Composite pane with vacuum insulation and coatings for reducing heat transfer

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composite pane, comprising an exterior pane (1) and an interior pane (2), which are connected to each other in a planar manner, wherein the composite pane has a transparent see-through region (D), and wherein the composite pane has a vacuum insulating glazing (5) which has an outer pane (5a) facing the exterior pane (1) and an inner pane (5b) which is spaced apart from the outer pane (5a) by spacer means (5d, 5e), wherein the gap (5c) between the outer pane (5a) and the inner pane (5b) is evacuated, and wherein (i) the vacuum insulating glazing (5) is embedded in the composite pane between the exterior pane (1) and the interior pane (2) or (ii) the interior pane (2) of the composite pane forms the inner pane (5b) of the vacuum insulating glazing (5), and wherein - a sun protection coating (10) is arranged on the surface of the exterior pane (1) facing the interior pane (2), on the surface of the interior pane (2) facing the exterior pane (1) or between the exterior pane (1) and the interior pane (2) and - an emissivity-reducing coating (20) is arranged on the surface of the interior pane (2) facing away from the exterior pane (1).

Description

[0001] Composite pane with vacuum insulation and coatings to reduce heat transfer

[0002] The invention relates to a laminated pane equipped with vacuum insulating glazing, a solar control coating and an emissivity-reducing coating.

[0003] When glazing buildings or vehicles, the manufacturer always strives to reduce heat transfer through the glazing to improve thermal comfort in the interior. This is intended to ensure that the interior heats up less when outside temperatures are high, necessitating the use of cooling devices such as air conditioning, and that the interior cools down less quickly when outside temperatures are low, necessitating the use of heating devices. Appropriate glazing can both improve the well-being of occupants and reduce energy consumption.

[0004] Glazing can be designed as laminated panes, with an outer pane bonded to an inner pane via a full-surface intermediate layer. Such glazing is particularly common in the automotive sector, but can also be used in buildings.

[0005] A large portion of heat transfer is caused by thermal radiation. At high outside temperatures (in summer), the interior heats up, on the one hand, due to direct solar radiation in the near-IR range and, on the other hand, due to thermal radiation from the heated composite pane in the mid-IR range. The heat input caused by these two effects is typically characterized by the so-called TTS (total solar transmittance) value. At low outside temperatures (in winter), the interior cools down due to thermal radiation to the outside.

[0006] It is known that these effects can be counteracted by suitable coatings. For example, solar control coatings are known, which comprise IR-reflecting silver layers to reflect the IR components of solar radiation. Emissivity-reducing coatings (low-E coatings) with reflective properties in the mid-IR range are also known, which reflect the thermal radiation emanating from the heated pane in summer and the thermal radiation emanating from the interior in winter. Reference is made purely by way of example to WO2019110172A1, which discloses a composite pane with a solar control coating (for example, on the interior-facing surface of the outer pane) and an emissivity-reducing coating (on the interior-facing surface of the inner pane).

[0007] However, the improvement in thermal comfort achievable with such coatings is limited. This is due, on the one hand, to the incomplete reflection of IR radiation and, on the other hand, to the fact that heat transfer is caused not only by radiation but also by heat conduction through the laminated pane, which the coatings have no influence on.

[0008] Consequently, a certain amount of heat still passes through the laminated glass. This means that air conditioning must still be operated in summer, and its intensity may even need to be increased over time, as the greater temperature difference between the interior and the outside environment leads to increased heat conduction due to the cooled interior. In winter, the interior must be heated. In a moving vehicle, the wind further cools the glass, which in turn leads to increased heat conduction to the outside and the need for increased heating.

[0009] These effects are particularly critical in electric vehicles because the automatic climate control system increases energy consumption, resulting in a shortened runtime until the next battery charge is required. Furthermore, the waste heat from a combustion engine cannot be used for heating, so the heating system must also be powered electrically.

[0010] There is therefore a need for composite panes with further reduced heat transfer and / or better thermal insulation.

[0011] Vacuum insulating glazing (VIG) units are known, consisting of two spaced-apart glass panes in which the space between the panes is evacuated. Such glazing units are known, for example, from EP1978199A1 and WO9804802A1. EP3878827A1 discloses a vehicle window constructed as a vacuum insulating glazing unit. The present invention is based on the object of providing an improved composite pane with reduced heat transfer and better thermal insulation.

[0012] The object is achieved according to the invention by a composite pane according to independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments emerge from the subclaims.

[0013] The composite pane according to the invention comprises an outer pane and an inner pane that are bonded together. The composite pane has a transparent see-through area. The composite pane also features vacuum insulating glazing. The composite pane is also equipped with a solar control coating and an emissivity-reducing coating.

[0014] The invention is based on the idea of ​​combining a solar control coating, an emissivity-reducing coating, and vacuum insulating glazing as components of the laminated pane. The coatings reduce heat transfer due to thermal radiation. The solar control coating reflects IR components of the solar radiation, while the emissivity-reducing coating reflects the thermal radiation emanating from the heated laminated pane into the interior in summer and the thermal radiation directed outward from the interior in winter. The vacuum insulating glazing reduces heat conduction through the laminated pane. Overall, this significantly increases thermal comfort in the interior and reduces the use of cooling and heating devices. The well-being of the occupants in the interior is enhanced, and energy consumption is reduced.Vacuum-insulated glazing also has acoustically insulating properties, making disturbing outside noises less noticeable in the interior. These are major advantages of the present invention.

[0015] The vacuum insulating glazing in turn comprises an outer pane and an inner pane, which are spaced apart from one another by spacers, so that a gap is formed between the outer pane and the inner pane. The outer pane of the vacuum insulating glazing faces the outer pane of the composite pane, and the inner pane faces away from the outer pane. The gap between the outer pane and the inner pane is evacuated. The invention can basically be implemented in two different variants. In a first variant (also referred to as “variant (i)”), the vacuum insulating glazing is embedded in the composite pane between the outer pane and the inner pane. In a second variant (also referred to as “variant (ii)”), the inner pane of the composite pane also forms the inner pane of the vacuum insulating glazing.

