Bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector, photodetection system, and method for operating the same
The bias-controllable polarization-sensitive photodetector with a double APSL-based heterojunction configuration addresses integration and spatial resolution challenges in existing systems, enabling high-resolution polarimetric data capture.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/112178
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-12-05
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-14
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing polarization-sensitive photodetector arrays face challenges in integration complexity, cost, and spatial resolution, limiting their effectiveness in compact, low-cost polarimetric systems for various applications.
A bias-controllable polarization-sensitive photodetector with a double anisotropic polarization sensitive layer (APSL)-based heterojunction configuration, allowing selective response to P- and S-polarized light by adjusting the bias polarity across the photodetector.
Enables high-resolution polarimetric data capture at video frequency, improving spatial resolution and simplifying integration, thus addressing the limitations of existing systems.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024112178_12062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BIAS-CONTROLLABLE POLARIZATION SENSITIVE PHOTODETECTOR, PHOTODETECTION SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR OPERATING THE SAME
[0001] Inventors: Furong ZHU; and Jiayin HANTechnical Field:
[0002] The present invention relates to technologies for polarization sensitivity photodetection; and more particularly, the present invention relates to a novel photodetector that has bias-controllable polarization sensitive photoresponses for detecting and monitoring polarization of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves.Background:
[0003] Polarization detection is used extensively in different applications including optical remote sensing, atmospheric monitoring, military reconnaissance, medical examination, and magneto-optical data storage. Polarization-sensitive photodetectors serve as a core optoelectronic component in polarization detection. In practical implementations, multiple polarization-sensitive photodetectors responding to different polarization states are required to jointly determine the polarization states of incoming electromagnetic waves.
[0004] A single polarization-sensitive photodetector can sense only one polarization state. The prevalent polarization-sensitive imaging sensors have a division-of-focal-plane design, comprising an array of pixels on the same focal plane. Each pixel in the polarization-sensitive imaging sensors contains multiple polarization photodetectors to realize an adequate number of available polarization detection channels, e.g., the polarization sensitive imaging sensor design disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,324 (1995) . SONY IMX250 MZR polarization-sensitive imaging sensor is another example, each pixel in the sensor has four spatially arranged discrete linear polarization sensitive photodetectors with four distinct polarization orientation angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° with respect to the incident light. However, such a polarization imaging system has inherent limitations in its spatial resolution. Accurate polarization information cannot be obtained if there exists a substantial discrepancy in the detection of polarization states among the adjacent photodetectors within an imaging pixel, inducing errors in computing the instantaneous field-of-view during the reconstruction of two-dimensional polarization scene data.
[0005] The prevalent polarization sensitive detection system uses an array of discrete photodetectors having polarizers / compensators with a rotated polarization position relative to their nearest neighbors, combining multiple discrete photodetectors with an array of micro polarizers / retarders, or employing polarizing beam splitters with separate dedicated photodetectors.
[0006] However, the use of a photodetector array for polarization detection has technical limitations in planar polarization imaging systems, as it is difficulty to integrate the optical components, such as the beam splitters and micro polarizers / retarders, with electronics for compact system at a low cost.
[0007] The existing photodetector array approach has technical challenges in development of high-performance low-power miniaturized polarimetric system for different applications at low cost, due to the process complexity in integration of discrete bulky optics, moving components, and external electronic elements. For example, the publications of EP1159764A1 and US5767507A describe a structure of a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector array that has two vertically integrated photodetectors having orthogonal polarization sensitivities. However, vertical integration of two discreate photodetectors involves additional process compatibility, fabrication complexity, and manufacturing cost.
[0008] Therefore, there is a need to enhance polarization imaging methodologies to simplify integration, improving the usage efficiency of multi-polarization sensitive photodetectors in imaging systems and enabling the widespread adoption of polarization imaging.Summary of Invention:
[0009] It is an objective of the present invention to provide devices and methods to address the aforementioned shortcomings and unmet needs in the state of the art.
[0010] This invention relates to a polarization sensitive photodetector that has a bias-controllable response to different polarizations of incoming electromagnetic waves. In some embodiments, a polarization sensitive photodetector has an S-polarized light response when it is operated under a reverse bias. It has a P-polarized light response when it is operated under a forward bias.
[0011] This invention discloses a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector that enables to detect the polarization state of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves by applying a suitable bias across the photodetector. The photodetector comprises a multilayer stack of functional layers sandwiched between a pair of front and rear electrodes, forming a double anisotropic polarization sensitive layer (APSL) -based heterojunction configuration of front electrode / charge-transporting layer / APSL-1 / interlayer layer / APSL-2 / charge-transporting / rear electrode. One of the electrodes or both electrodes can be transparent allowing incoming electromagnetic waves to enter the stack of the functional layers.
[0012] Each functional layer in the photodetector has different functions which can be in the forms of single layer, bi-layer, blend layer or their combinations, prepared using one functional material or multiple components that are suitable to perform the said functions.
[0013] For example, APSL-1 responses to the incident light having the first polarization state, allowing the incident light with an orthogonal polarization state to the first polarization state to pass through without generating the photocurrent. APSL-2 responses to incoming electromagnetic waves with the second polarization state that is orthogonal to the first polarization state. Interlayer has dual functions. First, it acts as a translucent floating contact to provide a vertical electrical connection between the anisotropic polarization sensitive APSL-1 and APSL-2. Second, it serves as a common electrode for APSL-1 and APSL-2 in the polarization sensitive photodetector.
[0014] With this arrangement, the double APSL-based junctions in the photodetector form a back-to-back or a head-to-head heterojunction structure, enabling the photodetector to have a bias-controllable response to the first and second polarization states of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves, depending on polarity of the bias between the front and rear electrodes.
[0015] In some embodiments of the present invention, the polarization sensitivity of the polarization sensitive photodetector can be controlled by polarity of the bias applied across the photodetector using the electrodes.
