Compositions with ethylene / alpha-olefin interpolymer, olefin-based polymer, and crosslinking agent and articles made therefrom
By employing polyolefin elastomers with specific properties and a crosslinking agent, the compression set of thermoplastic vulcanizates is improved, achieving enhanced mechanical properties and processability in crosslinked compositions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075221
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Conventional thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) lack improved compression set while maintaining processability, particularly in applications requiring enhanced mechanical properties.
Utilizing polyolefin elastomers with high vinyl levels, low oligomer content, and high long chain branching, combined with an ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer and a crosslinking agent, to form a crosslinked composition with improved compression set and maintain processability.
The resulting crosslinked composition exhibits a compression set of less than or equal to 60% at 70 hr and 120 ℃ while maintaining viscosity values suitable for processability, demonstrating improved mechanical properties.
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Figure PCTCN2025075221-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025075221-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025075221-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS WITH ETHYLENE / ALPHA-OLEFIN INTERPOLYMER, OLEFIN-BASED POLYMER, AND CROSSLINKING AGENT AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to thermoplastic vulcanizate compositions and specifically relate to compositions including an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, an olefin-based polymer, and a crosslinking agent used to form a crosslinked composition having improved compression set while maintaining processability.BACKGROUND
[0002] Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) are materials with crosslinked rubber domains in a continuous thermoplastic matrix. Rubber domains can impact the softness and elastic properties, whereas the thermoplastic matrix can influence oil barrier resistance, flow properties, and temperature limits of the TPV. TPVs are produced via dynamic vulcanization of non-miscible blends of a rubber and a thermoplastic, that is, the selective cross-linking of rubber, while melt-mixing with the thermoplastic. Commonly, TPVs are prepared with polypropylene (PP) as the thermoplastic matrix and Ethylene-Propylene-Diene rubber (EPDM) or polyolefin elastomer as the rubber phase. The rubber phase may be crosslinked using peroxides in order to maintain good color and lower the toxicity, as opposed to phenolic curing.
[0003] Compared to their non-crosslinked thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) counterparts, TPVs have superior properties in terms of heat resistance, compression set, chemical resistance, and tensile strength. However, conventional TPVs may lack desired mechanical properties, particularly compression set.
[0004] Accordingly, there is a need for TPV compositions with improved compression set while maintaining processability.SUMMARY
[0005] The embodiments of the present disclosure meet this need by utilizing polyolefin elastomers having high vinyl level on the polymer chain-end, a low oligomer level, and a high level of long chain branching (LCB) . This results in a composition that may be crosslinked to form a crosslinked composition having improved compression set (e.g., less than or equal to 60%at 70 hr and 120 ℃) while maintaining processability (e.g., viscosity, as measured at 0.1 rad / sand 230 ℃ (V0.1) , greater than 105,000 Pa·sand viscosity, as measured at 1,000 rad / sand 230 ℃ (V1k) , less than 130 Pa·s) .
[0006] In one embodiment, a polyolefin elastomer comprises a composition comprising an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, an olefin-based polymer, and a crosslinking agent, wherein the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer comprises a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) , an I10 / I2 is greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) , greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1,000 carbons, a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%, and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0007] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description, which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows and the claims.
[0008] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0009] Specific embodiments of the present application will now be described. The disclosure may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth in this disclosure. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. DEFINITIONS
[0010] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.
[0011] Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about, ” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.
[0012] The term "polymer" as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers.
[0013] The term “solution polymerizing” as used herein, refers to a polymerization process occurring in a solution of the monomers and polymer in a solvent. The polymerizing may occur in one reactor or multiple reactors. Various reactors are considered suitable, for example, loop reactors or continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) . The solution polymerization process may occur at a temperature above 150℃, above 170℃, or above 180℃. Moreover, the solution polymerization process may occur at a pressure above 30 bar (3 MPa) , or above 40 bar (4 MPa) . Various hydrocarbon solvents are considered suitable for the solution polymerization.
[0014] The term "interpolymer" as used herein, refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
[0015] The term “olefin-based polymer, ” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises a majority amount of polymerized olefin monomer, for example, ethylene or propylene, (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0016] The term “polyolefin” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of an olefin, such as ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0017] The terms "ethylene-based polymer" or “polyethylene” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0018] The term “ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, ” as used herein, refers to an interpolymer that comprises a majority amount of polymerized ethylene monomer (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , and at least one α-olefin.
[0019] The term "ethylene / α-olefin copolymer" as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an α-olefin, as the only two monomer types. Preferably, the ethylene / α-olefin copolymer is a random copolymer (i.e., comprises a random distribution of its monomeric constituents) .
[0020] The term “propylene-based polymer, ” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises a majority amount of polymerized propylene monomer (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0021] The term “propylene / α-olefin interpolymer, ” as used herein, refers to an interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount of propylene monomer (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , and at least one α-olefin.
[0022] The term “propylene / α-olefin copolymer, ” as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount of propylene monomer) based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an α-olefin, as the only two monomer types.
[0023] The term “propylene / ethylene interpolymer, ” as used herein, refers to an interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount of propylene monomer (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , and ethylene.
[0024] The term “propylene / ethylene copolymer, ” as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority amount of propylene monomer (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and ethylene, as the only two monomer types.
[0025] The term “cross-linked composition” or “cross-linked polyolefin elastomer” as used herein, refers to a composition that has a network structure due to the formation of chemical bonds between polymer chains.
[0026] The term “composition, ” as used herein, includes a mixture of materials which comprise the composition, as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from the materials of the composition.
[0027] The term “V0.1, ” as used herein, serves as the viscosity at measurement conditions at 0.1 rad / s (DMS measurement) and the specified temperature. Unless stated otherwise, complex viscosity is measured by the DMS Rheology method.
[0028] The term “V100, ” as used herein, serves as the viscosity at measurement conditions at 100 rad / s (DMS measurement) and the specified temperature. Unless stated otherwise, complex viscosity is measured by the DMS Rheology method.
[0029] The term “V1k, ” as used herein, serves as the viscosity at measurement conditions at 1,000 s-1 by the Capillary Rheology method and the specified temperature.
[0030] EMBODIMENTS
[0031] Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) –Ethylene / α-olefin Interpolymer
[0032] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a polyolefin elastomer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 α-olefin comonomer. The terms “polyolefin elastomer” and “ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer” are used interchangeably throughout. The polyolefin elastomer comprises: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; a percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%; and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0033] As stated above, a polyolefin elastomer may comprise an ethylene-based polymer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene and a C4-C12 α-olefin comonomer. In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene / α-olefin random copolymer. The C4-C12 α-olefin comonomer may include various α-olefin comonomers, for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. In one embodiment, the α-olefin comonomer comprises 1-octene.
[0034] In at least one embodiment, the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer is an ethylene / α-olefin copolymer.
[0035] The polyolefin elastomer may include a density of from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, from 0.860 to 0.880 g / cc, or from 0.865 to 0.875 g / cc.