[0016] The solar control coating is applied to the surface of the outer pane facing the inner pane (interior side), to the surface of the inner pane facing the outer pane (outside side), or between the outer pane and the inner pane, preferably on the surface of the outer pane facing the inner pane. The emissivity-reducing coating is applied to the surface of the inner pane facing away from the outer pane.

[0017] The composite pane is preferably a vehicle pane. The vehicle pane is particularly preferably a vehicle roof pane, but can alternatively also be, for example, a windshield, side window, or rear window. The vehicle can be any means of transport on land, water, or in the air, for example a ship, aircraft, rail vehicle, or motor vehicle (such as a passenger car or truck). The vehicle pane is most preferably a vehicle roof pane of a passenger car.

[0018] The composite pane is particularly preferably a vehicle pane of an electric vehicle. The composite pane according to the invention improves thermal comfort in the vehicle interior due to the low heat transfer, so that heating devices (at low outside temperatures) or cooling devices (at high outside temperatures) need to be operated less intensively. This allows for energy savings, which is particularly advantageous in electric vehicles with regard to the operating time of the on-board battery.

[0019] Alternatively, the laminated pane can also be a pane in the architectural field, for example a window pane, door pane or glass facade of a building.

[0020] In typical applications, the composite pane is intended to separate the interior (e.g. vehicle interior) from the outside environment in a window opening. In the context of the invention, the inner pane refers to the pane facing the interior. The outer pane refers to the pane facing the outside environment. The outer pane and the inner pane each have an outside surface and an inside surface and a circumferential side edge surface running between them. In the context of the invention, the outside surface refers to the main surface which is intended to face the outside environment and the sun in the installed position. In the context of the invention, the inside surface refers to the main surface which is intended to face the interior in the installed position.The interior-facing surface of the outer pane and the exterior-facing surface of the inner pane face each other and are connected. The exterior-facing surface of the outer pane and the interior-facing surface of the inner pane face away from each other.

[0021] When installed, the outer pane of the vacuum insulating glazing also faces the outside environment and the outer pane. The inner pane of the vacuum insulating glazing faces the interior, as does the inner pane in variant (i).

[0022] The composite pane preferably does not include any large-area electrical devices. This is advantageous in terms of a simple structure and a low overall thickness. The composite pane particularly preferably does not include any photovoltaic components (solar cells or photovoltaic modules), which contribute to the heating of the composite pane by absorbing solar radiation.

[0023] According to the invention, the laminated pane has a transparent see-through area. The laminated pane can therefore be used as a window, for example as a roof pane (“glass roof”) of a vehicle, wherein the see-through area allows the vehicle occupants to see outside. The laminated pane can be designed to be transparent as a whole, so that the see-through area encompasses the entire laminated pane. However, the laminated pane can also have an opaque masking area through which no view is possible. Such a masking area is particularly common in vehicle windows. It is typically formed by an opaque masking print on at least one of the surfaces of the inner pane and / or outer pane, for example on the interior-side surface of the outer pane.An enamel printing paste containing glass frits and a pigment (especially black pigment) is printed onto the surface, for example, using a screen printing process, and then fired. The masking area typically comprises a peripheral edge region of the composite pane, which surrounds a central see-through area in a frame-like manner. However, the masking area can also comprise additional areas, which are designed, for example, as a type of cross bracing of the frame-like edge region.

[0024] Alternatively, a masking area can also be formed by a thermoplastic layer being opaque between the outer pane and the inner pane or by an opaque film or plate being embedded between the outer pane and the inner pane in the composite pane.

[0025] The solar control coating and the emissivity-reducing coating preferably completely cover the see-through area of ​​the laminated pane. They can extend beyond the see-through area into the masking area. However, if there is no masking area in a peripheral edge region, it may be desirable for a peripheral edge region to be uncoated. This applies in particular to the solar control coating, which is typically susceptible to corrosion and should not have contact with the ambient atmosphere. It is also possible for local areas that serve as communication or data transmission windows to be uncoated.

[0026] The transparent see-through area allows light to pass through the laminated pane. However, the laminated pane can be tinted or colored, for example to reduce glare for people in the interior or to reduce the penetration of heat radiation. The transparent see-through area preferably has a light transmittance of more than 3%, more preferably more than 5%, and most preferably more than 10%. An optionally present opaque masking area preferably has a light transmittance of less than 2%, more preferably 0%. Light transmittance refers to the total transmittance, determined by the method for testing the light transmittance of motor vehicle windows specified in ECE-R 43, Annex 3, Section 9.1.

[0027] The purpose of the solar control coating is to reduce the penetration of infrared radiation through the laminated pane. The coating has IR-reflecting properties, particularly in the near infrared (IR) range, for example, in the wavelength range from 780 nm to 3000 nm. Such coatings are also referred to as "IR-reflecting coating" or "solar control coating." The solar control coating is suitable for reflecting infrared components of solar radiation, so that the interior is heated less by direct thermal radiation and the layers of the laminated pane located behind the solar control coating (in the direction of incidence) are heated less. This, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the low emissivity of the laminated pane, which heats up less and therefore emits less thermal radiation.Overall, the heat or energy input through the composite pane is reduced and the thermal comfort in the interior is improved.

[0028] The sun protection coating is applied to the interior-facing surface of the outer pane or the exterior surface of the inner pane, or arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane. In the latter case, the sun protection coating can be applied to a carrier film (for example, based on PET, preferably with a thickness of 10 μm to 200 μm) arranged between two thermoplastic layers, preferably in the first connecting layer between the outer pane and the vacuum insulating glazing, or in variant (i) alternatively in the second connecting layer between the vacuum insulating glazing and the inner pane. Alternatively, it is also possible for the sun protection coating to be arranged on the outer or inner pane of the vacuum insulating glazing.

