the invention being a drawing train which, in addition to the cylinders or other drawing means, comprises, in any part thereof, one or several guiding elements provided with transversal and / or rotary movement capacity such that they can confer transversal and / or rotational movement to the yarn in addition to stretching it or not and, preferably, just after the last cylinder of the drawing train, at least one rotating element, which confers to the yarn a twist prior to the conventional twist that occurs in the next station of the machine.

[0055] It is therefore a matter of giving the fiber bundle that is coupled to the drawing train a movement that can be transversal to the longitudinal direction of the fiber bundle and / or rotational, which can be a movement of continuous or discontinuous speed and which can be of different values ​​and distances.

[0056] Preferably, as guiding elements with transverse and / or rotational movement comprising the drawing train, one or more fiber condensers are contemplated, which consist of devices that will affect the strand of the yarn to produce such movement.

[0057] It is worth noting the possibility that the drawing system object of the invention could be a drawing system of the type currently on the market, in which the aforementioned capacitors have been inserted between the drawing cylinders. However, it is not ruled out that it could be a system in which only the combined drawing cylinders are used, without other current elements of a conventional drawing system, such as bags or others. In any case, a multitude of combinations are possible by means of transverse capacitors and / or new drawing cylinders inserted into the drawing system or by eliminating some or all of the current drawing lines.

[0058] More specifically, the condenser or condensers with transverse movement comprising the drawing train object of the invention consist of one or several elements capable of giving a movement, between, in the middle or at the end of the cylinders of the drawing train, transversely to the axis of advance of the fiber roving.

[0059] This transverse movement will be at most the width of the upper roller or bag of the drafting system, preferably between 1 and 60 mm, and can reach more than three meters in width in other applications such as card assortment in woolen spinning. This transverse movement can be, as mentioned, of a specific distance and can be performed at a variable speed, related or not to the speed and direction of travel of the pressure cylinders or rollers of the drafting system.

[0060] This transverse movement causes the fibers that make up the sliver to intertwine with each other due to friction between the fibers and the upper and / or lower rollers (or other elements such as bags), reducing the fibers in suspension, obtaining a more "round" thread with fewer fibers in suspension (open and not intertwined with other fibers) at its ends.

[0061] These suspended fibers are what subsequently cause the reduction in the final quality of the yarn, especially increases in hairiness (values ​​"S" and "H"), which are harmful in some cases, and increases in imperfections, "neps" (small balls or accumulations of tangled fibers), thick points and weak points, "IPI'S". It also affects the quality of the mass regularity values ​​(CV and / or USTER) and the strength and elongation values ​​of the final yarn.

[0062] The transverse motion condenser comprising the drawing train of the invention may have any shape, for example funnel, cylindrical, flat, conical, or any other geometry, although it is preferably conical in shape, since this helps to fuse and interlace the fibers in the direction of advancement of the sliver.

[0063] On the other hand, the traverse movement can be driven independently of the drafting cylinders or not. If it is dependent, the movement of any of the aforementioned cylinders can be achieved by increasing or reducing its speed by mechanical means, gears, pulleys, etc. And, if it is not dependent on the drafting cylinders, it can be programmed in any way available on the market, such as by PLC, motor, and frequency inverter, jointly on all the machine's spindles.

[0064] Optionally, the guiding element that causes the transverse movement may be, instead of and / or in addition to a capacitor, a drafting bag, conferring transverse movement only to the upper bag, only to the lower one or to both at the same time in order to cause the same effect described above, that is, to parallelize the fibers while they are drawn through friction between them by the movements of the drafting bags. This system is used in rubbing frames (roving frames) in the spinning of long fibers (wool) and in the assortment of cards used in the world of carding of carded wool (woolen spinning card) where the bags, in the final phase of carding, confer a rotation to the roving to give it consistency and resistance.

[0065] On the other hand, the condenser or condensers with rotational movement comprising the drawing train object of the invention consist of one or several elements capable of giving a rotational movement to the fibers in such a way that the friction between fibers caused by this rotation of the sliver between drawing cylinders (twisting) makes the fibers become more parallel and a more regular and higher quality thread is obtained.

[0066] The rotation of the capacitor can always be in the same direction or intermittent between one direction and the opposite direction, that is, between “S” and / or “Z”, which is how the thread twisting directions are called in the sector.

[0067] In fact, for processes where the rotary condensers are before or between the drawing cylinders, it is advisable to use intermittent movements in different directions “S” and “Z”.

