Fuel pellets

Abstract

A fuel pellet is disclosed. The fuel pellet comprises a plant fiber and a lignin modifying enzyme exogenous to the plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a Tracheophytes plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a monocot plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a Poaceae plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a Saccharum plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is sugarcane bagasse plant fiber. In some embodiments, the pellet does not contain a binding agent. In embodiments without a binding agent, the fuel pellet is held together by lignin, which is present in the plant fiber and modified to hold the plant fibers together. In some embodiments, the lignin modifying enzyme is a lignase. In some other embodiments the lignin modifying enzyme is a laccase. The disclosure further provides a method of making a fuel pellet.

Description

Fuel PelletsTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to fuel pellets. More specifically this disclosure relates to fuel pellets derived from biomass, and to methods for the production of biomass-based fuel pellets.BACKGROUND

[0002] In the landscape of global energy production, a critical challenge looms large - the relentless dependence on coal as a primary energy source. While coal accounts for over one third of the world's electricity, its continued use is accompanied by the staggering emission of over 15 gigatons of CO2 annually. The urgency to reduce carbon emissions has never been more pronounced, as 34% of the world's largest companies commit to Net Zero goals for scope 1 and 2 emissions. However, a stark reality emerges - 93% of these corporate giants are poised to fall short of their objectives unless they double the pace of emissions reduction by 2030.

[0003] Despite a growing global consciousness surrounding climate change, the demand for coal remains stubbornly high, hovering at near-record levels. It is within this paradoxical context that sustainable alternatives must emerge, ones capable of mitigating the use of thermal coal for power generation. Amidst this landscape, the inventors present an innovative solution, poised to redefine the solid biofuel industry. The inventor's groundbreaking methodology addresses multifaceted challenges while placing sustainability and emissions reduction at its core.

[0004] Wood pellets have been positioned as a well-developed alternative, but sustainability concerns cast a shadow over their promise. The relentless quest for wood pellets has led to the loss of over 1 million acres of forests in the United States alone. Claims of substantial carbon savings arising from wood's utilization for energy generation are tempered by the stark reality of extended carbon life cycles. Achieving true carbon neutrality with wood necessitates the planting of new trees, which absorb carbon dioxide over many years. This protracted timeline challenges the notion of sustainability, leaving many to question the practicality of wood pellets as a carbon-neutral solution.

[0005] Existing biomass alternatives face their own economic and practical hurdles, primarily related to moisture resistance. Unlike coal, biomass is highly susceptible to moisture absorption, resulting in degradation, inflated transportation costs, and compromised energy efficiency during combustion. Moreover, many wood-based pellets rely on expensive bonding agents, such as starch, further escalating production expenses.SUMMARY

[0006] In a first aspect, the disclosure provides a fuel pellet comprising a plant fiber and a lignin modifying enzyme exogenous to the plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a Tracheophytes plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a monocot plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a Poaceae plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is a Saccharum plant fiber. In some embodiments, the plant fiber is sugarcane bagasse plant fiber.

[0007] In some embodiments, the pellet does not contain a binding agent. In embodiments without a binding agent, the fuel pellet is held together by lignin, which is present in the plant fiber and modified to hold the plant fibers together. In some of these embodiments, the lignin modifying enzyme is a lignase. In some other embodiments the lignin modifying enzyme is a laccase. In embodiments using a laccase, the laccase may be one of; polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), CotA laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), or a versatile peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16). In some embodiments, the lignin modifying enzyme is a Phanerochaete laccase.

[0008] In a second aspect, the disclosure provides a method of making a fuel pellet. The method includes growing a fungal culture, which produces a lignin-modifying enzyme. The fungal culture is transferred to a biomass pile. Enzyme production is induced by altering fungal growth conditions. The resulting biomass is processed into pellets by milling the biomass to reduce the particle size of the material. Screening the biomass particles to separate optimally sized particles. Loading the biomass particles into a vessel filled with a solution at a specified pH and stirring the mixture as the biomass particles are added. The mixture continues to be stirred. Then the mixture is strained to remove water and leave the biomass. The biomass is dried in an oven. The biomass is compressed into pellets with a compression die.

[0009] Further aspects and embodiments are provided in the foregoing drawings, detailed description, and claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The following drawings are provided to illustrate certain embodiments described herein. The drawings are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of claimed inventions and are not intended to show every potential feature or embodiment of the claimed inventions. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale; in some instances, certain elements of the drawing may be enlarged with respect to other elements of the drawing for purposes of illustration.

[0011] Figure 1 is a graph of the average Pellet Durability Index (PDI) of 4 samples collected for each treatment at each time. Treatment types are coarse biomaterial pellets and 20 % fine biomaterialpellets. Pellets were produced using a high temperature creation which takes place at approximately 197 deg F. Error bars denote standard deviation.

[0012] Figure 2 is a graph of the average moisture content of 3 samples collected for each treatment at each time. Pellets were produced using a high temperature creation which takes place at approximately 197 deg F. Error bars denote standard deviation.

[0013] Figure 3 is a graph showing equilibrium moisture content (EMC) for pellets produced using a high temperature creation which takes place at 197 deg F. These EMC values represent that for southern pine and not sugarcane bagasse. This is for reference only. These samples were located in a storage room with no air conditioning.

[0014] Figure 4 is a graph showing Relative Humidity logged for pellets produced using a high temperature creation which takes place at approximately 197 deg F. These samples were located in a storage room with no air conditioning.

[0015] Figure 5 is a graph showing temperature logged for pellets produced at approximately 197 deg F. These samples were located in a storage room with no air conditioning.

[0016] Figure 6 is a graph showing the average Pellet Durability Index (PDI) of 4 samples collected for each treatment at each time. Pellets were produced using a low temperature creation which takes place at approximately 124 deg F. Error bars denote standard deviation.

[0017] Figure 7 is a graph showing the average moisture of 3 samples collected for each treatment at each time. Pellets were produced using a low temperature creation which takes place at approximately 124 deg F. Error bars denote standard deviation.

[0018] Figure 8 is a graph showing Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) for pellets produced using a low temperature creation which takes place at 124 deg F. These EMC values represent that for southern pine and not sugarcane bagasse. This is for reference only. These samples were located in a storage room with no air conditioning.

[0019] Figure 9 is a graph showing Relative Humidity logged for pellets produced using a low temperature creation which takes place at 124 deg F. These samples were located in a storage room with no air conditioning.

[0020] Figure 10 is a graph showing Temperature logged for pellets produced using a low temperature creation which takes place at 124 deg F. These samples were located in a storage room with no air conditioning.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The following description recites various aspects and embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein. No particular embodiment is intended to define the scope of the invention. Rather, the embodiments provide non-limiting examples of various compositions, and methods that are included within the scope of the claimed inventions. The description is to be read from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, information that is well known to the ordinarily skilled artisan is not necessarily included.Definitions

[0022] The following terms and phrases have the meanings indicated below, unless otherwise provided herein. This disclosure may employ other terms and phrases not expressly defined herein. Such other terms and phrases shall have the meanings that they would possess within the context of this disclosure to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some instances, a term or phrase may be defined in the singular or plural. In such instances, it is understood that any term in the singular may include its plural counterpart and vice versa, unless expressly indicated to the contrary.

[0023] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to “a substituent” encompasses a single substituent as well as two or more substituents, and the like.

[0024] As used herein, “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” or “including” are meant to introduce examples that further clarify more general subject matter. Unless otherwise expressly indicated, such examples are provided only as an aid for understanding embodiments illustrated in the present disclosure and are not meant to be limiting in any fashion. Nor do these phrases indicate any kind of preference for the disclosed embodiment.

[0025] As used herein “binding agent” or “binder” means a substance imparting enhanced inter-particle bonding. Such a substance can be a liquid or solid and forms a bridge, film, or matrix, or to cause a chemical reaction to increase the bonding between particles. Examples of possible bonding agents for wood pellets include starch, molasses, natural paraffin, plant oil, lignin sulfate and synthetic agents. In the following paragraphs, some common binders will be discussed in detail for reference.

[0026] As used herein “pellet” means biomass compressed into a defined shape. The shape may be any shape formed by a die or formed by extruding the biomass through an aperture. The shape may be any of a cylinder, a cube, a sphere, a spheroid, a pill shape, or any other shape. Throughout this disclosure pellet and briquette may be used interchangeably.

[0027] As used herein “Pellet Durability Index (PDI)”, which may also be referred to as mechanical durability, means the pellets ability to withstand mechanical stress without significant degradation. Degradation includes breakage of pellets, and loss of pellet mass due to abrasion andimpact. PDI is reported in terms of the percentage of the pellet remaining after a durability test. The durability test is specified in ISO 17831-1.

[0028] As used herein, “moisture uptake” means the amount of moisture absorbed by a pellet. The pellet is placed in a controlled chamber with a specified amount of humidity. The pellet is measured prior to being placed in the chamber and measured again after a determined period of time in the chamber.

[0029] As used herein “compression resistance” means the ability of a pellet to withstand compressive forces.

[0030] As used herein “equilibrium moisture content (EMC)” means the moisture content at which the material is neither gaining nor losing moisture. Equilibrium moisture content is most often used in connection with hygroscopic materials that are surrounded at least partially by air. The hygroscopic materials absorb moisture from the air thus altering the moisture in the material.

[0031] As used herein “inherent moisture” means the moisture held in the pellet.

[0032] As used herein “total moisture” means the moisture that can be removed through drying.

[0033] As used herein “volatile matter” means the components of the pellet, except for water, which are liberated at high temperature in the absence of air. Volatile matter is generally a mixture of short- and long- chain carbons and some sulfur.

[0034] As used herein “ash content” means the non-combustible residue left aft pellets are burned. It represents the bulk mineral matter after carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and water have been driven off during combustion.

[0035] As used herein “gross calorific value (GCV)”, also known as higher heating value (HHV) or gross heat of combustion, means the total amount of heat released when a unit of fuel is completely burned, and the combustion products are returned to their original temperature. GCV is a theoretical parameter that represents the maximum amount of heat energy that can be obtained from a fuel. It's useful for calculating heating values for fuels where the reaction products can be condensed.

[0036] As used herein “net calorific value (Net CV)” means the amount of energy that can be practically realized from a fuel when combusted at a constant pressure. It's also known as the lower heating value (LHV). Net CV is a practical value to use because it's based on how fuel is typically burned, including its moisture content. It's calculated by subtracting the condensation heat of water from the gross calorific value (Gs).

[0037] As used herein "fixed carbon" refers to the solid, combustible residue left behind after a fuel, like coal, is heated and its volatile matter is expelled, essentially representing the non-volatilecarbon content that remains after moisture and ash are removed; it's a key factor in determining a fuel's combustion properties and is calculated through a process called proximate analysis.