[0016] In some embodiments of the present invention, high-switching speed for detection of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves with orthogonal polarization states can be achieved. The multi-polarization sensitive photodetector is able to capture and display high-resolution polarimetric data at video frequency in real time.
[0017] In some embodiments of the present invention, a polarization sensitive photodetector is provided for detecting the absolute value or the variation in polarization of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves. For example, the intensity and polarization of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves can be detected simultaneously.
[0018] In some embodiments of the present invention, a novel and unique polarization sensitive photodetector is provided, comprising a stack of functional layers, which includes charge-transporting layer, anisotropic polarization sensitive layers or heterojunctions, and interlayer that is sandwiched between a pair of front and rear electrodes. Applying the polarization-sensitive photodetector with the architecture of the present invention further enables for reconstruction of high resolution 2D polarization scene information, as compared to that of the existing polarization sensitive imaging sensors.
[0019] In some embodiments of the present invention, the provided polarization sensitive photodetector can be used for polarization imaging with high spatial resolution, offering an attractive solution to resolve limited resolution issue encountered typically in the photodetector array used in the existing polarization imaging system.
[0020] In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector is provided. The photodetector includes a front electrode, a first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer, a second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer, a rear electrode. The front electrode is transparent or semi-transparent for effectively receiving incoming electromagnetic waves. The first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is positioned over the front electrode and responds to a first polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves. The second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is positioned over the first anisotropic polarization and responds to a second polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves, in which the first polarization state is orthogonal to the second polarization state. The rear electrode is positioned over the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer.
[0021] In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a photodetection system is provided. The photodetection system includes a module selected and a bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector. The module is selected from a group of a polarization sensitive imaging sensor module, an environmental monitoring module, a bio / medical analysis module, a light communication module, a security monitoring module, an artificial intelligence module, an artificial vision module, an automation module, a remote sensor module, a digital camera module, a mobile phone module, and a polarization imaging module. The bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector is integrated with the module.
[0022] In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, a method for operating a bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector is provided. The method includes steps as follows: providing at least one electromagnetic wave; and adjusting polarity of biases applied to the front and rear electrodes of the photodetector, in order to provide bias-controllable polarization sensitive response to different polarization states of the incoming electromagnetic waves.
[0023] By the configuration, the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector of the present disclosure enables detection and monitoring of the polarized incoming electromagnetic waves by controlling the bias across the photodetector. As such, the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector can be integrated easily with the existing imaging systems having defined or limited display area, e.g., handheld instrument and cell phone displays, enabling the widespread adoption of polarization imaging and new scenarios previously unforeseen.Brief Description of Drawings:
[0024] Embodiments of the invention are described in more details hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which:
[0025] FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of a structure of a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0026] FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of energy levels of functional materials used in a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 3 shows incoming P-polarized light and S-polarized light having orthogonal polarization states and denoted as the solid and dash curves;
[0028] FIGs. 4A and 4B illustrate an operational mechanism for a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0029] FIGs. 5A and 5B illustrate an operational mechanism for a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0030] FIG. 6A shows an absorption spectra measured for a functional layer (APSL-1) according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0031] FIG. 6B shows an absorption spectra measured for a functional layer (APSL-2) according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0032] FIG. 7 illustrates the current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector in the dark and under illuminations of P-and S-polarized light according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0033] FIG. 8 indicates the variation in photocurrent density measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0034] FIG. 9 shows the ratio of the photocurrent, measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under a forward bias and a reverse;
[0035] FIG. 10A illustrates the noise spectral density measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under forward biases in the dark;
[0036] FIG. 10B shows the wavelength-dependent specific detectivity calculated for the polarization sensitive photodetector, which is operated under forward biases and under illumination of P-polarized light;
[0037] FIG. 11A shows the noise spectral density measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under reverse biases in the dark.
[0038] FIG. 11B shows the wavelength-dependent calculated for the polarization sensitive photodetector, which is operated under reverse biases and under illumination of S-polarized light;
[0039] FIG. 12 illustrates the photocurrent measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0040] FIG. 13 indicates the photoresponse measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0041] FIG. 14 illustrates the transient photoresponses measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0042] FIG. 15A shows the transient photoresponse time measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector, which is operated under a forward bias and under illumination of P-polarized light; and
[0043] FIG. 15B shows the transient photoresponse time measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector, which is operated under a reverse bias and under illumination of S-polarized light.Detailed Description of the Invention:
[0044] In the following description, photodetectors having bias-controllable polarization sensitive photoresponses for detecting and monitoring polarization of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves and the likes are set forth as preferred examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
[0045] In the present disclosure, multi-polarization sensitive photodetector has a multi-layered structure comprising a double anisotropic polarization sensitive layer-based (APSL-based) heterojunction structure sandwiched between a pair of front and rear electrodes. One anisotropic polarization sensitive layer responses to incoming polarized electromagnetic waves having the first polarization state, allowing incoming polarized electromagnetic waves with an orthogonal polarization state to the first polarization state to pass through without generating the photocurrent. Another anisotropic polarization sensitive layer responses to incoming electromagnetic waves with the second polarization state, allowing incoming polarized electromagnetic waves with the first polarization state to pass through without generating the photocurrent.
[0046] With this arrangement, the double APSL-based junctions form a back-to-back or a head-to-head heterojunction structure, enabling the photodetector to have a bias-controllable response to the first and second polarization states of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves, depending on polarity of the bias between the front and rear electrodes. One or both of the electrodes can be transparent allowing incoming electromagnetic waves to enter the stack of the functional layers. Each functional layer in the stack has different functions which can be in the forms of single layer, bi-layer, blend layer or their combinations, prepared using one functional material or multiple components that are suitable to perform the said functions.