[0068] And, for the rotational condensers optionally located in the final part, after the last feed cylinder of the drafting train, as explained in detail later, it is advisable to always use movements in the same direction, giving the yarn a pre-twist that will not be necessary to provide later in the subsequent twisting process, thus increasing the production of the machine according to the formula that relates the twist (in turns per meter), the rpm (revolutions per minute) of the spindles (or spindle support) and the speed of the last feed cylinder (in meters / minute).

[0069] This rotational motion can be, as mentioned above, at a variable speed, whether or not related to the speed of the pressure cylinders or rollers of the drafting system. This rotational motion causes the fibers that make up the roving to intertwine with each other due to the friction of the fibers with the conical condensers, reducing the number of suspended fibers and obtaining a more "round" yarn with fewer suspended fibers (open and not intertwined with other fibers) at its ends.

[0070] As previously mentioned, these suspended fibers are what subsequently cause a reduction in the final yarn quality, especially increases in hairiness ("S" and "H" values), which are detrimental in some cases, and increases in imperfections, neps, thick spots, and weak spots (IPIs). They also affect the quality of the mass regularity values ​​(CV and / or USTER) and the strength and elongation values ​​of the final yarn.

[0071] As in the previous case, the rotary motion capacitor can have any shape, funnel, cylindrical, flat, conical, or any other geometry, although it is preferably conical, as this helps to fuse and intertwine the fibers in the direction of advancement of the wick.

[0072] Regarding the rotational motion drive mode, it can be driven independently of the drawing cylinders or not. If it is dependent, the movement of any of the cylinders can be achieved by increasing or decreasing its speed using mechanical means, gears, pulleys, etc. If it is not dependent, it can be programmed using any commercially available method, such as a PLC, motor, and frequency inverter, jointly on all the machine's spindles.

[0073] Optionally, the guiding element that causes the rotational movement, instead of and / or in addition to a capacitor, may also be one of the drafting bags, in which case, preferably, rotational movement is conferred to the set of bags of the drafting train in order to cause the same effect described above and to parallelize the fibers while they are drawn by rubbing them against each other due to the rotational movements of the drafting bags.

[0074] Finally, in one embodiment, the drafting train comprises, as a guiding element provided with the capacity for transversal and / or rotary movement to confer transversal and / or rotational movement to the yarn in addition to stretching it or not, a rotor-drawing condenser composed of two or more cylinders (at least one upper and one lower) that rotate, which are preferably located after the last feed cylinder of the drafting train, before the conventional twisting station, and in which, in turn, the rotation speed of each roller, parallel on its axis, is greater than the rotation speed of the preceding rollers of the drafting train, thus conferring to the fiber bundle, in addition to a twist, a stretching that can be variable.

[0075] In this way, the transversal and / or rotational movement of the condenser gives a pre-twist to the sliver (a twist that will not be necessary to give to the thread later) and in turn, the movement of each cylinder on its own axis provides a draft equivalent to the speed differential between the cylinders of the previous drafting train and the cylinders of this rotating condenser.

[0076] This combination of simultaneous drawing and twisting provides the highest quality yarn, since the fibers rub against each other and twist together. The fibers are paralleled as they twist, preventing them from opening or deviating from their course, resulting in a more "round" yarn.

[0077] Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the drawing train comprises the combination of the torsion / rotation and drawing assembly composed of two cylinders, one upper and one lower, a drawing and twisting unit being able to be composed of several cylinders, as in mechanical thread compaction systems, in which there are three or more cylinders.

[0078] The aforementioned rotor-drawing capacitor achieves drafting during twisting, which increases the accumulation of twist at the thinnest points of the sliver, giving them greater resistance. The draft then concentrates on the thickest and least resistant points of the sliver, until they become thinner and twist is inferred, giving them greater resistance. In this way, the yarn self-regulates, adjusting the twist across the yarn in a homogeneous manner.

[0079] In one embodiment, a set of rotational stretching capacitors can, by themselves, constitute the drawing train object of the invention and replace the current drawing train, without the need to be coupled to a conventional drawing train.

[0080] It should be noted that the guiding elements comprising the train may or may not be drafting elements. Whether they are drafting elements depends solely on the difference in linear velocity of the preceding cylinders. If the linear velocity of the preceding cylinders is the same as the linear velocity of the guiding element, such as rotational cylinders, no drafting occurs. Drafting only occurs when the linear velocity of the cylinders is greater than the linear velocity of the preceding cylinders.

[0081] Finally, it should be noted that the drawing train object of the invention optionally contemplates the combination of guiding elements equipped with transversal and / or rotary movement capacity that can confer transversal and rotational movement to the thread with or without drawing.