[0036] The polyolefin elastomer may include a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) , and in further embodiments, may include an I2 from 1.0 to 25 dg / min, from 2.0 to 20 dg / min, or from 3 to 18 dg / min. In other embodiments, the I2 may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, or 12.0 dg / min to an upper limit of 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0 18.0, 20.0, 25.0, or 30.0 dg / min.
[0037] The polyolefin elastomer may include an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) , and in further embodiments, may include an I10 / I2 from 8 to 20 , from 8 to 18, from 8 to 15, from 8 to 13, from 8 to 10, from 10 to 20, from 10 to 18, from 10 to 15, from 13 to 20, from 13 to 18, or from 13 to 15. Without being limited to theory, this I10 / I2 range correlates to increased long chain branching, which aids in the processability of the resulting crosslinked composition.
[0038] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a viscosity, V0.1 measured by DMS at 190 ℃, greater than or equal to 600 Pa·s. For example, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V0.1 measured by DMS at 190 ℃ from 600 Pa·s to 15000 Pa·s, from 600 Pa·s to 10000 Pa·s, from 600 Pa·s to 5000 Pa·s, from 600 Pa·s to 2500 Pa·s, from 600 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 800 Pa·s to 15000 Pa·s, from 800 Pa·s to 10000 Pa·s, from 800 Pa·s to 5000 Pa·s, from 800 Pa·s to 2500 Pa·s, from 800 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 1000 Pa·s to 15000 Pa·s, from 1000 Pa·s to 10000 Pa·s, from 1000 Pa·s to 5000 Pa·s, or from 1000 Pa·s to 2500 Pa·s, .
[0039] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a viscosity, V100 measured by DMS at 190 ℃, from 200 Pa·s to 1200 Pa·s. For example, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V100 measured by DMS at 190 ℃ from 200 Pa·s to 1200 Pa·s, from 200 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 200 Pa·s to 800 Pa·s, from 200 Pa·s to 600 Pa·s, from 200 Pa·s to 400 Pa·s, from 400 Pa·s to 1200 Pa·s, from 400 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 400 Pa·s to 800 Pa·s, from 400 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s, from 500 Pa·s to 1200 Pa·s, from 500 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, or from 500 Pa·s to 800 Pa·s. If the V100 of the polyolefin elastomer is to low, the desired processability of the resulting crosslinked composition may not be achieved.
[0040] The polyolefin elastomer may comprise a rheology ratio of from 2 to 20, wherein rheology ratio is the ratio of V0.1 to V100 measured by DMS at 190 ℃, and in further embodiments may include a rheology ratio from 2 to 16. For example, viscosity ratio may be from 2 to 16, from 2 to 13, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 5, from 5 to 16, from 5 to 13, from 5 to 10, from 5 to 8, from 8 to 16, from 8 to 13, from 8 to 10, from 10 to 16, from 10 to 13, or from 13 to 16.
[0041] The polyolefin elastomer may have a high vinyl unsaturation as demonstrated by having greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons. For example, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise from 0.2 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.7 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.5 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.4 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.4 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.4 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.4 to 0.7 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.4 to 0.5 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.5 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.5 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.5 to 0.7 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.7 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.7 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, or from 0.8 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons.
[0042] The polyolefin elastomer may include greater than 0.2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, and in further embodiments, may include from 0.3 to 2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, from 0.3 to 1 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or from 0.3 to 0.6 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.
[0043] Moreover, the percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation of the polyolefin elastomer is at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, or at least 70%.
[0044] Additionally, the polyolefin elastomer may have an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm and in further embodiments may have an oligomer level less than 4500 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 3500 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 2500 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 250 ppm, or less than 200 ppm. Without being bound by theory, the present polyolefin elastomer may have a high vinyl level on the chain-end and low oligomer level due to selection of catalyst and process conditions. In polymers with high vinyl level and high oligomer level, there can be a high level of oligomers (low Mw components) with vinyl chain ends, which result in low cross-linking efficiency.
[0045] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomers may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 20 to 35 kg / mol, and in some embodiments Mn may be from 23 to 33 kg / mol, wherein Mn is measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) . For example, Mn may be from 20 kg / mol to 35 kg / mol, from 20 kg / mol to 33 kg / mol, from 20 kg / mol to 30 kg / mol, from 20 kg / mol to 28 kg / mol, from 20 kg / mol to 25 kg / mol, from 20 kg / mol to 23 kg / mol, from 23 kg / mol to 35 kg / mol, from 23 kg / mol to 33 kg / mol, from 23 kg / mol to 30 kg / mol, from 23 kg / mol to 28 kg / mol, from 23 kg / mol to 25 kg / mol, from 25 kg / mol to 35 kg / mol, or from 25 kg / mol to 33 kg / mol.
[0046] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise from 40 kg / mol to 90 kg / mol weight average molecular weight, Mw, wherein Mw is measured in accordance with conventional GPC. For example, Mw may be from 40 kg / mol to 90 kg / mol, from 40 kg / mol to 78 kg / mol, from 40 kg / mol to 65 kg / mol, from 53 kg / mol to 90 kg / mol, from 53 kg / mol to 78 kg / mol, from 53 kg / mol to 65 kg / mol, or from 65 kg / mol to 90 kg / mol.
[0047] In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a Mw / Mn from 2.0 to 3.0, from 2.4 to 3.0, or from 2.5 to 2.6, wherein Mw (weight average molecular weight) is measured in accordance with conventional GPC.
[0048] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise from 20 wt. %to 80 wt. %, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent. For instance, the weight percentage of the polyolefin elastomer, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent, may be from 20 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 35 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 28 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 35 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 58 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 58 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 58 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 73 wt. %, or from 73 wt. %to 80 wt. %. If the weight percent of polyolefin elastomer, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent is too low, the processability or mechanical properties of the crosslinked composition may suffer.
[0049] In embodiments, the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the olefin-based polymer may comprise greater than 60 wt. %, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefinbased polymer, and the crosslinking agent. For example, the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the olefin-based polymer, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefinbased polymer, and the crosslinking agent, may be from 60 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 95 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 85 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 75 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 95 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 85 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 75 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 95 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 85 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 75 wt. %, from 75 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 75 wt. %to 95 wt. %, from 75 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 75 wt. %to 85 wt. %, from 75 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 80 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 80 wt. %to 95 wt. %, from 80 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 80 wt. %to 85 wt. %, from 85 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 85 wt. %to 95 wt. %, from 85 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 90 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 90 wt. %to 95 wt. %, or from 95 wt. %to 100 wt. %. If the sum weight of polyolefin elastomer and the olefin-based polymer, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition is too low, the processability or mechanical properties of the crosslinked composition may suffer
[0050] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise greater than 30 wt. %, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition. For instance, the weight percentage of the polyolefin elastomer, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition, may be from 30 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 60 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 40 wt. %, from 40 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 40 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 40 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 40 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 40 wt. %to 60 wt. %, from 40 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 60 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 60 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 90 wt. %, from 70 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 80 wt. %to 100 wt. %, from 80 wt. %to 90 wt. %, or from 90 wt. %to 100 wt. %. If the weight percent of polyolefin elastomer, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition is too low, the processability or mechanical properties of the crosslinked composition may suffer.