[0047] FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of a structure of a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 includes a layer structure including a front electrode 110, a rear electrode 120, and functional layers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The rear electrode 120 is disposed over the front electrode 110.
[0048] The front electrode 110 or the rear electrode 120 can be formed as a transparent or semi-transparent electrode for effectively receiving incoming electromagnetic waves. From the front electrode 110 to the rear electrode 120, the layer structure is formed by positioning the functional layers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in sequence. In various embodiments, the functional layers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are a first charge-transporting layer, a first APSL (APSL-1) , an interlayer layer, a second APSL (APSL-2) , a second charge-transporting layer, respectively.
[0049] Specifically, the functional layer 1 is an electron-transporting layer (ETL) . The functional layer 2 (APSL-1) responses to P-polarized light, allowing S-polarized light to pass through without generating any photocurrent. The functional layer 3 is disposed between the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) to serve as an interlayer with appropriate optical and surface electronic properties to connect the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) . The functional layer 4 (APSL-2) responses to S-polarized light, allowing P-polarized light to pass through without generating any photocurrent. The functional layer 5 is a hole-transporting layer (HTL) . As such, the polarization sensitive photodetector 100 has a bias-controllable response to P-and S-polarized light, offering in-situ bias-controllable polarization sensitive detection of incoming polarized light.
[0050] In one embodiment, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) in the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 is a 50-nm thick anisotropic polarization sensitive poly (3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) : 2, 2’ - ( (2Z, 2’ Z) - ( (12, 13-Bis (2-ethylhexyl) -3, 9-diundecyl-12, 13-dihydro- [1, 2, 5] thiadiazolo [3, 4-e] thieno- [2” , 3” : 4’ , 5’ ] thieno [2’ , 3’ : 4, 5] pyrrolo [3, 2-g] thieno- [2’ , 3’ : 4, 5] thieno [3, 2-b] indole-2, 10-diyl) bis (methanylylidene) ) -bis (5, 6-difluoro-3-oxo-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-2, 1-diylidene) ) dimalononitrile (Y6) -based photoactive layer, fabricated using floating film transfer method (FFTM) . In one embodiment, P3HT: Y6 solution having a concentration of 15 mg / ml is formulated by dissolving P3HT: Y6 mixture, with a weight ratio of P3HT to Y6 of 4: 1, in chloroform solvent. An anisotropic polarization P3HT: Y6 thin film (e.g., with an anisotropic polarization sensitive photoresponse to either P-or S-polarized light) is formed by dropping 8 μL P3HT: Y6 solution on a surface of ethylene glycol solvent in a container. An anisotropic polarization P3HT: Y6 thin film is then formed on a substrate using FFTM.
[0051] In one embodiment, the thickness of the anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers (e.g., the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) or the functional 4 (APSL-2) , is controlled by stacking number of the aligned anisotropic polarization P3HT: Y6 thin films. In one embodiment, in the polarization sensitive photodetector, the anisotropic polarization of functional layer 2 (APSL-1) , e.g., responding to P-polarized light, is arranged orthogonal to that of functional 4 (APSL-2) , e.g., responding to S-polarized light.
[0052] With this arrangement, either P-or S-polarized light can be detected selectively by the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) or the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) depending on polarity of the bias applied across the front and rear electrodes in the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100.
[0053] Further descriptions of the characteristics / properties of the functional layers are given below.
[0054] In one embodiment, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) APSL-1 and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) are intrinsic polarization-sensitive photoactive layers, which can be prepared using one functional material, multiple components including organic or inorganic semiconductor materials, low-dimensional organic or inorganic functional materials, bulk heterojunction, heterojunction, and their combinations.
[0055] In one embodiment, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) can be positioned adjacent to the front electrode 110 or the rear electrode 120 in the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 depending on the device design and is sensitive to the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves. For example, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) responds to incoming electromagnetic waves having a first linear polarization state or a first circular polarization. In this regard, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) is transparent / semi-transparent to a second polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves, which is orthogonal to the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves.
[0056] In one embodiment, the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) is positioned adjacent to the front electrode 110 or the rear electrode 120 in the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 depending on the device design and is sensitive to the second polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves, which is orthogonal to the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves. In regard, the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) is transparent / semi-transparent to the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves, which is orthogonal to the second polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves.
[0057] In various embodiments, the multiple polarization states as afore-mentioned for electromagnetic waves include two or more different polarization states selected from a group of S-polarization, P-polarization, left circular polarization, and right circular polarization.
[0058] In various embodiments, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) is fabricated by FFTM using a blend system comprising P3HT and Y6 having anisotropic polarization sensitivity.
[0059] In various embodiments, the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) is made of a P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer.
[0060] In various embodiments, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) APSL-1 and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) can be prepared using one or more inorganic / organic semiconductors, polymers, perovskites, colloidal quantum dots, quantum dots, nanocomposites, organic / inorganic hybrids, 1D and 2D low dimensional materials, or combinations thereof.
[0061] In various embodiments, the functional layer 3 serves as an interlayer layer for the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) . Such the interlayer layer, which is with appropriate optical and surface electronic properties to connect the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) , can be prepared using one functional material or a blend system comprising different materials, e.g., one or more of inorganic / organic semiconductors, polymers, perovskites, colloidal quantum dots, quantum dots, nanocomposites, organic / inorganic hybrids, 1D and 2D low dimensional materials, or combinations thereof.
[0062] Briefly, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) has a high photoresponse to the incident light having a first polarization state, allowing the incident light with an orthogonal polarization state to the first polarization state to pass through without generating the photocurrent; and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) has a high photoresponse to incoming electromagnetic waves with a second polarization state that is orthogonal to the first polarization state.
