Lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications
By applying factor-2 lifting to existing LDPC codes, optimized lifting matrices are designed for 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC codes, addressing the lack of specifications in IEEE 802.11 standards and improving packet error rate performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/074912
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-02
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for parity check matrix and lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications, particularly for 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC codes, as they have not been specified in IEEE 802.11 standards, which could enhance packet error rate performance.
Implementing factor-2 lifting of existing IEEE 802.11n/ac/ax/be 1944 LDPC codes to generate 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC codes with specific characteristics, such as large girth, fewer short cycles, and irregular structure, using optimized lifting matrices.
Enhances wireless communication performance by achieving a 0.5-1.0 dB packet error rate gain through improved LDPC code designs.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025074912_07082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LIFTING MATRIX DESIGNS FOR LONGER LDPC CODES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION
[0001] The present disclosure is part of a non-provisional patent application claiming the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 548,897 filed 02 February 2024, the content of which herein being incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure is generally related to wireless communications and, more particularly, to lifting matrix and parity check matrix designs for longer low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in wireless communications.BACKGROUND
[0003] Unless otherwise indicated herein, approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims listed below and are not admitted as prior art by inclusion in this section.
[0004] In wireless communications, such as Wi-Fi (or WiFi) in WLAN systems in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards, 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code has been proposed for IEEE 802.11bn and simulation results show that 0.5 ~ 1.0dB packet error rate (PER) performance gain may be achieved comparing to 1944 LDPC code. At the time of the present disclosure, designs of 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code (s) have yet to be specified or otherwise defined. Thus, there is a need for a solution of parity check matrix or lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications.SUMMARY
[0005] The following summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. That is, the following summary is provided to introduce concepts, highlights, benefits and advantages of the novel and non-obvious techniques described herein. Select implementations are further described below in the detailed description. Thus, the following summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0006] An objective of the present disclosure is to provide schemes, concepts, designs, techniques, methods and apparatuses pertaining to lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications. It is believed that implementations of various schemes proposed herein may address or otherwise alleviate the aforementioned issues. For instance, under various schemes proposed herein, 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code designs based on factor-2 lifting of existing IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be 1944 LDPC codes may be utilized in wireless communications.
[0007] In one aspect, a method may involve encoding a plurality of bits using a longer LDPC code which is longer than an existing LDPC code. The method may also involve performing a wireless communication with the encoded plurality of bits.
[0008] In another aspect, an apparatus may include a transceiver configured to communicate wirelessly and a processor coupled to the transceiver. The processor may encode a plurality of bits using a longer LDPC code which is longer than an existing LDPC code. The processor may also perform a wireless communication with the encoded plurality of bits.
[0009] It is noteworthy that, although description provided herein may be in the context of certain radio access technologies, networks and network topologies such as, Wi-Fi, the proposed concepts, schemes and any variation (s) / derivative (s) thereof may be implemented in, for and by other types of radio access technologies, networks and network topologies such as, for example and without limitation, Bluetooth, ZigBee, 5th Generation (5G) / New Radio (NR) , Long-Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, Internet-of-Things (IoT) , Industrial IoT (IIoT) and narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) . Thus, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the examples described herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate implementations of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. It is appreciable that the drawings are not necessarily in scale as some components may be shown to be out of proportion than the size in actual implementation to clearly illustrate the concept of the present disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example network environment in which various solutions and schemes in accordance with the present disclosure may be implemented.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example scenario under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example scenario under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example scenario under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example scenario under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example scenario under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 11 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 12 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 13 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 15 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 17 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 18 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 19 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 20 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 21 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 22 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 23 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 24 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 25 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 26 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 27 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 28 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 29 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 30 is a diagram of an example design under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 31 is a block diagram of an example communication system under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 32 is a flowchart of an example process under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0043] Detailed embodiments and implementations of the claimed subject matters are disclosed herein. However, it shall be understood that the disclosed embodiments and implementations are merely illustrative of the claimed subject matters which may be embodied in various forms. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments and implementations set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments and implementations are provided so that description of the present disclosure is thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description below, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments and implementations. Overview
[0044] Implementations in accordance with the present disclosure relate to various techniques, methods, schemes and / or solutions pertaining to lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications. According to the present disclosure, a number of possible solutions may be implemented separately or jointly. That is, although these possible solutions may be described below separately, two or more of these possible solutions may be implemented in one combination or another.