[0051] Olefin-based Polymer
[0052] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to an olefin-based polymer.
[0053] In at least one embodiment, the olefin-based polymer is selected from the group consisting of the following: polypropylene homopolymers, propylene / ethylene copolymers, propylene / α-olefin copolymers, low density polyethylenes (LDPEs) , high density polyethylenes (HDPEs) , and a heterogeneously branched ethylene / a-olefin interpolymers and further copolymers. Heterogeneously branched ethylene-based interpolymers, and further copolymers, are typically prepared with a Ziegler / Natta catalyst system. These linear interpolymers and copolymers lack long chain branching, or measureable amounts of long chain branching. In a further embodiment, the a-olefin is selected from propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene.
[0054] In at least one embodiment, the olefin-based polymer may have a melting point (Tm) greater than or equal to 140 ℃, or greater than or equal to 150 ℃.
[0055] In at least one embodiment, the olefin-based polymer may have a melting point (Tm) less than or equal to 165 ℃, or less than or equal to 160 ℃.
[0056] In at least one embodiment, the olefin-based polymer has a density greater than, or equal to, 0.855 g / cc, or greater than, or equal to, 0.860 g / cc, or greater than, or equal to, 0.870 g / cc.
[0057] In at least one embodiment, the olefin-based polymer has a density less than, or equal to, 0.915 g / cc, or less than, or equal to, 0.910 g / cc, or less than, or equal to, 0.905 g / cc.
[0058] It at least one embodiment, the olefin-based polymer is a propylene-based polymer.
[0059] In at least one embodiment, the propylene-based polymer is selected from polypropylene homopolymers, propylene / α-olefin interpolymers, or propylene / ethylene interpolymers.
[0060] In at least one embodiment, the propylene-based polymer has a melt flow rate (MFR at 2.16 kg / 230 ℃) from 0.1 to 50, or from 0.1 to 20, or from 0.1 to 5 g / 10 min.
[0061] In at least one embodiment, the polypropylene polymer has a heat of fusion (ΔHf) , as determined by DSC, greater than, or equal to, 85 J / g.
[0062] In at least one embodiment, the propylene-based polymer has a Mw / Mn ratio, greater than, or equal to, 2.5, or greater than, or equal to, 3.0, or greater than, or equal to, 4.0.
[0063] In at least one embodiment, the propylene-based polymer has a Mw / Mn ratio, less than, or equal to, 20, or less than, or equal to, 15, or less than, or equal to, 10.
[0064] In some embodiments, the propylene-based polymer is a propylene / α-olefin copolymer. Some α-olefin may be selected from the group of C4-C20 α-olefin. Examples of suitable α-olefins include, but are not limited to, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and 1-octene.
[0065] It at least one embodiment, the propylene-based polymer is a propylene / ethylene interpolymer, and preferably a copolymer. In further embodiments, the propylene / ethylene copolymer comprises less than, or equal to, 3 weight percent ethylene, based on the weight of the composition.
[0066] In at least one embodiment, the propylene-based polymer is a propylene homopolymer.
[0067] A polypropylene homopolymer may comprise a combination of two or more embodiments as described herein.
[0068] A propylene / α-olefin interpolymer, or copolymer, may comprise a combination of two or more embodiments as described herein.
[0069] In embodiments, the olefin-based polymer may comprise from 20 wt. %to 80 wt. %, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent. For instance, the weight percentage of the olefin-based polymer, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent, may be from 20 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 35 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 28 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 28 wt. %to 35 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 35 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 50 wt. %to 58 wt. %, from 58 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 58 wt. %to 73 wt. %, from 58 wt. %to 65 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 80 wt. %, from 65 wt. %to 73 wt. %, or from 73 wt. %to 80 wt. %. If the weight percent of olefin-based polymer, based on the sum weight of the polyolefin elastomer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent is too low, the processability or mechanical properties of the crosslinked composition may suffer.
[0070] In embodiments, the olefin-based polymer may comprise greater than 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition. For instance, the weight percentage of the olefin-based polymer, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition, may be from 15 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 15 wt. %to 61 wt. %, from 15 wt. %to 52 wt. %, from 15 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 15 wt. %to 33 wt. %, from 15 wt. %to 24 wt. %, from 24 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 24 wt. %to 61 wt. %, from 24 wt. %to 52 wt. %, from 24 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 24 wt. %to 33 wt. %, from 33 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 33 wt. %to 61 wt. %, from 33 wt. %to 52 wt. %, from 33 wt. %to 43 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 61 wt. %, from 43 wt. %to 52 wt. %, from 52 wt. %to 70 wt. %, from 52 wt. %to 61 wt. %, or from 61 wt. %to 70 wt. %. If the weight percent of olefin-based polymer, based on the total weight of the crosslinked composition is too low, the processability or mechanical properties of the crosslinked composition may suffer.
[0071] Crosslinking Agents
[0072] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a composition comprising an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer resulting from the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 α-olefin comonomer, an olefin-based polymer, and a crosslinking agent.
[0073] In at least one embodiment, the crosslinked composition comprises a crosslinking agent.
[0074] In at least one embodiment, the crosslinking agent may comprise one or more inert carrier. For example, the inert carrier may comprise calcium carbonate.
[0075] In at least one embodiment, the crosslinking agent comprises an organic peroxide. The organic peroxide may comprise from 0.2 wt. %to 5 wt. %based on a sum weight of the ethylene / α olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, and the organic peroxide. For example, organic peroxide may be from 0.2 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 0.2 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 0.2 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 0.2 wt. %to 2 wt. %, from 0.2 wt. %to 1 wt. %, from 1.2 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 1.2 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 1.2 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 1.2 wt. %to 2 wt. %, from 2.1 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 2.1 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 2.1 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 3.1 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 3.1 wt. %to 4 wt. %, or from 4 wt. %to 5 wt. %.
[0076] In embodiments, the organic peroxide may comprise di-tertbutyl peroxide, tertbutylcumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di- (tertbutylperoxy) hexane, di- (tertbutylperoxyisopropyl) benzene, tertbutyl peroxybenzoate, 1, 1-di- (tertbutylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane, or a combination thereof.
[0077] It at least one embodiment, the crosslinked composition further comprises a crosslinking coagent. The crosslinking coagent may comprise from 0 wt. %to 5 wt. %based on a sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, the crosslinking agent, and the crosslinking coagent. For example, the crosslinking coagent may comprise from 0 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 2 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 1.5 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 4 wt. %, or from 2 wt. %to 3 wt. %based on a sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, the crosslinking agent, and the crosslinking coagent.
[0078] In embodiments, the crosslinking coagent may comprise triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trifunctional acrylate, or combinations thereof.