[0063] In one embodiment, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) in the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 responses to P-polarized light, allowing S-polarized to pass through without generating any photocurrent. The functional layer 4 (APSL-2) in the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 responses to S-polarized light. The formation of a back-to-back or a head-to-head double APSL-based heterojunction structure enables the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 100 to have a bias-controllable photoresponse to either P-or S-polarized light, depending on polarity of the bias between the front and rear electrodes 110, 120.
[0064] FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of energy levels of functional materials used in a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustration of FIG. 2, HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) and LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) levels of semiconductors, as well as the work functions of metal materials, are indicated.
[0065] In one embodiment, a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 200 includes a back-to-back double APSL-based heterojunction configuration of indium tin oxide (ITO) / functional layer 1 (ZnO / poly [ (9, 9-bis (3'- ( (N, N-dimethyl) -N-ethylammonium) -propyl) -2, 7-fluorene) -alt-2, 7- (9, 9-dioctylfluorene) ] dibromide (PFN-Br) ) / functional layer 2 (P3HT: Y6-based P-polarization photoactive layer) / functional layer 3 (MoO3) / functional layer 4 (P3HT: Y6-based S-polarization photoactive layer) / functional layer 5 (PDINO: ZnO) / Ag. The functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) have similar configurations for their HOMO and LUMO. The functional layer 3 (MoO3) has LUMO of about -2.3 eV which is higher than those of the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) . As the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) have HOMO of about -5.2 eV, the functional layer 3 (MoO3) has HOMO of about -5.3 eV which is lower than HOMO of the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) . Moreover, the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) have LUMO of about -3.0 eV which is higher than those of the functional layer 1 (ZnO / PFN-Br) and the functional layer 5 (2, 9-Bis [3-(dimethyloxidoamino) propyl] anthra [2, 1, 9-def: 6, 5, 10-d'e'f'] diisoquinoline-1, 3, 8, 10 (2H, 9H) -tetrone (PDINO: ZnO) .
[0066] FIG 3 illustrates a schematic setup used to analyze performance of a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 300 under illumination by polarized light with different polarization state. By the configuration as afore-described, the bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector 300 response to P-and S-polarized light can be detected selectively by controlling polarity of the bias across front and rear electrodes (e.g., ITO and Ag electrodes) of a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector.
[0067] In the setup, electromagnetic waves are produced by tuning a linear polarizer placed in front of an LED light source. The multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 300 is positioned to receive electromagnetic waves. The incoming P-polarized light and S-polarized light, having orthogonal polarization states, are denoted as the solid and dash curves in the illustration of FIG. 3.
[0068] FIG. 4A and 4B illustrate an operational mechanism for a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustration of FIG. 4A, it is operated under a reverse bias across front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes, generating a photocurrent in a functional layer 4 (e.g., APSL-2) under illumination of S-polarized light. A functional layer 2 (e.g., APSL-1) sandwiched between an interlayer layer (e.g., MoO3) and the front electrode (e.g., ITO) is under its forward bias conduction state. Under illumination of S-polarized light, there is no photocurrent generated in the functional layer 2 (e.g., APSL-1) when the photodetector is operated under a reverse bias across the front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes. In the illustration of FIG. 4B, it is operated under a reverse bias across the front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes, and no photocurrent is generated in the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) under illumination of P-polarized light.
[0069] FIG. 5A and 5B illustrate an operational mechanism for a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustration of FIG. 5A, it is operated under a forward bias across front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes, generating a photocurrent in a functional layer 2 (e.g., APSL-1) under illumination of P-polarized light. A functional layer 4 (APSL-2) sandwiched between the front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes is under its forward bias conduction state. Under illumination of P-polarized light, there is no photocurrent generated in the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) when the photodetector is operated under a forward bias across the front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes. In the illustration of FIG. 5B, it is operated under a forward bias across the front (e.g., ITO) and rear (e.g., Ag) electrodes and no photocurrent is generated in the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) under illumination of S-polarized light.
[0070] By this configuration, in the present invention, the unique multi-polarization sensitive photodetector with bias-controllable polarization sensitive response to P-or S-polarized light offers an extremely promising option for a wide range of applications. For example, a polarization sensitive photodetector can be used to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of optical sensing devices, such as biomedical imaging or environmental monitoring. The multi-polarization sensitive photodetector can also be integrated into advanced display and communication technologies, such as augmented and virtual reality systems for providing improved image quality and visual fidelity, and novel polarization-enabled optical communication and information processing systems. The novel polarization sensitive photodetector technology of the present invention also provides device design freedom to create high secure and efficiency data transfer systems that require process signals encoded using polarized electromagnetic waves, preventing interference and eavesdropping.
[0071] That is, the polarization sensitive photodetector with a stack of heterojunctions can detect polarization states of incoming electromagnetic waves, thereby serving as a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector. During the operation, the APSL-1 responds selectively to the P-polarized light and allows the S-polarized light to pass through without producing photocurrent, and the APSL-2 responses selectively to the S-polarized light and enables P-polarized light to pass through without producing photocurrent.
[0072] In various embodiments, the stack of the anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers provides sensitivity to both the first and the second polarization states of incoming electromagnetic waves by tuning the material combinations or processing conditions used in the anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers. When the photodetector operates under a forward bias, the photodetector detects the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves, responded by a first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoresponse layer. When the photodetector operates under a reverse bias, the photodetector detects the second polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves, responded by the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoresponse layer.
[0073] Further, the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector with bias-controllable polarization sensitive response has the advantages for different applications in remote sensors, digital cameras, mobile phones, real-time fast polarimetric imaging, and determination of a wide range of polarimetric properties. Moreover, the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector with bias-controllable polarization sensitive response can be applied to polarization sensitive imaging sensors, environmental monitoring, bio / medical analysis, light communications, security monitoring, artificial intelligence, artificial vision, automation, remote sensors, digital cameras, mobile phones, polarization imaging applications with high spatial resolution, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector can be used in a polarization imaging system which is able to capture polarimetric data for point source objects. In an operation when applying the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector with bias-controllable polarization sensitive response, the photodetector can optionally allow polarization selective photoresponse for applications in polarimetric information displays.
