Computing service and service data flow
By configuring network devices with rules and identifiers for forwarding service data flows, the challenge of steering computing service traffic to the correct compute node in communication networks is addressed, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of computing aware traffic steering.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/070916
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-10
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication networks face challenges in accurately steering computing service traffic to the correct compute node due to the uncertainty in mapping service identities to multiple service instances, particularly in anycast-destined computing aware traffic steering (CATS) scenarios, where the user equipment (UE) cannot identify the specific service instance using an anycast IP address.
A network device obtains information for establishing a service session between a compute node and a terminal device, configures a rule for forwarding service data flow, and transmits an identifier to the terminal device to ensure the service data flow is steered to the correct compute node, using techniques such as L2TP tunneling and QoS management to manage the data transmission path.
This approach ensures that computing service traffic is accurately directed to the intended compute node, improving the efficiency and reliability of computing aware traffic steering by reducing the processing load on network devices and ensuring proper forwarding of service data flows.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024070916_10072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPUTING SERVICE AND SERVICE DATA FLOWTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments described in this disclosure relate to the field of communication and in particular (but not exclusively to) , to a terminal device, network devices, methods, apparatuses, and a computer readable storage medium for a computing service and an associated service data flow.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.
[0003] Such communication networks operate in accordance with standards, such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) . An example of standards are the so-called 5G (5th Generation) standards provided by 3GPP.SUMMARY
[0004] Various example embodiments described herein provide certain advantages, for example in the form of one or more improvements that are either explicitly described herein or otherwise apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art (s) in view of this disclosure. Hence, at least some of these example embodiments aim to provide (or otherwise contribute to) at least part of these aforementioned advantages and improvements.
[0005] In general, example embodiments of this disclosure provide solution (s) related to a computing service and an associated service data flow, such as for improving computing aware traffic steering.
[0006] Some example embodiments of this disclosure will be described with respect to certain aspects. These aspects are not intended to indicate key or essential features of the various example embodiments of this disclosure, nor are they intended to be used to limit the scope of thereof. Other features, aspects, and elements will be apparent to a person skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. For example, it should be appreciated that further aspects may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the various aspects described below.
[0007] In a first aspect, there is provided a first network device. The first network device includes at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to: obtain first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a first protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; configure, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; and transmit, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0008] In a second aspect, there is provided a second network device. The second network device includes at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second network device at least to: receive, from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; transmit, to the first network device, second information for the service session; and receive, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.
[0009] In a third aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device includes at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to: transmit, to a first network device, a first request for establishing a first protocol data unit (PDU) session for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query; receive, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; and transmit, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.
[0010] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method. The method includes obtaining, at a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; configuring, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; and transmitting, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0011] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method. The method includes receiving, at a second network device and from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; transmitting, to the first network device, second information for the service session; and receiving, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.
[0012] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method. The method includes transmitting, at a terminal device and to a first network device, a protocol data unit (PDU) session request for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query; receiving, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; and transmitting, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.
[0013] In a seventh aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus includes means for obtaining, at a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; means for configuring, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; and means for transmitting, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0014] In an eighth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus includes means for receiving, at a second network device and from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; means for transmitting, to the first network device, second information for the service session; and means for receiving, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.
[0015] In a ninth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus includes means for transmitting, at a terminal device and to a first network device, a protocol data unit (PDU) session request for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query; means for receiving, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; and means for transmitting, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.
[0016] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium including program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the above fourth, fifth and sixth aspects.
[0017] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a first network device. The first network device includes obtaining circuitry configured to obtain first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a first protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; configuring circuitry configured to configure, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0018] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided a second network device. The second network device includes receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to the first network device, second information for the service session; and receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.
[0019] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device includes transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a first network device, a first request for establishing a first protocol data unit (PDU) session for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query; receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.
[0020] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program including instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform at least the method according to any one of the above fourth, fifth and sixth aspects.
[0021] Various other aspects and further examples are also described in the following detailed description and in the attached claims.
[0022] According to some aspects, there is provided the subject matter of the independent claims. Some further aspects are defined in the dependent claims. The examples that do not fall under the scope of the claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding this disclosure.
[0023] As previously mentioned, it is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of this disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope thereof. Other features, aspects, and elements of the disclosure will become apparent in view of the following.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] Some example embodiments will now be described, by way of illustrative and non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0025] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication network in which some example embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented;
[0026] FIG. 2 shows a signaling chart illustrating a process for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a user plane processing procedure according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 4 shows a signaling chart illustrating a process for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 5A shows a schematic diagram for session setup for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 5B shows a schematic diagram for session setup for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram for forwarding process for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram for a packet header structure for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram for a user plane data transmission path for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a network device according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at another network device according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a terminal device according to some example embodiments of this disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of this disclosure; and
[0038] FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of this disclosure.
[0039] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0040] Various example embodiments of this disclosure will now be further described. It is to be understood that these example embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and intended to aid those skilled in the art to understand and implement the various example embodiments of this disclosure, without suggesting any specific limitation as to the scope thereof. Example embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0041] The terminology used herein is generally provided the purpose of describing certain example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. In the following description and claims, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs, unless otherwise defined.
[0042] References in this disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “some example embodiments, ” “certain example embodiments, ” “various example embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the referenced embodiment (s) described may include particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) , but it is not necessary that every embodiment or example embodiment includes the particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) . Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment or example embodiment. Further, when particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) aredescribed in connection with an embodiment or example embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to combine such feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) in connection with other embodiments or example embodiments described herein whether or not such combination (s) are explicitly described.
[0043] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the various example embodiments.
[0044] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements. As used herein, the expression “and / or” includes any and all combinations of the listed terms, including any one of the elements, any two or more of the elements, and all of the elements. As used herein, the term “or” refers to a non-exclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated (e.g., use of “or else” or “or in the alternative” ) .
[0045] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included. Analogously, performing a step or functionality “based on A” does not indicate that the step or functionality is performed solely based on “A” as one or more additional conditions may be included.
[0046] As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following example embodiments:
[0047] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0048] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0049] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0050] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0051] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not utilized for operation.