[0029] In an advantageous embodiment, the solar protection coating is applied to the interior-facing surface of the outer pane, facing the inner pane. This is particularly advantageous with regard to reducing heating of the layers of the laminated pane behind it, because the solar protection coating is positioned very far outward.

[0030] The solar protection coating is preferably a thin-layer stack, i.e., a sequence of thin individual layers. The solar protection coating can be tailored to suit the individual layer's materials and thicknesses.

[0031] The sun protection coating comprises at least one IR-reflecting layer. The IR-reflecting layer is preferably a metallic layer, particularly preferably based on silver. The IR-reflecting layer preferably contains at least 90 wt.% silver, particularly preferably at least 99 wt.% silver, and most preferably at least 99.9 wt.% silver. The silver layer may contain dopants, for example, palladium, gold, copper, or aluminum. The thickness of the silver layer is typically between 5 nm and 20 nm.

[0032] In addition to the metallic layer, dielectric layers or layer sequences are typically present. Dielectric layers or layer sequences are also referred to below as dielectric layer modules. The solar protection coating comprises n metallic layers and (n+1) dielectric layer modules, with the dielectric layer modules and the metallic layers arranged alternately, so that each metallic layer is located between two dielectric layer modules, and one layer module is located between adjacent metallic layers. The number n is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 (n > 1).

[0033] In a preferred embodiment, the sun protection coating has at least two metallic layers (n > 2), particularly preferably at least three metallic layers (n > 3), and most preferably exactly three metallic layers (n = 3). This is particularly advantageous for a good IR-reflecting effect.

[0034] In the case of three metallic layers, the solar control coating comprises, starting from the substrate on which it is applied (preferably the interior-side surface of the outer pane), in the order given: a first dielectric layer module, a first IR-reflecting (metallic) layer, a second dielectric layer module, a second IR-reflecting (metallic) layer, a third dielectric layer module, a third IR-reflecting (metallic) layer, a fourth dielectric layer module.

[0035] The layer modules can be formed independently of one another, as individual dielectric layers or as dielectric layer sequences (i.e., a plurality of consecutive dielectric layers). Common dielectric layers of such a thin-film stack include, for example: anti-reflective coatings, which reduce the reflection of visible light and thus increase the transparency of the coated pane, for example, based on silicon nitride (SiSn), silicon-metal mixed nitrides such as silicon zirconium nitride (SiZrN), titanium oxide (TiCh), aluminum nitride (AlN), or tin oxide (ZnO), with layer thicknesses of, for example, 10 nm to 100 nm;

[0036] - Adaptation layers which improve the crystallinity of the electrically conductive layer, for example based on zinc oxide (ZnO), with layer thicknesses of, for example, 3 nm to 20 nm;

[0037] Smoothing layers which improve the surface structure for the overlying layers, for example based on a non-crystalline oxide of tin, silicon, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, gallium and / or indium, in particular based on tin-zinc mixed oxide (ZnSnO), with layer thicknesses of, for example, 3 nm to 20 nm.

[0038] The sun protection coating can optionally include blocking layers that protect the metallic layers from degradation. Blocking layers are typically very thin metal-containing layers based on niobium, titanium, nickel, chromium, zirconium, or alloys thereof, with layer thicknesses of, for example, 0.1 nm to 0.5 nm.

[0039] The IR-reflecting layers preferably have thicknesses of 5 nm to 20 nm, particularly preferably of 7 nm to 15 nm, independently of one another.

[0040] In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has a thickness of 5 nm to 100 nm, preferably from 10 nm to 50 nm, particularly preferably from 20 nm to 40 nm, the second dielectric layer module has a thickness of 30 nm to 150 nm, preferably from 50 nm to 110 nm, particularly preferably from 65 nm to 90 nm, the third dielectric layer module has a thickness of 20 nm to 140 nm, preferably from 40 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably from 55 nm to 80 nm, and the fourth dielectric layer module has a thickness of 5 nm to 90 nm, preferably from 10 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably from 20 nm to 45 nm. This achieves particularly good results. In the case of dielectric layer sequences, the total thickness is meant as the sum of the thicknesses of the individual layers.In a preferred embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has a thickness of 5 nm to 100 nm, the second layer module has a thickness of 30 nm to 150 nm, the third layer module has a thickness of 20 nm to 140 nm and the fourth layer module has a thickness of 5 nm to 90 nm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has a thickness of 10 nm to 50 nm, the second layer module has a thickness of 50 nm to 110 nm, the third layer module has a thickness of 40 nm to 100 nm and the fourth layer module has a thickness of 10 nm to 70 nm. In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has a thickness of 20 nm to 40 nm, the second layer module has a thickness of 65 nm to 90 nm, the third layer module has a thickness of 55 nm to 80 nm and the fourth layer module has a thickness of 20 nm to 45 nm.

[0041] Unless otherwise stated, the specified layer thicknesses or thicknesses refer to the geometric thickness of a layer or layer sequence. The optical thickness, on the other hand, is the product of the geometric thickness and the refractive index, determined at a wavelength of 550 nm. The refractive index is fundamentally independent of the measurement method. It can be determined, for example, using ellipsometry. Ellipsometers are commercially available, for example, from Sentech.