[0079] In embodiments, the weight ratio of crosslinking agent to coagent may be from 0.2: 1 to 2: 1. For instance, the weight ratio of crosslinking agent to coagent may be from 0.2: 1 to 2: 1, from 0.2: 1 to 2: 1, from 0.2: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.2: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.2: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.2: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.5: 1 to 2: 1, from 0.5: 1 to 2: 1, from 0.5: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.5: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.5: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.8: 1 to 2: 1, from 0.8: 1 to 2: 1, from 0.8: 1 to 1: 1, from 0.8: 1 to 1: 1, from 1.1: 1 to 2: 1, from 1.1: 1 to 2: 1, from 1.1: 1 to 1: 1, from 1.4: 1 to 2: 1, from 1.4: 1 to 2: 1, or from 1.7: 1 to 2: 1.
[0080] Additive
[0081] In at least one embodiment, the crosslinked composition further comprises an antioxidant. In embodiments, the antioxidant may comprise from 0.05 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, based on a weight of the crosslinked composition. For instance, the weight percentage of the antioxidant may be from 0.05 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, from 0.05 wt. %to 0.4 wt. %, from 0.05 wt. %to 0.3 wt. %, from 0.05 wt. %to 0.2 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 0.4 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 0.3 wt. %, from 0.2 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, from 0.2 wt. %to 0.4 wt. %, or from 0.2 wt. %to 0.3 wt. %.
[0082] In at least one embodiment, the crosslinked composition further comprises an oil. In embodiments the oil is a hydrocarbon oil or a hydrocarbon process oil. In embodiments, the oil may comprise from 10 wt. %to 60 wt. %, based on a weight of the crosslinked composition. For instance, the weight percentage of the oil may be from 10 wt. %to 60 wt. %, from 10 wt. %to 50 wt. %, from 10 wt. %to 40 wt. %, from 20 wt. %to 60 wt. %, from 30 wt. %to 60 wt. %, or from 30 wt. %to 40 wt. %.
[0083] Crosslinked Composition
[0084] Utilizing the compositions as described herein may result in a crosslinked composition having improved compression set (e.g., less than or equal to 60%at 70 hr and 120 ℃) while maintaining processability (e.g., viscosity, as measured at 0.1 rad / sand 230 ℃ (V0.1) , greater than 105,000 Pa·sand viscosity, as measured at 1,000 rad / sand 230 ℃ (V1k) , less than 130 Pa·s) .
[0085] In embodiments, the crosslinked composition may comprise a compression set less than 60%at 70 hr and 120 ℃. For example, the compression set may be from 0 %to 60 %, from 0%to 58%, from 0%to 56%, from 0%to 54%, from 10 %to 60 %, from 10%to 58%, from 10%to 56%, from 10%to 54%, from 25 %to 60 %, from 25%to 58%, from 25%to 56%, from 25%to 54%, from 50 %to 60 %, from 50%to 58%, from 50%to 56%, or from 50%to 54%,
[0086] In embodiments, the crosslinked composition may comprise a viscosity, V0.1 at 230 ℃, greater than or equal to 105,000 Pa·s. For example, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V0.1 at 230 ℃ from 105,000 Pa·s to 300,000 Pa·s, from 105,000 Pa·s to 250,000 Pa·s, from 105,000 Pa·s to 200,000 Pa·s, from 115,000 Pa·s to 300,000 Pa·s, from 115,000 Pa·s to 250,000 Pa·s, from 115,000 Pa·s to 200,000 Pa·s, from 125,000 Pa·s to 300,000 Pa·s, from 125,000 Pa·s to 250,000 Pa·s, or from 125,000 Pa·s to 200,000 Pa·s. If V0.1 at 230 ℃ is too low, resulting crosslinked composition may have low sag resistance, low dimensional stability when melt extruded, or both..
[0087] In embodiments, the crosslinked composition may comprise a viscosity, V100 at 230 ℃, from 130 Pa·sto 1000 Pa·s. For example, the crosslinked composition may comprise a V100 at 230 ℃ of from 130 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 130 Pa·s to 750 Pa·s, from 130 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s, from 150 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 150 Pa·s to 750 Pa·s, from 150 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s, from 250 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 250 Pa·s to 750 Pa·s, from 250 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s, from 350 Pa·s to 1000 Pa·s, from 350 Pa·s to 750 Pa·s, or from 350 Pa·s to 500 Pa·s.
[0088] In embodiments, the crosslinked composition may comprise a viscosity, V1k at 230 ℃, less than or equal to 130 Pa·s. For example, the crosslinked composition may comprise V1k at 230 ℃ from 50 Pa·s to 130 Pa·s, from 50 Pa·s to 120 Pa·s, from 50 Pa·s to 110 Pa·s, from 50 Pa·s to 100 Pa·s, from 75 Pa·s to 130 Pa·s, from 75 Pa·s to 120 Pa·s, from 75 Pa·s to 110 Pa·s, or from 75 Pa·s to 100 Pa·s. If V1k at 230 ℃ is too high, the desired processability may not be achieved.
[0089] The crosslinked composition may comprise a rheology ratio of from 300 to 500, wherein rheology ratio is the ratio of viscosity V0.1 to viscosity, V100 at 230 ℃, and in further embodiments may include a rheology ratio from 325 to 400. For example, viscosity ratio of the crosslinked composition may be from 300 to 500, from 300 to 400, from 325 to 500, from 325 to 400, from 350 to 500, or from 350 to 400.
[0090] In embodiments, the crosslinked composition may be prepared by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
[0091] The crosslinked composition may comprise a hardness from 50 to 100 Shore A. For example, the hardness may be from 50 Shore A to 100 Shore A, from 50 Shore A to 90 Shore A, from 70 Shore A to 100 Shore A, from 70 Shore A to 90 Shore A
[0092] The crosslinked composition may comprise a tear strength of from 25 to 75 N / mm. For example, the tear strength may be from 25 N / mm to 75 N / mm, from 25 N / mm to 50 N / mm, from 30 N / mm to 75 N / mm, or from 30 N / mm to 50 N / mm.
[0093] The crosslinked composition may comprise a tensile stress at break from 1 to 20 MPa. For example, the tensile stress at break may be from 1 MPa to 20 MPa, from 1 MPa to 10 MPa, from 5 MPa to 20 MPa, or from 5 MPa to 10 MPa.
[0094] The crosslinked composition may comprise a tensile 10%stress from 1 to 10 MPa. For example, the tensile 10%stress may be from 1 MPa to 10 MPa or from 1 MPa to 5 MPa.
[0095] Articles Composition
[0096] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to articles comprising at least one component formed from a crosslinking composition.
[0097] In embodiments, the article may comprise at least one component formed from a crosslinking composition comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 α-olefin comonomer.
[0098] In embodiments, the article may comprise at least one component formed from a crosslinking composition.
[0099] In embodiments, the article comprising at least one component formed from a crosslinking composition may be a door profile, a window profile, a gasket, or a molded part.