[0082] To this end, the invention preferably contemplates the inclusion of one or more rotational or transverse condenser vapours of any type and in any position of the drafting train, a train which may be that of existing machines or be replaced by a drafting train composed of at least two rotational vapour cylinders or condensers, which may even replace the subsequent twisting stage if the yarn has sufficient twist.

[0083] The advantages provided by the process and the drawing system described are multiple, especially the following:

[0084] - Paralysis and control of the fibers during stretching, anterior or posterior.

[0085] - Increased thread quality, especially hairiness.

[0086] - Increased production with the rotor-stretch condenser at the end of the cylinders, by giving the wire a pre-twist that is not required later.

[0087] - Replacement of the conventional drafting system and / or the final twisting system in spinning or roving machines.

[0088] As for the applications of the process and the drawing system object of the present invention, it should be mentioned that, for example, it is applicable to a roving frame, since, as described in the background section, it is a machine that stretches and twists the roving but in distinct, separate stages and with different objectives: reducing the diameter of the sliver and giving the roving minimum resistance for its subsequent spinning, while the object of the present invention is to utilize the advantages of stretching and twisting simultaneously throughout the entire spinning preparation chain. That is, the roving frame machine could be considered as a machine that stretches and twists in two distinct stages.The new drawing and twisting process can also be applied to this machine, or even eliminated by increasing the drawing and twisting lines on the spinning machine, given that the twisting part of the roving frame is only used for consistency in handling and is not necessary in the in-line process. That is, combining the drawing of the roving frame with the drawing of the spinning machine but using the drawing and rotational systems, providing drawing and twisting at the same time.

[0089] The innovation proposed here can also be applied to open-end machines, vortex or air spinning, friction spinning, or any spinning process that requires stretching of the fiber bundle, since it combines the objectives of parallelizing and regularizing the fiber bundle, but carried out in a single stretching and twisting phase.

[0090] The replacement of the drafting system by a drafting system according to the invention consisting solely of a set of condensing stretcher rollers that stretch and twist at the same time is also applicable to these types of spinning.

[0091] The process of the invention also includes the combination of stretching and twisting in applications of the so-called false twist.

[0092] False twist is a phenomenon that occurs if a ribbon, sliver, thread or bundle of continuous or discontinuous fibers is twisted “R” in one part between two fixed points, thereby producing a twisting effect of fibers in a “Z” direction in one part on one side of “R” and a twisting direction “S” in the opposite part on the other side of “R”.

[0093] If at the ends of said tape there is a stretching system, which may be composed of a set of two or more rollers at different speeds, for example so that those at one end rotate at a slower speed than those at the opposite end, stretching and twisting occur at the same time due to the effect of the rotation of point "R".

[0094] It is called false twist because the fiber bundle emerging from the lower rollers has no twist whatsoever; in other words, the yarn has been given a false twist. However, applying twist at point "R" using any type of capacitor described in the invention results in a twist being applied at the same time that the drawing is taking place between the upper and lower rollers, which causes a greater regularization of the roving, as explained above. Thus, in the area between point "R" and the cylinder at a first end, regularization occurs due to the drawing in said area, concentrating the twist on the weak points (reinforcing them), thinning the thick points where there is less twist, and so on, given that there will always be one area thinner or thicker than another, until the thickness and the distributed twist are completely regularized.

[0095] The combination of two turning points "R" within a drawing zone is also the subject of this invention, since in this way the false twist will be between the elements that provide said turning points "R1" and "R2", but from R2 to the cylinder at the placed end, a twist is produced that is maintained after the cylinder, thus obtaining a twisted yarn. These turning elements "R" can be any of the capacitors described above, especially the stretchers and twisters or simply twisters.

[0096] The combination of several rotating elements “R”, R1, R2, R3, varying the speeds and directions of torsion between them, confers torsion to the thread and is the subject of the invention in this patent.

[0097] Special application in the weaving sector.

[0098] The described rotational condensers (stretching or not) of the drawing train of the invention can also be used in knitting or flat weaving machines, especially with needles (whether warp or weft), so that, before passing through the needle, a false twist is applied that causes the thread to be more compacted, preventing the fibers from dispersing and causing stops due to the effect of the needles.

[0099] It is another example of application of the process of the invention, the multifilament or composite yarns, as in carpets, and especially artificial grass, in the "tuffting" machine among others, which in its process of obtaining the carpet, a previous twisting process is not carried out to increase the efficiency of the loom, when working with more "round" yarns they cause less dispersion of fibers that intertwine with the action of the needle, requiring the operator to stop the loom, repair the problem and continue. These stoppages reduce efficiency significantly to values ​​​​close to 25-35% depending on the case. If a twist is applied to the yarn, the efficiency rises to 65-75%.