[0042] In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has an optical thickness of 30 nm to 110 nm, preferably from 40 nm to 90 nm, particularly preferably from 55 nm to 75 nm, the second dielectric layer module has an optical thickness of 100 nm to 230 nm, preferably from 120 nm to 200 nm, particularly preferably from 140 nm to 180 nm (for example from 160 nm to 180 nm), the third dielectric layer module has an optical thickness of 80 nm to 200 nm, preferably from 100 nm to 180 nm, particularly preferably from 120 nm to 160 nm (for example from 120 nm to 140 nm), the fourth dielectric layer module has an optical thickness of 20 nm to 110 nm, preferably from 30 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably from 45 nm to 85 nm. Particularly good results are thus achieved. In the case of dielectric layer sequences, the total optical thickness is meant as the sum of the optical thicknesses of the individual layers.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has an optical

[0044] Thickness of 30 nm to 110 nm, the second layer module an optical thickness of 100 nm to 230 nm, the third layer module an optical thickness of 80 nm to 200 nm and the fourth layer module an optical thickness of 20 nm to 110 nm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has an optical thickness of 40 nm to 90 nm, the second layer module an optical thickness of 120 nm to 200 nm, the third layer module an optical thickness of 100 nm to 180 nm and the fourth layer module an optical thickness of 30 nm to 100 nm. In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the first dielectric layer module has an optical thickness of 55 nm to 75 nm, the second layer module an optical thickness of 140 nm to 180 nm (for example from 160 nm to 180 nm), the third layer module an optical thickness of 120 nm to 160 nm (for example from 120 nm to 140 nm) and the fourth layer module has an optical thickness of 45 nm to 85 nm.

[0045] The solar control coating is preferably applied over the entire surface of the pane, with the exception of a peripheral edge area and, optionally, a local area that serves as communication, sensor, or camera windows to ensure the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the laminated pane and is therefore not coated with the solar control coating. The peripheral uncoated edge area, for example, has a width of up to 20 cm. It prevents direct contact of the solar control coating with the surrounding atmosphere, thus protecting the solar control coating inside the laminated pane from corrosion and damage. If a frame-like peripheral opaque masking area is present, the uncoated edge area is preferably located entirely within the masking area.

[0046] According to the invention, the emissivity-reducing coating is applied to the interior side of the inner pane, facing away from the outer pane. Emissivity-reducing coatings are also known as heat-reflecting coatings, low-emissivity coatings, or LowE coatings (low emissivity). Emissivity is the measure that indicates how much heat radiation the pane emits into an interior in the installed position compared to an ideal heat radiator (a black body). Emissivity-reducing coatings serve to reduce the radiation of heat into the interior (IR components of solar radiation and in particular the thermal radiation of the pane itself) and also the radiation of heat out of the interior. They exhibit reflective properties against infrared radiation, in particular against thermal radiation in the spectral range of 5 pm - 50 pm (cf.This effectively improves thermal comfort in the interior. At high outside temperatures and in direct sunlight, the emissivity-reducing coatings can at least partially reflect the heat radiation emitted by the entire pane toward the interior. At low outside temperatures, they can reflect the heat radiation emitted from the interior, thus reducing the effect of the cold pane as a heat sink. The emissivity-reducing coating further increases thermal comfort in the interior.

[0047] The emissivity-reducing coating is typically a transparent stack of thin films. The emissivity-reducing coating preferably has at least one, particularly preferably precisely one, electrically conductive layer, which provides the IR-reflecting properties. The conductive layer is preferably based on a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), in particular indium tin oxide (ITO), alternatively, for example, indium zinc mixed oxide (IZO), gallium-doped tin oxide (GZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, SnO2:F), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO, SnO2:Sb), or niobium-doped titanium oxide (TiO2:Nb). Unlike metals, TCOs are not susceptible to corrosion, so they can be used on the exposed interior-side surface of the inner pane.In addition to the conductive layer, the coating typically comprises dielectric layers (e.g., based on silicon oxide or nitride), which serve in particular to optimize the optical properties (e.g., light transmission) or serve as barrier layers to regulate oxygen diffusion during coating deposition. The electrically conductive layer is preferably based on ITO, which has proven particularly effective, particularly due to its low resistivity and low variation in sheet resistance.

[0048] The thickness of the TCO layer is preferably from 30 nm to 150 nm, particularly preferably from 50 nm to 100 nm, for example from 60 nm to 80 nm. This achieves particularly good results with regard to electrical conductivity while simultaneously maintaining sufficient optical transparency.

[0049] Typically, a dielectric layer or layer sequence is arranged below and / or above the TCO layer, which significantly influences the optical properties, particularly transmission and reflectivity. The emissivity-reducing coating is then also a thin-film stack, i.e., a sequence of thin individual layers.

[0050] In an advantageous embodiment, the emissivity-reducing coating comprises, in the specified order, starting from the interior surface of the inner pane:

[0051] - optionally (and preferably) a dielectric blocking layer against alkali diffusion,

[0052] - a lower dielectric anti-reflective layer,

[0053] - a TCO layer,

[0054] - a dielectric barrier layer to regulate oxygen diffusion

[0055] - an upper dielectric anti-reflective layer

[0056] The anti-reflective coatings provide particularly advantageous optical properties for the pane. They increase the transparency of the composite pane and promote a neutral color impression. The anti-reflective coatings are preferably based on an oxide or fluoride, particularly preferably based on silicon oxide, magnesium fluoride, or calcium fluoride, in particular based on silicon oxide (SiO2). The silicon oxide can be doped and is preferably doped with aluminum (SiO2:Al), boron (SiO2:B), titanium (SiO2:Ti), or zirconium (SiO2:Zr).

[0057] The thickness of the lower anti-reflective layer is preferably from 5 nm to 50 nm, particularly preferably from 10 nm to 40 nm, very particularly preferably from 10 nm to 30 nm. The thickness of the upper anti-reflective layer is preferably from 10 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably from 30 nm to 70 nm, very particularly preferably from 40 nm to 60 nm.

[0058] The barrier layer serves to regulate oxygen diffusion. It has been shown that the oxygen content of the TCO layer has a significant influence on its properties, particularly its transparency and conductivity. The manufacturing of the pane typically involves a thermal treatment, such as a thermal tempering and / or bending process, during which oxygen can diffuse to the TCO layer and oxidize it.