[0100] Process for Preparing Polyolefin Elastomer
[0101] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a process for preparing ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer polyolefin elastomers, the process comprising solution polymerizing ethylene and an α-olefin comonomer in the presence of a catalyst. The cross-linked polyolefin elastomer may be produced from the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation via curing processes known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the curing may be initiated by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
[0102] In embodiments, the process for preparing an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer may comprise solution polymerizing ethylene and α-olefin comonomer in the presence of a procatalysts having the following Structure (I) :
[0103] wherein: M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; n is 0, 1, or 2; when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand; when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand; the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral; at least one of R1 and R16 are selected from structure (II) , structure (III) , and structure (IV) :
[0104] Wherein R31-35, R41-48, and R51-59 are independently chosen from –H, C1-C40 heterhydrocarbyl, –Si (RC) 3, –Ge (RC) 3, –P (RP) 2, –N (RN) 2, –ORC, –SRC, –NO2, –CN, –CF3, RCS (O) –, RCS (O) 2–, (RC) 2C=N–, RCC (O) O–, RCOC (O) –, RCC (O) N (RN) –, (RC) 2NC (O) –, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1-C40 hydrocarbyl; R3 and R14 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R6 and R11 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, –Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof; R17 and R18 are independently C1-C3 hydrocarbylene; and R19 and R20 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
[0105] In embodiments, R1 and R16 of procatalysts Structure (I) may each be structure (III) :
[0106] In embodiments, R3 and R14 of procatalysts Structure (I) may each be C1-C12 alkyl.
[0107] In embodiments, R6 and R11 of procatalysts Structure (I) may each be C1-C12 alkyl.
[0108] In embodiments, R3, R6, R11, and R14 of procatalysts Structure (I) may each be C6-C11 alkyl.
[0109] In embodiments, R17 and R18 of procatalysts Structure (I) may be -CH2-.
[0110] In embodiments, R19 of procatalysts Structure (I) may be C2-C10 alkyl.
[0111] In embodiments, R20 of procatalysts Structure (I) may be C2-C10 alkyl.
[0112] In embodiments, R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 of procatalysts Structure (I) may be hydrogen atoms.
[0113] In embodiments, Structure (I) may be free of halogens.
[0114] In embodiments, M of procatalysts Structure (I) may be Zr.
[0115] In embodiments, the process for preparing an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer may comprise solution polymerizing ethylene and α-olefin comonomer in the presence of a procatalysts in one reactor at a temperature above 150 ℃.
[0116] In embodiments, the process for preparing an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer may comprise solution polymerizing ethylene and α-olefin comonomer in the presence of a cocatalyst comprising alumoxane.
[0117] In embodiments, the process for preparing a crosslinked composition may comprise solution polymerizing ethylene and α-olefin comonomer in the presence of a cocatalyst comprising ammonium borate. TEST METHODS
[0118] Density
[0119] Density is measured in accordance with ASTM D792, and expressed in grams / cm3 (g / cc or g / cm3) .
[0120] Tensile Stress at Break and Tensile 10%Stress
[0121] Tensile stress at break and tensile 10%stress (i.e., stress at 10%elongation) were measured according to ASTM D1708 with a speed of 5 inch / min on an Instron Tester.
[0122] Melt Index (I2) and (I10)
[0123] The Melt Index (I2) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 2.16 kg) . The Melt Index (I10) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 10 kg) .
[0124] Tear Strength
[0125] Tear strength was measured according to ASTM D624 using Type C specimens.
[0126] Compression Set
[0127] Compression set was measured according to ASTM D395 120 ℃ for 70 hours.
[0128] Pucks of diameter of 29 mm (±0.5 mm) were extracted from compression molded plaques of approximately 3 mm (1 / 8 inch) thickness. For each sample, four pucks were inspected for notches, uneven thickness, and inhomogeneity, and were stacked to achieve the recommended 12.5 mm (±0.5 mm) thickness. The stacked pucks were placed in a compressive device, and locked into place. The apparatus was then set to the appropriate temperature for the specified time (120 ℃ for 70 hours) . Stress is released at the test temperature and the thickness of the sample is measured after a 30 minutes equilibration period at room temperature. Compression set is a measure of the degree of recovery of a sample following compression, and is calculated according to the Equation 1: H0 Original thickness H1 Thickness of the spacer bar used H2 Final thickness
[0129] Hardness
[0130] The Shore A hardness of TPV samples was measured according to ASTM D2240 after 10 s delay.
[0131] Capillary Rheology
[0132] Capillary rheology was used to measure the viscosity of crosslinked composition at 230 ℃ at V1k. Capillary testing was conducted on either Rheotester 2000 or Rheograph 25 capillary rheometers, both which were manufactured by The die used for testing has a diameter of 1 mm and entry angle of 180 degrees. The length of the die used in the Rheograph 25 capillary is 30 mm, with an active length of 20 mm. The Rheotester used a 20 mm length capillary, with an active length of 20 mm. Tests were performed isothermally at 230 ℃.
[0133] Before initiating the test, a sample pellet is loaded into the capillary barrel and allowed to equilibrate at the testing temperature for 10 minutes. After the wait period the test begins, in which the piston inside the barrel applies a force on the molten sample to achieve apparent shear rates ranging from approximately 150 s-1 to 10000 s-1. Pressure drop across the capillary die is measured by the transducer. The pressure drop was used to determine the apparent shear stress near the wall with respect to apparent shear rate. Additional calculations provided by the capillary test include the apparent viscosity, corrected shear rate, and the corrected viscosity. The apparent viscosity is obtained by dividing the apparent wall shear stress by the corresponding apparent shear rate. The corrected shear rate is obtained by implementing the Rabinowitsch correlation with the apparent shear rate and shear stress dataset. In turn, the corrected viscosity was calculated by dividing the apparent wall shear stress by the corrected shear rate.
[0134] DMS Frequency Sweep
[0135] DMS was used to measure the viscosity of the polyolefin elastomers at 190 ℃ and the crosslinked compositions at 230 ℃ for V0.1 and V100. The samples were prepared by placing into a 9.75 in. by 10.25 in. rectangular chase of thickness 1.85 mm and compression molded at a pressure of 25000 lbs for 6.5 minutes at 190 ℃ with a Carver Hydraulic Press. The sample was then cooled to room temperature and subjected to a 25 mm diameter die cutter, where disk-shaped samples were extracted for rheological testing.
[0136] The dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) frequency sweep was conducted using 25 mm parallel plates at frequencies ranging from 0.1 rad / sto 100 rad / s. Test gap separating the plates is 1.8 mm and a strain that satisfies linear viscoelastic conditions is utilized, typically 10%strain. Each test was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere and isothermal conditions at 190 ℃ or 230 ℃, as specified. To initiate the DMS test, the rheometer oven was first allowed to equilibrate at the desired testing temperature for at least 30 minutes before loading the sample into the test geometry. The sample was then equilibrated in the oven, with the door closed, for 1 minute. The test gap was then set to 1.8 mm and the sample was allotted 5 minutes to relax the resulting normal force. After, the oven was opened, and the sample was trimmest so that no bulge was present. The DMS measurement was then initiated after reclosing the oven.
