Aqueous polymer dispersion
The aqueous polymer dispersion, formed via emulsion polymerization of a tailored monomer mixture with polybutadiene, addresses the anti-corrosion shortcomings of waterborne coatings, delivering superior protection against corrosion in metal surfaces.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/143232
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-03
AI Technical Summary
Waterborne acrylic polymer dispersions lack the necessary anti-corrosion properties required for effective metal protection, falling short of the performance standards set by solvent-borne coatings.
Aqueous polymer dispersion prepared through emulsion polymerization of a specific monomer mixture in the presence of polybutadiene, comprising ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomers, keto-functional monomers, vinyl aromatic monomers, and C1-C24-alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid, with optional addition of polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazides, to enhance corrosion resistance.
The resulting coatings exhibit improved corrosion resistance, achieving blister ratings of '8F' or better and rust ratings of '10' with a single width of blister beyond the scribe mark of no greater than 2 millimeters after a 110-hour salt spray test, surpassing the performance of conventional waterborne coatings.
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Figure PCTCN2023143232-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2023143232-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
AQUEOUS POLYMER DISPERSIONFIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a method of preparing an aqueous polymer dispersion that is particularly suitable for use in coating applications.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Solvent borne coating compositions comprising epoxy resins, polyurethane, or alkyd resins are widely used in metal protective coatings due to their anti-corrosion performance, mechanical properties, and appearance. Waterborne acrylic polymer dispersions have much less environmental concerns than solvent borne dispersions and are usually used for light to medium duty metal protection. However, there are still gaps for acrylic coatings in anti-corrosion properties as compared to solvent borne coatings.
[0004] Therefore, it is desirable to provide an aqueous polymer dispersion that is capable of providing coatings made therefrom with improved anti-corrosion properties.SUMMARY
[0005] The present invention provides a novel aqueous polymer dispersion that is obtained from a method comprising: polymerization of a specific monomer mixture in the presence of a polybutadiene. A coating composition comprising such aqueous polymer dispersion can be directly applied to metallic surfaces, while providing coatings made therefrom with improved corrosion resistance, as indicated by blister ratings of “8F” or better, rust ratings of “10” , and single width of blister beyond a scribe mark of no greater than 2 millimeters, after exposure to the salt spray test for 110 hours according to ASTM B117-2011 (Further details provided under the Salt Spray Resistance Test below) .
[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention is a method of preparing an aqueous polymer dispersion. The method comprises: I) emulsion polymerization of a monomer mixture in the presence of a polybutadiene, thereby forming the aqueous polymer dispersion comprising an emulsion polymer;
[0007] wherein the monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, (i) from 0.1%to 5.0%of an ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer, (ii) from 0.5%to 3.0%of a monomer containing a ketone group, (iii) from 15%to 85%of a vinyl aromatic monomer, (iv) from 10%to 80%of a C1-C24-alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid, and (v) from 0 to 9%of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid;
[0008] wherein the polybutadiene is free of maleic anhydride and hydroxyl functional groups and has a number average molecular weight of from 2000 to 15000 grams per mole, as measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards; and
[0009] wherein the polybutadiene is present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from 0.1%to 15%.
[0010] In a second aspect, the present invention is an aqueous polymer dispersion obtained from the method of the first aspect.
[0011] In a third aspect, the present invention is a coating composition comprising the aqueous polymer dispersion of the second aspect.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] Test methods refer to the most recent test method as of the priority date of this document when a date is not indicated with the test method number. References to test methods contain both a reference to the testing society and the test method number. The following test method abbreviations and identifiers apply herein: ASTM refers to ASTM International methods.
[0013] Products identified by their tradename refer to the compositions available under those tradenames on the priority date of this document. “And / or” means “and, or as an alternative” . All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0014] “Aqueous” polymer dispersion herein means that polymer particles dispersed in an aqueous medium. By “aqueous medium” herein is meant water and from 0 to 30%, by weight based on the weight of the medium, of water-miscible compound (s) such as, for example, alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers, glycol esters, or mixtures thereof.
[0015] Throughout this document, the word fragment “ (meth) acryl” refers to both “methacryl” and “acryl” . For example, (meth) acrylic acid refers to both methacrylic acid and acrylic acid, and methyl (meth) acrylate refers to both methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate.
[0016] “Glass transition temperature” or “Tg” as used herein can be calculated by using a Fox equation (T.G. Fox, Bull. Am. Physics Soc., Volume 1, Issue No. 3, page 123 (1956) ) below. For example, for calculating the Tg of a copolymer of monomers M1 and M2, 1 / Tg (calc. ) = w (M1) / Tg (M1) + w (M2) / Tg (M2) ,
[0017] wherein Tg (calc. ) is the glass transition temperature calculated for the copolymer, w (M1) is the weight fraction of monomer M1 in the copolymer, w (M2) is the weight fraction of monomer M2 in the copolymer, Tg (M1) is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of monomer M1, and Tg (M2) is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of monomer M2, all temperatures being in K. The glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers may be found, for example, in “Polymer Handbook” , edited by J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Interscience Publishers.
[0018] The method of preparing an aqueous polymer dispersion comprises the steps of: I) emulsion polymerization of a monomer mixture in the presence of a polybutadiene, thereby forming the aqueous polymer dispersion comprising an emulsion polymer, and optionally II) further addition of a polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazides containing at least two hydrazide groups per molecule to the aqueous polymer dispersion obtained from step I) .
[0019] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention comprises monomers (i) - (iv) , and optionally monomer (v) , all described herein below.
[0020] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention comprises an ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer ( “monomer (i) ” ) . Suitable ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomers can be dihydrogen phosphate esters of an alcohol in which the alcohol contains or is substituted with a polymerizable vinyl or olefinic group. The ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer may include phosphoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as phosphoethyl (meth) acrylate, phosphopropyl (meth) acrylate, phosphobutyl (meth) acrylate, salts thereof, and mixtures thereof; CH2=C (Rp1) -C (O) -O- (Rp2O) q-P (O) (OH) 2, wherein Rp1=H or CH3, Rp2=alkylene, such as an ethylene group, a propylene group, or a combination thereof; and q=1-20, such as SIPOMER PAM-100, SIPOMER PAM-200, SIPOMER PAM-300, SIPOMER PAM-600 and SIPOMER PAM-4000 all available from Solvay; phosphoalkoxy (meth) acrylates such as phospho ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho di-ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho tri-ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho di-propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho tri-propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer is selected from phosphoethyl methacrylate (PEM) , phosphoethyl acrylate, allyl ether phosphate, phosphopropyl methacrylate, phosphobutyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof; and more desirably, phosphoethyl methacrylate. The monomer (i) may comprise two or more different ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomers described above. The ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer may be present in an amount of from 0.1%to 5.0%, and can be 0.3%or more, 0.5%or more, 0.7%or more, 0.8%or more, even 0.9%or more while at the same time is generally 5.0%or less, and can be 4.5%or less, 4.0%or less, 3.5%or less, 3.2%or less, 3.0%or less, 2.5%or less, 2.0%or less, 1.5%or less, 1.3%or less, or even 1.0%or less, desirably, from 0.3%to 3.2%, more desirably, 0.5%to 2.0%, most desirably, 0.8%to 1.5%, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (hereinafter also referred to as “total weight of monomers” or “total monomer weight” ) , i.e., the total weight of monomers used for forming the emulsion polymer (i.e., preparing the emulsion polymer) . Unless otherwise stated, “total weight of monomers” refers to the combined weight of monomers used in polymerization such as one-stage polymerization and multistage polymerization, described herein below. When multistage polymerization is used, the “monomer mixture” herein includes all monomer mixtures used in all stages of the multistage polymerization, i.e., the monomer mixture comprises the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture, described herein below, thus the total weight of monomer refers to the combined weight of monomers used in all stages of the multistage polymerization.