[0074] For example, the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector with bias-controllable polarization sensitive response can be integrated with a module of a photodetection system, for example, used for polarization sensitive imaging sensors, environmental monitoring, bio / medical analysis, light communications, security monitoring, artificial intelligence, artificial vision, automation, remote sensors, digital cameras, mobile phones, polarization imaging applications with high spatial resolution, or combinations thereof.
[0075] In one embodiment, the operation for the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector is to adjust polarity of biases applied to the electrodes of the photodetector, in order to provide bias-controllable polarization sensitive response to different polarization states of incoming electromagnetic waves, thereby allowing polarization selective photoresponse for applications in polarimetric information displays.
[0076] DEVICE FABRICATION
[0077] A method for fabricating a polarization sensitive photodetector device with a multi-layer configuration is provided. The pre-patterned ITO / glass substrates with a sheet resistance of ~10 Ω / square are cleaned by ultra-sonication sequentially with diluted liquid detergent, de-ionized water, acetone, and 2-propanol, each for 30 minutes, and dried by nitrogen gas flow. The wet-cleaned ITO / glass substrates are exposed to UV-Ozone for 10 minutes prior to device fabrication in glove box, with O2 and H2O levels less than 0.1 ppm. A 15-nm thick ZnO layer is deposited on the ITO surface by spin-coating at a rotation speed of 2000 rpm for 50 seconds, followed by annealing at 200℃ for 30 minutes. A 20-nm thick PFN-Br is deposited on the ZnO-modified ITO / glass substrates by spin-coating at a rotation speed of 2000 rpm for 50 seconds. The bilayer PFN-Br / ZnO acts as an ETL (i.e., the functional layer 1) . A 50-nm thick P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization layer (i.e., the functional layer 2, APSL-1) , with its polarization aligned for detecting P-polarized light is deposited on the surface of PFN-Br / ZnO-modified ITO / glass substrate using FFTM. The samples with a layer configuration of P3HT: Y6 (APSL-1) / PFN-Br / ZnO / ITO / glass are then transferred to an adjacent vacuum chamber for depositing a 15-nm thick MoO3 (i.e., the functional layer 3) . A 50-nm thick P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization layer (i.e., the functional layer 4, APSL-2) with its polarization aligned for detecting S-polarized light is then overlaid on the surface of functional layer 3 using FFTM. A 20-nm thick PDINO: ZnO layer, serving as the HTL (i.e., the functional layer 5) is deposited on the top of functional layer 4 (i.e., the APSL-2) by spin-coating at a rotation speed of 2000 rpm for 50 seconds. The polarization sensitive photodetector is then formed by depositing a 100-nm thick Ag rear electrode using thermal evaporation. The active area of the polarization sensitive photodetector is determined by the overlapping area between the front ITO electrode and the rear Ag electrode; for example, it is about 3.0 mm×3.0 mm.
[0078] CHARACTERIZATIONS
[0079] J-V characteristics of the polarization sensitive photodetectors are measured using a Keithley 2400 source meter. The photoresponses of multi-functional photodetectors are characterized using P-and S-polarized light, produced using a linear polarizer placed in front of an LED (LED630E, Thorlabs) light (630 nm) source, driven by a RIGOL DG4102 function generator. The intensity of the polarized light is adjusted using a set of neutral optical filters. External quantum efficiency (EQE) of the photodetectors is measured using an EQE system comprising a Zenon lamp, a Bentham TMc300 monochromator, a Stanford Research System (SRS) preamplifier (SR 570) , and an SRS lock-in amplifier (SR 830) . The noise spectral density of the photodetectors is measured using a preamplifier (SRS model SR570) and a spectrum analyzer (SRS model SR770) . The transient photoresponses of the polarization sensitive photodetectors are recorded using a Tektronix MDO3052 oscilloscope.
[0080] RESULTS ANF DISCUSSION
[0081] The present invention describes a novel multi-polarization sensitive photodetector with bias-controllable polarization sensitive photoresponse for detecting and monitoring the polarization of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves. Specifically, the photodetector responds selectively to the first polarization state of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves (e.g., P-polarized light) when it is operated under a forward bias. The photodetector responses to the second polarization state, which is orthogonal to the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves (e.g., S-polarized light) when it is operated under a reverse bias. The high-performance multi-polarization sensitive photodetector exhibits a unique feature of P-polarized light response when it is operated under a forward bias and is sensitive to S-polarized light when it is operated under a reverse bias over a wavelength range from 300nm to 850 nm.
[0082] The absorption spectra measured for the functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and the functional layer 4 (APSL-2) under illumination of P-polarized light and S-polarized light are shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, respectively.
[0083] FIG. 6A shows an absorption spectra measured for a functional layer 2 (APSL-1) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The illustration of FIG. 6A demonstrates its anisotropic polarization light absorption behavior under illumination of P-polarized light (see solid curve, corresponding to the first polarization state) and S-polarized light (see dashed curve, corresponding to the second polarization state) . The anisotropic polarization of the photoactive layer can be described using a dichroic ratio (DR) , defined by the ratio of the absorption of the polarized electromagnetic waves with the first polarization state to that of the second polarization state, which is orthogonal to the first polarization state of incoming electromagnetic waves. The functional layer 2 has a clear anisotropic polarization sensitivity, having a high photoresponse to P-polarized light and a weak photoresponse to S-polarized light, with a high DR of over 11 times in an interval ranging from 500 nm to 600 nm (e.g., at 600 nm) .
[0084] FIG. 6B shows an absorption spectra measured for a functional layer 4 (APSL-2) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The illustration of FIG. 6B demonstrates its high polarization sensitivity under illumination of S- polarized light (the second polarization state) and weak photosensitivity to P-polarized light (the first polarization state) , with a DR of 11 times in an interval ranging from 500 nm to 600 nm (e.g., at 600 nm) .