[0045] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment 100 in which various solutions and schemes in accordance with the present disclosure may be implemented. FIG. 2 ~ FIG. 32 illustrate examples of implementation of various proposed schemes in network environment 100 in accordance with the present disclosure. The following description of various proposed schemes is provided with reference to FIG. 1 ~ FIG. 32.
[0046] Referring to FIG. 1, network environment 100 may involve at least a station (STA) 110 communicating wirelessly with a STA 120. Either of STA 110 and STA 120 may function as an access point (AP) STA or, alternatively, a non-AP STA. In some cases, STA 110 and STA 120 may be associated with a basic service set (BSS) in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards (e.g., IEEE 802.11bn and future-developed standards) . Each of STA 110 and STA 120 may be configured to communicate with each other by utilizing the lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in accordance with various proposed schemes described below. It is noteworthy that, while the various proposed schemes may be individually or separately described below, in actual implementations some or all of the proposed schemes may be utilized or otherwise implemented jointly. Of course, each of the proposed schemes may be utilized or otherwise implemented individually or separately.
[0047] FIG. 2 illustrates an example scenario 200 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 2, under the proposed scheme, a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code may be designed by using an existing 1944 LDPC code as the “base graph” and by applying a second-step lifting by factor-2 (or pre-lifted by size-2 and followed by size-81 lifting) . The lifting matrix may be designed to ensure that the resultant 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC codes tend to have certain characteristics, including: (a) a large girth, (b) a smaller number of short cycles, and (c) a more irregular structure. In general, the girth alone may not be enough to judge the quality of a LDPC code, and the number and statistics of the short cycles may also be important metrics for the quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) code design. Under the proposed scheme, in lifting-matrix searching for optimization, the number of short cycles with a size Ng, Ng+2, Ng+4 for a girth Ng may be counted. Additionally, the number of short cycles per-check node (per-CN) and per-variable node (per-VN) may be counted. Moreover, the deviation of short cycles may be analyzed for cycle-size Ng, Ng+2, Ng+4. Furthermore, the value of deviation may indicate the irregularity of the LDPC codes.
[0048] FIG. 3 illustrates an example scenario 300 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 3, IEEE 802.11ay enhanced directional multi-Gigabit (EDMG) physical-layer (PHY) may extend IEEE 802.11ad LDPC codeword size 672 to 1344 (2x672) through the use of lifting matrices. A lifting matrix may act on the IEEE 802.11ad code matrix to generate a larger code matrix as shown in FIG. 3, using a code rate R = 3 / 4 as an example.
[0049] FIG. 4 illustrates an example design 400 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Under the proposed scheme, as shown in part (A) of FIG. 4, a non-blank element “0” in the lifting matrix may act on a Z x Z cyclic permutation matrix Pi in the LDPC code matrix to cause a “non-swap” operation to result in a 2Z x 2Z submatrix for two times (2x) enlargement of the codeword length, with “i” denoting the value of an original element of the Z x Z cyclic permutation matrix Pi which is duplicated and disposed along a diagonal line from an upper-left corner to a lower-right corner of the 2Z x 2Z submatrix, while a value “-1” (or blank entry) is duplicated and disposed along an opposite diagonal line from an upper-right corner to a lower-left corner of the 2Z x 2Z submatrix.
[0050] Under the proposed scheme, as shown in part (B) of FIG. 4, a non-blank element “1” in the lifting matrix may act on a Z x Z cyclic permutation matrix Pi in the LDPC code matrix to cause a “swap” operation to result in a 2Z x 2Z submatrix for two times (2x) enlargement of the codeword length, with “i” denoting the value of an original element of the Z x Z cyclic permutation matrix Pi which is duplicated and disposed along a diagonal line from an upper-right corner to a lower-left corner of the 2Z x 2Z submatrix, while a value “-1” (or blank entry) is duplicated and disposed along an opposite diagonal line from an upper-left corner to a lower-right corner of the 2Z x 2Z submatrix.