[0021] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention comprises a monomer containing a keto group (monomer (ii) , hereinafter referred to as “keto-functional monomer” ) . The keto-functional monomer can be diacetone (meth) acrylamide, or an acetoacetoxy or acetoacetamide functional monomer. Suitable acetoacetoxy or acetoacetamide functional monomers may include, for example, acetoacetoxyalkyl (meth) acrylates such as acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (2- (methacryloyloxy) ethyl acetoacetate, AAEM) , acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate, acetoacetoxypropyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxybutyl methacrylate, and 2, 3-di (acetoacetoxy) propyl methacrylate; allyl acetoacetate; vinyl acetoacetate; acetoacetamidoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as acetoacetamidoethyl methacrylate and acetoacetamidoethyl acrylate; or combinations thereof. The monomer (ii) may comprise two or more different keto-functional monomers. Desirably, the keto-functional monomer is acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate or diacetone (meth) acrylamide, more desirably, diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) .
[0022] The keto-functional monomer may be present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from 0.5%to 3.0%, and can be 0.6%or more, 0.7%or more, 0.8%or more, 1.0%or more, 1.1%or more, 1.2%or more, 1.3%or more, 1.4%or more, 1.5%or more, 1.6%or more, 1.7%or more, even 1.75%or more while at the same time is generally 3.0%or less, and can be 2.9%or less, 2.8%or less, 2.7%or less, 2.6%or less, 2.5%or less, 2.4%or less, 2.3%or less, 2.2%or less, 2.1%or less, 2.0%or less, 1.9%or less, 1.8%or less, or even 1.75%or less, desirably, from 0.7%to 2.5%, more desirably, from 0.9%to 2.2%, most desirably, from 1.1%to 2.0%.
[0023] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention may comprise a vinyl aromatic monomer (monomer (iii) ) . Suitable vinyl aromatic monomers may include, for example, styrene and substituted styrene such as . alpha. -methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene, t-butyl styrene, trans-beta-methylstyrene, 2, 4-dimethylstyrene, ethylstyrene, o-, m-, and p-methoxystyrene; p-trifluoromethylstyrene, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the vinyl aromatic monomer is styrene. The monomer (iii) may comprise two or more different vinyl aromatic monomers described above. The vinyl aromatic monomer may be present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from 15%to 85%, and can be 20%or more, 30%or more, 35%or more, 40%or more, 45%or more, 50%or more, even 55%or more while at the same time is generally 85%or less, and can be 80%or less, 75%or less, 70%or less, 65%or less, or even 60%or less, desirably, 40%to 65%, more desirably, 50%to 60%.
[0024] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention also comprises a C1-C24-alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid (monomer (iv) ) that is other than the monomer (i) above. The monomer (iv) contains an alkyl group having from 1 to 24 carbon groups, and can be 1 to 20, 4 to 12, 4 or 10, or 4 to 8 carbon atoms. The alkyl group herein can be a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl. Examples of suitable alkyl (meth) acrylates for monomer (iv) include methyl (meth) acrylate; ethyl (meth) acrylate; C4-C12-alkyl (meth) acrylates such as 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, lauryl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) methacrylate, dibutyl itaconate, and diethyl itaconate; cycloalkyl (meth) acrylates such as cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, methcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl (meth) acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, and t-butyl (meth) cyclohexyl acrylate; or mixtures thereof. The monomer (iv) may comprise two or more different C1-C24-alkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acids described above. Desirably, the monomer (iv) comprises one or more C4-C12-alkyl (meth) acrylates, including such as butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, or mixtures thereof. The monomer (iv) may be present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from 10%to 80%, and can be 15%or more, 20%or more, 25%or more, 30%or more, 35%or more, even 40%or more while at the same time is generally 80%or less, and can be 75%or less, 65%or less, 60%or less, 55%or less, 50%or less, 45%or less, or even 40%or less.
[0025] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention may comprise or be free of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ( “monomer (v) ” ) . Suitable α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids may include, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof. The α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids also include monomers bearing an acid-forming group which yields or is subsequently convertible to, such an acid group (such as anhydride, (meth) acrylic anhydride, or maleic anhydride) ; or mixtures thereof. The monomer (v) may comprise two or more different α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids described above. Desirably, the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from acrylic acid (AA) , methacrylic acid (MAA) , itaconic acid, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof. The α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid may be present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from zero to 9%, and can be 0.1%or more, 0.3%or more, 0.5%or more, 1.0%or more, 1.5%or more, 1.75%or more, even 2.0%or more while at the same time is generally 9.0%or less, 7.0%or less, 5.0%or less, and can be 4.5%or less, 4%or less, 3.5%or less, 3.0%or less, 2.5%or less, or even 2.0%or less, desirably, from 0.3%to 4%, more desirably, from 1.75%to 2.5%. Desirably, the monomer mixture comprises from 0.3%to 3.2%of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer such as PEM and from 0.3%to 4%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as AA, MAA, or mixtures thereof.
[0026] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention may comprise or be free of (vi) amonoethylenically unsaturated functional monomers that are other than the monomers (i) - (iv) described above, having one or more functional groups selected from amide, silane, ureido, imide, glycidyl, amino, hydroxy, and sulfonic acid; salts thereof; or combinations thereof ( “monomer (vi) ” ) . These monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomers may include, for example, amino-functional monomers such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof; monomers bearing amide-functional groups such as acrylamide and methacrylamide; monomers bearing glycidyl-functional groups such as glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof; vinyltrialkoxysilanes such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris (2-methoxyethoxy) silane, vinyldimethylethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, or mixtures thereof; (meth) acryloxyalkyltrialkoxysilanes such as (meth) acryloxyethyltrimethoxysilane, (meth) acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, or mixtures thereof; ureido-functional monomers; ethylenically unsaturated compounds comprising a cyclic ureido group (i.e., an imidazolidin-2-one group) including cyclic-ureido-group-containing alkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acids such as N- (2-methacrylamidoethyl) ethylene urea, N- (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) ethylene urea, N- (maleate diethyl) ethylene urea, or mixtures thereof; hydroxy-functional alkyl (meth) acrylates including hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylates such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; and hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylates; sulfonic acid monomers including sodium vinyl sulfonate (SVS) , sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) and acrylamido-methyl-propane sulfonate (AMPS) , salts thereof, or mixtures thereof; and combinations thereof. Desirably, the monomer (vii) is N- (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) ethylene urea. The monomer (v) may comprise two or more different monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomers. The monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer (v) may be present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from zero to 5%, and can be 0.05%or more, 0.1%or more, 0.3%or more, 0.4%or more, even 0.5%or more while at the same time is generally 5%or less, and can be 4%or less, 3.5%or less, 3%or less, 2.5%or less, 2%or less, 1.5%or less, 1%or less, or even 0.6%or less, desirably, from zero to 3%, alternatively, from 0.1%to 1%.