[0100] Once the yarn has passed through the needle, the knitting machine cuts the “loop” it has formed to obtain a grass effect, where no twisting is required, meaning that twisting is not desired after cutting the loop.

[0101] This is why, in the process of producing artificial turf, which involves mixing various types of yarns and materials, strips with monofilaments of different colors and shapes imitating natural grass, it is very important to have the yarn already twisted in the tuffing loom. This means that a significant investment is required to have a twisting section.

[0102] The present invention eliminates the twisting section by placing one or more rotational condenser vapors (stretching or not) between the creel and the needle on the loom, thereby producing a false twist effect. The rotation speed and the direction of rotation, "S" or "Z", can be variable, continuous and / or discontinuous, so that the accumulated and unused twist can be eliminated.

[0103] Rotating bags.

[0104] The drafting system with the transverse and / or rotational motion element(s) may comprise a set of cylinders and bags, which may also create a twisting or false twisting effect if each belt rotates in a different direction, or at the same or different speeds and directions. These elements may also have transverse and / or rotational motion.

[0105] As mentioned above in the background section, the Sampre company developed an eight-line drafting system composed of cylinders that, instead of bags, used bottles as a fiber control mechanism during drawing. These bottles are upper rollers with an air chamber that press the fiber bundle during drawing. It is, therefore, a kind of substitute for bags in conventional drawing processes.

[0106] In the invention, the use of these bottles as elements that can twist and / or stretch the fiber bundle and their use as elements of transverse and / or rotational movement (with or without stretching) is preferred.

[0107] Improved thread quality thanks to the inventive process.

[0108] It has already been mentioned that the simultaneous drawing and twisting process of the present invention improves yarn quality. During the simultaneous drawing and twisting process, twist accumulates at the smallest points of the fiber bundle, reinforcing them and causing the thickest, least-twisted areas to be stretched, reducing their diameter. By reducing the thickness of the stretched area, more twist accumulates, and the system itself regulates itself, seeking the next thickest point with the least twist for drawing. In this continuous, successive process, the wick of the fiber bundle self-regulates.

[0109] Production improvement thanks to the invention process.

[0110] If a conventional drafting system, for example, with three or four lines of rollers, is eliminated and replaced with three or four rotational drawing and twisting capacitors (a group of cylinders rotating together and relative to each other). And if the direction of rotation is the same in all elements, the final twist of the resulting yarn will depend on the output speed of the yarn and the number of turns of each drawn twisting element.

[0111] If this final twist is sufficient, it would no longer be necessary to add more twist to the yarn. And if more twist is needed, only the difference between the desired twist and the pre-obtained twist will be necessary.

[0112] In modern spinning machines, twist is inversely proportional to production; that is, if the twist increases, production decreases in the same inverse proportion. Therefore, if the described process and system of simultaneous drawing and twisting are applied, the machine's yarn production will be greater. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0113] To complement the description being made and in order to help better understand the characteristics of the invention, a set of drawings is attached to this specification, as an integral part thereof, in which the following has been represented for illustrative and non-limiting purposes:

[0114] Figure 1 shows a very schematic diagram of the drawing and twisting phases and of any subsequent twisting that comprise the process object of the invention; Figure 2-A shows a schematic representation of a spinning machine comprising a drawing train according to the invention, and a subsequent twisting station; Figure 2-B shows a schematic representation of the drawing train included in the machine of Figure 2-A; Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the arrangement of cylinders in a drawing train according to the invention with a rotational and drawing guide element at the end of the last cylinder; Figure 4 shows a schematic perspective view of an example of a rotary and drawing guide element that the drawing train of the invention may comprise as an element with transverse and / or rotary movement at the end of the last drawing cylinder; Figure 5 shows a schematic perspective view of an example of a rotary and drawing guide element that the drawing train of the invention may comprise as an element with transverse and / or rotary movement at the end of the last drawing cylinder; Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of the arrangement of cylinders in a drawing train according to the invention with a rotational and drawing guide element at the end of the last ...- Shows a schematic view of an example of bags that may comprise the stretching train as an element with transverse and / or rotary movement; Figure 6.- Shows a schematic representation of an example of the stretching train object of the invention, specifically an example with cone-shaped condensers with transverse movement; Figure 7.- Shows a schematic representation of another example of the stretching train object of the invention, in this case an example with cone-shaped condensers in combination with bags with transverse movement incorporated between the stretching cylinders; Figure 8.- Shows a schematic representation of another example of the stretching train object of the invention, in this case an example with cone-shaped condensers with rotational movement; and Figure 9.- It shows a schematic representation of another example of the drawing train object of the invention, in this case an example with cylinder-shaped rotors with rotational movement.