[0137] All DMS frequency tests were conducted on either ARES-G2 or DHR-3 rheometers, both of which were manufactured by TA instruments. Data analyses were conducted via TA Instruments TRIOS software.
[0138] Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
[0139] The chromatographic system consisted of a PolymerChar GPC-IR (Valencia, Spain) high temperature GPC chromatograph equipped with an internal IR5 infra-red detector (IR5) . The autosampler oven compartment was set at 160 ℃ and the column and detector compartment were set at 150 ℃. The columns used were 4 Agilent “Mixed A” 30 cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns. The chromatographic solvent used was 1, 2, 4 trichlorobenzene and contained 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) . The solvent source was nitrogen sparged. The injection volume used was 200 microliters and the flow rate was 1.0 milliliters / minute.
[0140] Calibration of the GPC column set was performed with 21 narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 8, 400,000 and were arranged in 6 “cocktail” mixtures with at least a decade of separation between individual molecular weights. The standards were purchased from Agilent Technologies. The polystyrene standards were prepared at 0.025 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights equal to or greater than 1,000,000, and 0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights less than 1,000,000. The polystyrene standards were pre-dissolved at 80 ℃ with gentle agitation for 30 minutes then cooled and the room temperature solution is transferred cooled into the autosampler dissolution oven at 160 ℃ for 30 minutes. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecular weights using Equation 2 (as described in Williams and Ward, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Let., 6, 621 (1968) ) .: Mpolyethylene=A× (Mpolystyrene) B Equation 2
[0141] where M is the molecular weight, A has a value of 0.4163 and B is equal to 1.0.
[0142] A fifth order polynomial was used to fit the respective polyethylene-equivalent calibration points.
[0143] The total plate count of the GPC column set was performed with decane which was introduced into blank sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. The plate count for the chromatographic system should be greater than 18,000 for the 4 Agilent “Mixed A” 30cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns.
[0144] Samples were prepared in a semi-automatic manner with the PolymerChar “Instrument Control” Software, wherein the samples were weight-targeted at 2 mg / ml, and the solvent (contained 200 ppm BHT) was added to a pre nitrogen-sparged septa-capped vial, via the PolymerChar high temperature autosampler. The samples were dissolved for 2 hours at 160° Celsius under “low speed” shaking.
[0145] The calculations of Mn (GPC) , Mw (GPC) , and Mz (GPC) were based on GPC results using the internal IR5 detector (measurement channel) of the PolymerChar GPC-IR chromatograph according to Equation 3 through Equation 5, using PolymerChar GPCOneTM software, the baseline-subtracted IR chromatogram at each equally-spaced data collection point (i) , and the polyethylene equivalent molecular weight obtained from the narrow standard calibration curve for the point (i) from Equation 2.
[0146] In order to monitor the deviations over time, a flowrate marker (decane) was introduced into each sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. This flowrate marker (FM) was used to linearly correct the pump flowrate (Flowrate (nominal) ) for each sample by RV alignment of the respective decane peak within the sample (RV (FM Sample) ) to that of the decane peak within the narrow standards calibration (RV(FM Calibrated) ) . Any changes in the time of the decane marker peak are then assumed to be related to a linear-shift in flowrate (Flowrate (effective) ) for the entire run. After calibrating the system based on a flow marker peak, the effective flowrate (with respect to the narrow standards calibration) is calculated as Equation 6. Processing of the flow marker peak was done via the PolymerChar GPC OneTM Software. Acceptable flowrate correction is such that the effective flowrate should be within + / -0.5%of the nominal flowrate. Flowrate (effective) = Flowrate (nominal) * (RV (FM Calibrated) / RV (FM Sample) ) Equation 6
[0147] 1H NMR
[0148] The samples were prepared by adding approx. 130 mg of sample to 3.25g of 50 / 50 by weight Tetrachlorethane-d2 / Perchloroethylene with 0.001 M Cr (AcAc) 3, and 100 ppm antioxidant (Irganox168) , in a NORELL 1001-7, 10 mm, NMR tube. The samples were purged by bubbling N2 through the solvent, via a pipette inserted into the tube, for approximately five minutes to prevent oxidation. The tube was next capped, sealed with TEFLON tape, and then soaked at room temperature overnight to facilitate sample dissolution. The samples were kept in a N2 purge box during storage, before, and after preparation, to minimize exposure to O2. The samples were heated, and vortexed at 110℃, to ensure homogeneity.
[0149] 1H NMR was performed on a Bruker AVANCE 400 or 600 MHz spectrometer, equipped with a Bruker high-temperature CryoProbe and a sample temperature of 120℃. Two experiments were run to obtain spectra, a control spectrum to quantitate the total polymer protons, and a double presaturation experiment, which suppresses the intense peaks associated to the polymer chains, and enables high sensitivity spectra for quantitation of the end-groups. The control was run with ZG pulse, TD 16384, NS 16, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64s, D1 14s. The double pre-saturation experiment was run with a modified pulse sequence, lc1prf2. zz, TD 16384, NS 64 scans, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64s, D1 1s, D13 13s. Unsaturation measurements were made according to the method described as below. Area under the resonance from the polymer chains (i.e., CH, CH2, and CH3 in the polymers) was measured from the spectrum acquired during first experiment (the control spectrum) , described above. Area under the four key types of unsaturation (i.e., vinyl, vinylene, trisubstituted, and vinylidene) was measured from spectrum acquired during the second (presaturation) experiment described above. Both spectra were normalized to the area under resonance from the solvent. Moles of respective unsaturation were calculated by dividing the area under the unsaturation resonance by the number of protons contributing to that resonance. Moles of carbons in the polymers were calculated by dividing the area under the peaks for polymer chains (i.e., CH, CH2, and CH3 in the polymers) by two. The amount of total unsaturation was then expressed as a relative ratio of moles of total unsaturation to the moles of carbons in the polymers, with expression of the number of unsaturation per 1000 Carbon. EXAMPLES
[0150] The following examples illustrate features of the present disclosure but are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. The following experiments analyzed the performance of embodiments of compositions described herein.
[0151] ENGAGETM 8150 and ENGAGETM 8003 are polyolefin elastomers available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI.
[0152] H110-02N is polypropylene homopolymer with MFR (2.16 kg / 230 ℃) of 2.0 g / 10 min available from Braskem.
[0153] 6001 is a process oil available from Chevron.
[0154] 40C is an organic peroxide available from Arkema. 40C is 40%organic peroxide (di- (tertbutylperoxyisopropyl) benzene) on a calcium carbonate carrier.
[0155] Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) is commercially available from Beijing Kerudite.
[0156] B225 is an antioxidant commercially available from BASF.