[0027] The monomer mixture useful in the present invention may comprise or be free of a multiethylenically unsaturated monomer (monomer (vi) ) . Examples of suitable multiethylenically unsaturated monomers include alkylene glycol diacrylates and dimethacrylates such as ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate; 1, 1, 1-trimethylol propane di (meth) acrylate; pentaerythritol trimethacrylate; vinyl (meth) acrylate; divinyl benzene; allyl (meth) acrylate; allyl (meth) acrylamide; allyl oxyethyl (meth) acrylate, crotyl (meth) acrylate, dicyclopentenyl (meth) acrylate, dicyclopentenyl ethyl (meth) acrylate; diallyl maleate; or mixtures thereof. The monomer (vi) may comprise two or more different multiethylenically unsaturated monomers. The multiethylenically unsaturated monomer (vi) may be present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount from zero to 1%, and can be from 0.05%to 0.8%, from 0.1%to 0.5%, or from 0.15%to 0.3%.
[0028] Desirably, the monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, (i) from 0.5%to 2.0%of the phosphorus-containing monomer and from 0.3%to 4.0%of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or mixtures thereof; (ii) from 0.5%to 3.0%of DAAM; (iii) from 40%to 65%of styrene; (iv) from 30%to 55%of butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof; and optionally, (v) from zero to 3%of the monoethylenically unsaturated monomers having one or more functional group selected from ureido, amide, amino, silane, or combinations thereof.
[0029] The emulsion polymerization of the monomer mixture can be conducted by one-stage polymerization or multistage polymerization (forming a multistage polymer such as a two-stage polymer) . “Multistage polymerization” herein refers to multistage polymerization of two or more different monomer mixtures (e.g., a first monomer mixture and a second monomer mixture) , sequentially added in different stages such as in the first stage and in the second stage, thereby forming at least a first-stage polymer and a second-stage polymer, respectively, of the multistage polymer. By “first-stage polymer” and “second-stage polymer” mean these polymers having different compositions and formed in different stages of multistage emulsion polymerization, i.e., the first-stage polymer is in the first stage and the second-stage polymer in the second stage of the multistage emulsion polymerization. Each of the stages is sequentially polymerized and different from the immediately preceding and / or immediately subsequent stage by a difference in monomer composition. Without being bounded by a theory, the multistage polymer may comprise multiple different phases or layers, which can be demonstrated by scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) or at least two Tgs as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) . Desirably, the first-stage polymer is the outer layer and the second-stage polymer is the inner layer, of the multistage polymer. The multistage polymer may consist of the first-stage polymer and the second-stage polymer.
[0030] Desirably, multistage polymerization is used for preparing the emulsion polymer (forming the multistage polymer) . That is, polymerization of the monomer mixture can be conducted by multistage emulsion polymerization comprising: a) polymerizing a first monomer mixture to form a first-stage polymer, followed by b) polymerizing a second monomer mixture (forming a “second-stage polymer” ) in the presence of the first-stage polymer obtained from step a) above ( “second-stage polymerization” ) ; where the polybutadiene can be present in the step a) (e.g., “first-stage polymerization” ) , step b) (e.g., “second-stage polymerization” ) , or both steps a) and b) . The monomers described above for preparing the emulsion polymer can be present in the first monomer mixture, in the second monomer mixture, or in both the first and second monomer mixtures, such that the total concentration of such monomer based on the total weight of the first and second monomer mixtures is the same as the concentration of such monomer relative to the total weight of monomers for preparing the emulsion polymer as described above. For example, one or both of the first and second monomer mixtures may comprise the C1-C24-alkyl (meth) acrylate, the vinyl aromatic monomer, or combinations thereof. Types and concentrations of monomers in the first monomer mixture and second monomer mixture the mixture may be chosen to give the resulting first-stage polymer and second-stage polymer, respectively, with certain Tg ranges. For example, the first-stage polymer may have a Tg of less than 35 degrees Celsius (℃) , and can be from -20 to 30 ℃, from -15 to 25℃, from -10 to 20 ℃, from -5 to 17 ℃, from 0 to 14 ℃, or from 5 to 10 ℃. The second-stage polymer may have a Tg of greater than 45 ℃, and can be from 50 to less than 120 ℃, from 55 to 110 ℃, from 60 to 105 ℃, from 65 to 100 ℃, or from 70 to 95 ℃. The values of Tg are calculated by the Fox equation.
[0031] When multistage polymerization is used, the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer can be present in one or both of the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture, desirably, in the first monomer mixture. The first monomer mixture may comprise the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer in an amount of from 0.1%to 6%, and can be 0.1%or more, 0.3%or more, 0.5%or more, 0.7%or more, 0.8%or more, 0.9%or more, 1.0%or more, 1.1%or more, 1.3%or more even 1.5%or more, while at the same time is generally 6%or less, 5%or less, 4%or less, 3%or less, 2.5%or less, 2.0%or less, 1.8%or less, 1.7%or less, or even 1.5%or less, desirably, 0.9%to 2.0%, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture. The second monomer mixture may comprise or be free of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer in an amount of from zero to 2.5%, and can be 0.1%or more, 0.3%or more, even 0.5%or more while at the same time is generally 2.5%or less, and can be 2.2%or less, 2.0%or less, 1.5%or less, 1.2%or less, 1.0%or less, or even 0.6%or less, desirably, zero to 1.0%, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture. The first monomer mixture and / or the second monomer mixture, desirably, the first monomer mixture, may comprise or be free of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. For example, the first monomer mixture may comprise, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture, from 0.4%to 6%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; and the second-stage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture, from zero to 4%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid.