[0038] Binding agents (from corn or rice) can also be used to decrease abrasion. Small amount of starch, less than 2 percent by mass, increases pellet strength. The most common starches are derived from potatoes and corn. A cost benefit analysis must be performed to determine if, and how much, starch should be used. This sort of addition is common in Austria, a leading country in the utilization of biomass pellets. However, numerous other factors determine the overall level of abrasion.

[0039] Lignin acts as a binder in situ in the feed material, although it can also be added as a binder — obtained as by-product of the pulp and paper industry. At elevated temperatures, lignin softens and helps the binding process. There is a threshold to the advantages of adding lignin, however. Levels above about 34 percent in wood tend to decrease durability.

[0040] Fiber can be classified as water-soluble and water-insoluble fibers. Water-soluble fibers increase the viscosity of the feed and positively affect the structural integrity of the pellets. Waterinsoluble fibers may entangle and fold between particles or fibers. Increasing the crude fiber content from between 18 to 27 percent increases the durability of alfalfa pellets by about 5 percent. Other potential additives to improve pellet quality include hydrated lime and pea starch.

[0041] Biomass combustion appliance manufacturers often recommend the addition of lime (CaO) to reduce clinker formation and slagging. Limestone creates a chemical compound such as CaSO4 which has a higher melting temperature, thus stays in the bottom ash. Limestone also has the added benefit of reducing HC1 formation.

[0042] The development of sustainable biofuels and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have become paramount challenges in today's world. Conventional fossil fuels, notably coal, continue to contribute significantly to carbon emissions, thereby accelerating climate change. Addressing this challenge necessitates innovative solutions that not only curb emissions but also enhance the sustainability of energy sources.

[0043] In response to this imperative, the field of renewable energy has seen the emergence of biofuel pellets as a promising alternative to coal for power generation. These pellets, traditionally derived from wood and agricultural residues, offer the potential to mitigate carbon emissions and promote sustainability. However, the path to widespread adoption of biofuel pellets is fraught with challenges.

[0044] One key challenge lies in the sustainability of biomass sources. The conventional use of wood-based pellets has raised concerns about deforestation and the long-term carbon life cycle. To achieve carbon neutrality with wood-based pellets, new trees must be planted to absorb the emittedcarbon dioxide, a process that spans decades. This extended timeline calls into question the true sustainability of such biofuels.

[0045] Additionally, the inherent characteristics of biomass, including moisture absorption, present hurdles in achieving efficient and cost-effective pelletization. Unlike coal, biomass is prone to moisture-induced degradation, increasing transportation costs and reducing overall burning efficiency. The need for costly bonding agents further compounds the economic challenges associated with biomass pellet production.

[0046] The present invention pertains to a novel method for producing biofuel pellets, specifically designed for enhanced energy efficiency and sustainability. These biofuel pellets, which are composed of pre-treated agricultural materials, represent a significant advancement in the field of alternative fuel sources. The required subject matter of the present invention will now be summarized in detail below, by way of example and not limitation, since both the materials and the methods disclosed herein may comprise different details and procedures, without avoiding the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

[0047] Some characteristics of the inventors’ biofuel pellets include Exceptional Durability: The inventors’ pellets boast exceptional durability, ensuring prolonged storage life and transportation efficiency, setting a new benchmark in the industry. Moisture Resistance: The inventor's pellets exhibit superior moisture resistance to ambient humidity, enhancing combustion efficiency and curbing transportation expenses. Unchanged or Minimal change to Caloric Value: The inventors’ technology enhances the durability and moisture resistance of biomass pellets without changing the energy content and without the need for energy-intensive processes like torrefaction. This translates to an equivalent energy yield, but also promotes resource-efficient combustion and reduced tonnage. Elimination of Expensive Bonding Agents: The inventors’ approach eliminates the requirement for costly bonding agents, such as starch, significantly reducing production costs. Sustainability: The inventor's technology embraces a sustainable ethos. Unlike traditional wood pellets, the inventors’ pellets do not necessitate the felling of forests. The inventors’ methodology accommodates a range of agricultural waste products, including the inventors' pioneering use of sugarcane waste, bagasse. It extends beyond bagasse, offering versatility with various agricultural materials. Rapid Carbon Life Cycle: Products like sugarcane, the inventors initial focus, mature in mere months, not years or decades like trees. This rapid growth significantly reduces deforestation, fostering a more sustainable carbon life cycle.

[0048] In essence, the inventors’ innovation promises to assist companies in reducing CO2 emissions by facilitating a transition away from coal, achieving Net Zero targets through the reduction of scope 1 and 2 emissions. The inventors’ innovation does not merely offer an alternative; it signifies a paradigm shift, enabling resource-efficient energy production and promoting a rapid carbon life cycle.By choosing the inventors’ sustainable biofuels, companies can take decisive steps towards meeting their emissions reduction goals while ensuring a more sustainable energy future.

[0049] The technical field addressed by this invention lies at the intersection of biotechnology, materials science, and sustainable energy production. It encompasses the development of a pioneering approach to transform agricultural materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, into high-calorific and moisture -resistant biofuel pellets. This innovation is deeply rooted in the utilization of enzymatic reactions, particularly lignin-modifying catalysis, to initiate lignin repolymerization within the biomass fragments. By harnessing the power of biotechnology and advanced materials science, this technology redefines conventional biofuel production, offering a sustainable solution poised to revolutionize the energy landscape. Through innovative enzymatic pathways and advanced polymerization techniques, this invention represents a paradigm shift in the creation of biofuel pellets with superior durability, calorific value, and ambient moisture resistance.

[0050] The following key aspects define the inventors’ innovative technology:

[0051] Enzymatic Polymerization; Central to the inventors’ invention is the use of ligninmodifying enzymes, preferably derived from but not limited to Phanerochaete chrysosporium, for the enzymatic polymerization of lignin fragments present in vascular plant biomass. The inventors’ invention is optimized for biomass with high lignin concentrations, covering a working range from 10% lignin all the way through to 90% lignin representative of torrefied biomass, for which the inventors’ technology still works. This enzymatic occurrence is a unique and pioneering approach in the field of biofuel pellet production. There are no known biofuel pellets that use Phanerochaete chrysosporium for polymerization of lignin present in fragments of the woody or non-woody biomass.

[0052] The inventors’ polymerization technology is compatible with a range of enzymes, including but not limited to oxidases, peroxidases and manganases, and active research and development of novel enzymes tailored for this purpose continues. These new enzymes are derived from plants, bacteria and / or fungi, produce them on a large scale through recombinant organisms.

[0053] The inventors have also demonstrated that this process works for other high lignin agricultural materials like but not limited to corn straw, rice straw, coconut husk and coffee husk, by reducing the average moisture uptake by 20%. This is the rate at which biomass absorbs moisture from the atmosphere.

[0054] Durability and Moisture Resistance: The inventor's biofuel pellets excel in durability, surpassing industry standards for pellet durability index (PDI). For instance, untreated sugarcane bagasse with a PDI of 96.6% can be enhanced to 98.5% through the inventors’ methodology. Furthermore, the inventors’ pellets maintain low moisture content and exhibit reduced sensitivity to atmospheric humidity, resulting in improved storage and combustion characteristics.

[0055] The moisture content of the inventors treated bagasse pellets only increases from 5.1% to 5.8% within a seven-day period inside a controlled environment with an environmental moisture content ranging from 9-11%. Raw bagasse and wood pellets reach room humidity at a much faster rate. The inventors’ pellets reached a value of 6.74% after 35 days.

[0056] The moisture uptake of the inventors treated bagasse pellets was recorded as 9.83% after being held within an environmental chamber for 72 hours with an average temperature of 17.2 deg C and an average humidity of 70.8%. By comparison, the same raw bagasse used to create the treated bagasse pellets was recorded simultaneously and measured with a moisture uptake of 12.38%. The inventors’ pellets therefore absorb water at a slower rate by approximately 20%.

[0057] Pellet Characteristics: The resulting biofuel pellets exhibit a consistent cylindrical shape, with a fixed diameter of 8mm and lengths ranging from 10mm to 50mm. Moreover, the inventors’ methodology accommodates a diameter range from 4mm to 10mm, offering flexibility in pellet size. Laboratory tests have measured the density of the inventors’ bagasse pellets as 711.41 kg / m3, ensuring an ideal balance of compactness for efficient storage and combustion.

[0058] Versatile Material Sources: The inventor's technology is not limited to a single feedstock. It can utilize a wide range of agricultural materials with a lignin content, making it adaptable to various geographic locations and resources availability. In addition to sugarcane bagasse, the inventors’ methodology has proven effective with various agricultural materials, including but not limited to corn straw, rice straw, coconut husk, hay, and coffee husk, making it adaptable to regional preferences and availability. The inventors’ pellets can be made from any agricultural material with lignin, called vascular plants.

[0059] Additive-Free: Notably, the inventors' biofuel pellets achieve these exceptional characteristics without the addition of any bonding agents or additives.

[0060] Versatile Application: The inventors’ pellets can be burned in the current ready state or can be ground prior to burning. The combustion of the pellets produces a carbon neutral supply of energy. The pellets are approximately 44% carbon. Thus, the combustion has been measured at 1.615 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of pellets (tCO2eq / t).

[0061] The inventors’ pellets are well-suited for applications like fluidized bed coal burners, providing a sustainable source of energy. However, further development may be needed to enhance grindability for utilization in pulverized coal suspension burners. These pellets can be used as-is or ground prior to combustion, offering flexibility in deployment.

[0062] Chemical Composition: The chemical composition of the inventors’ pellets remains largely unchanged from the raw agricultural material, with notable improvements, such as reducedchlorine content, achieved during specific process steps. The chemical composition of the inventors’ biofuel pellets is represented as follows:Analysis by WeightTable 1

[0063] Ash Analysis: The ash analysis revealed the following temperatures for ash. ShrinkageStarting Temperature (SST) or < 850 degrees, Deformation Temperature (DT) of 1,330 degrees, Hemispherical Temperature of 1,390 degrees and Flow Temperature of 1,390 degrees. Notably, the ash produced through combustion can be reused within several other industries, say for the production of cement or glass. Additionally, a mineral ash analysis revealed the following characteristics for the inventors’ enzyme-treated bagasse pellets:Table 2

[0064] In summary, the inventors’ invention represents a significant advancement in the production of biofuel pellets. It offers a sustainable, adaptable, and efficient alternative to traditional fuel sources, contributing to reduced emissions and increased energy efficiency.Methods and Processes

[0065] The present invention proposes a methodology for obtaining grass or wood biomass pellets, through enzymatic treatment and subsequent conditioning under heat and pressure during pelletization. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase enzyme. It catalyzes the oxidation of various substrates and can therefore be classed as a lignin-modifying enzyme (by reducing molecular oxygen to water). Laccases are known for their ability to oxidize a wide range of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Lignin-modifying enzymes like Laccase are commonly found in fungi, plants, and bacteria. The procedure to manufacture both the enzymes and the pelletizing process is outlined below.Enzyme Production: Step-by-step

[0066] Fungal Cultivation Tank

[0067] Inoculation: The process starts with the inoculation of a genetically modified fungal culture. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Phanerochaete chrysosporium will be not used for this) into a dedicated cultivation tank containing a growth medium suitable for the fungus.