[0085] Accordingly, it shows clearly that functional layer 2 (APSL-1) and functional 4 (APSL-2) have an anisotropic polarization light absorption behavior under illumination of P-polarized light (solid curve, the first polarization state) and S-polarized light (dashed curve, the second polarization state) . The DR describes how the material absorbs light differently when it is polarized in one direction versus the other and is defined by the ratio of the absorbance of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves with the first polarization state (e.g., P-polarized light) to that with the second polarization state (e.g., S-polarized light) . The functional layers 2 (APSL-1) and 4 (APSL-2) have clear anisotropic polarization sensitivities with a high DR of over 11 times in an interval ranging from 500 nm to 600 nm (e.g., at 600 nm) .
[0086] According to one embodiment of the present invention, a 50-nm thick P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is used for making functional layers 2 (APSL-1) and 4 (APSL-2) in the polarization sensitive photodetector. Functional layer 2 (APSL-1) is chosen for detecting P-polarized light. Likewise, P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization sensitive functional layer 4 (APSL-2) is aligned for detecting S-polarized light. The functional layers 2 and 4 form a back-to-back double APSL-based heterojunction structure, enabling the photodetector responding selectively to P-polarized light when it is operated under a forward bias, and responding only to S-polarized light when it is operated under a reverse bias, and / or vice versa.
[0087] Under a reverse bias, APSL-1 based polarization sensitive junction is under its forward conduction state, and APSL-2 based polarization sensitive junction is under its reverse photodetection state. Therefore, the photodetector only generates photocurrent in APSL-2 (functional layer 4) when it is under illumination of S-polarized light, as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 4A. Then, no photocurrent is generated in the presence of P-polarized, as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 4B.
[0088] Under a forward bias, APSL-1 based polarization sensitive junction is under its reverse photodetection state, and APSL-2 based polarization sensitive junction is under its forward conduction state. Therefore, the photodetector only generates photocurrent in APSL-1 (functional layer 2) when it is under illumination of P-polarized light, as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 5A. No photocurrent is generated in the presence of S-polarized, as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 5B.
[0089] J-V characteristics measured for the multi-polarization sensitive photodetector over the bias range from -1.2 V to 1.2 V, in the presence of P-and S-polarized light, are analyzed. FIG. 7 illustrates the current J-V characteristics measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector in the dark and under illuminations of P-and S-polarized light according to one embodiment of the present invention. P-and S-polarized light used in the measurements are obtained by rotating a linear polarizer placed in the front of a 630 nm LED light source, with a light intensity of 3.0 mW / cm2. Results in FIG. 7 reveal that the photodetector, operated under a reverse bias, has a higher photocurrent under illumination of S-polarized light. Whereas a considerably lower current in the photodetector is observed it is operated under a forward bias. Similarly, a high photocurrent is generated in the photodetector, operated under a forward bias, under illumination of P-polarized light. A lower leakage current is detected when it is operated under a reverse bias, as shown in FIG. 7. These results clearly demonstrate that there are two different polarization sensitivities in one device, namely S-polarized light, and P-polarized light sensitivity under reverse and forward bias, respectively.
[0090] FIG. 8 indicates the variation in photocurrent density measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention. The relationship between the photocurrent density and the rotation angle θ for the linear polarizer to its original reference position is provided. It is operated under a reverse bias of -0.2 V and a forward bias of 0.8 V. By using a 630 nm LED light source (3.0 mW / cm2) , polarized light having different polarizations is produced.
[0091] The illustration of FIG. 8 shows that the photodetector exhibits clearly bias-controllable polarization sensitive photoresponse to P-or S-polarized light, according to polarity of the bias applied across the pair of its front and rear electrodes. Under illumination of S-polarized light, the position of the maximum photocurrent in the photodetector, operated under a reverse bias of -0.2 V, is found at the polarization angle of the linear polarizer set at 90° and 270°. Similarly, the photodetector shows a more prominent photoresponse under illumination of P- polarized light, e.g., the polarization angle of the linear polarizer is set at 0° and 180°, when it is operated under a forward bias of 0.8 V.
[0092] FIG. 9 shows the ratio of the photocurrent, measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under a forward bias of 0.2 V to that of the photodetector operated under a reverse bias of -0.2 V. The relationship between the ratio of the photocurrent and the rotation angle θfor the linear polarizer to its original reference position is provided.
[0093] Specifically, the ratio of the photocurrent, Jratio, measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under a forward bias of 0.2 V under illumination of P-polarized light, to that of the photodetector, operated under a reverse bias of -0.2 V under illumination of S-polarized light is shown in illustration of FIG. 9. Jratio has an oscillation behavior revealing the polarization sensitive photoresponse of the photodetector with a maximum Jratio of ~2.9, which is >11 times higher than the minimum ratio (0.25) . The photodetector with a back-to-back double APSL-based heterojunction structure has a unique anisotropic polarization sensitivity, allowing selective response to P-and S-polarized light through controlling polarity of the bias between the ITO and Ag contacts.
[0094] FIG. 10A illustrates the noise spectral density measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under forward biases of 0.5 V and 1.0 V in the dark. FIG. 10B shows the wavelength-dependent specific detectivity, D*, calculated for the polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under forward biases of 0.5 V and 1.0 V, under illumination of P-polarized light.