[0032] When multistage polymerization is used and the monomer (ii) is the diacetone (meth) acrylamide, the diacetone (meth) acrylamide can be present in one or both of the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture, desirably, in the first monomer mixture. The first monomer mixture may comprise, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture, from 1.0%to 6.0%of the diacetone (meth) acrylamide, and can be 1.2%or more, 1.5%or more, 1.8%or more, 2.0%or more, even 2.2%or more while at the same time is 6.0%or less, and can be 5.5%or less, 5%or less, 4.5%or less, 4%or less, 3.7%or less, 3.4%or less, 3.0%or less, 2.8%or less, 2.7%or less, 2.5%or less, or even 2.2%or less, desirably, 1.5%to 4%or 2.0%to 3.5%. The second monomer mixture may comprise, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture, from zero to 2.5%of the diacetone (meth) acrylamide, and can be 0.1%or more, 0.2%or more, 0.3%or more, 0.4%or more, even 0.5%or more while at the same time is generally 2.5%or less, and can be 2.2%or less, 2.0%or less, 1.5%or less, 1.0%or less, or even 0.6%or less, desirably, zero to 1.5%or 0.5%to 1.0%. The first monomer mixture and / or second monomer mixture may comprise or be free of one or more of monomers (v) and / or (vi) described above.
[0033] Desirably, the first monomer mixture used in multistage polymerization comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture, from 0.4%to 4%of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer and from 0.4%to 6%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; from 1%to 6%of the diacetone (meth) acrylamide; and from 10%to 75%of the vinyl aromatic monomer;
[0034] the second monomer mixture used in multistage polymerization comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture, from zero to 2.5%of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer and from zero to 4%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; from zero to 2.5%of the diacetone (meth) acrylamide; and from 10%to 100%of the vinyl aromatic monomer;
[0035] at least one of, desirably, both of, the first monomer mixture and second monomer mixture further comprises the C1-C24 alkyl (meth) acrylate; and
[0036] the weight ratio of the first monomer mixture to the second monomer mixture is in a range of 30∶70 to 90∶10.
[0037] The weight ratio of the first monomer mixture to the second monomer mixture may be in a range of from 30∶70 to 87∶13, from 35∶65 to 85∶15, from 40∶60 to 82∶28, alternatively, from 45∶55 to 85∶15, alternatively, from 40∶60 to 80∶20, alternatively 55∶45 to 80∶20.
[0038] Total concentration of monomers described above (e.g., monomers (i) - (iv) , and optionally monomers if present) in the monomer mixture, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture, may be equal to 100%. When multistage polymerization is used, the total concentration of all monomers described above in both the first monomer mixture and second monomer mixture can be equal to 100%by weight relative to the total weight of monomers in the first and second monomer mixtures (i.e., the monomer mixture weight) . Monomers in the first monomer mixture and second monomer mixture, respectively, add to 100%by weight based on the weight of the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture, respectively.
[0039] The method of preparing the aqueous polymer dispersion may comprise emulsion polymerization of the monomer mixture in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polybutadiene. The monomer mixture (e.g., the first and second monomer mixtures for multistage polymerization) may be added neat or as an emulsion in water; or added in one or more additions or continuously, linearly or nonlinearly, over the reaction period of preparing the aqueous polymer dispersion. The polybutadiene may be added prior to or during the polymerization of the monomer mixture, or combinations thereof. The polybutadiene may be added into the monomer mixture, or added into a polymer seed to be shot into a reactor or be dispersed in the monomer mixture. Desirably, the polybutadiene is mixed with the monomer mixture prior to polymerization of the monomer mixture.
[0040] A “polybutadiene” refers to a polymer of 1, 3-butadiene. The polybutadiene useful in the present invention is free of maleic anhydride and hydroxyl functional groups (i.e., the polybutadiene contains neither a maleic anhydride functional group nor a hydroxyl functional group) . The polybutadiene may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 2000 to 15000 g / mol, and can be 2100 g / mol or higher, 2200 g / mol or higher, 2300 g / mol or higher, 2400 g / mol or higher, 2500 g / mol or higher, even 2600 g / mol or higher while at the same time is 15000 g / mol or lower, 14000 g / mol or lower, 13000 g / mol or lower, 12000 g / mol or lower, 11000 g / mole or lower, 10000 g / mol or lower, 9000 g / mol or lower, 8000 g / mol or lower, 6000 g / mol or lower, 5000 g / mol or less, 4000 g / mol or less, or even 3000 g / mol or less, desirably, from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, more desirably, from 2200 to 8000 g / mol, as measured by GPC using polystyrene standards, such as Polystyrene Narrow standards with polystyrene equivalent molecular weights ranging from 482000 to 162 g / mol (Further details may be provided under Molecular Weight Measurement of Polybutadienes in the Examples section below) .
[0041] The polybutadiene useful in the present invention may comprise (b1) 1, 2 units (also known as “vinyl unit” ) of formula (b-I) , (b2) 1, 4-trans units of formula (b-II) , (b3) 1, 4-cis units of formula (b-III) , or combinations thereof:
[0042] The 1, 4-trans units and 1, 4-cis units are also referred to collectively as “1, 4 units” .
[0043] The polybutadiene useful in the present invention comprises carbon-carbon double bonds. The double bonds present in the above units (b-I) , (b-II) , and (b-III) can be referred to as 1, 2 double bonds or 1, 2 vinyl double bonds, 1, 4-cis double bonds, and 1, 4-trans double bonds, respectively. The 1, 4-trans double bonds and 1, 4-cis double bonds are also referred to collectively as 1, 4 double bonds.
[0044] The polybutadiene useful in the present invention may comprise, based on the total moles of 1, 2 units and 1, 4 units, from 5 to 90 mol%of 1, 2 units (formula (b-I) ) and from 10 to 95 mol%of 1, 4 units (formula (b-II) or (b-III) ) ; alternatively, from 10 to 80 mol%of 1, 2 units and from 20 to 90 mol%of 1, 4 units; alternatively, from 10 to 55 mol%of 1, 2 units and from 45 to 90 mol%of 1, 4 units; alternatively, from 10 to 40 mol%of 1, 2 units and from 60 to 90 mol%of 1, 4 units.
[0045] Characterization of a polybutadiene (including concentrations of 1, 2 units and 1, 4 units) can be conducted using 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.
[0046] The polybutadiene useful in the present invention is typically in liquid form, that is, a liquid polybutadiene. The polybutadiene may have a viscosity of from 500 to 10000 millipascal*seconds (mpa·s) and can be from 700 to 7000 mpa·s, from 800 to 5000 mpa·s, or from 900 to 4000 mpa·s, as measured according to DIN 53019-1: 2008 test method (Viscometry -Measurement of viscosities and flow curves by means of rotational viscometers -Part 1: Principles and measuring geometry) at 25 ℃.
[0047] Suitable commercially available polybutadienes may include, for example, LITHENETM ULTRA PM-4 and LITHENETM ULTRA N4-5000 liquid polybutadienes all available from Synthomer.
[0048] The polybutadiene may be used, by weight based on the total weight of monomers (in the monomer mixture) , in an amount of from 0.1%to 15%, and can be 0.2%or more, 0.3%or more, 0.4%or more, 0.5%or more, 0.6%or more, 0.7%or more, 0.8%or more, 0.9%or more, 1.0%or more, 1.2%or more, 1.5%or more, 1.8%or more, 2.0%or more, 2.2%or more, 2.5%or more, 2.8%or more, 3.0%or more, 3.2%or more, even 3.5%or more while at the same time is 15.0%or less, and can be 13.0%or less, 12.0%or less, 11.0%or less, 10.0%or less, 9.0%or less, 8.0%or less, 7.0%or less, 6.5%or less, 6.0%or less, 5.5%or less, 5.0%or less, 4.5%or less, or even 4.0%or less, desirably, 0.7%to 5.0%, more desirably, 0.8%to 4.5%, most desirably, 1.0%to 4.2%.