[0052] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term herein, including in any claims. As a further example, as used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0053] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. The various example embodiments of this disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which this disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of this disclosure to only the aforementioned communication technologies and systems.
[0054] As used herein, the term “network device” or "network element" refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The communication network may include a core network (CN) . The network device or element in CN (also referred to as core network element herein) may refer to a session management function (SMF) , a user plane function (UPF) and so on. The communication network may include a radio access network (RAN) . The network device in RAN may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a new radio (NR) next generation NodeB (e.g., a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0055] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be configured to perform wireless communication. By way of example embodiment, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. As used herein, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0056] In the communications area, there is a constant evolution ongoing in order to provide efficient and reliable solutions for utilizing wireless communication networks. Each new generation has it owns technical challenges for handling the different situations and processes that are utilized to connect and serve devices connected to the wireless network. To meet the demand for wireless data traffic having increased since deployment of 4th generation (4G) communication systems, efforts have been made to develop an improved 5th generation (5G) or pre-6G communication system. The new communication systems can support various types of service applications for terminal devices.
[0057] With the development of mobile network and advanced technology of cloud computing, edge computing and smart devices, computing resources will be a ubiquitous deployment within the network to fulfill the computing demands from variety new services such as AR / VR, cloud gaming, Metaverse, V2X, remote healthcare, Industrial Internet, etc. Computing and network will be deeply integrated. Thus, in recent years, a concept of integration of network and computing (INC) or compute and network convergence (CNC) has been introduced into information and communications technology (ICT) research and industry. The network is no longer only providing network connection service for data transmission, but also providing the computing resource or computing services, i.e. computing as a service (CaaS) . According to a network resource status including connection and computing resources, the network will provide the joint optimization of network and computation resources to meet a user’s service request.
[0058] In a computing service provided by the network, a data transmission path is established between a user and compute nodes or computing service instances, e.g., a user plane (UP) processing scheme for computing aware traffic steering (CATS) including a UP data transmission path in the mobile network and a data transmission path in an internet protocol (IP) transmission network.
[0059] It is assumed that one service can have several service instances running on different compute nodes in the network at the same time. To avoid the non-negligible change of the existing DNS server, computing service addressing and routing determination are fully steered by the SMF in 5G system. An anycast IP address, which is query result feedback from the DNS server to a user equipment (UE) , can be used as a service identifier (SID) to identify (e.g., uniquely identify) one service with multiple service instances. A compute controller in the network is designed to maintain all network / compute status information including the binding relationship of the SID and an actual egress unicast IP address for each service instance. The SMF acquires the network / compute status information after it communicates with the compute controller and uses this information to make a decision of appropriate compute node (s) / service instance (s) selection. The SMF directs the determined PDU session anchor (PSA) UPF selection and subsequent service data packet transmission.
[0060] The UE only can use the SID (for example, anycast IP address) as the destination IP address in its computing service data packets, which cannot accurately identify the selected service instance due to the multiple service instances for this service have the same SID in the network. Thus, for the wireless mobile network domain, there is no specific solution to address the uncertainty one-to-many mapping problem between the service identity (ID) and multiple service instances in UP data transmission path establishment for anycast-destined CATS according to target computing service instance selection and routing results by the SMF.
[0061] One or more example embodiments of this disclosure are proposed for establishing a data transmission path between the UE and the target computing service instance according to the computing service instance selection and routing results determined by the SMF for anycast-destined CATS. This can be divided into two parts. One is inside the mobile network, i.e. how to cause the UE to transmit data packets to the proper PSA UPF, and cause the UPF to distinguish the anycast-destined service data flow and forward it to the correct transmission path according to an instruction of the SMF. The other part is in the IP transmission network, i.e. how to setup the data transmission path from the UPF to the compute node of selected service instance on the N6 interface, which can facilitate (e.g., guarantee) the specific anycast-destined computing service data to be transmitted to the determined compute node.
[0062] According to some example embodiments of this disclosure, there are provided solution (s) to improve a computing service and an associated service data flow, particularly (but not exclusively) , to improve computing aware traffic steering. In a solution, a first network device can obtain first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance. The first network device can configure the second network device with a rule based on the first information. The rule can be used for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node. The first network device can transmit an identifier to the terminal device. The identifier is assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session. The identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device. As such, solution (s) for improving computing aware traffic steering is provided, thereby facilitating (e.g., guaranteeing) service data to be steered from the UE to a desired compute node. Example embodiments of this disclosure will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0063] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication environment 100 in which some example embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented. As shown in FIG. 1, the communication environment 100 may involve a terminal device 110, a core network (CN) 120, and a data network (DN) 130.
[0064] As shown in FIG. 1, the terminal device 110 is illustrated as a mobile phone. It should be noted that the terminal device 110 may be any other suitable type of terminal device. The CN 120 may comprise a plurality of network elements / devices, for example, a session management function (SMF) 121 and a user plane function (UPF) 122. The CN 120 may, for example, provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, IP connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The SMF 121 is configured to handle certain responsibilities for session management in the mobile network. For example, specific functions of the SMF 121 may include: allocating an IP address to a user, selecting the UPF network element that provides a packet forwarding function, and so on. The UPF 122 is configured to handle certain responsibilities for processing a user packet, for example, forwarding and charging.
[0065] It is to be understood that the devices are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any specific limitations. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number or type of device (s) configured to implement example embodiments of this disclosure.
[0066] The DN 130 may comprise a compute controller 131 and an L2TP network server (LNS) 132, and may provide computing service instances for the terminal device 110. The terminal device 110 may establish a PDU session between the terminal device 110 and a RAN 140, between the RAN 140 and the UPF 122, and between the UPF 122 and the DN 130, so that the terminal device 110 can access the DN 130 by using the PDU session.
[0067] A layer 2 tunneling protocol (L2TP) tunnel may be used between the UPF 122 and the DN 130 via N6 to carry traffic of the PDU session, which can provide a determined transmission path. If requested by the SMF 121 during N4 session establishment, the UPF 122 may setup an L2TP towards the LNS 132 in the DN 130, and tunnel the PDU session user plane traffic in this L2TP tunnel. In this case, the UPF 122 acts as a L2TP access concentrator (LAC) .