[0051] Under the proposed scheme, as shown in part (C) of FIG. 4, a non-blank element “-1” (or blank entry) in the lifting matrix acts on the blank entry in the existing code matrix representing the Z x Z zero matrix (at the same location) to generate the blank entry representing the 2Z x 2Z zero submatrix.
[0052] FIG. 5 illustrates an example scenario 500 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 5, under the proposed scheme, an IEEE 802.11be 1944 LDPC code matrix for R = 5 / 6 may be used as a base matrix, and a lifting matrix L (with lifting by factor-2) may be applied to the base matrix to result in a larger 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code matrix for R = 5 / 6. FIG. 6 illustrates an example scenario 600 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 6, a lifting matrix may be applied to an existing 1944 LDPC code matrix for R = 5 / 6 to generate or otherwise result in a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code matrix for R = 5 / 6. The “0” and “1” in the lifting matrix may indicate the “non-swap” or “swap” operation for parallel encoding / decoding processing.
[0053] FIG. 7 illustrates an example scenario 700 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Under the proposed scheme, the short cycle counting and statistics analysis for different 2x LDPC code designs, for code rates R = 1 / 2, R = 2 / 3, R = 3 / 4 and R = 5 / 6, are summarized as shown in FIG. 7. The balance of a smaller number of short cycles and more irregularity of the short cycle structure (as indicated by the standard deviation (STD) of short cycles in VN and CN) may be considered in the 2x LDPC code designs. In FIG. 7, “Nx” denotes the cycle size x (e.g., N6 denotes cycle size = 6) . The value in the “short cycles” column denotes the total number of cycles or loops with size Nx. The value in the “std of VN” or “std of CN” columns denote the standard deviation of VN or CN for the cycles with size Nx.
[0054] FIG. 8 illustrates an example design 800 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 800 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 1 / 2 in a first option (Option-1) . Part (A) of FIG. 8 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 8 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0055] FIG. 9 illustrates an example design 900 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 900 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 1 / 2 in a second option (Option-2) . Part (A) of FIG. 9 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 9 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0056] FIG. 10 illustrates an example design 1000 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1000 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 1 / 2 in a third option (Option-3) . Part (A) of FIG. 10 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 10 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0057] FIG. 11 illustrates an example design 1100 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1100 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 1 / 2 in a fourth option (Option-4) . Part (A) of FIG. 11 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 11 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0058] FIG. 12 illustrates an example design 1200 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1200 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 1 / 2 in a fifth option (Option-5) . Part (A) of FIG. 12 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 12 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0059] FIG. 13 illustrates an example design 1300 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1300 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 1 / 2 in a sixth option (Option-6) . Part (A) of FIG. 13 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 13 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0060] FIG. 14 illustrates an example design 1400 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1400 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 2 / 3 in a first option (Option-1) . Part (A) of FIG. 14 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 14 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0061] FIG. 15 illustrates an example design 1500 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1500 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 2 / 3 in a second option (Option-2) . Part (A) of FIG. 15 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 15 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0062] FIG. 16 illustrates an example design 1600 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1600 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 2 / 3 in a third option (Option-3) . Part (A) of FIG. 16 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 16 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0063] FIG. 17 illustrates an example design 1700 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1700 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 2 / 3 in a fourth option (Option-4) . Part (A) of FIG. 17 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 17 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0064] FIG. 18 illustrates an example design 1800 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1800 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 2 / 3 in a fifth option (Option-5) . Part (A) of FIG. 18 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 18 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0065] FIG. 19 illustrates an example design 1900 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 1900 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a first option (Option-1) . Part (A) of FIG. 19 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 19 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0066] FIG. 20 illustrates an example design 2000 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2000 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a second option (Option-2) . Part (A) of FIG. 20 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 20 shows a matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0067] FIG. 21 illustrates an example design 2100 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2100 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a third option (Option-3) . Part (A) of FIG. 21 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 21 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0068] FIG. 22 illustrates an example design 2200 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2200 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a fourth option (Option-4) . Part (A) of FIG. 22 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 22 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0069] FIG. 23 illustrates an example design 2300 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2300 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a fifth option (Option-5) . Part (A) of FIG. 23 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 23 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0070] FIG. 24 illustrates an example design 2400 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2400 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a sixth option (Option-6) . Part (A) of FIG. 24 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 24 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0071] FIG. 25 illustrates an example design 2500 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2500 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 3 / 4 in a seventh option (Option-7) . Part (A) of FIG. 25 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 25 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0072] FIG. 26 illustrates an example design 2600 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2600 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 5 / 6 in a first option (Option-1) . Part (A) of FIG. 26 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 26 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0073] FIG. 27 illustrates an example design 2700 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2700 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 5 / 6 in a second option (Option-2) . Part (A) of FIG. 27 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 27 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0074] FIG. 28 illustrates an example design 2800 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2800 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 5 / 6 in a third option (Option-3) . Part (A) of FIG. 28 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 28 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0075] FIG. 29 illustrates an example design 2900 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 2900 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 5 / 6 in a fourth option (Option-4) . Part (A) of FIG. 29 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 29 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme.
[0076] FIG. 30 illustrates an example design 3000 under a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. Design 3000 may pertain to a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code with a code rate R = 5 / 6 in a fifth option (Option-5) . Part (A) of FIG. 30 shows a lifting matrix used to apply a factor-2 lifting to an existing LDPC code (e.g., a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n / ac / ax / be specification) under the proposed scheme. Part (B) of FIG. 30 shows a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code under the proposed scheme. Illustrative Implementations
[0077] FIG. 31 illustrates an example system 3100 having at least an example apparatus 3110 and an example apparatus 3120 in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure. Each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may perform various functions to implement schemes, techniques, processes and methods described herein pertaining to lifting matrix and parity check matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications including the various schemes described above with respect to various proposed designs, concepts, schemes, systems and methods described above as well as processes described below. For instance, apparatus 3110 may be implemented in STA 110 and apparatus 3120 may be implemented in STA 120, or vice versa.
[0078] Each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may be a part of an electronic apparatus, which may be a non-AP STA or an AP STA, such as a portable or mobile apparatus, a wearable apparatus, a wireless communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. When implemented in a STA, each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may be implemented in a smartphone, a smart watch, a personal digital assistant, a digital camera, or a computing equipment such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer or a notebook computer. Each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may also be a part of a machine type apparatus, which may be an IoT apparatus such as an immobile or a stationary apparatus, a home apparatus, a wire communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may be implemented in a smart thermostat, a smart fridge, a smart door lock, a wireless speaker or a home control center. When implemented in or as a network apparatus, apparatus 3110 and / or apparatus 3120 may be implemented in a network node, such as an AP in a WLAN.
[0079] In some implementations, each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may be implemented in the form of one or more integrated-circuit (IC) chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more reduced-instruction set computing (RISC) processors, or one or more complex-instruction-set-computing (CISC) processors. In the various schemes described above, each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may be implemented in or as a STA or an AP. Each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may include at least some of those components shown in FIG. 31 such as a processor 3112 and a processor 3122, respectively. Each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may further include one or more other components not pertinent to the proposed scheme of the present disclosure (e.g., internal power supply, display device and / or user interface device) , and thus, such component (s) of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 are neither shown in FIG. 31 nor described below in the interest of simplicity and brevity.
[0080] In one aspect, each of processor 3112 and processor 3122 may be implemented in the form of one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more RISC processors or one or more CISC processors. That is, even though a singular term “a processor” is used herein to refer to processor 3112 and processor 3122, each of processor 3112 and processor 3122 may include multiple processors in some implementations and a single processor in other implementations in accordance with the present disclosure. In another aspect, each of processor 3112 and processor 3122 may be implemented in the form of hardware (and, optionally, firmware) with electronic components including, for example and without limitation, one or more transistors, one or more diodes, one or more capacitors, one or more resistors, one or more inductors, one or more memristors and / or one or more varactors that are configured and arranged to achieve specific purposes in accordance with the present disclosure. In other words, in at least some implementations, each of processor 3112 and processor 3122 is a special-purpose machine specifically designed, arranged and configured to perform specific tasks including those pertaining to lifting matrix and parity check matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications in accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure.