[0068] Nutrient Supply: The growth medium consists of essential nutrients for the fungus, including a carbon source (e.g., sugars like glucose), nitrogen source (e.g., sodium nitrate), and other necessary minerals and vitamins. Continuous nutrient monitoring and regulation are implemented to ensure optimal growth conditions.

[0069] Aeration and Agitation: The cultivation tank is equipped with aeration and agitation systems to provide the necessary oxygen and prevent fungal clumping. Fungal growth is monitored continuously, and conditions are adjusted accordingly.

[0070] Enzyme Production Tank

[0071] Inoculum Transfer: A portion of the actively growing fungal culture from the cultivation tank is transferred to a separate enzyme production tank. This tank is optimized for enzyme production (secretion).

[0072] Induction: Enzyme production is induced by altering the growth conditions. Temperature, pH, and nutrient composition can be manipulated to trigger the secretion of ligninmodifying enzymes. The secretion process might be optimized over time for maximal enzyme yield.

[0073] Harvesting: Once the enzyme production is at its peak, the contents of the enzyme production tank, now enriched with laccase enzymes, are harvested. This may involve filtration or centrifugation to separate the fungal biomass from the liquid enzyme solution.

[0074] Laboratory Analysis: Samples are periodically withdrawn and sent to an on-site laboratory. Spectrophotometry, chromatography, and advanced enzyme activity assays are employed for quality control.

[0075] Separation or Solid-State Fermentation

[0076] Enzyme Solution Tank

[0077] Filtration or Centrifugation: The harvested liquid is processed to separate the ligninmodifying enzyme solution from any remaining fungal biomass. This may involve filtration, centrifugation, or other separation techniques.

[0078] Concentration: The lignin-modifying enzyme solution can be concentrated, if necessary, to increase its enzyme content.

[0079] Storage: The concentrated lignin-modifying enzyme solution is stored in a dedicated tank. It is ready for use as an enzyme spray.

[0080] Enzyme Spraying Nozzle: The enzyme solution in the storage tank is connected to a spraying system equipped with nozzles. This system is positioned in the pelletization process line.

[0081] Enzyme Production via Solid-state Fermentation

[0082] Inoculum Transfer: A portion of the actively growing fungal culture from the cultivation tank is transferred to the biomass pile. The biomass pile will be continuously monitored to ensure proper conditions for the fungus to proliferate and release the enzymes of interest.

[0083] Induction: Enzyme production is induced by altering the growth conditions. Temperature, pH, and nutrient composition can be manipulated to trigger the secretion of laccase enzymes. The secretion process might be optimized over time for maximal enzyme yield.

[0084] Enzymatic treatment of biomass: Once the enzyme production in the pile of biomass is at its peak and enough time has passed for reactions to occur, the biomass pile will proceed to pelletization. This may involve drying, grinding and other mechanical processes. Solid state fermentation, if chosen as the enzyme production method, would occur between steps 3 and 7.

[0085] Laboratory Analysis: Samples are periodically withdrawn and sent to an on-site laboratory. Spectrophotometry, chromatography, and advanced enzyme activity assays are employed for quality control.

[0086] Pelletizing Process: Step-by-step

[0087] Biomass Preparation - Sugarcane bagasse is milled with a bladed mill and 0.25-inch screen to lower the particle size of the material. This method is adaptable to various particle size ranges, but the specified range of 0.2 to 0.3 inches represents optimal conditions for most applications.

[0088] Particle Sizing - Afterwards, the material is separated by using a vibrating screen with a top screen having a 2.5 mm opening and the bottom screen having a 1.0 mm opening. The material which moves between the first screen and not the second screen is used for pelletization. The material which falls through the 1.0 mm screen is considered too fine and is not used for pelletization. The choice of screen sizes is determined by the desired pellet characteristics, with the given dimensions serving as a guideline within a flexible range.

[0089] pH Balancing - A vessel containing water is loaded with sulfuric acid at a ratio of 20g for every 120 gallons of water. While the specified acid-to-water ratio effectively balances pH at 5.0, variations between 15g to 25g per 120 gallons of water are permissible, accommodating different pH requirements based on material and process considerations.

[0090] Saturating Biomass - Load 25 lb. (solids basis) of sugarcane bagasse, for every 120 gallons of water, into the vessel slowly until the material is saturated. Use mechanical stirring apparatus to rigorously stir the material as it is added to the vessel. The process is adaptable to different biomasswater ratios, with variations available for achieving saturation.

[0091] pH Correcting - Continue adding sulfuric acid to bring the overall pH to 5.0. The inventors’ methodology has been shown to work at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, but 5.0 is optimal. Utilize a pH meter to continuously monitor pH levels while adding sulfuric acid.

[0092] Introducing Enzymes - Add enzymes to the mixture after the pH level has been reached, for a total volume of 3 grams per 1 lb. of dry biomass. Continue the mechanical stirring process for at least 1 hour. A longer duration of stirring can be applied for complete mixing, but it was observed that 2 hours is sufficient for a homogenous blend of enzymes and biomass.

[0093] Extracting Water - After stirring, the enzyme laden biomass is strained and loaded into an oven and allowed to dry at 185 degrees F for 2 days. While this temperature is effective, variations in drying temperature and duration may be implemented as needed, provided they remain below torrefaction thresholds. The drying process can be completed at lower temperatures, including ambient temperature, but the temperature is directly proportional to the duration of the drying time. Highertemperatures will expedite this process. For every 150 lbs. of biomass created in this way, approximately 25 lbs. of fines are to be expected.

[0094] Balancing Moisture - Batches of biomass can be mixed with a Davis paddle mixer and water flowing through an HVLP sprayer can be added to bring the moisture of the biomass to approximately 14%. The biomass can be pelletized at lower temperatures, including successful pelletizing as low as 10% moisture content by weight. However, if the moisture content is too low, there is a risk of combustion within the pelletizer. If the moisture content is too high, then the resulting pellets will not hold an optimal moisture content.

[0095] Pelletizing - The pelletizer must be brought to normal operating temperature prior to feeding the biomass of interest. It was proven that pellets could be produced with a pellet die compression ratio of 7. Higher temperature production runs with a ratio of 8 have also been proven to produce lower moisture contents, but this introduces risks to the longevity of the machinery. The pellets made from the biomass may reach 200 deg F upon exit from the pelletizer, and if they are made with 20% of blended fines the temperatures will be slightly higher. This range of compression ratios and temperatures underscores the adaptable nature of the process, with specified values representing the most optimal conditions for consideration.

[0096] Materials Used in the Invention

[0097] The success of the inventor's innovative pelletization process relies on the careful selection and utilization of specific materials, each playing a crucial role in achieving the desired outcome. In stark contrast to methods reliant on fossil-derived materials, the inventors' inventive process stands as a beacon of sustainability. By harnessing agricultural residues that are often overlooked and underutilized, waste is reduced and the need for harmful incineration practices is mitigated. The result is a process that not only outperforms conventional alternatives but does so while championing eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.

[0098] The following sections delve into the comprehensive array of materials and equipment integral to this invention, highlighting its adaptability and versatility for widespread adoption. The following materials and equipment are employed in the creation of the inventors’ advanced biofuel pellets:

[0099] Vascular Biomass Feedstock: Vascular biomass with high lignin content serves as the primary materials for the inventors’ invention. With sustainability in mind, waste byproducts from other industrial processes are targeted. For example, bagasse is obtained as a byproduct of sugarcane processing and offers a high lignin content, making it an ideal raw material for pelletization. Alternative lignin-rich agricultural waste, such as wheat straw or rice husks, can also be used based on regional availability. Below is a shortlist of notable biomass options for the inventors’ invention:[000100] Hardwood Trees (e.g., Oak, Maple, Birch): Hardwood trees are known to have a higher lignin content, usually ranging from 20% to 30% or more of their dry weight. Lignin is a major component of the cell walls in trees, making them strong and rigid. Hardwood trees, like oak and maple, and softwood trees, like pine and spruce, are examples of woody biomass source candidates for pelletizing.[000101] Softwood Trees (e.g., Pine, Spruce, Fir): Softwood trees generally have a lower lignin content than hardwoods, typically around 20% of their dry weight.[000102] Grasses (e.g., Switchgrass, Miscanthus, Reed Canary Grass, Signal Grass, Ryegrass): Grasses usually have a lower lignin content compared to trees, ranging from 5% to 20% or more, depending on the type and maturity. While grasses are not as lignin rich as trees and shrubs, they still contain some lignin, particularly in their stems and leaves. This lignin content varies among different types of grasses, however, they can become pellets with excellent properties, such as sugarcane bagasse pellets. Sugarcane bagasse is a byproduct of sugar production and contains approximately 15% to 25% lignin.[000103] Agricultural Residues (e.g., Corn Stalks, Wheat Straw, Rice Husks): Lignin content in agricultural residues can vary but is generally lower than that in trees, typically around 10% to 20%. Many shrubs also contain enough lignin in their cell walls, especially those with woody stems. Lignin is present in various degrees in most vascular plants, including herbaceous plants, though it may be less prominent in these plants compared to trees and shrubs.[000104] Bamboo: Bamboo is a type of grass with varying lignin content depending on the species. It can range from 15% to 25% or more. Bamboo is a type of grass that contains a significant amount of lignin in its culms (stems), which contributes to its strength and durability.[000105] Fungal Strains: Phanerochaete chrysosporium is optimized to create laccase enzymes but it is not technically feasible to develop this fungal strain as a large-scale manufacturing technique. Saccharomyces cerevisiae or another suitable fungal strain will be much better suited to the inventors’ long-term production needs for creating other types of lignin-modifying enzymes.[000106] It is possible to produce lignin-modifying enzymes using genetic modification of organisms, including bacteria and yeast, through genetic engineering techniques. While laccases are naturally produced by certain fungi, the use of recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of various lignin-modifying enzymes in other microorganisms. This has several advantages, including the ability to scale up production, optimize enzyme properties, and potentially engineer ligninmodifying enzymes for specific industrial applications. This can be accomplished via the following sequence of steps:[000107] Selecting a Host Organism: Researchers choose a host organism, such as yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae), that is amenable to genetic modification and can be cultured in large quantities.[000108] Cloning Lignin-modifying Enzyme Genes: The gene(s) encoding for lignin-modifying enzyme(s) are isolated from a natural source, often a fungal strain known to produce the specific enzyme.[000109] Gene Modification: The lignin-modifying gene is modified as needed, such as optimizing its codon usage for the host organism, adding signal sequences for secretion, or altering enzyme properties for specific applications.[000110] Transformation: The modified lignin-modifying gene is introduced into the host organism's genome through a process called transformation.[000111] Culturing and Expression: The genetically engineered organism is cultured under conditions that promote the expression of the lignin-modifying gene(s). This typically involves providing suitable nutrients and inducers.[000112] Purification: After expression, the lignin-modifying enzyme(s) can be purified from the culture medium or cell lysate using various techniques, such as chromatography.[000113] Culture Medium: A specialized nutrient-rich broth designed to support fungal growth and enzyme production. The culture medium typically includes:[000114] Carbon Source: Sugars (e.g., glucose or sucrose) to serve as an energy and carbon source for fungal growth.[000115] Nitrogen Source: Sodium nitrate or an alternative nitrogen-containing compound to provide essential amino acids (nitrogen) for protein synthesis.[000116] Microelements: Various trace elements such as salts, vitamins, and minerals required for fungal metabolism.[000117] Growth Promoters: These may include specific growth factors or compounds that enhance enzyme production.[000118] Brewer's yeast: This by-product of fermentation in a liquid state has many of the nutrients needed for healthy fungal development.[000119] Bioreactor: A bioreactor is a controlled environment vessel where the fungal culture is cultivated. It features:[000120] Temperature Control: The bioreactor maintains a stable temperature within the optimal range for fungal growth and enzyme production.[000121] pH Control: The pH level of the culture medium is monitored and adjusted to maintain optimal conditions.[000122] Agitation: Mechanical stirring or agitation ensures even distribution of nutrients and oxygen throughout the culture.[000123] Agitator: The agitator is a mechanical component within the bioreactor responsible for stirring and mixing the culture medium. It promotes efficient nutrient distribution and oxygenation, crucial for fungal growth.[000124] Filtration and Separation System: The filtration system is used to separate the fungal biomass from the culture medium. It typically includes filters or separators that retain the fungal biomass while allowing the liquid (containing enzymes) to pass through. This unit separates the enzyme-containing solution from the fungal biomass. Various methods, such as centrifugation or filtration, may be employed for this purpose.[000125] pH-Balancing Agent: Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and / or Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are employed as essential pH-balancing agents in the biomass pretreatment phase. They aid in achieving the optimum pH levels for enzyme activity and lignin polymerization. Alternative pH-adjusting substances, such as citric acid acetic acid, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide, among others, can be utilized to achieve similar pH levels.[000126] Enzymes: The core lignin-modifying enzymatic catalysts in the inventors’ process are either oxidases or peroxidases. The process has been optimized to provide data with the Lacasse enzyme, an oxidase, derived from the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.[000127] Oxidases:[000128] Polyphenol oxidase (PPO): Also known as tyrosinase, it oxidizes phenolic compounds and can potentially be involved in lignin polymerization.[000129] Laccase (Lac): Laccases are multicopper oxidases that can oxidize a variety of phenolic compounds and may contribute to lignin polymerization.[000130] CotA laccase: Derived from Bacillus species, CotA laccase has been studied for its potential in lignin modification.[000131] Peroxidases:[000132] Lignin peroxidase (LiP): A well-known peroxidase that plays a key role in lignin degradation and modification.[000133] Manganese peroxidase (MnP): Works in conjunction with LiP to degrade lignin and may also be involved in polymerization.[000134] Versatile peroxidase (VP): An enzyme with the ability to oxidize a wide range of lignin compounds.[000135] The lignin-modifying enzymes are pivotal in facilitating the crosslinking and polymerization of lignin fragments, leading to stronger and more efficient biomass pellets. Alternative enzymes sourced from different fungal strains or recombinant organisms can also be employed.[000136] Water (H2O): Water is a fundamental component used for biomass saturation, enzyme blending, and moisture regulation throughout the process. Proper hydration of the biomass is essential for enzyme effectiveness and pellet formation. Local water sources, such as tap or well water, can be used. The water can be recycled in the process, without the need to always add water from an external source.[000137] Bladed Mill: A bladed mill is employed during the initial stages of biomass preparation. It reduces the particle size of sugarcane bagasse to an appropriate size. Alternative milling equipment, such as hammer mills or ball mills, can be utilized based on specific particle size requirements.[000138] Vibrating Screen: A vibrating screen is used to separate the milled material into suitable fractions for pelletization. Alternative screening methods, including rotary screens or air classifiers, can be employed.[000139] Mechanical Stirring Apparatus: A mechanical stirring apparatus is employed to ensure thorough mixing of enzymes with the saturated biomass. It promotes consistent enzyme distribution and polymerization. Alternative mixing equipment, such as ribbon blenders or high-shear mixers, can also be used.[000140] Davis Paddle Mixer: The Davis paddle mixer is used for batch mixing of biomass with water to achieve the desired moisture content. It ensures uniform moisture distribution, a critical factor for successful pelletization. Alternative batch mixers, such as drum mixers or conical screw mixers, can be employed.[000141] HVLP Sprayer: An HVLP (High Volume Low-Pressure) sprayer is utilized to introduce controlled amounts of water into the biomass, adjusting its moisture content to optimal levels for pelletization. Alternative sprayers, including air-assisted electrostatic sprayers or pneumatic atomizers, can be employed.[000142] Drying Oven: The drying oven is used to dry the enzyme-treated biomass after the application of enzymes. It provides controlled heating to remove excess moisture from the biomass while maintaining its integrity.[000143] Pelletizer with Die: The pelletizer, equipped with a suitable die, is the key apparatus responsible for shaping the treated biomass into cylindrical pellets of fixed diameter (8mm) and variablelengths (10mm to 50mm). Alternative pelletizing equipment, such as pellet mills with different die configurations, can be used to achieve varying pellet dimensions.[000144] These materials and equipment, coupled with precise control of process parameters, enable the production of high-quality biofuel pellets with enhanced durability, ambient moisture resistance, and calorific value. The versatility of this inventive process allows for the adaptation of materials and equipment based on regional resources and specific requirements.[000145] Pellet production occurs through lignin repolymerization processes of biomass fragments from agricultural residues of grasses through partial oxidation of the lignin present in said biomass promoted by the lignin-modifying enzyme and, subsequently, by thermal and compression methods.[000146] Repolymerization is the reversion of a fragment of a polymer to its polymer. The inversion mentioned here can occur when the fragments are exposed to the enzyme laccase, in aqueous solution and at temperatures not exceeding 70°C. The solution used in the present invention is water with the proposed solution for maintaining the pH in the appropriate range for the enzyme of choice.[000147] In summary, lignin-modifying enzymes act as a catalyst in the oxidation of lignin, creating free radicals that facilitate the formation of covalent bonds between lignin molecules. This polymerization crosslinking process results in stronger, more stable biomass materials with enhanced properties for various applications.[000148] Summary of the Enzymatic Polymerization of Lignin:[000149] Lignin Structure: Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Lignin is a complex and heterogeneous polymer that constitutes a significant component of plant cell walls. Comprising an intricate network of aromatic compounds, lignin features primarily phenolic groups, contributing to its diverse chemical structure. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors, composed of three main phenolic compounds — guaiacyl, syringyl, and p-hydroxyphenyl units. These phenolic units provide multiple reactive sites, facilitating diverse chemical interactions and the potential for polymerization.[000150] Enzymatic Action: Lignin-modifying enzymes, notably Laccase, are classified as oxidoreductases. This enzyme class catalyzes redox reactions, where electrons are transferred between molecules. In the context of lignin polymerization, laccase primarily acts as an oxidizing agent, initiating and catalyzing oxidative transformations of lignin compounds through electron transfer.[000151] Oxidation of Lignin: Upon contact with lignin, laccase initiates a cascade of oxidative reactions. Laccase targets and promotes the oxidation of specific phenolic groups within the ligninmolecules, leading to changes in the chemical structure of lignin. These oxidation reactions result in the formation of reactive intermediates.[000152] Creation of Free Radicals: The oxidative process mediated by laccase generates free radicals along the lignin molecules. These free radicals are characterized by the presence of unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive and prone to forming covalent bonds with nearby chemical entities, including other lignin molecules.[000153] Covalent Bond Formation: The presence of free radicals within the lignin structure facilitates the formation of covalent bonds. Covalent bonds entail the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in robust connections between individual lignin chains. This intermolecular bonding enhances the structural integrity and stability of the lignin network.[000154] Cross-Linking: As lignin molecules continue to undergo oxidative modification and covalent bond formation, they progressively become crosslinked. Crosslinking refers to the establishment of chemical bridges between different lignin chains, thereby creating a three-dimensional network. Having obtained the necessary degree of oxidation of the lignin of the biomass, it is necessary to subject the treated biomass to pressure and heat treatment, i.e., pelletizing. This crosslinked structure significantly influences the physical and chemical properties of the polymerized lignin, rendering it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications.[000155] In some embodiments, the pellet durability index (PDI) or mechanical durability of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by from about 5 % to about 15 % as compared to an otherwise identical non-enzymatically treated pellet. In various embodiments, the mechanical durability of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by from about 8 % to about 13 % as compared to an otherwise identical non-enzymatically treated pellet. In certain embodiments, the mechanical durability of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by about 11 % as compared to an otherwise identical non- enzymatically treated pellet.