[0068] The SMF 121 may provide L2TP information to the UPF 122, such as LNS IP address, tunnel password, and so on. This L2TP information may be configured on the SMF 121 as part of a data network name (DNN) configuration or received from an authentication authorization accounting (AAA) server during secondary authentication / authorization. One L2TP tunnel between the UPF 122 and the L2TP server may be shared by multiple PDU sessions using the same N6 network instance and L2TP parameters (e.g. LNS address) . There may be multiple L2TP sessions in one L2TP tunnel which corresponds to different service data transmission paths for different terminal devices or different quality of service (QoS) flows from the UPF 122 (L2TP access concentrator (LAC) ) to a target DN server (L2TP network server (LNS) ) .
[0069] The communications in the environment 100 may follow any suitable communication standards or protocols, which are already in existence or to be developed in the future, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , the fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) , Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) standards, and employs any suitable communication technologies, including, for example, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , time division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , code division multiplexing (CDM) , Bluetooth, ZigBee, and machine type communication (MTC) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communication (mMTC) , ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) , Carrier Aggregation (CA) , Dual Connectivity (DC) , and New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U) technologies.
[0070] More details of some example embodiments of this disclosure will be described with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a signaling chart illustrating a process for computing aware traffic steering according to some example embodiments of this disclosure. Only for the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The process 200 may involve the terminal device 110, the SMF 121 (corresponding to a first network device) , the UPF 122 (corresponding to a second network device) , and the RAN 140 (corresponding to a third network device) in FIG. 1. It is to be appreciated that any graphic elements, numerical values, and descriptive text in these figures are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any specific limitations.
[0071] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 transmits (201) , to the SMF 121, a request for establishing a new PDU session for a service requested by a DNS query. In an example, the request may be transmitted by the terminal device 110 responding to another request for modifying the old PDU session associated with the DNS query. In another example, prior to transmitting (202) the request for modifying the old PDU session, the SMF 121 may perform (203) selection of a UPF and a computing service instance based on a compute metric related to the service. The compute metric may be obtained (204) by the SMF 121 after reception (205) of the DNS query.
[0072] At the CN side, the SMF 121 may receive (201) the request for establishing the new PDU session. The SMF 121 obtain (206) information for establishing a service session between the UPF 122 and a compute node corresponding to the computing service instance. This information is associated with the new PDU session requested by the terminal device 110. Next, the SMF 121 configure (207) the second network device with a rule based on the information associated with the new PDU session, and the rule can be used by the UPF 122 to forward a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node. The configuring process may be implemented as described below.
[0073] For example, the SMF 121 may transmit (217) the information to the UPF 122 so as to obtain information of a service session between the UPF 122 and the compute node for the service. In an example, the SMF 121 may further transmit (227) an indication to the UPF 122 for establishing a new tunnel with the compute node. On the other side of communication, after receiving (217) the information, the UPF 122 may establish the tunnel with the compute node according to the indication to establish the tunnel. In another example, an existing tunnel between the UPF 122 and the compute node may be used for the forwarding by the UPF 122 to the compute node. Then, the service session may be established over the established tunnel or the existing tunnel.
[0074] In an example embodiment, a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the UPF 122 and the compute node may be configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow associated with the service, as shown in FIG. 5A. In another example embodiment, a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node may be configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow, as shown in FIG. 5B.
[0075] Next, the UPF 122 transmits (237) the information for the established service session to the SMF 121. On the other side of communication, the SMF 121 may determine the rule based on the information for the established service session, and transmit (247) it to the UPF 122. In this manner, the UPF 122 receives (or is configured with) the rule from the SMF 121
[0076] Further, the SMF 121 transmits (208) an identifier to the terminal device 110. The identifier is assigned by the SMF 121 for the new PDU session. The identifier can identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the UPF 122 to the compute node. On the other side of communication, the terminal device 110 receives (208) the identifier from the first network device. In this manner, the service data flow of the terminal device 110 can be configured with the identifier so as to implement the forwarding to the target compute node. In some example embodiments, the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the UPF 122. In an example, the identifier is transmitted via a response to the request for the new PDU session.
[0077] In some example embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further transmit (209) a DNS query to request the service over the new PDU session. On the other side of communication, based on receiving the DNS query, the SFM 121 transmits (210) a message to the terminal device 110, the message including a destination IP address associated with the service. At the terminal device side, the terminal device 110 may receive the message including the destination IP address associated with the service, and add the destination IP address into the service data flow. In some example embodiments, the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding by the UPF 122.
[0078] In some example embodiments, the service data flow of the terminal device 110 may be transmitted to the UPF 122 via the RAN 140. The SMF 121 may configure a network device in the RAN 140 with a second rule for forwarding the service data flow from the terminal device 110 to the UPF 122.
[0079] With the UP data transmission path setup as described above, the terminal device 110 can transmit (211) the service data flow configured with the identifier to the UPF 122. During the transmission of the service data flow via the UPF 122 from the terminal device 110 to the target compute node, the SMF 121 may indicate the UPF 122 to perform transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure. The packet header structure may comprise a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node. The UPF 122 may identify (212) the service data flow based on the destination IP address. Alternatively, the UPF 122 may identify the service data flow based on the identifier. Then, the UPF 122 may further forward the service data flow to the compute node based on the identifier and the rule.
[0080] Now some example embodiments of this disclosure herein will be further described in detail with reference to FIGS. 3-8 below.