[0081] In some implementations, apparatus 3110 may also include a transceiver 3116 coupled to processor 3112. Transceiver 3116 may include a transmitter capable of wirelessly transmitting and a receiver capable of wirelessly receiving data. In some implementations, apparatus 3120 may also include a transceiver 3126 coupled to processor 3122. Transceiver 3126 may include a transmitter capable of wirelessly transmitting and a receiver capable of wirelessly receiving data. It is noteworthy that, although transceiver 3116 and transceiver 3126 are illustrated as being external to and separate from processor 3112 and processor 3122, respectively, in some implementations, transceiver 3116 may be an integral part of processor 3112 as a system on chip (SoC) , and transceiver 3126 may be an integral part of processor 3122 as a SoC.
[0082] In some implementations, apparatus 3110 may further include a memory 3114 coupled to processor 3112 and capable of being accessed by processor 3112 and storing data therein. In some implementations, apparatus 3120 may further include a memory 3124 coupled to processor 3122 and capable of being accessed by processor 3122 and storing data therein. Each of memory 3114 and memory 3124 may include a type of random-access memory (RAM) such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , thyristor RAM (T-RAM) and / or zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM) . Alternatively, or additionally, each of memory 3114 and memory 3124 may include a type of read-only memory (ROM) such as mask ROM, programmable ROM (PROM) , erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) and / or electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) . Alternatively, or additionally, each of memory 3114 and memory 3124 may include a type of non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) such as flash memory, solid-state memory, ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) and / or phase-change memory.
[0083] Each of apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 may be a communication entity capable of communicating with each other using various proposed schemes in accordance with the present disclosure. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, a description of capabilities of apparatus 3110, as STA 110, and apparatus 3120, as STA 120, is provided below in the context of example process 3200. It is noteworthy that, although a detailed description of capabilities, functionalities and / or technical features of apparatus 3120 is provided below, the same may be applied to apparatus 3110 although a detailed description thereof is not provided solely in the interest of brevity. It is also noteworthy that, although the example implementations described below are provided in the context of WLAN, the same may be implemented in other types of networks. Illustrative Processes
[0084] FIG. 32 illustrates an example process 3200 in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure. Process 3200 may represent an aspect of implementing various proposed designs, concepts, schemes, systems and methods described above. More specifically, process 3200 may represent an aspect of the proposed concepts and schemes pertaining to lifting matrix designs for longer LDPC codes in wireless communications in accordance with the present disclosure. Process 3200 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks such as 3210 and 3220. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks of process 3200 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Moreover, the blocks / sub-blocks of process 3200 may be executed in the order shown in FIG. 32 or, alternatively, in a different order. Furthermore, one or more of the blocks / sub-blocks of process 3200 may be executed repeatedly or iteratively. Process 3200 may be implemented by or in apparatus 3110 and apparatus 3120 as well as any variations thereof. Solely for illustrative purposes and without limiting the scope, process 3200 is described below in the context of apparatus 3110 implemented in or as STA 110 functioning as a non-AP STA or an AP STA and apparatus 3120 implemented in or as STA 120 functioning as an AP STA or a non-AP STA of a wireless network such as a WLAN in network environment 100 in accordance with one or more of IEEE 802.11 standards. Process 3200 may begin at block 3210.
[0085] At 3210, process 3200 may involve processor 3112 of apparatus 3110 encoding a plurality of bits of data and / or information using a longer LDPC code which is longer than an existing LDPC code. Process 3200 may proceed from 3210 to 3220.
[0086] At 3220, process 3200 may involve processor 3112 performing, via transceiver 3116, a wireless communication with the encoded plurality of bits (e.g., in communicating with apparatus 3120 as STA 120) .