[0049] Emulsion polymerization process useful in the present invention is known in the art, for example, as described in US20110244134A1, conducted by polymerizing the monomer mixture in the presence of the polybutadiene described above; typically also in the presence of a radical initiator; a surfactant such as an anionic and / or nonionic surfactant, a polymerizable surfactant, or mixtures thereof; a chain transfer agent; or combinations thereof. Temperature suitable for emulsion polymerization process may be lower than 100 ℃, and can be in a range of from 10 to 99 ℃ or from 50 to 90 ℃. When multistage polymerization is used (thereby forming the multistage polymer) , the chain transfer agent may be used in the step a) first-stage polymerization, step b) second-stage polymerization, or in both stages a) and b) . Examples of suitable chain transfer agents include 3-mercaptopropionic acid, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, butyl 3-mercaptopropionate, n-dodecyl mercaptan, n-hexadecanethiol, tert-dodecyl mercaptan, n-octadecanethiol, benzenethiol, azelaic alkyl mercaptan, hydroxy group containing mercaptans such as hydroxyethyl mercaptan, mercaptopropionic acid, and mixtures thereof. The chain transfer agent may be used at a concentration of from zero to 2%, and can be 0.05%or more, 0.1%or more, even 0.15%or more while at the same time is generally at a concentration of 2%or less, and can be 1.5%or less, 1.0%or less, 0.5%or less, or even 0.4%or less, by weight based on the total weight of monomers used for preparing the emulsion polymer. After completing the polymerization, the obtained aqueous dispersion (i.e., polymer emulsion) may be neutralized by one or more bases (such as ammonia and ethanolamine) to a pH value, for example, at least 5, from 6 to 12, from 7 to 10, or from 8 to 9.
[0050] The emulsion polymer in the aqueous polymer dispersion obtained from step I) of the method comprises structural units of the monomers described above (i.e., polymerized units formed from polymerizing the monomers) . The polybutadiene in the obtained aqueous polymer dispersion (e.g., after the polymerization of the monomer mixture) may be attached to the surface of the emulsion polymer particles, present inside the emulsion polymer particles (i.e., embedded in the emulsion polymer particles) , present in an aqueous medium of the aqueous polymer dispersion, or combinations thereof.
[0051] The emulsion polymer in the aqueous polymer dispersion may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 8000 grams per mole (g / mol) to 80000 g / mol, and can be 10000 g / mol or more, 11000 g / mol or more, 12000 g / mol or more, 14000 g / mol or more, 15000 g / mol or more, 17000 g / mol or more, even 19000 g / mol or more, while at the same time can be 60000 g / mol or less, 50000 g / mol or less, 45000 g / mol or less, 40000 g / mol or less, 35000 g / mol or less, 30000 g / mol or less, 25000 g / mol or less, or even 22000 g / mol or less, desirably, from 10000 g / mol to 30000 g / mol. Molecular weight of the emulsion polymer may be measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards, such as Polystyrene Narrow standards (Further details provided under GPC Analysis below) .
[0052] The emulsion polymer in the aqueous polymer dispersion may have a Tg in a range of -10 ℃ to 60 ℃, and can be 0 ℃ or higher, 10 ℃ or higher, 15 ℃ or higher, 20 ℃ or higher, 25℃ or higher, even 30 ℃ or higher while at the same time is generally 60 ℃ or less, and can be 55 ℃ or less, 50 ℃ or less, 45 ℃ or less, or even 40 ℃ or less, as calculated by the Fox equation.
[0053] The emulsion polymer particles in the obtained aqueous polymer dispersion of the present invention may have a particle size of 50 nanometers (nm) to 500 nm, and can be 60 nm or more, 100 nm or more, greater than 100 nm, even 110 nm or more while at the same time is 500 nm or less, and can be 300 nm or less, 200 nm or less, or even 150 nm or less, desirably, greater than 100 nm to less than 300 nm. The particle size herein refers to Z-average size and may be measured by a Brookhaven BI-90 Plus Particle Size Analyzer.
[0054] After the step I) of the method (i.e., the polymerization of the monomer mixture (or polymerization of the first monomer mixture and the second monomer mixture sequentially for multistage polymerization) , the method of preparing the aqueous polymer dispersion may optionally further comprise step II) : addition of one or more polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazides containing at least two hydrazide groups per molecule, particularly, when the keto-functional monomer used is diacetone (meth) acrylamide. The polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide may be selected from adipic dihydrazide, oxalic dihydrazide, isophthalic dihydrazide, polyacrylic polyhydrazides, or mixtures thereof. The polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide may be present at a concentration of zero or more, and can be 0.05%or more, 0.1%or more, 0.2%or more, 0.4%or more, even 0.6%or more while at the same time is typically at a concentration of 3%or less, and can be 2%or less, 1.5%or less, or even 1%or less, by weight based on the total weight of monomers for preparing the emulsion polymer.
[0055] The aqueous polymer dispersion obtained from the method may have a solids content in a range of from 30%to 60%or from 40%to 60%. “Solids content” refers to the weight percentages of solids weight of the aqueous polymer dispersion after drying at 150 ℃ for 25 minutes, relative to the aqueous polymer dispersion weight.
[0056] The aqueous polymer dispersion of the present invention is useful as a binder in coating applications. The present invention also relates to a coating composition. The coating composition comprises the aqueous polymer dispersion typically in an amount sufficient to provide the emulsion polymer at a concentration of 10%to 90%, and can be 20%or more, 30%or more, 40%or more, even 45%or more while at the same time can be at a concentration of 90%or less, 80%or less, 70%or less, 60%or less, 55%or less, or even 50%or less, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0057] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more pigments. “Pigments” herein refers to materials that are capable of materially contributing to the opacity or hiding capability of a composition. Such material typically has a refractive index greater than 1.8. Inorganic pigments typically include metal oxides. Examples of suitable inorganic pigments include titanium dioxide (TiO2) , zinc sulfide, lithopone, carbon black, iron oxide red, iron oxide black, lemon chrome yellow, or mixtures thereof. Organic pigments typically include prussian blue, organic pigment yellow, organic pigment red, anticorrosive pigments, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the pigment is selected from TiO2, carbon black, or mixtures thereof. The pigment may be present at a total concentration of from zero to 60%, from 10%to 50%, from 15%to 40%, or from 20%to 35%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition. The pigment may comprise or be free of anticorrosive pigments.