[0059] The barrier layer is preferably based on a nitride or a carbide. The barrier layer can, for example, be based on a nitride or carbide of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, titanium, silicon, or aluminum. In a preferred embodiment, the barrier layer is based on silicon nitride or silicon carbide, in particular silicon nitride (Sis1), which achieves particularly good results. The silicon nitride can be doped and, in a preferred development, is doped with aluminum (SisNAl), with zirconium (SisNZr), with titanium (SisNTi), or with boron (SisNB). During a temperature treatment after application of the coating according to the invention, the silicon nitride can be partially oxidized. A barrier layer deposited as SiA4 then contains Si after the temperature treatment. x N y O z, with the oxygen content typically ranging from 0 atomic% to 35 atomic%.

[0060] The thickness of the barrier layer is preferably from 5 nm to 30 nm, more preferably from 5 nm to 20 nm, and most preferably from 7 nm to 15 nm. This allows for particularly advantageous regulation of the oxygen content of the TCO layer. The thickness of the barrier layer is selected with regard to oxygen diffusion, rather than the optical properties of the pane. However, it has been shown that barrier layers with thicknesses within the specified range are compatible with the emissivity-reducing coating according to the invention and its optical requirements.

[0061] The blocker layer reduces or prevents the diffusion of alkali ions from the glass substrate into the layer system. Alkali ions can negatively influence the properties of the coating. Furthermore, the blocker layer, in conjunction with the lower anti-reflective layer, advantageously contributes to adjusting the appearance of the overall layer structure. The blocker layer is preferably based on an oxide, a nitride, or a carbide, preferably tungsten, chromium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, titanium, silicon, or aluminum, for example oxides such as WO3, Nb2O5, Bi2O5, TiO2, Ta2O5, Y2O3, ZrO2, HfO2SnO2, or ZnSnOx, or nitrides such as AlN. The blocker layer is particularly preferably based on silicon nitride (SiSnO), which achieves particularly good results.The silicon nitride can have doping and, in a preferred embodiment, is doped with aluminum (SisN^Al), with titanium (SisN^Ti), with zirconium (SisN^Zr) or with boron (SisN^B).

[0062] The thickness of the blocking layer is preferably from 10 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably from 20 nm to 50 nm, most preferably from 25 nm to 35 nm. The blocking layer is preferably the bottom layer of the layer stack, thus having direct contact with the substrate surface, where it can optimally develop its effect. In a preferred embodiment, the blocker layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 nm, the lower anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 50 nm, the TCO layer has a thickness of 30 nm to 150 nm, the barrier layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 30 nm and the upper anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 nm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the blocker layer has a thickness of 20 nm to 50 nm, the lower anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 40 nm, the TCO layer has a thickness of 50 nm to 100 nm, the barrier layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 20 nm and the upper anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 30 nm to 70 nm.In a particularly preferred embodiment, the blocking layer has a thickness of 25 nm to 35 nm, the lower anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 30 nm, the TCO layer has a thickness of 60 nm to 80 nm, the barrier layer has a thickness of 7 nm to 15 nm and the upper anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 40 nm to 60 nm.

[0063] In a preferred embodiment, the blocker layer has an optical thickness of 20 nm to 200 nm, the lower anti-reflective layer has an optical thickness of 10 nm to 100 nm, the TCO layer has a thickness of 30 nm to 150 nm, the barrier layer has an optical thickness of 10 nm to 60 nm and the upper anti-reflective layer has an optical thickness of 20 nm to 200 nm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the blocker layer has an optical thickness of 40 nm to 100 nm, the lower anti-reflective layer has an optical thickness of 20 nm to 80 nm, the TCO layer has a thickness of 50 nm to 100 nm, the barrier layer has an optical thickness of 10 nm to 40 nm and the upper anti-reflective layer has an optical thickness of 60 nm to 140 nm.In a particularly preferred embodiment, the blocking layer has an optical thickness of 50 nm to 70 nm, the lower anti-reflective layer has an optical thickness of 20 nm to 60 nm, the TCO layer has a thickness of 60 nm to 80 nm, the barrier layer has an optical thickness of 15 nm to 30 nm and the upper anti-reflective layer has an optical thickness of 80 nm to 120 nm.

[0064] It is possible for one or more additional individual layers to be arranged above the upper anti-reflective coating. Such an additional layer can, for example, serve to improve scratch protection and be based on zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, or hafnium oxide.

[0065] The emissivity-reducing coating is typically applied over the entire interior surface of the inner pane, possibly with the exception of a peripheral edge area. If a frame-like peripheral opaque masking area is present, the uncoated edge area is preferably located entirely within the masking area.

[0066] The oxides, carbides, and nitrides mentioned in connection with the sun protection coating and the emissivity-reducing coating can be deposited stoichiometrically, substoichiometrically, or superstoichiometrically with respect to the oxygen, carbon, or nitrogen content, respectively, even if stoichiometric molecular formulas are given for the sake of simplicity. They can contain dopants, for example, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, or boron. The dopants can provide dielectric materials with a certain electrical conductivity. However, a person skilled in the art will identify them as dielectric layers in terms of their function, as is common in the field of thin layers. The material of the dielectric layers preferably has an electrical conductivity (inverse of the resistivity) of less than 10' 4S / m. The material of the electrically conductive or metallic layers preferably has an electrical conductivity of greater than 10 4 S / m on.

[0067] The outer pane and the inner pane are preferably glass panes, particularly preferably made of soda-lime glass, as is common for window panes. However, one or both of the panes can also be made of other types of glass, such as quartz glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, or of rigid, clear plastics, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate. The thicknesses of the outer pane and the inner pane, independently of one another, are preferably between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, particularly preferably between 1 mm and 3 mm.