[0095] Specifically, noise spectral density, Sn, characteristics measured for a polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under different forward biases of 0.5V and 1.0 V, under illumination of P-polarized light are shown in FIG. 10A. Sn of 3.0×10-11 A Hz-1 / 2 is obtained for a photodetector operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, which is about one order of magnitude lower than that of the photodetector operated under a forward bias of 1.0 V (3.0×10-10 A Hz-1 / 2) . Specific detectivity, D*, of the photodetector is related to the responsivity, R (λ) , and Sn, which can be calculated using the following equation:
[0096] where A is the active area of the photodetector. B is the normalized bandwidth (1Hz) . Under illumination of P-polarized light, D*of 5.0×106 Jones at 800 nm is obtained for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, which is evidently higher than that of the photodetector operated under a forward bias of 1.0 V, as shown in FIG. 10B.
[0097] FIG. 11A shows the noise spectral density measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under reverse biases of -0.5 V and -1.0 V in the dark. FIG. 11B shows the wavelength-dependent D*calculated for the polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under reverse biases of -0.5 V and -1.0 V, under illumination of S-polarized light.
[0098] Specifically, Sn characteristics measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under different reverse biases of -0.5V and -1.0 V, under illumination of S-polarized light are shown in FIG. 11A. Sn of 4.0×10-11 A Hz-1 / 2 is obtained for a photodetector operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, which is an order of magnitude lower than the Sn of 4.0×10-10 A Hz-1 / 2 achieved in the photodetector operated under a reverse bias of -1.0 V. Under illumination of S-polarized light, a D*of 2.0×106 Jones at 800 nm is obtained for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, which is evidently higher than that of the photodetector operated under a forward bias of -1.0 V, as shown in FIG. 11B. The results suggest that the photodetector with a double APSL-based heterojunction structure possesses a higher D*for P-and S-polarized light when device is operated under a small forward bias, which is very suitable for applications in battery-powered handheld or portable electronics.
[0099] A summary of measured Sn and calculated D*at 800 nm, obtained for the polarization sensitive photodiode operated under different biases and under illumination of P-and S-polarized light, is listed in Table 1.
[0100] Table 1
[0101] FIG. 12 illustrates the photocurrent measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention. This is operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, under illumination of P-polarized light for the measurement, as well as under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, under illumination of S-polarized light for the measurement.
[0102] The relationship between the photocurrent and the light intensity is measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector. The measurement is operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, under the illuminations of P-polarized light (630 nm) over a light intensity range from 1.0 to 1.0×102 mW / cm2; and operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, under S-polarized light (640 nm) over a light intensity range from 1.0 to 1.0×102 mW / cm2. The photocurrent of the polarization sensitive photodetector and the intensity of the polarized light shows a linear relation in a log-to-log plot when the photodetector is operated under both forward and reverse biases. A linear dynamic range of ~ 40 dB is obtained for the polarization sensitive photodetector operated over the voltage range from -0.5 V to 0.5 V.
[0103] FIG. 13 indicates the photoresponse measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention. The measurement is operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, having a -3 dB cutoff frequency (f-3 dB) of >700 Hz under illumination of P-polarized light, and is also operated under a reverse of -0.5 V, having an f-3 dB of >1000 Hz under illumination of S-polarized light.
[0104] The illustration shows a relationship between photoresponses and f-3 dB measured for the photodetector using the modulated polarized light over frequency range from 1 to 4 kHz. f-3 dB is defined as the modulation frequency of light at which the photocurrent reduces to 70.8%of the one produced under steady light illumination. f-3 dB is determined by 20×log (I / I0) , where I is the photocurrent of the photodetector generated under illumination of the modulated light and I0 is the photocurrent generated by the photodetector under illumination of continuous light. Under illumination of P-polarized light, the photodetector has an f-3 dB of >700 Hz when it is operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V. Under illumination of S-polarized light, an f-3 dB of >1000 Hz is obtained for the photodetector operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V.
[0105] FIG. 14 illustrates the transient photoresponses measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector according to one embodiment of the present invention. The measurement is operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, under illumination of P-polarized light; and it is also operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, under illumination of S-polarized light, using a 1000 Hz modulated LED light (630 nm) source (3.0 mW / cm2) . According to the illustration of FIG. 14, time-dependent photoresponses reveal clearly that the photodetector with a back-to-back double APSL-based heterojunction structure has a bias-controllable response to P-and S-polarized light, controlled by polarity of the bias between the front and rear electrodes.
[0106] FIG. 15A shows the transient photoresponse time measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, under illumination of P-polarized light; FIG. 15B shows the transient photoresponse time measured for the polarization sensitive photodetector, operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, under illumination of S-polarized light.
[0107] The response speed was analyzed using the rising time (τr) and falling time (τf) of the photodetector operated under different conditions. τr is defined as the time taken for the photodetector to reach 90%of its maximum photocurrent after switching on a modulated light source. τf is defined as the time taken for the photocurrent reducing to 10%of its maximum value after switching off the modulated light source. In the presence of the modulated P-polarized light, the photodetector exhibited a τr of 1.0 ms and a τf of 0.7 ms when it is operated under a forward bias of 0.5 V, as illustrated in FIG. 15A. Under the illumination of S-polarized light, the photodetector had a τr of 0.3 ms and a τf of 0.6 ms when it is operated under a reverse bias of -0.5 V, as shown in FIG. 15B.
[0108] According to the above, embodiments of the present invention relate to multi-polarization sensitive photodetectors that have polarization sensitive photoresponse to incoming polarized electromagnetic waves. The anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers used in the photodetectors can be prepared using pristine or mixture functional materials with desired anisotropic polarization sensitivity forming back-to-back or head-to-head connected configuration, stacking of anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers with different arrangements or polarization directions. The use of functional materials, such as inorganic semiconductors, organic semiconductors, polymer, perovskite, colloidal quantum dots, organic / inorganic hybrids, 1D and 2D low dimensional materials and their combinations prepared by floating film transfer, rubbing technique, stretching alignment, and other solution-and nonsolution-fabrication methods to achieve anisotropic polarization photoactive layers with desired polarized properties in devices with the architecture disclosed in this patent application, provides a variety of material choices and device design freedoms for realizing multi-polarization sensitive photodetectors.