[0058] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more extenders. “Extenders” herein refers to particulate inorganic materials having a refractive index of less than or equal to 1.8 and greater than 1.3. Examples of suitable extenders include barium sulphate, talc, calcium carbonate, clay, calcium sulfate, aluminum silicates, zeolites, mica, diatomaceous earth, solid or hollow glass, ceramic beads, nepheline syenite, feldspar, diatomaceous earth, calcined diatomaceous earth, talc (hydrated magnesium silicate) , silica, alumina, kaolin, pyrophyllite, perlite, baryte, wollastonite, opaque polymers such as ROPAQUETM Ultra E available from The Dow Chemical Company (ROPAQUE is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company) , or mixtures thereof. The coating composition may comprise the extender at a concentration of zero to 60%, and can be 10%to 50%, 15%to 40%, or 20%to 35%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0059] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more defoamers. “Defoamers” herein refer to chemical additives that reduce and hinder the formation of foam. Defoamers may be silicone-based defoamers, mineral oil-based defoamers, ethylene oxide / propylene oxide-based defoamers, alkyl polyacrylates and mixtures thereof. The defoamer may be present generally at a concentration of zero to 0.5%, and can be 0.02%to 0.4%, or 0.04%to 0.2%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0060] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more thickeners, also known as “rheology modifiers” . Thickeners may include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) , clay materials, acid derivatives, acid copolymers, urethane associate thickeners (UAT) , polyether urea polyurethanes (PEUPU) , polyether polyurethanes (PEPU) , or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable thickeners include alkali swellable emulsions (ASE) such as sodium or ammonium neutralized acrylic acid polymers; hydrophobically modified alkali swellable emulsions (HASE) such as hydrophobically modified acrylic acid copolymers; associative thickeners such as hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEUR) ; and cellulosic thickeners such as methyl cellulose ethers, hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC) , hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) , hydrophobically-modified hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HMHEC) , sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) , sodium carboxymethyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl cellulose, and 2-hydoxypropyl cellulose. Desirably, the thickener is HEUR. The thickener may be present at a concentration of zero to 1.0%, and can be 0.05%to 0.6%, or 0.1%to 0.4%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0061] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more wetting agents. “Wetting agents” herein refer to chemical additives that reduce the surface tension of a composition, causing the composition to be more easily spread across or penetrate the surface of a substrate. Wetting agents may be polycarboxylates, anionic, zwitterionic, or non-ionic. The wetting agent may be present at a concentration of zero to 0.6%, and can be 0.1%to 0.5%, or 0.2%to 0.4%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0062] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more coalescents. “Coalescents” herein refer to slow-evaporating solvents that fuse polymer particles into a continuous film under ambient condition. Examples of suitable coalescents include TexanolTM ester alcohol (2, 2, 4-Trimethyl-1, 3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate) available from Eastman Chemical Company, 2-n-butoxyethanol, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, n-butyl ether, or mixtures thereof, desirably, TexanolTM ester alcohol. The coalescent may be present at a concentration of zero to 10%, and can be 0.2%to 8%, or 1%to 6%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0063] The coating composition of the present invention may comprise or be free of one or more dispersants. Dispersants can be polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid or maleic anhydride with various monomers such as styrene, acrylate or methacrylate esters, diisobutylene, and other hydrophilic or hydrophobic comonomers; salts thereof; or mixtures thereof. The dispersant may be present at a concentration of zero to 2%, and can be 0.1%to 1.5%, or 0.2%to 1%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0064] In addition to the components described above, the coating composition of the present invention may comprise any one or combination of the following additives: buffers, neutralizers, humectants, mildewcides, biocides, anti-skinning agents, colorants, anti-oxidants, plasticizers, leveling agents, adhesion promoters, and grind vehicles. These additives may be present at a total concentration of zero to 10%, and can be 0.1%to 5.0%, or 0.2%to 1%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition. The coating composition may also comprise water at a concentration of 30%to 90%, and can be 40%to 80%, or 50%to 70%, by weight based on the weight of the coating composition.
[0065] The present invention relates to a method of preparing a coating. The method comprises the steps of: applying the coating composition directly on a corrosion susceptible substrate, and drying, or allowing to dry, the applied aqueous coating composition, thereby forming the base coat on the substrate. The corrosion susceptible substrate is typically a metal substrate including, for example, ferrous metals such as cast iron, weld seams, and carbon steel. Particularly, the coating composition can be directly applied onto the substrate. Applying The coating composition to the substrate can be conducted by incumbent means including brushing, dipping, rolling, and spraying. After the coating composition has been applied to a substrate, the coating composition can be dried, or allowed to dry, to form a coating (also referred to as “coating film” ) at temperatures ranging from 0 to 35 ℃, or at an elevated temperature, for example, from 35 to 80 ℃. The coating may have a film thickness of 40 micrometers (μm) to 50 μm. The coating has good corrosion resistance, as indicated by blister ratings of “8F” or better, desirably, “10” , rust ratings of “10” , and single width of blister beyond the scribe mark of no greater than 2 mm (≤ 2 mm) , desirably, 1.5 mm or less, after exposure to the salt spray test for 110 hours according to ASTM B117-2011 (Further details provided under the Salt Spray Resistance Test below) .
[0066] The coating composition of the present invention is suitable for marine protective coatings, general industrial finishes, metal protective coatings, automotive coatings, traffic paints, Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) , wood coatings, coil coatings, plastic coatings, can coatings, architectural coatings, and civil engineering coatings, and particularly suitable for metal protective coatings.
[0067] EXAMPLES
[0068] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in the following Examples Table 1 lists the materials for use in preparing aqueous polymer dispersions and coating compositions described herein below. OROTAN and ACRYSOL are trademarks of The Dow Chemical Company.
[0069] Table 1
[0070] Mn of polybutadienes was measured according to the GPC Measurement of Polybutadienes described below.
[0071] Viscosities of liquid polybutadienes were measured according to DIN 53019 at 25 ℃.
[0072] The content of “vinyl 1, 2 units” is by mol%based on the total moles of 1, 2 units and 1, 4 units.
[0073] The following standard analytical equipment and methods are used in the Examples and in determining the properties and characteristics stated herein:
[0074] Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Measurement of Emulsion Polymers
[0075] Number average molecular weight (Mn) of an emulsion polymer in an aqueous polymer dispersion was measured by GPC analysis performed generally by Agilent 1200. A sample was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) / formic acid (FA) (5%) with a concentration of 2 milligrams per milliliter (mg / mL) , stirred for over one hour, stored at room temperature (23±2 ℃) overnight, and then filtered through 0.45 μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter prior to GPC analysis. The GPC analysis was conducted under the following conditions:
[0076] Column: One PLgel GUARD column (10 μm, 50 millimeters (mm) x 7.5mm) , Two Mixed B columns (7.8mm x 300mm) in tandem; column temperature: 40℃; mobile phase: THF / FA (5%) ; flow rate: 1.0 mL / minute; Injection volume: 100 μL; detector: Agilent Refractive Index detector, 40 ℃; and calibration curve: PL Polystyrene Narrow standards with molecular weights ranging from 2329000 to 580 g / mol, using polynom 3 fitness.