[0087] In some implementations, the existing LDPC code may include a 1944 LDPC code defined in an IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax or IEEE 802.11be specification.
[0088] In some implementations, in encoding, process 3200 may involve processor 3112 generating the longer LDPC code by applying a factor-2 lifting to the existing LDPC code using a lifting matrix.
[0089] In some implementations, the existing LDPC code may include a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code may include a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 1 / 2. In some implementations, the lifting matrix and the parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code may be those shown in parts (A) and (B) of FIG. 8, respectively.
[0090] In some implementations, the existing LDPC code may include a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code may include a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 2 / 3. In some implementations, the lifting matrix and the parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code may be those shown in parts (A) and (B) of FIG. 14, respectively.
[0091] In some implementations, the existing LDPC code may include a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code may include a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 3 / 4. In some implementations, the lifting matrix and the parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code may be those shown in parts (A) and (B) of FIG. 19, respectively.
[0092] In some implementations, the existing LDPC code may include a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code may include a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 5 / 6. In some implementations, the lifting matrix and the parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code may be those shown in parts (A) and (B) of FIG. 26, respectively. Additional Notes
[0093] The herein-described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected" , or "operably coupled" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.
[0094] Further, with respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
[0095] Moreover, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims, e.g., bodies of the appended claims, are generally intended as “open” terms, e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to, ” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least, ” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to, ” etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to implementations containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an, " e.g., “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more; ” the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number, e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations, " without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B. ”
[0096] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various implementations of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various implementations disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1.A wireless communication method, comprising:encoding, by a processor of an apparatus, a plurality of bits using a longer low-density parity-check (LDPC) code which is longer than an existing LDPC code; andperforming, by the processor, a wireless communication with the encoded plurality of bits.2.The wireless communication method of Claim 1, wherein the step of encoding comprises generating the longer LDPC code by applying a factor-2 lifting to the existing LDPC code using a lifting matrix.3.The wireless communication method of Claim 1, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code defined in an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax or IEEE 802.11be specification.4.The wireless communication method of Claim 2, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 1 / 2.5.The wireless communication method of Claim 4, wherein the lifting matrix comprises: 6.The wireless communication method of Claim 4, wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 7.The wireless communication method of Claim 2, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 2 / 3.8.The wireless communication method of Claim 7, wherein the lifting matrix comprises: 9.The wireless communication method of Claim 7, wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 10.The wireless communication method of Claim 2, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 3 / 4.11.The wireless communication method of Claim 10, wherein the lifting matrix comprises: 12.The wireless communication method of Claim 10, wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 13.The wireless communication method of Claim 2, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 5 / 6.14.The wireless communication method of Claim 13, wherein the lifting matrix comprises: 15.The wireless communication method of Claim 13, wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 16.A wireless communication apparatus, comprising:a transceiver configured to communicate wirelessly; anda processor coupled to the transceiver and configured to perform operations, wherein the operations comprising:encoding a plurality of bits using a longer low-density parity-check (LDPC) code which is longer than an existing LDPC code; andperforming, via the transceiver, a wireless communication with the encoded plurality of bits,wherein the step of encoding comprises generating the longer LDPC code by applying a factor-2 lifting to the existing LDPC code using a lifting matrix.17.The wireless communication apparatus of Claim 16, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 1 / 2, and wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 18.The wireless communication apparatus of Claim 16, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 2 / 3, and wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 19.The wireless communication apparatus of Claim 16, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 3 / 4, and wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises: 20.The wireless communication apparatus of Claim 16, wherein the existing LDPC code comprises a 1944 LDPC code and the longer LDPC code comprises a 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code, corresponding to a code rate R = 5 / 6, and wherein a parity check matrix of the 2x1944 (or 3888) LDPC code comprises:
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Low density parity check (LDPC) codes for communication devices and systems
US20160211941A1
Access point (AP), user station (STA) and methods for variable length encoding and for iterative decoding
US20160380722A1
Punctured QC-LDPC codes of rate 7 / 8
WO2021138182A1
Enhanced design and use of longer low-density parity-check WI-FI codewords
WO2024005845A1