[0068] The outer pane and the inner pane can optionally be thermally or chemically tempered, partially tempered, or not tempered independently of one another. In variant (ii)—i.e., when the inner pane of the laminated pane and the inner pane of the vacuum insulating glazing are identical—it is advantageous if the inner pane is tempered, preferably thermally tempered. Since the inner pane is only locally or punctually connected to the adjacent layer (the outer pane of the vacuum insulating glazing) via spacers, the tempering can increase mechanical stability and reduce the risk of glass breakage and the generation of dangerous glass shards. According to the invention, the laminated pane is equipped with vacuum insulating glazing.The vacuum insulating glazing comprises an outer pane and an inner pane, which are spaced apart from each other by spacer means so that a gap is formed between the outer pane and the inner pane.

[0069] In variant (i), the outer pane and the inner pane have a thickness of, for example, 0.3 mm to 5 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 3 mm, particularly preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm, most preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, in particular 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The outer and inner panes are preferably thinner than the outer pane and the inner pane.

[0070] In variant (ii), the outer pane has a thickness of, for example, 0.3 mm to 5 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 3 mm, particularly preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm, most preferably 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, in particular 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The inner pane is identical to the inner pane of the composite pane, and the preferred thicknesses specified above for the inner pane apply.

[0071] The outer and inner panes are preferably made of glass. Soda-lime glass can also be used. Very thin outer and inner panes (e.g., with thicknesses of 0.5 mm to 1 mm) can also be made of aluminosilicate glass, which is preferably chemically toughened.

[0072] The gap between the outer and inner panes preferably has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1 mm, particularly preferably 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. This achieves good thermal insulation without requiring an excessive increase in the thickness of the composite pane. The thickness of the gap corresponds to the distance between the facing surfaces of the outer and inner panes.

[0073] According to the invention, the intermediate space is evacuated, resulting in vacuum insulating glazing from the outer pane and the inner pane spaced apart from it. This means that there is a negative pressure in the intermediate space, i.e. a pressure which is lower than the ambient pressure. The pressure in the intermediate space is preferably at most 100 mbar, particularly preferably at most 10 mbar. The pressure can be, for example, from 0.01 mbar to 100 mbar, preferably from 0.1 mbar to 10 mbar. The vacuum insulating glazing has spacers which ensure that the outer and inner panes do not deform despite the negative pressure prevailing between them. The distance between the outer and inner panes is preferably kept constant by the spacers so that the outer and inner panes are arranged parallel to one another.

[0074] The spacing means preferably comprise a plurality of spacer columns. The spacer columns are distributed (preferably evenly) over the surface of the outer and inner panes. The number of spacer columns and their spacing from one another depend on the thickness of the panes and the negative pressure prevailing in the space between them. The thinner the panes (and the lower the pressure in the space between them), the more likely they are to deform, necessitating a larger number of spacer columns.

[0075] The spacer columns are preferably transparent so as not to significantly impair visibility through the laminated pane. They are preferably made of glass or plastic.

[0076] The spacing means particularly preferably also comprise a circumferential spacer in an edge region between the outer pane and the inner pane. The circumferential spacer runs circumferentially in an edge region between the outer and inner panes. The evacuated space is delimited by the outer pane, the inner pane, and the circumferential spacer. The spacer is made, for example, of glass, plastic, metal, or a metal alloy.

[0077] In order to maintain the vacuum (more precisely the negative pressure) in the intermediate space, the vacuum insulating glazing preferably has a gas-tight edge seal. The circumferential spacer (if present) can itself act as an edge seal, or the vacuum insulating glazing can be equipped with an additional edge seal, for example made of glass, a metal or a metal alloy (e.g. stainless steel, silver or copper), or a gas-tight plastic. It is possible for the vacuum insulating glazing to be present over the entire surface of the laminated pane, i.e., to extend to the side edges of the laminated pane. Alternatively, it is also possible for the vacuum insulating glazing to be arranged in a section of a thermoplastic layer by which it is surrounded in a frame-like manner (particularly in variant (i)), or for the vacuum insulating glazing to be surrounded in a frame-like manner by another polymeric encapsulation.In this case, there is no vacuum insulating glazing in the edge area of ​​the laminated pane, and thus no thermal shielding, although this can be acceptable. This edge area is preferably arranged within a surrounding opaque masking area, with the see-through area completely covered with vacuum insulating glazing. The frame-like thermoplastic layer or encapsulation should have a width of no more than 10 cm, preferably no more than 5 cm.

[0078] The outer pane of the laminated pane is connected to the vacuum insulating glazing via a (first) bonding layer. In variant (i), the vacuum insulating glazing is connected to the inner pane via a further (second) bonding layer.

[0079] In variant (i), the vacuum insulating glazing is embedded in the laminated pane between the outer pane and the inner pane. In variant (i) of the invention, the laminated pane comprises, in the specified order: the outer pane, a first bonding layer, the vacuum insulating glazing, a second bonding layer, and the inner pane.

[0080] In variant (ii) of the invention, the composite pane comprises in the order given:

[0081] - the outer pane,

[0082] - a (first) connection layer,

[0083] - vacuum insulating glazing.

[0084] The inner pane and the inner pane are identical.

[0085] In particularly preferred embodiments of the preferred configurations described above, the laminated pane structurally consists only of the specified elements. The outer pane, the inner pane, and / or the panes of the vacuum insulating glazing can also be provided with conventional coatings or imprints.

[0086] The connecting layers serve to adhesively bond the components of the composite pane between which they are arranged. The connecting layers are preferably each formed from one or more thermoplastic layers. The thermoplastic layers can also be referred to as thermoplastic layers.