[0081] FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a user plane (UP) processing procedure 300 in accordance with some example embodiments of this disclosure. FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a process 400 for computing aware traffic steering in accordance with some example embodiments of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, computing-aware service user plane solution (s) are proposed to enable (or otherwise facilitate) anycast-destined traffic identified by the mobile network and dynamically steered to the proper server / compute node at the granularity of per user flow, with the consideration of network / compute status. A processing procedure of the UP data transmission path setup for CATS with per computing-aware service flow and authentication for per-UE level is illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0082] More specifically, the UE 110 may send a DNS query as a compute service request trigger on a default PDU session, as shown in 301 and 401. With the trigger of the DNS query, the SMF 121 may communicate with the compute controller 131 to obtain compute metric information in the network which is used for selection decision for the queried service, as shown in 402. Next, in 302 and 403, the SMF 121 may make a selection decision on a target compute node (for example, a compute node corresponding to service instance B in FIG. 8) and a PSA UPF (for example, the determined PSA UPF 122 in FIG. 8) . Once the target compute node and relevant PSA UPF are determined for this service request, the SMF 121 determines that it is to establish a dedicated data transmission path for such service data transmission to facilitate (e.g., guarantee) the steering of the data from the PSA UPF to the target compute node. The dedicated data transmission path may be a L2TP tunnel on the N6 interface.
[0083] With a PDU session modification procedure, regardless of whether the SMF selection result changes the PAS UPF, the SMF 121 may notify the UE 110 to establish a new PDU session for this service request to retrieve UE authentication information used for L2TP tunnel establishment, as shown in 404. Accordingly, the UE 110 may initiate a new PDU session establishment request message to the SMF 121, which carry its PCO information e.g., authentication information for PAP / CHAP in ePCO IE including user name and password to support secondary authentication / authorization by a DN-AAA server for subsequent L2TP tunnel setup, as shown in 405.
[0084] In 406, after receiving the new PDU session establishment request message from the UE 110, the SMF 121 may trigger this new PDU session establishment authentication / authorization procedure to retrieve L2TP tunnel parameters from the DN-AAA server in access-accept message for the selected computing service instance. Here, we assume that the DN-AAA server is co-located with the compute controller 131. The DN-AAA server may feedback the L2TP tunnel parameters including a target LNS IP address, a tunnel password and optional new IP allocation for UE. The target LNS IP address refer to an Egress IP address of the selected computing service instance (for example, 180.101.50.242 in FIG. 8) . After this step, the SMF 121 have enough parameter information for the UPF 122 to setup the L2TP Tunnel on the N6 interface for this anycast-destined service. In this manner, the SMF 121 may complete the secondary authentication with the AAA server to obtain the necessary path / tunnel parameters of the target compute node, as shown in 303.
[0085] In 407, the SMF 121 may send a packet forwarding control protocol (PFCP) session establishment request message including L2TP related IEs to request the UPF 122 to setup an L2TP session towards the LNS 132, e.g., L2TP tunnel / session between the selected PSA UPF 122 (LAC) and the egress IP address interface (LNS) of the selected service instance. The L2TP related IEs may include L2TP tunnel information IE (LNS IP address, tunnel password for L2TP tunnel authentication) and L2TP session information IE (L2TP user authentication) . Also, as shown in 304 and 305, the SMF 121 may indicate the PSA UPF 122 to setup the specific tunnel / session between the PSA UPF 122 and the target compute node via a N4 PFCP signaling procedure, and the UPF 122 may feedback established tunnel / session ID to the SMF 121
[0086] Upon receiving the PFCP session establishment request from the SMF 121, the UPF 122 may determine whether to use an already established L2TP tunnel or establish a new L2TP tunnel between the PSA UPF / LAC and the specific LNS 132 on the target compute node. If an existing L2TP Tunnel is used, the UPF 122 may only setup a new L2TP session within the existing L2TP tunnel. Otherwise, the UPF 122 may perform both L2TP tunnel and L2TP session setup. For the new L2TP tunnel setup, the corresponding tunnel ID will be generated at both sides of the PSA PUF / LAC and the LNS to identify this tunnel, as shown in 408.
[0087] In 409, the UPF 122 may proceed with L2TP session setup between the PSA UPF / LAC and the specific LNS 132 on the target compute node. To identify (e.g., uniquely identify) the established L2TP session in the L2TP tunnel, the corresponding L2TP session ID is generated at both sides of the PSA UPF / LAC 122 and the LNS 132. Two options can be defined for the mapping scheme between the L2TP tunnel, the L2TP session and a user service data flow from the perspective of per-user or per-service.
[0088] In option 1, as shown in FIG. 5A, there is only one L2TP tunnel between the PSA UPF / LAC 122 and the entrance of the target compute node / LNS 132. In this tunnel, one L2TP session among a plurality of sessions over the L2TP tunnel corresponds to one UE service data flow. In this case, the L2TP tunnel is determined by endpoints of both sides of the tunnel. And if different UEs have the same target service instance, their service data flow would be mapped to different L2TP sessions in this tunnel. The L2TP sessions are differentiated according to the granularity of different UEs.
[0089] In option 2, as shown in FIG. 5B, there are multiple L2TP tunnels between the PSA UPF / LAC 122 and the target compute node / LNS 132. In this case, one L2TP tunnel corresponds to one UE data flow. Different UEs would require to setup different L2TP tunnels, even though they have the same service between the same PSA UPF / LAC and entrance of target compute node / LNS. The differentiation granularity is for different UEs.
[0090] As for the same UE 110, between the same PSA UPF 122 and the same target compute node, there may be different service instances which involve different compute services. There would be different LNSs for each different service instance. Thus, the respective L2TP tunnel may be setup to each service data flow for this UE 110.
[0091] In 410, after the successful setup of the N6 interface L2TP tunnel / session between the PSA UPF 122 and the LNS 132 on the target compute node, the UPF 122 may send a PFCP session establishment response message to the SMF 121. The response message may carry the created L2TP session IE containing information about the established L2TP tunnel / session for this PFCP session, e.g. the used LNS IP address and L2TP tunnel / session ID. The LNS IP address and L2TP tunnel / session ID would be used by the SMF 121 to generate a packet detection rule (PDR) / packet detection information (PDI) and a forwarding action rule (FAR) in 411. The PDR / PDI and FAR are to guide the UPF 122 to steer its received service data packets to the correct L2TP tunnel / session.
[0092] Based on the received L2TP tunnel / session establishment information for the anycast-destined service and quality of service (QoS) requirement of the user service, the SMF 121 is responsible for configuring the relevant QoS processing for the UE 110 and user plane data transmission processing for the UPF 122.