[0157] Ethylene / α-olefin Interpolymers
[0158] The ethylene / α-olefin interpolymers utilized in the examples are provided in Table 1. Table 1
[0159] Preparation of Ethylene / α-olefin Interpolymers
[0160] The polyolefin elastomers of Table 1 (POE A, POE B, and POE C) were prepared in a well-mixed, hydraulically full polymerization reactor that was operated at steady-state conditions. All raw materials (ethylene monomer and 1-octene comonomer) and the process solvent (anarrow boiling range high-purity isoparaffinic solvent, Isopar-E supplied by the ExxonMobil Chemical Company) were purified with molecular sieves before introduction into the reaction environment. Hydrogen was supplied pressurized as a high purity grade and is not further purified. Ethylene flowrate and reactor volume were selected to obtain the residence times specified in Table 2. The catalysts and cocatalysts used are listed in Table 3. The solvent, comonomer, hydrogen, catalysts, and cocatalysts were fed to the reactor according to the process conditions outlined in Table 2. The catalyst flow was adjusted to achieve the desired ethylene conversion. The reactor temperature was measured at or near the exit of the reactor. The interpolymer was isolated and pelletized. Table 2 Table 3
[0161] Formulation of Catalyst BPP-A
[0162] BPP-A catalyst was prepared according to the following 3-step process:
[0163] Step 1: Synthesis of bottom fragment 3
[0164] This reaction was carried out in a nitrogen filled glove box. A slurry of 1 (5.52 g, 19.3 mmol) , 2 (WO2022015369 A1) (1.65 g, 7.74 mmol) , and K3PO4 (5.75 g, 27.1 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was warmed to 75 ℃ and held at this temperature for 5 h with stirring. After this time the temperature was decreased to 70 ℃ and held at this temperature for 11 h with stirring. The mixture was removed from the glove box after cooling to room temperature. Et2O (10 mL) was added to the reaction vial and the mixture was filtered through a 1: 1 (40 grams) basic alumina / SiO2 gel plug. The plug was further extracted with Et2O (3 x 30 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , brine (10 mL) , 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , and brine (10 mL) . The Et2O layer was then dried over Na2SO4 and filtered into a 250 mL RB flask to remove the Na2SO4. The Et2O was removed on a rotovap to provide 3 (5.25 g, 7.39 mmol, yield: 96 %) as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.24 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.96 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 4H) , 1.69 (s, 4H) , 1.40 –1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.32 (s, 12H) , 1.21 (app d, J = 7.4 Hz, 12H) , 0.74 (s, 18H) .
[0165] Synthesis of 5 (Compound 4 prepared as described in WO2018170138)
[0166] Degassed THF (5 mL) and degassed water (2 mL) were added to a 40 mL vial charged with 4 (0.948 g, 1.63 mmol) , 3 (0.330 g, 0.464 mmol) , PdCl (crotyl) Amphos (0.00861 g, 0.0186 mmol) , and NaOH (0.0929 g, 2.32 mmol) . The reaction was warmed to 50 ℃ and maintained at this temperature for 16 h. After this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature. Et2O (20 mL) and sat. aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The solution was shaken, then after the layers settled, the organic phase was removed using a pipette, and transferred to a 4 ounce jar containing Na2SO4. The aq. phase was further extracted with Et2O (20 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were filtered into a roundbottom flask to remove the Na2SO4 then concentrated to dryness. THF (10 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) were added to the isolated material followed by concentrated HCl (5 drops from a glass pipet) . The solution was heated to 85 ℃ (external temperature) , stirred for 18 hours then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The yellow oil was rotovapped from isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (10 mL) , the oil was taken up in IPA (15 mL) , then placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 55 ℃ while rotating. The solution was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature, and a solid eventually precipitated. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . IPA / MeOH (1: 1, 15 mL) was added to the solid (about 420 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 75 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . MeOH / Et2O (5: 1, 18 mL) was added to the solid (about 360 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 45 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and kept at room temperature. After being at room temperature overnight, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with MeOH (2 x 3 mL) to provide 5 (0.290 g, 0.211 mmol, yield: 45 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.23 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H) , 7.39 –7.26 (m, 10H) , 7.22 –7.15 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 4H) , 6.66 (s, 2H) , 5.76 (br s, J = 21.5 Hz, 2H) , 5.53 (s, 2H) , 3.42 (br s, 4H) , 1.65 (s, 4H) , 1.59 –1.51 (m, 4H) , 1.32 –1.06 (m, 51H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H) , 0.79 –0.65 (m, 32H) .
[0167] Step 3: synthesis of BPP-A
[0168] MeMgBr (3 M in diethyl ether, 0.283 mL, 0.849 mmol) was added to a room temperature suspension of tetrachlorozirconium (0.0475 g, 0.204 mmol) and 5 (0.275 g, 0.200 mmol) in Et2O (10 mL) and toluene (2 mL) . The mixture was stirred for 4 h then additional MeMgBr (50 uL) was added, then the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. After this time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Pentane (10 mL) was added to the dark residue, then this was passed through a CELITE pad. The residue and pad were extracted with additional pentane (10 mL) . The combined pentane extracts were concentrated to dryness to provide BPP A (0.255 g, 0.171 mmol, yield: 85 %) : 1H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d6) δ 8.37 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 8.10 (dd, J = 7.2, 1.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.66 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.59 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.55 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 –7.44 (m, 2H) , 7.43 –7.34 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.6 Hz, 3H) , 7.05 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.3 Hz, 2H) , 5.17 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.88 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.60 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 3H) , 1.45 –1.21 (m, 50H) , 1.19 (s, 6H) , 0.80 (s, 18H) , 0.57 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 12H) , 0.37 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , -0.88 (s, 6H) .
[0169] Without being limited by theory, BPP-Awas found to result in high vinyl level on the chain-end in combination with low oligomer content in the polymers.
[0170] Haake Blending of Polymers
[0171] The POE compositions of Table 1 were formed into crosslinked TPV compositions of Table 6, in part by using a Haake blender after Pre-work. Pre-work was performed by imbibing the POE pellets with oil in a glass jar at 50 ℃ for 24 hours to result in imbibed POE pellets. This was done to minimize slippage and reduce mixing time.
[0172] Mixing of the composition formulation was conducted in a Haake mixer, wherein the Haake mixer bowl was initially heated to 190 ℃. After reaching temperature, polypropylene (DOW H110-02N) pellets were added and mixed at 75 rpm for 4 minutes to form a first melt. The imbibed POE pellets from were added to the first melt and mixed at 75 rpm for 5 minutes to form a second melt. Triallyl isocyanurate coagent (Beijing Keruidite, TAIC-TLC-72) and peroxide were added and mixed for 3 minutes at 75 rpm to form a third melt. An antioxidant (IRGANOX B225, BASF) was added and mixed for 3 minutes at 75 rpm to form a fourth melt.
[0173] The fourth melt was relocated from the Haake mixer into a 2-roll mill (RELIABLE two roll mill mixer) at 190 ℃ to further mix. The fourth melt was passed through the roll mill to form a sheet, and the resulting sheet was rolled into a cigar-shaped specimen before being placed end-wise into a mill, and the “rolled sheet” was passed through the mill. The roll mill mixing was repeated six times to form a sample, and the sample was taken off the mill as a final sheet. The final sheet was transferred to a pre-heated hydraulic press.