[000156] In some embodiments, the compression resistance of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by from about 70% to about 130% as compared to an otherwise identical non-enzymatically treated pellet. In various embodiments, the compression resistance of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by from about 85% to about 115% as compared to an otherwise identical non-enzymatically treated pellet. In certain embodiments, the compression resistance of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by from about 95% to about 105% as compared to an otherwise identical non-enzymatically treated pellet. In particular embodiments, the compression resistance of an enzymatically treated pellet is increased by about 100% as compared to an otherwise identical non-enzymatically treated pellet.[000157] In some embodiments, the moisture uptake of a pellet comprising a lignin modifying enzyme is decreased by at least 20 % as compared to a an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In several embodiments, the moisture uptake of a pellet comprising a ligninmodifying enzyme is decreased by at least 25 % as compared to a an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.[000158] In some embodiments, the pellet durability index (PDI) of a pellet comprising a lignin modifying enzyme is increased by at least 0.5 % as compared to a an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In several embodiments, the pellet durability index (PDI ) of a pellet comprising a lignin modifying enzyme is increased by from about 5 % to about 15 % as compared to a an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In particular embodiments, the pellet durability index (PDI) of a pellet comprising a lignin modifying enzyme is increased by from about 8 % to about 13 % as compared to a an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In particular embodiments, the pellet durability index (PDI) of a pellet comprising a lignin modifying enzyme is increased by about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15%.[000159] In some embodiments, the pellet durability index (PDI) of the pellet is at least 98%.[000160] In some embodiments, compression resistance of the pellet is increased by from about70% to about 130% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In several embodiments, compression resistance of the pellet is increased by from about 85% to about 115% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In particular embodiments, compression resistance of the pellet is increased by about 100% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme. In particular embodiments, compression resistance of the pellet is increased by about 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, or 130 %.[000161] In some embodiments, the equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is between about 40% relative humidity and about 80% relative humidity. In many embodiments, equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is between about 50% relative humidity and about 70% relative humidity. In certain embodiments, equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is between about 55% relative humidity and about 65% relative humidity. In specific embodiments, the equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is about 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 80 % relative humidity.[000162] In some embodiments, the pellet comprises between about 42% and about 52% carbon by dry basis weight. In other embodiments, the pellet comprises about 48% carbon by dry basis weight. In particular, embodiments, the pellet comprises about 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or 52 % carbon by dry basis weight.[000163] In some embodiments, the pellet comprises between about 6.3% and about 7.5% hydrogen by dry basis weight. In certain embodiments, the pellet comprises about 7.0% hydrogen by dry basis weight. In specific embodiments, the pellet comprises about 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, or 7.5 % hydrogen by dry basis weight.[000164] In some embodiments, the pellet comprises between about 37% and about 40% oxygen by dry basis weight. In particular embodiments, the pellet comprises about 38.00% oxygen by dry basis weight. In specific embodiments, the pellet comprises about 37, 38, 39, or 40 % oxygen by dry basis weight.[000165] In some embodiments, the pellet comprises between about 2.00% and about 3.25% nitrogen by dry basis weight. In other embodiments, the pellet comprises about 2.75% nitrogen by dry basis weight. In particular embodiments, the pellet comprises about 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, 2.75, 3.00, or 3.25 % nitrogen by dry basis weight.[000166] In some embodiments, the pellet comprises between about 0.1% and about 0.3% sulfur by dry basis weight. In specific embodiments, the pellet comprises about 0.2% sulfur by dry basis weight. In certain embodiments, the pellet comprises about 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 % sulfur by dry basis weight.[000167] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 65.50% and about 75.50% by weight silicon dioxide. In other embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 70.50% by weight silicon dioxide. In particular embodiments, the pellet comprises about 65.50, 66.00, 66.50, 67.00, 67.50, 68.00, 68.50, 69.00, 69.50, 70.00, 70.50, 71.00, 71.50, 72.00, 72.50, 73.00, 73.50, 74.00, 74.50, 75.00, or 75.50.[000168] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 6.57% and about 8.57% by weight aluminum oxide. In certain embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 7.57% by weight aluminum oxide. In specific embodiments, ash from combustion of the pellet comprises about 6.57, 7.07, 7.57, 8.07, of 8.57 % by weight aluminum oxide.[000169] In certain embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 3.39% and about 5.39% by weight ferric oxide. In other embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 4.39% by weight ferric oxide. In particular embodiments, ash from the pellet comprises about 3.39, 3.89, 4.39, 4.89, or 5.39 % by weight ferric oxide.[000170] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 2.31% and about 4.31% by weight calcium oxide. In specific embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 3.31% by weight calcium oxide. In particular embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 2.31, 2.81, 3.31, 3.81, or 4.31 % by weight calcium oxide.[000171] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.46% and about 2.46% by weight magnesium oxide. In other embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 1.46% by weight magnesium oxide. In specific embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 0.46, 0.96. 1.46, 1.96, or 2.46 % by weight magnesium oxide.[000172] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.09% and about 2.09% by weight sodium oxide. In particular embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 1.09% by weight sodium oxide. In certain embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 0.09, 0.59, 1.09, 1.59, or 2.09 % by weight sodium oxide.[000173] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 2.29% and about 4.29% by weight potassium oxide. In other embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 3.29% by weight potassium oxide.[000174] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.068% and about 1.68% by weight titanium dioxide. In certain embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 0.68% by weight titanium dioxide.[000175] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.51% and about 2.51% by weight sulfur trioxide. In particular embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 1.51% by weight sulfur trioxide.[000176] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.34% and about 2.34% by weight phosphorous pentoxide. In specific embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises phosphorus pentoxide comprises about 1.34% by weight phosphorous pentoxide.[000177] In some embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.03% and about 0.33% by weight manganese dioxide. In specific embodiments, ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 0.13% by weight manganese dioxide.[000178] In some embodiments, a total moisture of the pellet is between about 4.1% and about 8.74% by weight. In other embodiments, the total moisture of the pellet is about 5.1% by weight. In particular embodiments, the total moisture of the pellet is about 4.1, 4.6, 5.1, 5.6, 6.1, 6.6, 7.1, 7.6, 8.1, 8.6, or 8.74 % by weight.[000179] In some embodiments, an inherent moisture of the pellet is between about 4.5% and about 7.5% by weight. In specific embodiments, the inherent moisture of the pellet is about 5.8% by weight. In particular embodiments, the inherent moisture of the pellet is about 4.5, 4.8, 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 6.1, 6.4, 6.7, 7.0, 7.2, or 7.5 % by weight.[000180] In some embodiment, an ash content of the pellet is between about 4.50% and about 6.90% by weight. In other embodiments, the ash content of the pellet is about 5.90% by weight. In specific embodiments, the ash content of the pellet is about 4.50, 5.0, 5.50, 5.90, 6.00, 6.50, or 6.90 % by weight.[000181] In some embodiments, volatile matter content of the pellet is between about 56.62% and about 96.16% by weight. In certain embodiments, the volatile matter content of the pellet is about82.16% by weight. In particular embodiments, the volatile matter content of the pellet is about 56.62, 66.62, 76.62, 82.16, 86.62, 90.62, or 96.16 % by weight.[000182] In some embodiments, the fixed carbon content of the pellet is between about 9.11% and about 13.90% by weight. In other embodiments, the fixed carbon content of the pellet is about 11.90% by weight. In specific embodiments, the fixed carbon content is about 9.11, 9.31, 9.51, 9.71,9.90, 10.10, 10.30, 10.50, 10.70, 10.90, 11.10, 11.31, 11.51, 11.71, 11.91, 12.10, 12.30, 12.50, 12.70,12.90, 13.10, 13.30, 13.50, 13.70, or 13.90% by weight.[000183] In some embodiments, total sulfur content of the pellet is between about 0.01% and about 0.06% by weight. In particular embodiments, the total sulfur content of the pellet is about 0.04% by weight. In specific embodiments, the total sulfur content of the pellet is about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, or 0.06 % by weight.[000184] In some embodiments, the gross calorific value of the pellet is between about 12.18 GJ / ton and about 23.42 GJ / ton. In certain embodiments, the gross calorific value of the pellet is about 18.42 GJ / ton. In particular embodiments, the gross calorific value of the pellet is about 12.18, 13.18, 14.18, 15.18, 16.18, 17.18, 18.18, or 18.42 GJ / ton.[000185] In some embodiments, net calorific value of the pellet is between about 10.02 GJ / ton and about 25.32 GJ / ton. In other embodiments, net calorific value of the pellet is about 17.30 GJ / ton. In specific embodiments, net calorific value of the pellet is about 10.02, 11.02, 12.02, 13.02, 14.02, 15.02, 16.02, 17.02, 17.30, 18.02, 19.02, 20.02, 21.02, 22.02, 23.02, 24.02, 25.02, or 25.32 GJ / ton.Examples[000186] These examples serve as tangible demonstrations of the inventors’ invention's capabilities, showcasing the impressive results achieved in various scenarios. Through rigorous testing and adherence to established standards, a comprehensive overview is provided of how the inventor's innovative pellets perform, highlighting their efficiency, sustainability, and versatility across different applications.[000187] The following tests have been conducted for the inventors’ bagasse pellets: Pellet Durability Index (PDI); Proximate Analysis; Ultimate Analysis; Water Sorption Analysis; Mineral Ash Analysis; and Ash Fusion Temperature.[000188] The ISO standards listed below provide detailed guidelines and specifications for various properties of biomass pellets, including dimensions, moisture content, calorific value, and ash content. Adhering to these standards ensures that biomass pellets meet quality and performance requirements for their intended use, whether it's for heating, energy production, or other applications.Notably, there is a clear distinction between pellets made from woody biomass and those derived from non-woody biomass:[000189] For Woody Biomass Pellets:[000190] ISO 17225-2: Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 2: Graded wood pellets[000191] ISO 17225-6: Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 6: Graded non- woody pellets.[000192] ISO 18134-2: Solid biofuels - Determination of moisture content - Oven dry method - Part 2: Total moisture - Simplified method[000193] ISO 18134-3: Solid biofuels - Determination of moisture content - Oven dry method - Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample[000194] ISO 18135: Solid biofuels - Determination of ash content[000195] For Non-Woody Biomass Pellets:[000196] ISO 17225-6: Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 6: Graded non- woody pellets.[000197] ISO 18134-2: Solid biofuels - Determination of moisture content - Oven dry method - Part 2: Total moisture - Simplified method[000198] ISO 18134-3: Solid biofuels - Determination of moisture content - Oven dry method - Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample[000199] ISO 18135: Solid biofuels - Determination of ash content[000200] Pellet Durability Index (PDI): The PDI is a critical metric for assessing the resistance of the inventors’ bagasse pellets to breakage, which directly impacts their ease of transportation, handling, and storage. This test measures the ability of the inventors’ pellets to withstand mechanical stress without significant degradation. A higher PDI value indicates superior pellet durability.[000201] ISO Reference:[000202] ISO 17225-2: Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 2: Graded wood pellets[000203] ISO 17225-6: Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 6: Graded non- woody pellets.[000204] Test Methodology:[000205] Sample Preparation: A representative sample of the inventors’ bagasse pellets is carefully selected for testing. The sample size is determined based on ISO procedures.[000206] Test Apparatus: The PDI test is performed using an industry-standard pellet durability tester. This apparatus subjects the pellets to controlled abrasion and impact forces, simulating the conditions they may encounter during handling and transport.[000207] Testing Procedure: The selected bagasse pellets are loaded into the testing apparatus. The machine operates for a predetermined duration, during which the pellets are subjected to repeated mechanical stresses, including tumbling, friction, and impact. This simulates the wear and tear that pellets may experience during handling and transportation.[000208] Pellet Examination: After the test cycle is complete, the pellets are carefully examined for any signs of breakage or degradation. The number of intact pellets is recorded.