[0115] PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

[0116] In view of the aforementioned figures, and in accordance with the numbering adopted, one can see in them a diagram of the drawing and twisting process in spinning and several non-limiting embodiment examples of the yarn drawing and twisting train of the invention, which comprise what is described in detail below.

[0117] Thus, considering the diagram in figure 1, the stretching and twisting process in spinning object of the invention, being of the type applicable in systems or machines (6) for the formation of threads that,

[0118] - at least, they comprise a first phase (i) of drawing (A) of fibers in a drawing train (1) by means of cylinders (2) and / or bags (3) and / or other drawing means, and

[0119] - furthermore, they may or may not comprise a second phase (i) of subsequent twisting (B') of the bundle of fibers, previously parallelized in the drawing train (1), in a subsequent twisting station (4) located in the machine after the drawing train (1), it is essentially distinguished in that the aforementioned first phase (I) of drawing (A) of the fibers, in turn comprises the twisting (B) of one or more portions of the fibers, such that, said drawing (A) and said twisting (B) of the fibers are carried out continuously and simultaneously at the same time in the same phase (I) and in the same drawing train (1). Furthermore, in an embodiment option in which the process may comprise a second phase (II) of subsequent twisting (B') of the fibers, in the first phase (I), the partial twisting (B) of the fibers that is carried out continuously simultaneously with the drawing (A) in the drawing train (1) itself is added to the subsequent twisting (B') of said second phase (II).

[0120] And, in another embodiment option in which the process comprises the second phase (II) of subsequent twisting (B') of the fibers, in the first phase (I), simultaneously with the stretching (A), a partial twisting (B) of said fibers is carried out continuously and in the stretching train (1) itself, which is subtracted from the subsequent twisting (B') of said second phase (II).

[0121] Likewise, in another embodiment option, in the first phase (I), simultaneously with the stretching (A), the twisting (B) that is carried out on the fibers continuously and in the stretching train itself (1) replaces the subsequent twisting (B') of the second phase (II).

[0122] For its part, Figure 2-A shows a schematic example of a spinning machine (6), according to the invention, where said process is applied, allowing production to be improved.

[0123] More specifically, looking at Figures 2-A to 9, it can be seen how the drafting train (1) object of the invention is of the type applicable for the continuous formation of threads (5) from fiber rovings (5a) in spinning machines (6) which, in addition, may or may not comprise a subsequent twisting station (4) located downstream of the thread (5) that is being formed in the drafting train (1), said machine (6) comprising, as shown in Figure 2-A, a fiber feed reel (5a) which, by means of tensioners (7), is led to the drafting train (1), where they are made to pass through at least two pairs of cylinders (2), one lower and one upper, and / or pairs of bags (3), one lower and one upper, and / or other drawing means between which the fiber roving (5a) is pressed and which, moving at different speeds, cause the stretching and parallelization of the same, forming the thread. (5).

[0124] And, from said already known configuration, the aforementioned drawing train (1) is distinguished by the fact that it comprises, in any part of it, that is, before, between, after and / or as substitutes for said cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means, one or several guiding elements (8) of the fibers (5a) with the capacity for transversal and / or rotary movement such that they can confer transversal and / or rotational movement to the fiber strand (5a), in addition to stretching it or not.

[0125] Preferably, the drawing train (1) comprises a guiding element (8) with transversal and / or rotary movement just after the last cylinder (2) or drawing means of the drawing train (1), prior to the subsequent twisting station (4) of the machine (6).

[0126] In one embodiment, the stretching train (1) is an existing conventional train, with cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means, to which one or more guiding elements (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement have been incorporated, interspersed between said cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching elements, as in the examples in figures 6 to 9.

[0127] And, in an alternative embodiment option, as shown in figure 2-B, the drawing train (1) only comprises guiding elements (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement which, at the same time, are drawing elements, preferably pairs of drawing cylinders with transverse and / or rotational movement (2 / 8).

[0128] In any case, in a preferred embodiment, the guiding elements (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement are fiber capacitors (8) that act on the fiber strand (5a) to produce such movement. Preferably, said capacitors (8) have a hollow body through which the fiber strand (5a) is inserted so that they move it in a transverse and / or rotational direction, generating a slight torsion thereof.

[0129] Preferably, the gap in the capacitors (8) through which the fiber wick (5a) is inserted is shaped like a clamp or cross to help rotate the wick when it passes through said hollow body.

[0130] Thus, the drawing train (1) may comprise one or more condensing vapors (8) with transverse movement consisting of elements capable of giving a movement transversally to the axis of advance of the fiber strand (5), and may be located before, in the middle or at the end of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means of the drawing train (1).