[0093] For the UPF 122, the SMF 121 may configure data forwarding rules including relevant PDR / PDI and FAR rules. For example, as shown in 411 and 305, the SMF 121 may configure the UPF 122 with the rules via a PFCP session modification procedure, in which FARs associated with the specific PRD / PDI may be updated with the tunnel / session ID. The UPF 122 configured with the rules can distinguish and forward a service data flow from the UE 110, as described later.
[0094] In 412, the SMF 121 may send a new PDU session establishment response message to the UE 110 as feedback of the new PDU session establishment request in 405. The corresponding QoS profile for gNB and QoS rules for the UE 110 are configured in this response message to establish a user plane data transmission path from the UE 110 to the PSA UPF 122. In particular, dedicated QoS flow ID (QFI) information may be assigned to the UE 110 in this response message if it is necessary. Also, as shown in 306 and 307, the SMF 121 may assign the QoS rules to the UE 110 for this service data flow via N1 PDU session modification procedure with optional dedicated QFI for service data flow (SDF) , and configures the QoS profile to the gNB via N2 SM information including a CN tunnel for N3 tunnel setup and an optional dedicated QFI for SDF identification via a N2 PDU session request message.
[0095] In 413, due to the new PDU session setup for this specific anycast-destined service, the previous DNS query over the old (default) PDU session would be no longer valid, and there would be no response to the previous DNS query. Then, the SMF 121 may invoke Neasdf_DNS Context_Delete service to indicate an edge application server discovery function (EASDF) to remove the old DNS context for the previous old PDU session and to create a new DNS context for the new PDU session via Neasdf_DNS Context_Create service.
[0096] In 414, as no DNS response is received in the UE 110 for the previous DNS query, the UE 110 is expected to restart a DNS query for this specific service over the new PDU session. Then, in 415, the SMF 121 may make a retrieval decision for this new coming DNS query to check if there is the service instance selection result that has been obtained and is still valid. If the selection result is confirmed to be valid, the SMF 121 may indicate the EASDF to reply the DNS query using the previous result. Next, in 308 and 416, the DNS response including an anycast IP address (for example, 10.5.0.1 in FIG. 8) as a service ID may be sent to the UE 110 as a destination IP address in the following data packets for this anycast-destined CATS.
[0097] With the process as described above, the user plane data transmission path for specific anycast-destined CATS has been established, as shown in FIG. 8. It can steer a specific anycast-destined service data flow to the PSA UPF 122 in the mobile network (as shown in 417) , and forward the specific anycast-destined service traffic into the dedicated L2TP tunnel / session to the target compute node (as shown in 418) .
[0098] More specifically, with the established user plane data transmission path above, the UPF 122 may filter out the specific anycast-destined service data flow for the UE 110 from its received data packets. The SMF 121 may provide the PDI in the PDR to identify the PFCP session and classify packets for QoS flow marking. For normal service data, distinguishing data packet flows into different QoS flows is enough as data packets in the same QoS flow will have the same QoS control processing. But for anycast-destined service traffic, due to the uncertainty one-to-many mapping problem between the service ID and multiple service instances, the data forwarding from the PSA UPF 122 to the target compute service instance is determined in advance. Thus, the PSA UPF 122 is to distinguish the anycast-destined service data flow from the QoS flows. There are two options for the UPF 122 to distinguish the anycast-destined service data flow from the QoS flows.
[0099] In option 1, there is association relationship information between the anycast IP address for this query service and its selected computing service instance identity, so a source UE IP address and a destination service ID (e.g., the anycast IP address) in the original user IP packet header (inner IP header) can be used. The packet header structure of each transmission path section is illustrated in FIG. 3. By inspecting the N3 GTP-U packet header, the UPF 122 can identify the data packet corresponding to the PDU session and the QoS flow indicated by QFI. The UPF 122 may further inspect the original user data packet IP header, e.g. the inner IP header, to get information of the source UE IP address and the destination service ID (anycast IP address) which can identify (e.g., uniquely identify) the anycast-destined service data flow of the UE 110. But for the case of simultaneously running multiple service sessions of the same service of the UE 110 which have the same source UE IP address and the destination service ID (anycast IP address) , different service session data flows cannot be identified.
[0100] In option 2, the dedicated QFI can be used. The dedicated QFI is assigned to distinguish the specific anycast-destined service data flow of the UE 110. The UPF 122 can inspect the N3 GTP-U packet header to get this QFI information, and the QFI information may be combined with the N3 tunnel ID to directly distinguish it and determine which anycast-destined service data flow of the UE 110 it belongs to. It can reduce processing overload of the UPF 122 to avoid the deeply inspection into the inner IP header for the received GTP-U packets.
[0101] Additionally, different service data packets in the granularity of service session level can be identified even in the case of different service sessions for the same service, because different dedicated QFIs are assigned to different service session data flows. As for the INC specific flow affinity issue which comes from the INC requirement of multiple requests-multiple responses style communication between the UE 110 and compute nodes, it also can be a potential solution to facilitate (e.g., guarantee) all the packets from the same flow to go to the same compute node.
[0102] This dedicated QFI can be a reserved QFI value from its value range [0, 63] which define the correspondence between this dedicated QFI and a specific anycast-destined service. It can be semi-static preconfigured at both sides of the UE 110 and the SMF 121. Alternatively, it also can be dynamically assigned by the SMF 121 from a reserved QFI value set for the specific anycast-destined service during its PDU session establishment procedure if it is necessary. After the service session finishes, the allocated dedicated QFI can be released for future use.
[0103] In an example, an SDF filter may be used to identify the specific anycast-destined service data flow and associate it to the dedicated L2TP tunnel ID and L2TP session ID. The corresponding FAR rules contain instructions related to the data forwarding of the packets into the right L2TP tunnel / session. The basic packet flow processing in the UPF 122 is illustrated in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, when the packet flows into the UPF 122, a PFCP session lookup module 601 may find PFCP session with a matching RDR. A PFCP session’s PDR lookup module 602 may find matching PDR of PFCP session with highest precedence. A PDR module 603 may find matching packet associated with specific SDF filter. A FAR module 604 may implement forward actions. The UPF 122 may apply other pre-defined instruction sets, such as BRAs 605, QERs 606 and URRs 607.