[000209] Calculating PDI: The Pellet Durability Index (PDI) is calculated using the formula: PDI (%) = (Mass of Intact Pellets / Total Prior Mass of Pellets) x 100[000210] The PDI test provides a percentage value that represents the proportion of intact pellets after the testing procedure. Higher PDI values indicate better pellet durability. This test demonstrates the ability of the inventors’ bagasse pellets to maintain their structural integrity, even under conditions that mimic the stresses of real-world transportation and storage.[000211] Summary of PDI Testing Results:[000212] The inventors’ bagasse pellets, classified as non-woody biomass pellets, consistently exhibit exceptional pellet durability. The PDI test results surpass both the ISO standard for non-woody biomass pellets, which requires a PDI greater than 97.5%, and the ISO standard for woody pellets, which shares the same requirement.[000213] Raw Bagasse Pellets: Initial testing of raw bagasse pellets revealed a PDI of 96.6%. This served as the baseline for evaluating the inventors’ innovation.[000214] The inventors’ Bagasse Pellets: Following the implementation of the inventors’ proprietary enzymatic treatment and pelletization process, the inventors’ bagasse pellets consistently achieve PDI values exceeding 98%, occasionally reaching an impressive 98.5%. This substantial increase from the baseline PDI underscores the significant value of the inventors’ invention.[000215] These remarkable PDI results not only exceed the ISO standards for non-woody biomass pellets but also meet and exceed the requirements set for woody pellets, demonstrating the superior durability of the inventors’ bagasse pellets compared to both categories. This exceptional durability is pivotal for efficient pellet transportation and storage, reaffirming the environmental and economic advantages of the inventors’ biomass energy solution.[000216] Proximate Analysis: The inventors’ bagasse pellets undergo thorough Proximate Analysis, a critical evaluation that provides essential insights into the composition and energy characteristics of the pellets. This analysis is conducted by Biomass Energy Lab (BEL), a reputable third-party testing facility with expertise in solid biofuels.[000217] The Proximate Analysis entails assessing several key parameters, each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the pellet's properties:[000218] Total Moisture (Weight%): This parameter quantifies the total moisture content present within the bagasse pellets, expressed as a weight percentage. It is a crucial factor affecting the energy content and combustion efficiency of the pellets.[000219] ISO 18134-2 specifies the method for determining the total moisture content of solid biofuels using a thermogravimetric analyzer. This method involves subjecting a sample of the pellet to controlled heating, measuring the weight loss due to moisture evaporation, and calculating the moisture content as a percentage of the initial sample weight.[000220] Inherent Moisture (Weight%): Inherent moisture represents the moisture content that is an inherent part of the bagasse material itself, excluding any external moisture that might be absorbed during handling or storage.[000221] Inherent moisture is determined by subtracting the total moisture content from the as- received moisture content. ISO 18134-2 provides guidelines for this calculation.[000222] Ash Content (Weight%): Ash content is the weight percentage of inorganic material (ash) remaining after complete combustion of the pellet. It is an indicator of the pellet's purity and can impact combustion efficiency.[000223] ISO 18122 outlines the method for determining ash content by subjecting a pellet sample to controlled combustion in a muffle furnace. The residual ash is weighed and expressed as a percentage of the initial sample weight.[000224] Volatile Matter (Weight%): Volatile matter refers to the combustible components in the bagasse pellets that are released as gas during combustion. It contributes to the overall energy yield of the pellets.[000225] ISO 18122 also provides the procedure for assessing volatile matter content. A pellet sample is heated in a furnace under controlled conditions to drive off volatile components. The weight loss is measured and reported as a percentage.[000226] Fixed Carbon (Weight%): Fixed carbon represents the stable carbon content in the pellets that remains after volatile matter has been expelled. It plays a crucial role in determining the energy potential of the pellets.[000227] Fixed carbon is calculated by subtracting the sum of moisture, volatile matter, and ash content from 100%. ISO 18122 forms the basis for these calculations.[000228] Total Sulfur (Weight%): Total sulfur content indicates the presence of sulfur- containing compounds in the pellets. High sulfur levels can lead to undesirable emissions during combustion.[000229] The determination of total sulfur content is governed by ISO 16994, which outlines the use of various methods like combustion and infrared detection. The sulfur content is expressed as a percentage of the pellet's weight.[000230] Gross Calorific Value (MJ / Kg): Gross calorific value measures the total energy content of the bagasse pellets, expressed in kilocalories per kilogram (MJ / Kg). It quantifies the maximum energy available during complete combustion.[000231] ISO 18125 specifies the bomb calorimetry method for assessing the gross calorific value. A pellet sample is combusted in a bomb calorimeter, and the heat released is measured to calculate the calorific value in kilocalories per kilogram.[000232] Net Calorific Value (MJ / Kg): Net calorific value represents the energy content of the pellets, accounting for the latent heat of vaporization of water formed during combustion. It provides a more accurate measure of available energy.[000233] The net calorific value is derived from the gross calorific value by considering the latent heat of vaporization of water formed during combustion. It provides a more realistic measure of the energy content available during actual pellet use.[000234] These standardized methods ensure consistent and accurate determination of the specified parameters, allowing for meaningful comparisons of pellet quality and performance across different sources and applications.[000235] The following sections present the specific results of the Proximate Analysis conducted by BEL on the inventors’ bagasse pellets. These results will demonstrate the advantageous characteristics of the inventors’ pellets in terms of energy content, purity, and combustion efficiency.Bagasse Pellet Proximate Analysis:Table 3[000236] The moisture content listed here is highly dependent upon the timing of sample testing. After 2 hours the moisture content was 5.1%, after one week the moisture content was 5.8%. These test results were taken 35 days after the pellets had been produced, and hence had absorbed moisture from atmospheric conditions and reached 6.74%.[000237] By comparing the above results to raw bagasse shown below, it can be seen that there is an increase in the ash content and a likely increase in the gross caloric value (GCV). Whilst these are not desirable changes, they are necessary in order to solve the significant challenge of moisture resistance. Raw Bagasse Proximate AnalysisTable 4[000238] Ultimate Analysis: The Ultimate Analysis, is an additional assessment conducted on the inventors’ bagasse pellets, unveils the elemental composition essential for understanding their combustion properties and environmental impact. The Ultimate Analysis is a critical test to assess the fuel's suitability for various applications, including combustion in industrial processes or power generation.[000239] ISO Reference:[000240] ISO 18123:2015: Solid mineral fuels — Determination of sulfur by the gravimetric method[000241] This comprehensive test determines the weight percentages of fixed carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within the pellets, offering valuable insights into their energy content, combustion behavior, and potential emissions during combustion processes. By meticulously examining these elemental components, critical knowledge is gained about the suitability of the inventors’ bagasse pellets for various applications, ensuring compliance with quality standards and facilitating informed decisions regarding their utilization. The inventors’ results are as follows.Ultimate Analysis (weight %):Table 5[000242] It is notable that the sulfur and nitrogen content are both very low. This will reduce the production of harmful oxides and the potential for degradation within industrial equipment housing the combustion.[000243] Water Sorption Analysis: Water sorption is a critical parameter in assessing the durability and structural integrity of biomass fuels, particularly in the context of solid biofuels like pellets. Biomass fuels often face exposure to varying humidity levels during production, transportation, and storage. These fluctuations in moisture content can have a significant impact on the physical properties of biomass pellets, affecting their strength and durability.[000244] ISO Reference:[000245] ISO 23343-1: Solid biofuels — Determination of water sorption and its effect on durability of thermally treated biomass fuels[000246] The determination of water sorption and its effect on the durability of thermally treated biomass fuels is of paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it allows us to understand how these fuels interact with moisture in real-world conditions. Biomass pellets may be subjected to highhumidity, rain, or even submersion during their lifecycle, making it crucial to assess how these environmental factors affect their structural integrity.[000247] Secondly, maintaining the durability of biomass pellets under varying moisture conditions is essential for their practical use as a renewable energy source. Biomass pellets are employed in a wide range of applications, including combustion for electricity generation and heating. The ability of pellets to withstand water exposure directly impacts their efficiency and overall performance.[000248] By quantifying water sorption and its effect on durability, ISO 23343-1 provides valuable insights into the resilience of thermally treated biomass fuels. It allows for the development of fuel formulations and processing techniques that enhance pellet durability under adverse environmental conditions, ultimately contributing to the sustainable and reliable use of biomass fuels in energy generation and other applications.[000249] Water Sorption and Pellet Durability Index (PDI) Test Procedure[000250] Sample Preparation: Collect a representative sample of the biomass pellets to be tested. Remove the fines from the samples in accordance with ISO 18846-2 as these shall not be used as part of this test method and can be discarded after separation.[000251] Determination of Moisture Content and Durability (Pre-Immersion): Measure the initial moisture content of the pellets. Determine the Pellet Durability Index (PDI) for the dry pellets using an industry-standard method (e.g., ISO 17831-1 for woody pellets or ISO 23343-1 for non-woody pellets).[000252] Wetting of the Sub-Samples: Submerge a portion of the biomass pellets in water for a specified duration (e.g., 24 hours) under controlled conditions as per ISO 23343-1. During this time, it is important not to move or otherwise disturb the water bath(s) or the immersion container(s) within the water bath(s) so as not to artificially generate fines.[000253] Air Drying the Samples: After the immersion period, remove the wet pellets from the water. Allow the wet pellets to air dry until they reach a consistent moisture content. After air-drying in the oven, equilibrate the sub-sample with the flat tray in laboratory air for a minimum of two hours, but as long as necessary for the test material to reach equilibrium with the laboratory atmosphere.[000254] Determination of Moisture Content and Durability (Post-Immersion): Measure the moisture content of the air-dried pellets. Determine the Pellet Durability Index (PDI) for the postimmersion pellets using an industry-standard method (e.g., ISO 17831-1 for woody pellets or ISO 23343-1 for non-woody pellets).[000255] Water Sorption Results:[000256] To assess the durability and water sorption results, the PDI values of the pre-immersion and post-immersion pellets are compared. Assess how moisture exposure affects the durability of the biomass pellets. Ensuring compliance with relevant ISO standards for pellet durability and moisture content.Table 6[000257] The inventors treated bagasse pellets exhibit exceptional resistance to moisture when exposed to ambient humidity levels. In a controlled environment with an equilibrium moisture content (EMC) fluctuating between 9% to 11%, the moisture content of the inventors’ pellets only experiences a minimal increase from 5.1% to 5.8% over a seven-day period. This impressive moisture resistance sets the inventor's pellets apart from raw bagasse and wood pellets, which readily absorb moisture and reach room humidity levels much more rapidly. However, it's important to note that the inventors’ pellets perform less favorably in direct moisture sorption tests. In these conditions, the moisture content surges from 6.3% to 63%, resulting in a significant decrease in pellet durability, as indicated by the Pellet Durability Index (PDI) dropping from 98.3 to 60.6%. While the inventors’ pellets excel in ambient humidity resistance, it is essential to protect them from direct submersion in water to maintain their structural integrity.[000258] Torrefaction has emerged as a transformative solution to address the issue of direct water resistance in biomass materials, notably in the case of torrefied bagasse. Through the torrefaction process, bagasse undergoes controlled heating in an oxygen-deprived environment, resulting in an engineered material with enhanced properties. Torrefied bagasse has demonstrated exceptional results in sorption tests, showcasing its remarkable ability to resist moisture absorption when directly exposed to water. This newfound resistance to water immersion effectively mitigates the previous challenges related to moisture sorption. What's more, when combined with the inventors’ innovative enzymatic process, torrefied bagasse provides an optimal platform for various applications. The inventor's enzymatic process, when applied to torrefied biomass, capitalizes on the enhanced properties of the material, further optimizing the production of value-added products. This combination leverages the unique characteristics of torrefied bagasse, such as its reduced moisture content and improved structural stability, to facilitate efficient enzymatic reactions. Here are the results for a sample of torrefied enzyme- treated bagasse:Table 7[000259] Mineral Ash Analysis: Mineral ash analysis is a crucial examination conducted to assess the mineral content within biomass or biofuel pellets. This analysis is instrumental in determining the presence and quantity of inorganic materials, including various minerals and elements, which may have a significant impact on the performance and combustion characteristics of the pellets.[000260] The mineral ash content of biomass pellets, particularly non-woody biomass like bagasse, can directly influence their suitability for combustion, energy generation, and environmental impact. High mineral ash levels can result in operational challenges, increased emissions, and reduced overall efficiency in combustion systems.