[0131] The transverse movement of the transverse condenser (8) has a certain width which is preferably at most equal to the width of the cylinder (2), bag (3) or drawing means located above it in the drawing train (1). Preferably, said width is between 2 and 30 mm.

[0132] The speed of the movement of the transversal condenser (8) is variable, and may or may not be related to the speed and direction of advance of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or stretching means of the stretching train (1).

[0133] The transverse condenser (8) has variable shapes, for example funnel, cylindrical, flat, conical, or other, although it is preferably conical, as seen in the example in figures 6 and 7.

[0134] The movement of the transverse condenser (8) is driven independently or not to the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the stretching train (1).

[0135] If it is dependent, it is obtained from the movement of any of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means, increasing or reducing their speed by mechanical means, gears, pulleys, etc.

[0136] If it is not dependent, the movement can be programmed by PLC, motor and frequency inverter together in all the spindles of the machine (6), or by other means,

[0137] In other embodiments, the drawing train (1) may comprise one or more condensers (8) with rotational movement capable of giving a rotational movement to the fiber roving (5a) located between the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other drawing means of the drawing train (1), as shown in the example of Figure 8.

[0138] The rotation of the rotational capacitor (8) can always be in the same direction or intermittent between one direction and the opposite.

[0139] Preferably, the rotational condensers (8) located before or between the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means, have intermittent rotation movement between one direction and the opposite.

[0140] And, preferably, the rotational condensers (8) located in the final part, after the last cylinder (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the stretching train (1), always have the same direction of rotation.

[0141] The movement of the rotational condensers (8) is of a determined diameter and a variable speed that may or may not be related to the forward speed of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the train (1).

[0142] The rotational condenser (8) has a variable shape, for example funnel, cylindrical, flat, conical, or other, although it is preferably conical, as shown in the example in figure 8.

[0143] The movement of the rotational condenser (8) is driven independently or not to the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the train (1).

[0144] If it is dependent, it is obtained by increasing or reducing the speed of any of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means by mechanical means, gears, pulleys, etc.

[0145] And, if the rotational movement is not dependent, it can be programmed for example by PLC, motor and frequency inverter, jointly in all the spindles of the machine (6) or in another way.

[0146] Optionally, in other embodiments, the guiding element (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement of the drawing train (1) is a pair of drawing bags that confer transverse or rotational movement (3 / 8). A schematic representation of this type of element can be seen in Figure 5.

[0147] Preferably, when the guiding element (8) of the drawing train (1) is a pair of bags with rotational movement (3 / 8), both the upper and lower bags of said pair of bags have a rotational movement. And when the guiding element (8) of the drawing train (1) is a pair of bags with transverse movement (3 / 8), as shown in Figure 7, the transverse movement is only of the upper bag, of the lower bag or of both at the same time.

[0148] On the other hand, looking at Figure 9, it can be seen how in other embodiments, the guiding element (8) with transversal and / or rotary movement is at least two twisting cylinders (2 / 8) that pre-twist the fiber strand (5a) and that comprise two cylinders, one upper and one lower that rotate in two directions; one to advance the thread and the other to twist it. In the event that the cylinders (2 / 8) that pre-twist the fiber strand (5a) rotate at a forward speed than the previous pair of cylinders, the guiding element (8) will not only twist the thread but will also stretch it.

[0149] In one embodiment, at least one pair of stretching / twisting cylinders (2 / 8) is located after the last pair of cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means of the drawing train (1), before the subsequent twisting station (4) of the machine (6), and, in turn, the parallel rotation speed on its axis of each cylinder of said pair (2 / 8), is greater than the rotation speed of the preceding cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means of the drawing train (1), thus conferring to the fiber roving (5a), in addition to a twist, a stretching that can be variable.

[0150] In another embodiment, at least one pair of stretching / twisting cylinders (2 / 8) is located after the last pair of cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means of the drawing train (1), before the subsequent twisting station (4) of the machine (6), and, in turn, the parallel rotation speed on its axis of each cylinder of said pair (2 / 8), is equal to the rotation speed of the preceding cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means of the drawing train (1), thus giving the fiber roving (5a) only a twist without applying a draw.

[0151] In one embodiment, the drawing train (1) is made up solely of pairs of drawing / twisting cylinders (2 / 8) that advance at different speeds, generating the drawing of the fiber strand (5a) and that, in turn, rotate on themselves generating twisting of said fibers (5a), as shown in the example in Figure 2-B or the example in Figure 4.