[0104] For the guidance of packet forwarding to the correct L2TP tunnel / session for this specific anycast-destined service data transmission, the SMF 121 may configure the L2TP tunnel packet header information for the outgoing packet from the PSA UPF 122 to the target LNS 132 of the selected compute node in forwarding parameters IE of FAR. The outgoing packet header structure in the N6 L2TP tunnel is illustrated in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, in addition to the user IP packet 701 including the destination IP for anycast 711 and the source IP of the UE 721, the packet header structure includes at least the following information in the L2TP packet header 702: LNS IP address 712, which refers to an egress IP address of the selected compute node; LAC IP address 722, which refers to the selected PSA UPF IP address; and L2TP tunnel ID and L2TP session ID 732 for this specific anycast-destined service data transmission.
[0105] In a UP processing solution for anycast-destined CATS of this disclosure, the SMF 121 is a key action entity to be responsible for controlling the whole procedure of UP data transmission path establishment. As described above, some major specific actions of the SMF 121 may be explained as the following. For example, the SMF 121 may make the decision of the target computing service instance and relevant PSA UPF selection according to the compute / network metrics collected from the compute controller 131 and other network entities. The SMF 121 may configure the corresponding QoS Rule (to UE 110) , QoS profile (to gNB) and SDF template (to UPF 122) to guide the UP data processing and transmission path establishment from the UE 110 to the target compute node. The SMF 121 may decide to initiate and instruct the corresponding L2TP tunnel / session establishment procedure between the selected PSA UPF (LAC) and the target compute node of the selected computing service instance. The SMF 121 may configure the PDR / PDI and FAR for the UPF 122 to identify the anycast-destined service data flow and forward the packet (s) to the corresponding L2TP tunnel / session. The SMF 121 may ensure the correctly route of the anycast-destined service traffic to the target compute node.
[0106] According to some example embodiments of this disclosure, a user plane scheme is proposed for steering anycast-destined traffic from a PSA UPF to a target compute node by establishing a specific L2TP tunnel manipulated by a SMF. A method is proposed to help a UPF identify anycast-destined service traffic for a UE. For example, as explained above, a dedicated indicator such as QFI is used to indicate (e.g., explicitly indicate) an anycast-destined service data flow of a user, which can reduce the overload of UPF’s inspection on the received GTP-U packets without deep dive into an inner IP header. The dedicated QFI for one anycast-destined service can be dynamically assigned by a SMF via a PDU session modification procedure after the selection of service instance. Two options for traffic flow mapping into a specific path / tunnel at the granularity of per-user or per-service are proposed, which can impact the path / tunnel setup and rules of UPF packet forwarding action. A single tunnel between a PSA UPF and the entrance of a target compute node is proposed along with per sub-tunnel / session for per UE flow in the specific path / tunnel. Multiple tunnels between a PSA UPF and the entrance of a target compute node is proposed along with per tunnel for per UE flow. With forwarding parameters IE of a FAR delivered in a PFCP session modification message, a SMF instructs a UPF to add a specific outer header which facilitates target traffic flow to be forwarded into a proper tunnel / session between a PSA UPF and a target compute node.
[0107] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of an example method 900 implemented at a first network device in accordance with some example embodiments of this disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 900 will be described from the perspective of the SMF 121 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0108] At block 910, the SMF 121 obtains first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a first protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device. At block 920, the SMF 121 configures, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node. At block 930, the SMF 121 transmits, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0109] In some example embodiments, the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0110] In some example embodiments, a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0111] In some example embodiments, a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0112] In some example embodiments, the SMF 121 further indicates, based on the first information, the second network device to establish the tunnel.
[0113] In some example embodiments, the SMF 121 configures the second network device with the rule by: transmitting, to the second network device, the first information; receiving, from the second network device, second information for the established service session; and transmitting, to the second network device, the rule determined based on the second information.
[0114] In some example embodiments, the SMF 121 further receives, from the terminal device, a first domain name system (DNS) query. The SMF 121 further obtains a compute metric related to a service requested by the first DNS query, wherein the service corresponds to the service data flow. The SMF 121 further performs, based on the compute metric, selection of the second network device and the computing service instance.
[0115] In some example embodiments, the SMF 121 further transmits, to the terminal device, a first request for modifying a second PDU session associated with the first DNS query. The SMF 121 further receives, from the terminal device, a second request for establishing the first PDU session.
[0116] In some example embodiments, the identifier is transmitted via a response to the second request for the first PDU session.
[0117] In some example embodiments, the SMF 121 further receives, from the terminal device, a second DNS query to request the service over the first PDU session. Based on receiving the second DNS query, the SMF 121 further transmits, to the terminal device, a message including a destination IP address associated with the service.
[0118] In some example embodiments, the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding by the second network device.
[0119] In some example embodiments, the SMF 121 further indicates the second network device to perform transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure, wherein the packet header structure comprises a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node.
[0120] In some example embodiments, the rule is a first rule, and the SMF 121 further configures, based on the first information, a third network device with a second rule for forwarding the service data flow from the terminal device to the second network device.
[0121] In some example embodiments, the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network. Alternatively, the second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.
[0122] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of an example method 1000 implemented at a second network device in accordance with some example embodiments of this disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1000 will be described from the perspective of the UPF 122 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0123] At block 1010, the UPF 122 receives, from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device. At block 1020, the UPF 122 transmits, to the first network device, second information for the service session. At block 1030, the UPF 122 receives, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.
[0124] In some example embodiments, a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0125] In some example embodiments, a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the UPF 122 further establishes, with the compute node, the tunnel based on the first information.
[0127] In some example embodiments, the UPF 122 further identifies the service data flow based on an identifier assigned for the PDU session by the first network device to the terminal device.
[0128] In some example embodiments, the UPF 122 further identifies the service data flow based on a destination IP address included in the service data flow, wherein the destination IP address is obtained by the terminal device based on a domain name system (DNS) query to the first network device over the PDU session.