[0087] The thermoplastic layers are preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU), or on mixtures or copolymers or derivatives thereof, particularly preferably based on PVB. This means that the layer predominantly contains the said polymer (a proportion greater than 50 wt.%). In addition to the polymer, the layer may contain further additives, for example, plasticizers, UV absorbers, or stabilizers. Each thermoplastic layer is preferably formed from a thermoplastic film. The thickness of each film is preferably between 0.2 mm and 1 mm. For example, PVB films with standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm can be used.

[0088] The bonding layers can alternatively be formed as adhesive layers, for example. Optically clear adhesives (OCAs) are preferred. This is particularly advantageous with regard to the aesthetic appearance of the composite pane. OCAs are known to those skilled in the art. They are characterized in particular by their high optical quality. They are particularly common where high optical quality is necessary, so that the adhesive layer is virtually invisible, for example in displays or touch panels. Optically clear adhesives are characterized in particular by their high light transmission and the fact that they allow for low-distortion viewing. The optically clear adhesive is preferably a two-component polyurethane adhesive, a one-component acrylate adhesive, a one-component silicone adhesive, or a one-component acrylate hybrid adhesive.

[0089] In principle, a combination is also conceivable, with one bonding layer consisting of at least one thermoplastic layer and the other bonding layer being formed as an adhesive layer. The outer pane, the inner pane, the thermoplastic layers, the outer pane, and the inner pane of the vacuum insulating glazing can be clear, tinted, or colored independently of one another. Strong tints are particularly common in vehicle roof windows, with light transmission through the laminated pane (more precisely, through the see-through area) being reduced to below 50%, in particular below 20%. This is preferably achieved by a correspondingly tinted outer pane, inner pane, bonding layer, outer pane, and / or inner pane. The strong tint reduces solar radiation, thus reducing the heat buildup in the interior and avoiding glare.Light transmission refers to the total transmission, determined by the procedure for testing the light transmittance of motor vehicle windows specified in ECE-R 43, Annex 3, Section 9.1.

[0090] The laminated glass can be flat, cylindrical, or spherically curved. Spherically curved laminated glass is particularly common for vehicle windows.

[0091] The laminated pane can be manufactured by stacking the individual layers in the intended sequence to form a stack of layers and then laminating them together. Known processes can be used for this purpose, such as autoclave processes, vacuum bag processes, vacuum ring processes, calender processes, vacuum laminators, or combinations thereof. The outer and inner panes are typically bonded together using heat, vacuum, and / or pressure. The vacuum insulating glazing is preferably provided as a prefabricated component and laminated with the other components.

[0092] The invention further encompasses the use of a composite pane according to the invention as a window pane of buildings or means of transport for land, air, or water traffic. The composite pane can be used, for example, as a windshield, side window, rear window, or roof window. The composite pane is particularly preferably used as a vehicle roof window, in particular as a roof window of a passenger car or truck, and particularly preferably as a roof window of an electric vehicle.

[0093] The invention further encompasses a vehicle equipped with the composite pane according to the invention. The composite pane is preferably the roof pane. The vehicle can, in principle, be any land, air, or water vehicle. The vehicle is preferably a motor vehicle or rail vehicle, particularly preferably a passenger car or truck, in particular an electric vehicle (electric passenger car).

[0094] The invention is explained in more detail with reference to a drawing and exemplary embodiments. The drawing is a schematic representation and not to scale. The drawing does not limit the invention in any way. It shows:

[0095] Fig. 1 is a plan view of an embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a cross-section along XX' through the composite pane from Figure 1,

[0096] Fig. 3 shows a cross section along XX' through a further embodiment of the vehicle window according to the invention.

[0097] Figures 1 and 2 each show a detail of a first embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention. The composite pane is the roof pane of a passenger car. The composite pane consists of an outer pane 1 and an inner pane 2, which are bonded together. The outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 are made of soda-lime glass. The outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm, and the inner pane 2 has a thickness of 1.6 mm. In the installed position, the outer pane 1 faces the outside environment, while the inner pane 2 faces the vehicle interior.

[0098] The composite pane has an opaque masking area M arranged circumferentially in the edge region and surrounding a central transparent see-through area D in a frame-like manner. In the masking area M, a black masking print 8 is applied to the interior-side surface of the outer pane 1 facing the inner pane 2. The see-through area D allows visibility through the composite pane, while the opaque masking area M is opaque.

[0099] A vacuum insulating glazing unit 5 is arranged between the outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2. The vacuum insulating glazing unit 5 is connected to the outer pane 1 via a first connecting layer, which is designed as a single thermoplastic layer 3a (first thermoplastic layer 3a), and to the inner pane 2 via a second connecting layer, which is designed as a single thermoplastic layer 3b (second thermoplastic layer 3b). The thermoplastic layers 3a, 3b are each formed from a PVB film with a thickness of 0.76 mm.

[0100] On the surface of the inner pane 2 and the vacuum insulating glazing 5 facing the

[0101] A solar control coating 10 is applied to the outer pane 1. The solar control coating 10 completely covers the view-through area D and extends from there into the masking area M, but not to the side edge of the laminated pane. The corrosion-prone solar control coating 10 is thus protected from corrosion and damage inside the laminated pane. In the masking area M, the solar control coating 10 can be arranged below or above the masking print 8.

[0102] An emissivity-reducing coating 20 is applied to the surface of the inner pane 2 facing away from the outer pane 1 and the vacuum insulating glazing 5. The emissivity-reducing coating 20 is present over the entire surface.

[0103] The sun protection coating 10 reflects IR components of solar radiation. The emissivity-reducing coating 20 reflects the thermal radiation emanating from the heated laminated pane into the interior at high outside temperatures and the thermal radiation emanating from the interior at low outside temperatures. The coatings 10, 20 thus reduce the heat transfer through the laminated pane due to IR and thermal radiation. The vacuum insulating glazing 5 reduces the heat transfer due to thermal conduction. Thermal comfort in the vehicle interior can be improved, and there is less need to operate cooling or heating devices, which in turn can save energy. The vacuum insulating glazing also leads to an improved acoustic shielding effect of the laminated pane.