[0152] Looking at figures 2-A and 2-B, a schematic example of a spinning machine (6) with a drawing train (1) can be seen where the process according to the invention is applied, allowing for improved production.

[0153] This is so because, when replacing a conventional drawing train, with only drawing elements, with several guiding elements (8) with transversal and / or rotational movement that at the same time have drawing capacity, such as with several groups or pairs of drawing cylinders with rotational movement, for example the three pairs of cylinders (2 / 8, 2 / 8', 2 / 8") represented in figure 2-B. And if the direction of rotation is the same in all of them, the twist of the thread (5) obtained will be that obtained from the formula shown below, which relates the exit speed of the thread with the turns of each guiding element (8):

[0154] V1 : linear velocity of the first group of rotating cylinders (2 / 8)

[0155] V2: linear velocity of the second group of rotating cylinders (2 / 8')

[0156] V3: linear velocity of the third group of rotating cylinders (2 / 8”)

[0157] Rpm1 : revolutions of the first group of rotating cylinders (2 / 8)

[0158] Rpm2: revolutions of the second group of rotating cylinders (2 / 8')

[0159] Rpm3: revolutions of the third group of rotating cylinders (2 / 8”)

[0160] T1: torque zone after the first group of cylinders (2 / 8) = RPM1 / V1

[0161] T2: torsion zone after the second group of cylinders (2 / 8') = RPM2 / V2

[0162] T3: Torsion zone after the third group of cylinders (2 / 8') = RPM3 / V3

[0163] T: final torsion = T1+T2+T3

[0164] Finally, it should be noted that the drawing train (1) object of the invention may also optionally comprise a combination of guide elements (8) provided with transversal movement capacity and guide elements (8) with rotary movement capacity that confer transversal and rotational movement to the fiber strand (5a) with or without drawing, as shown in the example in Figure 7.

[0165] Having sufficiently described the nature of the present invention, as well as the manner of putting it into practice, it is not considered necessary to make its explanation more extensive so that any expert in the field understands its scope and the advantages derived from it.