[0077] GPC Measurement of Polybutadienes
[0078] Number average molecular weight (Mn) of a polybutadiene (PB) was measured by GPC analysis performed generally by Agilent 1200. A sample was dissolved in THF with a concentration of 5 mg / mL, stirred for over one hour, stored at room temperature overnight, and then filtered through 0.45 μm PTFE filter prior to GPC analysis. The GPC analysis was conducted under the following conditions:
[0079] Column: One precolumn and two Mixed D columns (7.5x300mm) ; column temperature: 35℃; mobile phase: THF; flow rate: 1.0 mL / minute; Injection volume: 100 μL; detector: Agilent Refractive Index detector, 35 ℃; and calibration curve: PL Polystyrene Narrow standards with molecular weights ranging from 482000 to 162 g / mol, using polynom 3 fitness.
[0080] Salt Spray Resistance (SSR) Test
[0081] A coating composition sample was applied onto cold rolled steel (R46 from Q-lab, Inc) by a 150 μm applicator and left for drying at 23℃ and 50%relative humility (RH) for 7 days to give a final dry film thickness of 40 μm, thereby forming coated panels. Exposed cold rolled steel was covered with tape (3M plastic tape #471) prior to exposure. A scribe mark made with a razor blade was scratched into the bottom half of the coated panels immediately before exposure. Then the as prepared coated panels were exposed to a salt spray environment to a salt spray environment (5%sodium chloride fog) according to ASTM B117-2011 (Q-Fog cyclic corrosion tester, model No. Q-FOG / CCT1100) for 110 hours, and then removed and washed using deionized (DI) water to rate rust and blistering, and measure the single width of blister beyond the scribe mark (also referred to as “single width of blister” ) . Blister ratings were conducted according to ASTM D714-02 (2009) and comprised a number and / or one or more letters, as shown in Table A. The letter F, M, MD or D is a qualitative representation of the density of blisters. The number refers to the size of the blister, whereby 2 is the largest size, 8 is the smallest size, and 10 is no blister. The bigger the number, the smaller the size of blister. Rust ratings are determined by ASTM D610-2001, as shown in Tables B and C.
[0082] Acceptable requirements for panels to pass the SSR test (indicating good corrosion resistance) are blister ratings of “8F” or “10” , rust ratings of “10” , no greater than 2 mm of single width of blister beyond the scribe mark after 110-hour testing. Otherwise, panels that do not meet one or more of the above requirements for blister, rust, and single width of blister fail the SSR test, indicating poor corrosion resistance.
[0083] Table A. Blister rating criteria
[0084] Table B. Rust rating by rusting degree
[0085] Table C. Rust rating by surface rusted percentage
[0086] Aqueous polymer dispersions were prepared according to synthesis process described below:
[0087] Synthesis of CE1 aqueous polymer dispersion (PD)
[0088] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 grams (g) ) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (646 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , BA (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0089] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0090] Synthesis of CE2 PD
[0091] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (646 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , ACTIV 50 (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0092] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0093] Synthesis of CE3 PD
[0094] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (646 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , AL-15MA (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0095] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0096] Synthesis of CE4 PD
[0097] A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing DI water (422 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 42 g) , BA (716 g) , ST (959 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0098] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME, APS (2.1 g) in DI water (101 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 120 min. After completion of ME feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0099] Synthesis of CE5 PD
[0100] To a 500 mL plastic container with blade agitator, add 384 g CE1, turn on agitation at 400rpm, slowly add 16 g PM-4, agitate for 20mins to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0101] Synthesis of CE6 PD
[0102] A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing DI water (422 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 42 g) , BA (719 g) , ST (969 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , PM-4 (18 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0103] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME, APS (2.1 g) in DI water (101 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 120 min. After completion of ME feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (88 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0104] Synthesis of IE1 PD
[0105] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (646 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , PM-4 (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0106] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0107] Synthesis of IE2 PD
[0108] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (646 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , N4-5000 (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0109] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0110] Synthesis of IE3 PD
[0111] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (628 g) , PM-4 (18 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , BA (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0112] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0113] Synthesis of IE4 PD
[0114] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (593 g) , PM-4 (71 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , BA (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0115] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0116] Synthesis of IE5 PD
[0117] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 32 g) , BA (593 g) , N4-5000 (71 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 10 g) , BA (70 g) , ST (284 g) , and n-DDM (0.7 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0118] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) , and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0119] Synthesis of IE6 PD
[0120] A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing DI water (422 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 42 g) , BA (699 g) , ST (959 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , PM-4 (18 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0121] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME, APS (2.1 g) in DI water (101 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 120 min. After completion of ME feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0122] Synthesis of IE7 PD
[0123] A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing DI water (422 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 42 g) , BA (707 g) , ST (959 g) , PEM (16 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , PM-4 (9 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0124] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME, APS (2.1 g) in DI water (101 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 120 min. After completion of ME feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0125] Synthesis of IE8 PD
[0126] A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing DI water (422 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 42 g) , BA (574 g) , ST (959 g) , PEM (142 g) , MAA (30 g) , DAAM (31 g) , PM-4 (9 g) , MEUR (50%, 5 g) , and n-DDM (6 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0127] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , ME (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME, APS (2.1 g) in DI water (101 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 120 min. After completion of ME feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0128] Synthesis of IE9 PD
[0129] Monomer emulsion 1 (ME1) was prepared by mixing DI water (319 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 17 g) , BA (336 g) , PM-4 (18 g) , ST (297 g) , PEM (11 g) , MAA (20 g) , DAAM (14 g) , MEUR (50%, 2 g) , and n-DDM (3 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion. Monomer emulsion 2 (ME2) was prepared by mixing DI water (103 g) , AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 25 g) , BA (350 g) , ST (675 g) , PEM (5 g) , MAA (11 g) , DAAM (16 g) , MEUR (50%, 3 g) and n-DDM (4 g) together to produce a stable monomer emulsion.
[0130] To a 5-liter, four-necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer, a thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, and reflux condenser was added DI water (770 g) and stirring was initiated. The contents of the flask were heated to 87 ℃ under a N2 atmosphere. AB / 20 surfactant (28.5%, 9 g) , MAA (5.3 g) , the ME1 (87 g) , and APS (5.0 g) in DI water (46 g) were added to the flask, followed by a rinse with DI water (30 g) . The remaining ME1, APS (1.4 g) in DI water (67 g) and ammonia (25%, 14 g) in DI water (50 g) were then added over 96 min. After completion of ME1 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The ME2 and APS (0.7 g) in DI water (34 g) were then added over 24 min. After completion of the ME2 feed, DI water (30 g) was added as a rinse. The contents of the flask were maintained at 87-89℃ during the additions. At the end of polymerization, a mixture of FeSO4·7H2O (0.014 g) in DI water (5 g) and EDTA sodium salt (0.028 g) in DI water (5 g) , a solution of t-BHP (70%, 3.4 g t-BHP dissolved in 42 g DI water) , and a solution of IAA (2.3 g IAA dissolved in 78 g DI water) were all added to the flask at 60 ℃, and then ammonia (25%, 33 g) in DI water (40 g) and ADH (19 g) in DI water (48 g) were added to the flask at 50 ℃ to obtain the aqueous dispersion.