[0174] The hydraulic press was heated to 190 ℃. A 3.2 mm thick mold chase was fitted to the press, to which the chase was charged with the sample. In the chase, the final compound mixture was compressed at 2000 psi for 2 minutes. After, the final compound mixture was compressed at 55000 psi for 4 minutes. The sequential compression loads produce test plaques without visible cracks. The sample was removed from the chase and transferred to a cool hydraulic press at room temperature. The final compound mixture was compressed at room temperature at 55000 psi for 4 minutes.
[0175] The quantity of the POE, H110-02N, 6001, 40C, Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) , and B225, in parts per hundred (phr) and the weight percent (wt. %) based on a total weight of the composition, is listed in Table 4.
[0176] The quantity of the POE, H110-02N, and 40C, in phr and the wt. %based on a sum weight of the POE, H110-02N, and 40C, is listed in Table 5. Table 4 Table 5
[0177] The properties (i.e., I2, I10 / I2, viscosity) of the resulting TPV crosslinked compositions, comparatives CE-A, CE-B, CE-C, CE-D, and CE-E, and examples, IE-1 and IE-2, are listed in are listed in Table 6. Viscosities V0.1 and V100 listed in Table 6 were measured using DMS rheology and viscosity V1k listed in Table 6 was measured using capillary rheology. Table 6
[0178] IE-1 and IE-2, crosslinked compositions made from compositions described herein, had a compression set of 53%and 58%, respectively; V0.1 of 132,174 Pa·s and 226,461 Pa·s, respectively; and a V1k of 87 Pa·s and 117 Pa·s, respectively.
[0179] CE-C and CE-E both had a compression set of 58%. CE-C had a V1k of 79 Pa·s, but a V0.1 of 100,647 Pa·s. CE-E had a V0.1 of 207,835 Pa·s, but a V1k of 135 Pa·s.
[0180] CE-A, CE-B, and CE-D had a compression set of 79%, 86%, and 85%, respectively; V0.1 of 39,354 Pa·s, 71,726 Pa·s, and 179,109 Pa·s, respectively; and a V1k of 72 Pa·s, 86 Pa·s, and 85 Pa·s, respectively.
[0181] As exemplified by Table 6, crosslinked compositions formed from the compositions described herein, have improved compression set while maintaining processability.
[0182] While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.
Claims
1.A composition comprising:an ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer;an olefin-based polymer; anda crosslinking agent,wherein the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer comprises:a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc;a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) ;an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) ;greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1,000 carbons;a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%; andan oligomer level less than 5,000 ppm.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer is an ethylene / α-olefin copolymer.3.The composition of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the olefin-based polymer is a propylene-based polymer.4.The composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer comprises a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 15 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) .5.The composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer comprises greater than 0.2 unsaturations per 1,000 carbons.6.The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the I10 / I2 of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer is from 9 to 20.7.The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer comprises from 0.2 to 1 vinyls per 1,000 carbons.8.The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises an organic peroxide.9.The composition of claim 8, wherein the composition comprises from 0.2 wt. %to 5 wt. %of the organic peroxide, based on a sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, and the organic peroxide.10.The composition of claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the organic peroxide comprises di-tertbutyl peroxide, tertbutylcumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di- (tertbutylperoxy) hexane, di- (tertbutylperoxyisopropyl) benzene, tertbutyl peroxybenzoate, 1, 1-di- (tertbutylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane, or a combination thereof.11.The composition of any one of claims 1-10, further comprising a crosslinking coagent.12.The composition of claim 11, wherein the composition comprises from greater than 0 wt. %to 5 wt. %of the crosslinking coagent, based on a sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, the crosslinking agent, and the crosslinking coagent.13.The composition of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the crosslinking coagent comprises triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trifunctional acrylate, or combinations thereof.14.The composition of any one of claims 11-13, wherein a weight ratio of crosslinking agent to coagent is from 0.2: 1 to 2: 1.15.The composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the composition comprises from 20 wt. %to 80 wt. %of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, based on the sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent.16.The composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the composition comprises from 20 wt. %to 80 wt. %of the olefin-based polymer, based on a sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer, the olefin-based polymer, and the crosslinking agent.17.The composition of any one of claims 1-16, wherein a sum weight of the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer and the olefin-based polymer is greater than 60 wt%, based on a sum weight of the ethylene / αolefin interpolymer, the olefinbased polymer, and the crosslinking agent.18.A crosslinked composition formed from the composition of any one of claims 1-17.19.The crosslinked composition of claim 18, wherein the crosslinked composition comprises a compression set less than or equal to 60%, as measured according ASTM D395 at 120 ℃ for 70 hours.20.The crosslinked composition of claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the crosslinked composition comprises a viscosity, measured at 0.1 rad / s at 230 ℃, greater than 105,000 Pa·s.21.The crosslinked composition of any one of claims 18-20, wherein the crosslinked composition comprises a viscosity, measured at 1,000 s-1 at 230 ℃, less than 130 Pa·s.22.The crosslinked composition of any one of claims 18-21, wherein the crosslinked composition is prepared by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.23.An article comprising the crosslinked composition of any one of claims 18-22.24.The article of claim 23, wherein the article is a door profile, a window profile, a gasket, or a molded part.25.A process for preparing the ethylene / α-olefin interpolymer of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the process comprises solution polymerizing ethylene and an α-olefin comonomer in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : wherein:M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4;n is 0, 1, or 2;when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand;when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand;the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral;at least one of R1 and R16 are selected from structure (II) , structure (III) , and structure (IV) :wherein R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1-C40 hydrocarbyl;R3 and R14 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;R6 and R11 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, –Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof;R17 and R18 are independently C1-C3 hydrocarbylene; andR19 and R20 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.26.The process of claim 25, wherein R1 and R16 are each structure (III) : wherein R41–48 are independently chosen from –H or C1-C6 alkyl.27.The process of claim 25 or claim 26, wherein R3 and R14 are each C1-C12 alkyl.28.The process of any one of claims 25-27, wherein R6 and R11 are each C1-C12 alkyl.29.The process of any one of claims 25-28, wherein R3, R6, R11, and R14 are each C6-C11 alkyl.30.The process of any one of claims 25-29, wherein R17 and R18 are -CH2-.31.The process of any one of claims 25-30, wherein R19 and R20 are independently C2-C10 alkyl.32.The process of any one of claims 25-31, wherein R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are hydrogen atoms.33.The process of any one of claims 25-32, wherein the procatalyst is free of halogens.34.The process of any one of claims 25-33, wherein the polymerizing occurs in one reactor at a temperature above 150 ℃.35.The process of any one of claims 25-34, wherein the polymerizing occurs in the presence of a cocatalyst comprising an alumoxane.36.The process of any one of claims 25-34, wherein the polymerizing occurs in the presence of a cocatalyst comprising ammonium borate.37.The process of any one of claims 25-36, wherein M is Zr.
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