[0129] In some example embodiments, the UPF 122 further forwards, to the compute node, the service data flow based on the identifier and the rule.
[0130] In some example embodiments, the UPF 122 further performs transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure, wherein the packet header structure comprises a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node.
[0131] In some example embodiments, the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network. Alternatively, the second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.
[0132] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some example embodiments of this disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0133] At block 1110, the terminal device 110 transmits, to a first network device, a first request for establishing a first protocol data unit (PDU) session for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query. At block 1120, the terminal device 110 receives, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance. At block 1130, the terminal device 110 transmits, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.
[0134] In some example embodiments, the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the terminal device 110 further transmits, to the first network device, a second DNS query to request the service over the first PDU session. The terminal device 110 further receives, from the first network device, a message including a destination IP address associated with the service.
[0136] In some example embodiments, the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow.
[0137] In some example embodiments, the terminal device 110 transmits the first request for establishing the first PDU session by: in response to receiving, from the first terminal device, a second request for modifying a second PDU session associated with the first DNS query.
[0138] In some example embodiments, the identifier is transmitted via a response to the first request for the first PDU session.
[0139] In some example embodiments, the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network. Alternatively, the second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.
[0140] In some example embodiments, an apparatus configured to perform the method 900 (for example, the SMF 121) may include means for performing respective steps of the method 900. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0141] In some example embodiments, the apparatus includes: means for obtaining, at a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; means for configuring, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; and means for transmitting, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0142] In some example embodiments, the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0143] In some example embodiments, a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0144] In some example embodiments, a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0145] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for indicating, based on the first information, the second network device to establish the tunnel.
[0146] In some example embodiments, and the means for configuring the second network device with the rule include means for transmitting, to the second network device, the first information; means for receiving, from the second network device, second information for the established service session; and means for transmitting, to the second network device, the rule determined based on the second information.
[0147] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for receiving, from the terminal device, a first domain name system (DNS) query; means for obtaining a compute metric related to a service requested by the first DNS query, wherein the service corresponds to the service data flow; means for; and means for performing, based on the compute metric, selection of the second network device and the computing service instance.
[0148] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for transmitting, to the terminal device, a first request for modifying a second PDU session associated with the first DNS query; and means for receiving, from the terminal device, a second request for establishing the first PDU session.
[0149] In some example embodiments, the identifier is transmitted via a response to the second request for the first PDU session.
[0150] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for receiving, from the terminal device, a second DNS query to request the service over the first PDU session; and means for based on receiving the second DNS query, transmitting, to the terminal device, a message including a destination IP address associated with the service.
[0151] In some example embodiments, the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding by the second network device.
[0152] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for indicating the second network device to perform transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure, wherein the packet header structure comprises a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node.
[0153] In some example embodiments, the rule is a first rule, the apparatus further includes means for configuring, based on the first information, a third network device with a second rule for forwarding the service data flow from the terminal device to the second network device.
[0154] In some example embodiments, the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network. Alternatively, the second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.
[0155] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for performing other steps in some example embodiments of the method 900. In some example embodiments, the means includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0156] In some example embodiments, an apparatus configured to perform the method 1000 (for example, the UPF 122) may include means for performing respective steps of the method 1000. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0157] In some example embodiments, the apparatus means for receiving, at a second network device and from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device; means for transmitting, to the first network device, second information for the service session; and means for receiving, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.
[0158] In some example embodiments, a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0159] In some example embodiments, a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.
[0160] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for establishing, with the compute node, the tunnel based on the first information.
[0161] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for identifying the service data flow based on an identifier assigned for the PDU session by the first network device to the terminal device.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for identifying the service data flow based on a destination IP address included in the service data flow, wherein the destination IP address is obtained by the terminal device based on a domain name system (DNS) query to the first network device over the PDU session.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for forwarding, to the compute node, the service data flow based on the identifier and the rule.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for performing transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure, wherein the packet header structure comprises a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network. Alternatively, the second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.
[0166] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for performing other steps in some example embodiments of the method 1000. In some example embodiments, the means includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0167] In some example embodiments, an apparatus configured to perform the method 1100 (for example, the terminal device 110) may include means for performing respective steps of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0168] In some example embodiments, the apparatus includes: means for transmitting, at a terminal device and to a first network device, a protocol data unit (PDU) session request for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query; means for receiving, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; and means for transmitting, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.
[0169] In some example embodiments, the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.
[0170] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for transmitting, to the first network device, a second DNS query to request the service over the first PDU session; and means for receiving, from the first network device, a message including a destination IP address associated with the service.
[0171] In some example embodiments, the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow.
[0172] In some example embodiments, the means for transmitting the first request for establishing the first PDU session include means for transmitting the first request for establishing the first PDU session by in response to receiving, from the first terminal device, a second request for modifying a second PDU session associated with the first DNS query.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the identifier is transmitted via a response to the first request for the first PDU session.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network. Alternatively, the second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the apparatus further includes means for performing other steps in some example embodiments of the method 1100. In some example embodiments, the means includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0176] FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1200 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of this disclosure. The device 1200 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the terminal device110, the SMF 121 or the UPF 122 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 1200 includes one or more processors 1210, one or more memories 1220 coupled to the processor 1210, and one or more communication modules 1240 coupled to the processor 1210.
[0177] The communication module 1240 is for bidirectional communications. The communication modules 1240 have at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0178] The processor 1210 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting and illustrative examples. The device 1200 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0179] The memory 1220 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 1224, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 1222 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0180] A computer program 1230 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 1210. The program 1230 may be stored in the ROM 1020. The processor 1210 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 1230 into the RAM 1222.
[0181] The example embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 1230 so that the device 1200 may perform any process of this disclosure as discussed with reference to FIGS. 2 to 8. The example embodiments of this disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0182] In some example embodiments, the program 1230 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 1200 (such as in the memory 1220) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 1200. The device 1200 may load the program 1230 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 1222 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. FIG. 13 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1300 in form of CD or DVD. The computer readable medium has the program 1230 stored thereon.