[0131] The as prepared aqueous polymer dispersions were characterized according to the test methods below and properties are given in Table 2.
[0132] Table 2. Properties of aqueous polymer dispersions
[0133] “Fox Tg” of an emulsion polymer in the aqueous polymer dispersion was calculated by the Fox equation.
[0134] “Solids Content” refers to the weight percentages of solids weight of an aqueous polymer dispersion after drying at 150 ℃ for 25 min, relative to the weight of the aqueous polymer dispersion.
[0135] Particle size was measured by a Brookhaven BI-90 Plus Particle Size Analyzer. “NA” -not available.
[0136] Coating Compositions (Paints 1-9 and CPaints 1-6)
[0137] The above obtained aqueous polymer dispersions (IE1 to IE9 PDs and CE1 to CE6 PDs) were used as binders in preparing DTM (direct to metal) coating compositions. A pigment grind was prepared by mixing the following ingredients sequentially, including water (42 g) , OROTANTM 681 dispersant (7.8 g) , SURFYNOLTM TG wetting agent (2 g) , aqueous ammonia (28%, 2 g) , TEGOTM Airex 902W defoamer (0.46 g) , Ti-PURETM R-706 pigment (209.24 g) , and water (42 g) , using a high-speed grinder at 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 20 min. A binder (536 g) was premixed with water (50 g) and aqueous ammonia (28%, 4 g) to adjust pH above 8.5 to obtain a premix. Then the grind was added into the premix, followed by addition of TEXANOLTM ester alcohol (45.48 g) . Then water (25 g) and ACRYSOLTM RM-8W rheology modifier (2.1 g) were added to adjust viscosities of the obtained coating compositions to 80 kreb units (KU) , as measured by using BROOKFIELDTM KU-2 Viscometer at room temperature.
[0138] Corrosion resistance properties of coatings made from the above coating compositions are given in Table 3. IEs 1-5 and 9 PDs prepared by using PM-4 or N4-5000 LPB in the first or second stage of multistage polymerization and IEs 6-8 PDs prepared by one-stage polymerization in the presence of PM-4 LPB all provided coatings with good corrosion resistance, meeting the requirements of blister ratings of 8F or 10, rust ratings of 10, and a single width of blister beyond the scribe mark ≤ 2 mm after exposure to the salt spray test for 110 hours. Particularly, Paint 1 comprising IE1 PD using PM-4 LPB in the second stage showed even better corrosion resistance than Paint 4 comprising IE4 PD using the same LPB in the first stage. IE3 PD prepared by multistage polymerization at a weight ratio of the first monomer mixture to the second monomer mixture of 80∶20 provided Paint 3 with even better corrosion resistance than IE9 PD where the corresponding weight ratio is 40∶60. Paint 3 also demonstrated better corrosion resistance than Paint 6. In contrast, CPaints 1-6 comprising CEs 1-6 PDs as binders, respectively, all failed the SSR test for not meeting at least one of the requirements for blister rating, rust rating, and single width of blister after exposure to the salt spray test for 110 hours, indicating poorer corrosion resistance. For example, CE1 PD was prepared by polymerization in the absence of any LPBs. CE2 PD was prepared by polymerization using a LPB with a Mn lower than the claimed Mn. CE3 PD prepared by polymerization using a MA-modified LPB replacing the specified unmodified LPB provided coatings with lots of blisters after exposure for only 24 hours, showing poorer corrosion resistance. CE5 PD was prepared by cold blending PM-4 LPB with the emulsion polymer instead of addition of the LPB in polymerization process. CE6 PD was prepared by polymerizing monomers with DAAM omitted.
[0139] Table 3. Formulations and properties of coating compositions
Claims
1.A method of preparing an aqueous polymer dispersion, comprising::I) emulsion polymerization of a monomer mixture in the presence of a polybutadiene, thereby forming the aqueous polymer dispersion comprising an emulsion polymer;wherein the monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers,(i) from 0.1%to 5.0%of an ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer,(ii) from 0.5%to 3.0%of a monomer containing a ketone group,(iii) from 15%to 85%of a vinyl aromatic monomer,(iv) from 10%to 80%of a C1-C24-alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid, and(v) from 0 to 9%of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid;wherein the polybutadiene is free of maleic anhydride and hydroxyl functional groups and has a number average molecular weight of from 2000 to 15000 grams per mole, as measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards; andwherein the polybutadiene is present, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, in an amount of from 0.1%to 15%.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the polybutadiene has a viscosity of from 500 to 10000 millipascal*seconds as measured according to DIN 53018 at 25 degrees Celsius.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the polybutadiene comprises from 10 to 55 mol%of 1, 2 units of formula (b-I) and from 45 to 90 mol%of 1, 4 units of formula (b-II) or (b-III) , based on the total moles of 1, 2 and 1, 4 units: 4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the monomer containing a ketone group is diacetone (meth) acrylamide.5.The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers, from 0.3%to 3.2%of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer and from 0.3%to 4%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid.6.The method of claim 4, wherein the emulsion polymerization of the monomer mixture is conducted by multistage emulsion polymerization comprising:a) polymerizing a first monomer mixture to form a first-stage polymer, andb) polymerizing a second monomer mixture in the presence of the first-stage polymer obtained from step a) ; wherein the polybutadiene is present in step a) , step b) , or both steps a) and b) ;wherein the first monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the first monomer mixture, from 0.4%to 4%of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer and from 0.4%to 6%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, from 1%to 6%of the diacetone (meth) acrylamide, and from 10%to 75%of the vinyl aromatic monomer;wherein the second monomer mixture comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the second monomer mixture, from 0 to 2.5%of the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer and from 0 to 4%of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, from 0 to 2.5%of the diacetone (meth) acrylamide, and from 10%to 100%of the vinyl aromatic monomer; andwherein at least one of the first monomer mixture and second monomer mixture further comprises the C1-C24 alkyl (meth) acrylate; andwherein the weight ratio of the first monomer mixture to the second monomer mixture is in a range of 30: 70 to 90: 10.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated phosphorus-containing monomer is selected from the group consisting of phosphoethyl methacrylate, phosphoethyl acrylate, allyl ether phosphate, phosphopropyl methacrylate, phosphobutyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the emulsion polymer has a glass transition temperature of from -10 ℃ to 60 ℃ as calculated by a Fox equation.9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the emulsion polymer has a number average molecular weight of from 8000 to 80000 grams per mole as measured by gel permeation chromatography.10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the emulsion polymer has a particle size of from 50 to 500 nanometers.11.The method of any one of claims 1-10, further comprising: II) addition of a polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide containing at least two hydrazide groups per molecule after step I) .12.An aqueous polymer dispersion obtained from the method of any one of claims 1-11.13.A coating composition comprising the aqueous polymer dispersion of claim 12.
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