Claims

CLAIMS 1.- Process of regularization of the diameter of the thread, applicable in systems or machines for the formation of threads that, - at least, they comprise a first phase (I) of drawing (A) of fibers in a drawing train (1) by means of cylinders (2) and / or bags (3) and / or other drawing means, and - furthermore, they may or may not comprise a second phase (II) of subsequent twisting (B') of the fiber bundle, previously paralleled in said drawing train (1), in a twisting station (4) located after the drawing train (1), it is characterized in that, in the first phase (I) of drawing (A) of the fibers, it comprises the twisting (B) of one or more portions of said fibers, such that, said drawing (A) and said twisting (B) of the fibers are carried out in a continuous manner and simultaneously in the same phase (I) and in the drawing train (1) itself, causing the twisting (B) of the fibers to accumulate in the smallest points of the fiber bundle, reinforcing them, and causing the thickest areas with less twist to be those that are stretched, reducing their diameter. 2.- Process of regularization of the diameter of the thread, according to claim 1, characterized in that in the first phase (I), simultaneously with the drawing (A), a partial twisting (B) of the fibers is carried out continuously and in the drawing train itself (1) which is added to the subsequent twisting (B') of said second phase (II). 3.- Process of regularization of the diameter of the thread, according to claim 1, characterized in that in the first phase (i), simultaneously with the drawing (A), a partial twisting (B) of the fibers is carried out continuously and in the drawing train itself (1) which is subtracted from the subsequent twisting (B') of said second phase (II). 4.- Thread diameter regularization process, according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the first phase (I), simultaneously with the drawing (A), a twisting (B) of the fibers is carried out continuously and in the drawing train (1) itself that replaces the twisting. posterior (B') of the second phase (II). 5.- Thread diameter regulation train, applicable for the continuous formation of threads (5) from fiber strands (5a) in spinning machines (6) with or without a subsequent twisting station (4), and the drawing train comprising pairs of cylinders (2) and / or pairs of bags (3) and / or other drawing means that cause the stretching and parallelization of the fibers (5a) forming the thread (5), according to the process of any of the preceding claims, is characterized by comprising, before, between, after and / or as substitutes for said cylinders (2), bags (3) and / or other drawing means, one or several fiber (5a) guiding elements (8) with the capacity for transversal and / or rotary movement such that they confer transversal and / or rotational movement to the fiber strand (5a), in addition to stretching it or not. 6.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 5, characterized by comprising a guiding element (8) with transversal and / or rotary movement just after the last cylinder (2) or drawing means of the drawing train (1), prior to the subsequent twisting station (4) of the machine (6). 7.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 5 or 6, characterized by consisting of an existing train comprising cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means, to which one or more guiding elements (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement interspersed between said cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching elements have been incorporated. 8.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 5 or 6, characterized by comprising only guiding elements (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement which, at the same time, are stretching elements. 9.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 8, characterized by comprising only pairs of stretching cylinders with transverse and / or rotational movement (2 / 8). 10.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 5, characterized in that the guiding elements (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement are capacitors (8) that have a hollow body through which the fiber strand (5a) is inserted so that they move it in a transverse and / or rotational direction, generating a slight torsion of the same. 11.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 10, characterized in that the gap in the capacitors (8) through which the fiber wick (5a) is inserted has the shape of a clamp or cross to help rotate the wick when it passes through said hollow body. 12.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 11, characterized by comprising one or more condensing vapors (8) that provide a transversal movement to the axis of advance of the fiber strand (5), which movement is of a determined width, at most equal to the width of the cylinder (2), bag (3) or drawing means located above it in the drawing train (1) and of variable speed, related or not to the speed and direction of advance of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or drawing means of the drawing train (1). 13.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 12, characterized in that the transverse condenser (8) has a funnel, cylindrical, flat, conical, or other shape. 14.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the movement of the transversal capacitor (8) is driven in a manner dependent on the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the stretching train (1) and is obtained from the movement of any of said cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means, increasing or reducing their speed by mechanical means, gears, pulleys, or others. 15.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the movement of the transversal capacitor (8) is driven independently of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the stretching train (1) and is programmed by PLC, motor and frequency converter in a joint manner in all the spindles of the machine (6), or by other means. 16.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 11, characterized by comprising one or more capacitors (8) with rotational movement capable of giving a rotational movement to the fiber strand (5a) always in the same direction or intermittently between one direction and the opposite. 17.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 16, characterized in that the movement of the rotational capacitors (8) located before or between the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means is intermittent rotation between one direction and the opposite. 18.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 16, characterized in that the movement of the rotational capacitors (8) located in the final part, after the last pair of cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the stretching train (1) is always in the same direction of rotation. 19.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to any of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that the movement of the rotational capacitors (8) is of a determined diameter and variable speed related or not to the advance speed of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the train (1). 20.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to any of claims 16 to 19, characterized in that the rotational capacitor (8) has a funnel, cylindrical, flat, conical, or other shape. 21.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to any of claims 16 to 20, characterized in that the movement of the rotational condenser (8) is driven in a manner dependent on the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the train (1) and is obtained by increasing or reducing the speed of any of said cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means by mechanical means, gears, pulleys, or others. 22.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to any of claims 16 to 20, characterized in that the movement of the rotational capacitor (8) is driven in such a way that independently of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or other stretching means of the train (1) and is programmed by PLC, motor and frequency inverter, jointly in all the spindles of the machine (6) or in another way. 23.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 5, characterized in that the guiding element (8) with transverse and / or rotational movement is a pair of stretching bags that provide transverse or rotational movement (3 / 8). 24.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 23, characterized in that, when the guiding element (8) is a pair of bags with rotational movement (3 / 8), both the upper and lower bags of said pair of bags have rotational movement. 25.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 23, characterized in that, when the guiding element (8) is a pair of bags with transverse movement (3 / 8), the transverse movement is only of the upper bag, of the lower one or of both at the same time. 26.- Thread diameter adjustment train, according to claim 6, characterized in that the guiding element (8) with transversal and / or rotary movement is at least two twisting cylinders (2 / 8), one upper and one lower, which rotate in two directions; one to advance the thread and the other to twist it, which provides pre-twist to the fiber strand (5a) and which comprises two cylinders. 27.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 26, characterized in that said two twisting cylinders (2 / 8) rotate on their rotation axis at a speed greater than the rotation speed of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or preceding drawing means of the drawing train (1), thus giving the fiber strand (5a), in addition to a twist, a drawing that can be variable. 28.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 26, characterized in that said two twisting cylinders (2 / 8) rotate on their rotation axis at a speed equal to the rotation speed of the cylinders (2), bags (3) or preceding stretching means of the train. stretching (1) thus giving the fiber strand (5a) only a twist without applying any stretching. 29.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to claim 26, characterized in that it is made up solely of pairs of stretching cylinders (2 / 8) that advance at different speeds, generating the stretching of the fiber strand (5a) and that, in turn, rotate on themselves generating torsion to the fibers (5a). 30.- Thread diameter regulation train, according to any of claims 5 to 29, characterized by comprising a combination of guiding elements (8) provided with transversal movement capacity and guiding elements (8) with rotary movement capacity that confer transversal and rotational movement to the fiber strand (5a) with or without stretching.

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