[0183] Generally, various example embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of example embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting and illustrative examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0184] This disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the methods as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-8. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various example embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0185] Program code for carrying out methods of this disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0186] In the context of this disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0187] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include, but not be limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (e.g., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0188] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of this disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular example embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single example embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single example embodiment may also be implemented in multiple example embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0189] Although this disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the various example embodiments of this disclosure are not limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the various example embodiments of this disclosure.
Claims
1.A first network device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing indications that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to:obtain first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a first protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device;configure, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; andtransmit, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.2.The first network device of claim 1, wherein the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.3.The first network device of any of claims 1-2, wherein a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.4.The first network device of any of claims 1-2, wherein a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.5.The first network device of claim 3 or 4, wherein the first network device is further caused to:indicate, based on the first information, the second network device to establish the tunnel.6.The first network device of any of claims 1-5, wherein the first network device is caused to configure the second network device with the rule by:transmitting, to the second network device, the first information;receiving, from the second network device, second information for the established service session; andtransmitting, to the second network device, the rule determined based on the second information.7.The first network device of any of claims 1-6, wherein the first network device is further caused to:receive, from the terminal device, a first domain name system (DNS) query;obtain a compute metric related to a service requested by the first DNS query, wherein the service corresponds to the service data flow; andperform, based on the compute metric, selection of the second network device and the computing service instance.8.The first network device of claim 7, wherein the first network device is further caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, a first request for modifying a second PDU session associated with the first DNS query; andreceive, from the terminal device, a second request for establishing the first PDU session.9.The first network device of claims 8, wherein the identifier is transmitted via a response to the second request for the first PDU session.10.The first network device of any of claims 7-9, wherein the first network device is further caused to:receive, from the terminal device, a second DNS query to request the service over the first PDU session; andbased on receiving the second DNS query, transmit, to the terminal device, a message including a destination IP address associated with the service.11.The first network device of claim 10, wherein the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding by the second network device.12.The first network device of any of claims 1-11, wherein the first network device is further caused to:indicate the second network device to perform transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure, wherein the packet header structure comprises a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node.13.The first network device of any of claims 1-12, wherein the rule is a first rule, and the first network device is further caused to:configure, based on the first information, a third network device with a second rule for forwarding the service data flow from the terminal device to the second network device.14.The first network device of any of claims 1-13, wherein at least one of the following:the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network; orthe second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.15.A second network device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second network device at least to:receive, from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device;transmit, to the first network device, second information for the service session; andreceive, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.16.The second network device of claim 15, wherein a service session among a plurality of service sessions over a tunnel between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.17.The second network device of claim 15, wherein a tunnel among a plurality of tunnels between the second network device and the compute node is configured per service session for forwarding the service data flow.18.The second network device of claim 16 or 17, wherein the second network device is further caused to:establish, with the compute node, the tunnel based on the first information.19.The second network device of any of claims 15-18, wherein the second network device is further caused to:identify the service data flow based on an identifier assigned for the PDU session by the first network device to the terminal device.20.The second network device of any of claims 15-18, wherein the second network device is further caused to:identify the service data flow based on a destination IP address included in the service data flow, wherein the destination IP address is obtained by the terminal device based on a domain name system (DNS) query to the first network device over the PDU session.21.The second network device of claim 19 or 20, wherein the second network device is further caused to:forward, to the compute node, the service data flow based on the identifier and the rule.22.The second network device of claim 21, wherein the second network device is further caused to:perform transmission for the forwarding of the service data flow based on a packet header structure, wherein the packet header structure comprises a header including at least an egress IP address associated with the compute node.23.The second network device of any of claims 15-22, wherein at least one of the following:the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network; orthe second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.24.A terminal device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to:transmit, to a first network device, a first request for establishing a first protocol data unit (PDU) session for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query;receive, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the first PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; andtransmit, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.25.The terminal device of claim 24, wherein the identifier is released after completion of the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.26.The terminal device of claim 24 or 25, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:transmit, to the first network device, a second DNS query to request the service over the first PDU session; andreceive, from the first network device, a message including a destination IP address associated with the service.27.The terminal device of claim 26, wherein the destination IP address is to be used to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow.28.The terminal device of any of claims 24-27, wherein the terminal device is caused to transmit the first request for establishing the first PDU session by:in response to receiving, from the first terminal device, a second request for modifying a second PDU session associated with the first DNS query.29.The terminal device of claim 28, wherein the identifier is transmitted via a response to the first request for the first PDU session.30.The second network device of any of claims 24-29, wherein at least one of the following:the first network device is a device for session management function in a core network; orthe second network device is a device for user plane function in a core network.31.A method comprising:obtaining, at a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device;configuring, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; andtransmitting, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.32.A method comprising:receiving, at a second network device and from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device;transmitting, to the first network device, second information for the service session; andreceiving, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.33.A method comprising:transmitting, at a terminal device and to a first network device, a protocol data unit (PDU) session request for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query;receiving, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; andtransmitting, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.34.An apparatus comprising:means for obtaining, at a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between a second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device;means for configuring, based on the first information, the second network device with a rule for forwarding a service data flow of the terminal device from the second network device to the compute node; andmeans for transmitting, to the terminal device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in the forwarding of the service data flow by the second network device.35.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, at a second network device and from a first network device, first information for establishing a service session between the second network device and a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance, wherein the first information is associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session requested by a terminal device;means for transmitting, to the first network device, second information for the service session; andmeans for receiving, from the first network device, a rule determined by the first network device based on the second information, wherein the rule is used for configuring forwarding of a service data flow of the terminal device by the second network device from the second network device to the compute node.36.An apparatus comprising:means for transmitting, at a terminal device and to a first network device, a protocol data unit (PDU) session request for a service requested by a first domain name system (DNS) query;means for receiving, from the first network device, an identifier assigned by the first network device for the PDU session, wherein the identifier is to identify the service data flow in forwarding of the service data flow from a second network device to a compute node corresponding to a computing service instance; andmeans for transmitting, to a second network device, the service data flow configured with the identifier.37.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method of any of claims 31-33.
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