[000261] Understanding and quantifying the mineral ash content in biomass pellets is essential for ensuring compliance with industry standards, optimizing combustion processes, and reducing the environmental footprint of biofuel production. This analysis provides valuable insights into the composition of the pellets, aiding in the development of sustainable and efficient energy solutions.[000262] ISO Reference:[000263] ISO 18134-2: Solid biofuels - Determination of moisture content - Oven dry method - Part 2: Total moisture - Simplified method[000264] Determining the mineral ash composition in solid biofuels is crucial for several reasons:[000265] Combustion Efficiency: The presence of certain mineral elements can affect the combustion process. For example, high levels of alkali metals like sodium and potassium can lead to slagging and fouling of combustion equipment, reducing efficiency. Understanding the mineral ash composition allows for the selection of suitable biofuels to maintain optimal combustion performance.[000266] Emissions Control: Certain minerals, such as sulfur and chlorine, can contribute to the release of harmful emissions when burned. Monitoring these elements helps ensure compliance with environmental regulations and allows for the selection of low-emission biofuels.[000267] Equipment Maintenance: Ash with a high content of abrasive minerals, like silica (SiO2), can accelerate wear and tear on combustion equipment. Knowing the mineral composition can guide equipment maintenance schedules and help in selecting biofuels that minimize equipment damage.[000268] Fuel Quality Assurance: For solid biofuels used in industrial or residential heating, understanding the mineral ash content and composition is essential for quality assurance. It ensures that the fuel meets specified standards and does not harm combustion equipment.[000269] Product Development: Researchers and engineers can use mineral ash data to optimize the production of solid biofuels. By tailoring the feedstock selection and processing methods to minimize unwanted mineral content, they can create biofuels with improved performance characteristics.[000270] In this section, the method and results of the mineral ash analysis is outlined, shedding light on the elemental composition of the inventors’ bagasse pellets and their suitability for various applications. Identifying specific minerals within the mineral ash content of a sample typically requires more advanced laboratory techniques, such as chemical analysis and spectroscopy. The mineral ash analysis test described earlier provides information about the total mineral ash content in a sample, but it does not identify individual minerals.[000271] To identify specific minerals within the ash, including silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (A12O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), and others, various analytical methods can be employed.[000272] Testing Procedure:[000273] Sample Preparation: Start by obtaining a representative sample of the mineral ash obtained through the mineral ash analysis test. This sample may contain a mixture of different minerals.[000274] Chemical Analysis: Chemical analysis techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, can be used to determine the elemental composition of the ash. These techniques identify and quantify the presence of specific elements, which can then be correlated with known minerals.[000275] X-ray Diffraction (XRD): XRD is a powerful technique for identifying crystalline minerals within a sample. It works by directing X-rays at the sample and measuring the angles at which the X-rays are diffracted. Each mineral has a unique diffraction pattern, allowing for precise identification.[000276] Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): SEM can provide high-resolution images of the ash particles, which can be used for visual mineral identification. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) can be coupled with SEM to determine the elemental composition of individual particles.Mineral Ash Analysis Results (weight %):Table 8 [000277] The mineral ash analysis shows a composition dominated by Silicon Dioxide which has several beneficials properties, most notably a high ash fusion temperature. This will lead to reduced equipment fouling and reduced ash fusion. Additionally, several harmful minerals are either missing (such as Sulfur Dioxide and Arsenic trioxide) though present in similar products or are present but in very low concentrations (such as Strontium Oxide, Sulfur Trioxide and Barium Oxide). Additionally, other oxides that contribute to machine fowling are only present in low quantities like Potassium Oxide at 3.29% or Vanadium Pentoxide at 0.02%, and at this level it is unlikely to contribute to any slag formation.[000278] Ash Fusion Temperature: This test is a critical examination conducted on solid biofuels, such as the pellets produced by the inventors, to determine their behavior under high- temperature conditions during combustion. This test holds paramount importance due to its directimplications on combustion efficiency, equipment integrity, and environmental considerations. Higher values in ash fusion temperatures indicate that the biofuels have a greater resistance to melting and slag formation under elevated temperatures.[000279] ISO Reference:[000280] ISO 540:2008 - Solid mineral fuels - Determination of ash fusibility[000281] Biofuels with higher ash fusion temperatures can maintain their structural integrity and resist melting even in high-temperature combustion environments. This results in a more stable and consistent combustion process. This lowers maintenance costs and extends the lifespan of burners and boilers but also minimizes the release of pollutants into the atmosphere. The importance of this test for real world applications is outlined here:[000282] Slag Formation Prevention: One of the primary purposes of conducting this test is to assess the tendency of solid biofuels to form slag during combustion. Slag is the molten or partially molten ash residue that can accumulate on the surfaces of combustion equipment, such as burners, boilers, and furnaces. Slag formation can obstruct heat transfer, reduce combustion efficiency, and ultimately lead to equipment downtime and maintenance costs.[000283] Protection of Burners: High-temperature slag can adhere to burner components, including nozzles and flame stabilizers. This can cause damage to burners, disrupt the combustion process, and necessitate costly repairs or replacements. By understanding the ash fusion temperatures, biofuel producers and users can select fuels that minimize the risk of damage to burners.[000284] Emissions Control: The behavior of ash at high temperatures also affects emissions. Slag formation can lead to increased emissions of pollutants such as particulate matter and certain trace elements. By choosing biofuels with higher ash fusion temperatures, it is possible to reduce emissions and comply with environmental regulations.[000285] Efficient Combustion: Fuels with higher ash fusion temperatures are desirable because they can withstand higher temperatures in combustion chambers. This is crucial for achieving complete combustion, higher energy efficiency, and reduced fuel wastage.[000286] While ISO 540 is primarily focused on solid mineral fuels, its principles and methodologies can be adapted for the testing of solid biofuels like bagasse pellets. This standard provides guidelines for the preparation of test samples, testing equipment, heating procedures, and temperature measurement.[000287] Ash Fusion Testing Procedure:[000288] Sample Preparation: To conduct the Ash Fusion Temperature Test, a representative sample of the solid biofuel, such as the bagasse pellets produced by the inventors, is carefully collectedand prepared. The sample is typically dried to remove moisture and ground to a fine powder for uniform testing.[000289] Formation of Test Cones: The prepared sample is then used to create small test cones. These cones are made by pressing the powdered sample into a specific shape, typically using a specialized apparatus. Each cone is marked or labeled for identification.[000290] Heating and Observation: The test cones are placed in a high-temperature furnace or furnace-like apparatus. They are subjected to controlled and gradually increasing temperatures in specific environments, either oxidizing (with air) or reducing (with a controlled atmosphere to minimize oxygen). The temperatures are monitored carefully throughout the test.[000291] Observation of Cone Behavior: As the temperature continues to rise, various transformations occur within the sample. These transformations are visually observed, and specific temperatures associated with these changes are recorded. The key temperatures of interest include:[000292] Shrinkage Starting Temperature: It is defined as the temperature at which the area of the ash test piece falls below 95% of the original test piece area at 550 °C.[000293] Deformation Temperature: The temperature at which the cone transforms into a spherical shape, indicating further softening.[000294] Hemispherical Temperature: The temperature at which the cone becomes hemispherical, signifying increased softening.[000295] Flow Temperature: The temperature at which the cone fully collapses and turns into a molten or fluid-like state.Ash Fusion Temperature Results:Table 9[000296] The inventors’ pellets exhibit a high deformation temperature at l,330°C, and when contrasted to steam coal from Indonesia with Initial Deformation temperature of l,170°C the difference can be seen. A higher temperature here reduces the likelihood of slag formation and machine fouling, which is a key consideration for any solid biofuel.[000297] Alternative Method for preparing a pellet or briquette[000298] First the material used in forming the pellet was milled in a bladed mill with apertures of 0.595 mm (30 mesh). The material used in forming the pellets is hay. At least two types of grass were used in the hay which was used in forming the pellets. The at least two types of grass were Lolium (ryegrass) and Bracchiaria (signal grass).[000299] To add the lignin polymerizing enzymes to the pellets, 100 g of the ground biomass material was placed in a flask with 5 liters of water. The flask was placed on a heating plate until it reached 40°C. The pH was controlled by measuring the volume of a pH meter (mPA-210) previously calibrated with solutions of 4 pH, 7 pH, and 10 pH. A 15% sulfuric acid solution was used to ensure that the mixture reached pH 5. After the water and ground material were mixed together, 1.5 g of the lignin polymerizing enzymes (which was maintained under refrigeration until being added to the mixture) were added, and the mixture was agitated at a slow speed for 2 hours, during which time the pH and temperature were continuously monitored. After 2 hours of agitation the biomass with the lignin polymerizing enzymes was removed from the flask. The biomass was filtered through a filter and washed with running water.[000300] Drying the material:[000301] The wet biomass was weighed and transferred to an aluminum container; the liquid was placed in an oven at 90°C for approximately 15 hours for drying. Approximately 1 g of dry biomass was removed to measure the moisture content after oven drying. The results of the biomass analysis are displayed in table 10.[000302] Table 10[000303] The laboratory test pellets were created by heating the ground lignin polymerizing enzyme biomass until it reached the maximum allowable temperature of 123°C. Simultaneously the muffle furnace was heated to 220°C. After heating the equipment, the dried biomass with lignin polymerizing enzymes was divided into fractions. The fractions were used to create a pellet. The pellet was left in the muffle oven (220°C) for 3 minutes, and then the hot biomass material was transferred to the pressing hole. A pressure of approximately 50 bar was applied for 8 minutes, then the pressure was increased to 120 bar for another 2 minutes. After 10 minutes inside the pellet maker, the pressure was released, and the pellets were removed from the equipment.[000304] All pellets that were produced with hay biomass and lignin polymerizing enzymes, were compacted enough to be maintained whole, even after being manipulated. The pellets do not have cracks or fissures but were all well-composed and cohesive.[000305] Pellet composition[000306] The pellets were analyzed to determine their composition. Each element has a specific test to determine the amount of each element in the pellets. Pellets composed of hay and not treated with lignin polymerizing enzymes were analyzed to determine a control. The results of the control analysis are shown in Table 11.[000307] Table 11Note t Limb of quantification[000308] Briquettes composed of hay that were treated with lignin polymerizing enzyme were then analyzed. The results of the Enzymatic Hay Briquette analysis are shown in Table 12.[000309] Table 121Limit of quantification[000310] The addition of the lignin polymerizing enzyme to the hay pellets increases the amount of carbon (C), and hydrogen (H) and decreases the amount of oxygen found in the biomass pellets.[000311] The durability of the hay pellets was then analyzed using the EN 15210-2 test. Durability includes the ability of the briquettes or pellets to resist deformation, breaking, disintegration, or other physical changes. Two tests were run to test durability. In the Pellet durability index (PDI) or mechanical durability test, the pellets were loaded into a metal box. The metal box includes a bar in the box. The box is attached to an axle which is attached to a motor which turns the box. As the box is turned by the motor the pellets tumble in the box, hitting the sides and the bar within the box. The pellets are tumbled for 2 minutes and 10 seconds at 50 rpm. When the motor is stopped, the pellets are removed from the box and analyzed for how well each pellet stayed together. The result of the pellets are shown as a percentage of the starting pellet still intact.[000312] The second durability test is a compression test. Each pellet is placed in a press. The press is a 10-ton press measured at a velocity at impact with the pellet of 2mm / minute. The results are shown in newtons and in kilogram-force units.[000313] For the non-enzymatically treated pellets, the pellets remained 87.76 % intact through the tumbling process. Additionally, the pellets remained intact with 1890.46 newtons or 192.83 kgf of pressure. See table 13.[000314] Table 13[000315] The pellets treated with the lignin polymerization enzyme remained 98.62 % intact through the tumbling process. Additionally, the pellets remained intact with 3735.67 newtons and 381.04 kgf. Table 14.[000316] Table 14[000317] The lignin polymerizing enzyme treated pellets exhibit increased mechanical durability and increased compression resistance. The mechanical durability increased from 87.76 % to 98.62 %, or an increase of about 11%. The compression resistance increased from 1890.46 N or 192.83 kgf to 3735.67 N or 381.04 kgf. The compression resistance is nearly doubled by enzymatically treating the biomass in the pellets.[000318] The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. Nevertheless, it is understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A fuel pellet comprising a plant fiber and a lignin modifying enzyme exogenous to the plant fiber.

2. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein the plant fiber is a Tracheophytes plant fiber.

3. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the plant fiber is a monocot plant fiber.

4. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein the plant fiber is a Poaceae plant fiber.

5. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the plant fiber is a Saccharum plant fiber.

6. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein the plant fiber is sugarcane bagasse plant fiber or a hay plant fiber.

7. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the lignin modifying enzyme is a lignin polymerizing enzyme.

8. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein moisture uptake of the pellet is decreased by at least 20% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

9. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein moisture uptake of the pellet is decreased by at least 25% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

10. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein a pellet durability index (PDI) of the pellet is increased by at least 0.5% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

11. The fuel pellet of claim 10, wherein the pellet durability index (PDI) of the pellet is increased by about 5% to about 15% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

12. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein mechanical durability of the pellet is increased by from about 8% to about 13% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

13. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein a pellet durability index (PDI) of the pellet is at least 98%.

14. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein compression resistance of the pellet is increased by from about 70% to about 130% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

15. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein compression resistance of the pellet is increased by from about 85% to about 115% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

16. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein a compression resistance of the pellet is increased by about100% as compared to an otherwise identical pellet lacking the lignin modifying enzyme.

17. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet does not contain a binding agent.

18. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the lignin modifying enzyme is a lignase.

19. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the lignin modifying enzyme is a laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), or a versatile peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16).

20. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the lignin modifying enzyme is a Phanerochaete laccase.

21. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is between about 40% relative humidity and about 80% relative humidity.

22. The fuel pellet of claim 21, wherein equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is between about 50% relative humidity and about 70% relative humidity.

23. The fuel pellet of claim 22, wherein equilibrium moisture content for the pellet is between about 55% relative humidity and about 65% relative humidity.

24. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein the pellet comprises between about 42% and about 52% carbon by dry basis weight.

25. The fuel pellet of claim 24, wherein the pellet comprises about 48% carbon by dry basis weight.

26. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises between about 6.3% and about 7.5% hydrogen by dry basis weight.

27. The fuel pellet of claim 26, wherein the pellet comprises about 7.0% hydrogen by dry basis weight.

28. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises between about 37% and about 40% oxygen by dry basis weight.

29. The fuel pellet of claim 28, wherein the pellet comprises about 38.00% oxygen by dry basis weight.

30. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises between about 2.00% and about 3.25% nitrogen by dry basis weight.

31. The fuel pellet of claim 30, wherein the pellet comprises about 2.75% nitrogen by dry basis weight.

32. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises between about 0.1% and about 0.3% sulfur by dry basis weight.

33. The fuel pellet of claim 32, wherein the pellet comprises about 0.2% sulfur by dry basis weight.

34. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 65.50% and about 75.50% by weight silicon dioxide.

35. The fuel pellet of claim 34, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 70.50% by weight silicon dioxide.

36. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 6.57% and about 8.57% by weight aluminum oxide.

37. The fuel pellet of claim 36, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 7.57% by weight aluminum oxide.

38. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 3.39% and about 5.39% by weight ferric oxide.

39. The fuel pellet of claim 38, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 4.39% by weight ferric oxide.

40. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 2.31% and about 4.31% by weight calcium oxide.

41. The fuel pellet of claim 40, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 3.31% by weight calcium oxide.

42. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.46%% and about 2.46% by weight magnesium oxide.

43. The fuel pellet of claim 42, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 1.46% by weight magnesium oxide.

44. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.09% and about 2.09% by weight sodium oxide.

45. The fuel pellet of claim 44, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 1.09% by weight sodium oxide.

46. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 2.29% and about 4.29% by weight potassium oxide.

47. The fuel pellet of claim 46, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 3.29% by weight potassium oxide.

48. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.068% and about 1.68% by weight titanium dioxide.

49. The fuel pellet of claim 48, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 0.68% by weight titanium dioxide.

50. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.51% and about 2.51% by weight sulfur trioxide.

51. The fuel pellet of claim 50, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 1.51% by weight sulfur trioxide.

52. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.34% and about 2.34% by weight phosphorous pentoxide.

53. The fuel pellet of claim 52, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises phosphorus pentoxide is about 1.34% by weight phosphorous pentoxide.

54. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises between about 0.03% and about 0.33% by weight manganese dioxide.

55. The fuel pellet of claim 54, wherein ash from the combustion of the pellet comprises about 0.13% by weight manganese dioxide.

56. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein a total moisture of the pellet is between about 4.1% and about 8.74% by weight.

57. The fuel pellet of claim 56, wherein the total moisture of the pellet is about 5.1% by weight.

58. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein an inherent moisture of the pellet is between about 4.5% and about 7.5% by weight.

59. The fuel pellet of claim 58, wherein the inherent moisture of the pellet is about 5.8% by weight.

60. The fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein an ash content of the pellet is between about 4.50% and about 6.90% by weight.

61. The fuel pellet of claim 60, wherein the ash content of the pellet is about 5.90% by weight.

62. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein volatile matter content of the pellet is between about 56.62% and about 96.16% by weight.

63. The fuel pellet of claim 62, wherein the volatile matter content of the pellet is about 82.16% by weight.

64. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein fixed carbon content of the pellet is between about 9.11% and about 13.90% by weight.

65. The fuel pellet of claim 64, wherein the fixed carbon content of the pellet is about 11.90% by weight.

66. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein total sulfur content of the pellet is between about 0.01% and about 0.06% by weight.

67. The fuel pellet of claim 66, wherein the total sulfur content of the pellet is about 0.04% by weight.

68. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein gross calorific value of the pellet is between about 12.18 GJ / ton and about 23.42 GJ / ton.

69. The fuel pellet of claim 68, wherein the gross calorific value of the pellet is about 18.42 GJ / ton.

70. The fuel pellet of claim 1, wherein net calorific value of the pellet is between about 10.02 GJ / ton and about 25.32 GJ / ton.

71. The fuel pellet of claim 70, wherein net calorific value of the pellet is about 17.30 GJ / ton.

72. A method of making a fuel pellet comprising: adding a lignin modifying enzyme to biomass so as to produce treated biomass; and drying and compressing the treated biomass to produce a fuel pellet.

73. The method according to claim 72, wherein the lignin modifying enzyme is produced from a fungal culture.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the biomass is processed to reduce a particle size of the biomass.

75. The method according to claim 74, wherein the biomass is processed to reduce the particle size of the biomass by at least one of grinding, milling, shredding, grating, or granulating.

76. The method according to claim 72, wherein the biomass has a particle size of between about 1 mm and about 10 mm.

77. The method according to claim 72, wherein the biomass has a particle size of between about 1mm and about 5 mm.

78. The method according to claim 72, wherein the biomass has a particle size of between about 1mm and about 2.5 mm.

79. The method according to claim 72, wherein adding the lignin modifying enzyme to the biomass occurs at a pH between about 4 and about 6.

80. The method according to claim 79, wherein the pH is between about 4.5 and about 5.5.

81. The method according to claim 80, wherein the pH is about 5.

82. The method according to claim 72, wherein a concentration of the lignin modifying enzymes in the treated biomass is between about 1 g / lb and about 5 g / lb.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the concentration of the lignin modifying enzymes in the treated biomass is between about 2 g / lb and about 4 g / lb.

84. The method according to claim 83, wherein the concentration of the lignin modifying enzymes in the treated biomass is about 3 g / lb.

85. The method according to claim 72, wherein a moisture of the treated biomass is between about 10% and about 18%.

86. The method according to claim 85, wherein the moisture of the treated biomass is between about 12% and about 16%.

87. The method according to claim 86, wherein the moisture of the treated biomass is about 14%.

88. The method according to claim 72, wherein the drying occurs at a temperature between about 160°F and about 240°F.

89. The method according to claim 88, wherein the drying occurs at a temperature between about 175°F and about 220°.

90. The method according to claim 89, wherein the drying occurs at a temperature of about 194°F.

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