[0109] As an example, a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector disclosed in this patent application has a double APSL-based heterojunction structure of ETL / P-polarization photoactive layer / interlayer / S-polarization photoactive layer / hole-transporting layer. The photodetector exhibits a remarkable polarization sensitive detection phenomenon, demonstrating a P-polarized light response when it is operated under a forward bias, and an S-polarized light response when it is operated under a reverse bias. The multi-polarization sensitive photodetector comprises a ~50-nm thick anisotropic polarization sensitive binary blend P3HT: Y6, prepared by FFTM, arranged for responding to P-polarized light, a 15-nm thick MoO3 layer, and a 50-nm thick anisotropic polarization sensitive binary blend P3HT: Y6, prepared by FFTM, arranged for responding to S-polarized light.
[0110] With this arrangement, the photodetector forms a back-to-back double APSL-based heterojunction structure, allowing P-or S-polarization-selective photoresponse, controlled by polarity of the bias between the front ITO and rear Ag contacts. The photodetector responses to S-polarized when it is operated under a reverse bias and is sensitive to P-polarized light when it is operated under a forward bias.
[0111] High-performance multi-polarization sensitive photodetectors are an appealing alternative to conventional polarization sensitive photodetectors, which can only detect a single state of polarization, for various applications, including remote sensing, astronomy, atmospheric monitoring, industrial quality control, visible light communications, chemical / biomedical sensing, quantum optical and medical diagnosis. One significant advantage of multi-polarization sensitive photodetectors is their voltage-controlled polarization sensitive photoresponses. Additionally, solution-processable fabrication processes offer substantial cost benefits, enabling the production of next-generation large-area and flexible photodetectors. The unique multi-polarization sensitive light response properties disclosed in this invention present a compelling option for new photodetector concepts and applications.
[0112] INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
[0113] The present invention relates to a multi-polarization sensitive photodetector that has bias-controllable polarization sensitive photoresponses for detecting and monitoring the polarization of incoming polarized electromagnetic waves with different polarization states, e.g., S-polarization and P-polarization. The technology will enable high-performance multi-polarization sensitive photodetectors for applications in areas such as optical remote sensing, atmospheric monitoring, military reconnaissance, medical examination, and magneto-optical data storage. The polarization sensitive photodetection technology will also be critical for development of advanced computer vision in robotics, automobiles and obstacle avoidance, automated manufacturing, and other applications across various industries.
[0114] Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad techniques of the embodiments can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while the embodiments have been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the embodiments should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification, and following claims.
[0115] The foregoing description of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art.
[0116] The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Claims
1.A bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector, comprising:a front electrode which is transparent or semi-transparent for effectively receiving incoming electromagnetic waves;a first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer positioned over the front electrode and responding to a first polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves;a second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer positioned over the first anisotropic polarization and responding to a second polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves, wherein the first polarization state is orthogonal to the second polarization state; anda rear electrode positioned over the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer.2.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer and the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer collectively form a vertical stack of double anisotropic polarization-sensitive photoactive layers in a back-to-back or head-to-head heterojunction structure.3.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers includes functional inorganic semiconductors, organic semiconductors, polymers, perovskites, quantum dots, nanocomposites, inorganic semiconductors, organic / inorganic hybrids, 1D and 2D low dimensional materials, or combinations thereof.4.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is positioned adjacent to the front electrode, and the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is positioned adjacent to the rear electrode.5.The photodetector of claim 4, further comprising an interlayer layer connecting the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer and the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer, wherein the interlayer layer has lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) higher than those of the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer and the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer.6.The photodetector of claim 1, further comprising:an electron-transporting layer positioned between the front electrode and the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer; anda hole-transporting layer positioned between the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer and the rear electrode.7.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is transparent to the incoming electromagnetic waves with the second polarization state, and the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is transparent to the first polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves, and the first polarization state and the second polarization state comprise S-polarization, P-polarization, left circular polarization, right circular polarization, or combinations thereof.8.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein the photodetector is configured to detect the first polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves, responded by the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer, when a forward bias is applied to the photodetector via the front electrode and the rear electrode.9.The photodetector of claim 8, wherein the photodetector is configured to detect the second polarization state of the incoming electromagnetic waves, responded by the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer, when a reverse bias is applied to the photodetector via the front electrode and the rear electrode.10.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein a sensitivity to both the first and the second polarization states of the incoming electromagnetic waves depend on material properties of the first and second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers.11.The photodetector of claim 10, wherein the first anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is a 50-nm thick P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization layer with its polarization aligned for detecting P-polarized light.12.The photodetector of claim 10, wherein the second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layer is a 50-nm thick P3HT: Y6-based anisotropic polarization layer with its polarization aligned for detecting S-polarized light.13.The photodetector of claim 1, wherein the first and second anisotropic polarization sensitive photoactive layers have clear anisotropic polarization sensitivities with a high dichroic ratio of over 11 times in an interval ranging from 500 nm to 600 nm.14.A photodetection system, comprising:a module selected from a group of a polarization sensitive imaging sensor module, an environmental monitoring module, a bio / medical analysis module, a light communication module, a security monitoring module, an artificial intelligence module, an artificial vision module, an automation module, a remote sensor module, a digital camera module, a mobile phone module, and a polarization imaging module; anda bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector according to claim 1 integrated with the module.15.A method for operating a bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector of claim 1, comprising:providing at least one electromagnetic wave; andadjusting polarity of biases applied to the front and rear electrodes of the photodetector, in order to provide bias-controllable polarization sensitive response to different polarization states of the incoming electromagnetic waves.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising:integrating the bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector into polarimetric information displays, to allow polarization selective photoresponse of the bias-controllable polarization sensitive photodetector to operates in the polarimetric information displays.
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