[0104] The composite pane includes in the following order:

[0105] - the outer pane 1 with the sun protection coating 10 and the cover print 8,

[0106] - the first thermoplastic layer 3a, which acts as the first connecting layer,

[0107] - the vacuum insulating glazing 5,

[0108] - the second thermoplastic layer 3b, which acts as a second connecting layer, and

[0109] - the inner pane 2 with the emissivity-reducing coating 20.

[0110] The vacuum insulating glazing 5 is formed from an outer pane 5a and an inner pane 5b, which are connected to one another and kept at a distance by a circumferential spacer 5d in the edge region and by spacer columns 5e evenly distributed over the surface. This creates an evacuated gap 5c between the outer pane 5a and the inner pane 5b. The outer pane 5a faces the outer pane 1 and is connected to it via the first thermoplastic layer 3a. The inner pane 5b faces the inner pane 2 and is connected to it via the second thermoplastic layer 3b. The outer pane 5a and the inner pane 5b are each made of chemically toughened aluminosilicate glass and each have a thickness of 0.7 mm. The gap 5c has a thickness of 0.3 mm. The spacer columns 5e are made of glass or a transparent plastic.The surrounding spacer 5d is made of a plastic material. Furthermore, the surrounding spacer 5d is equipped with an edge seal (not shown) that seals the gap 5c in a gas-tight manner.

[0111] An exemplary sun protection coating 10 on the outer pane 1 is shown in Table 1, and an exemplary emissivity-reducing coating 20 on the inner pane 2 is shown in Table 2.

[0112] Table 1 Table 2

[0113] Figure 3 shows a cross-section through a further embodiment of the composite pane according to the invention. It differs from the above embodiment of Figure 2 in that the vacuum insulating glazing 5 is not arranged between the outer pane 1 and a separate inner pane 2. Instead, the inner pane 2 is part of the vacuum insulating glazing 5 and also forms its inner pane 5b.

[0114] The composite pane includes in the following order:

[0115] - the outer pane 1 with the sun protection coating 10 and the cover print 8,

[0116] - the first thermoplastic layer 3a, which acts as the first connecting layer,

[0117] - the vacuum insulating glazing 5, whose inner pane 5b also forms the inner pane 2 of the laminated pane with the emissivity-reducing coating 20.

[0118] The outer pane 1 with the cover print 8 and the sun protection coating 10 and the first thermoplastic layer 3a are designed in the same way as in the embodiment of Figure 2. The same applies to the inner pane 2 with the emissivity-reducing coating 20.

[0119] The outer pane 5a of the vacuum insulating glazing 5 is again a chemically toughened aluminosilicate glass pane with a thickness of 0.7 mm. It is connected to the inner pane 2, which is also the inner pane 5b of the vacuum insulating glazing 5, via a circumferential spacer 5d and spacer columns 5e. The intermediate space 5c has a thickness of 0.3 mm and is evacuated. The interior-side surface of the inner pane 2 is again provided with an emissivity-reducing coating 9.

[0120] In both embodiments, it is not necessary for the sun protection coating 10 to be applied to the interior-side surface of the outer pane 1. Alternatively, it could also be applied to the exterior surface of the inner pane 2 or to a surface of the vacuum insulating glazing 5, as long as this is not an exposed surface of the laminated pane. It is also possible to form the first bonding layer from two thermoplastic layers instead of a single thermoplastic layer 3a, between which a PET carrier film provided with the sun protection coating 10 is inserted (in the embodiment of Figure 2, this also applies to the second bonding layer).

[0121] The energy input through the composite pane was determined through simulations. To characterize this, the so-called thermal transmittance coefficient, commonly referred to as the U-value, was determined. The lower the U-value, the lower the thermal transmittance.

[0122] There were:

[0123] Example of a composite pane according to the invention (structure according to Figure 2);

[0124] Comparative example: a corresponding laminated pane with solar control coating 10 and emissivity-reducing coating 20, but without the vacuum insulating glazing 5; the intermediate layer was formed from only a single 0.76 mm thick PVB film;

[0125] In the comparison example, the simulated U-value was 4.0 W / (m 2 K), in the example according to the invention only 1.5 W / (m 2 K). Vacuum insulating glazing 5 therefore leads to a significant reduction in the thermal transmittance. List of reference symbols:

[0126] (1) Outer pane of the laminated pane

[0127] (2) Inner pane of the laminated pane

[0128] (3a) first thermoplastic layer

[0129] (3b) second thermoplastic layer

[0130] (5) Vacuum insulating glazing

[0131] (5a) outer pane of vacuum insulating glazing 5

[0132] (5b) inner pane of vacuum insulating glazing 5

[0133] (5c) evacuated space of the vacuum insulating glazing 5

[0134] (5d) circumferential spacer of the vacuum insulating glazing 5

[0135] (5e) Spacer columns of the vacuum insulating glazing 5

[0136] (8) Cover printing

[0137] (10) Sun protection coating

[0138] (20) emissivity-reducing coating

[0139] (D) See-through area of ​​the laminated pane

[0140] (M) Masking area of ​​the composite pane

[0141] X - X' intersection line

Claims

Patent claims 1. A composite pane comprising an outer pane (1) and an inner pane (2) which are joined to one another in a planar manner, the composite pane having a transparent viewing area (D), and the composite pane having vacuum insulating glazing (5) which comprises an outer pane (5a) facing the outer pane (1) and an inner pane (5b) spaced apart from the outer pane (5a) by spacer means (5d, 5e), the intermediate space (5c) between the outer pane (5a) and the inner pane (5b) being evacuated, and (i) the vacuum insulating glazing (5) is embedded in the laminated pane between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2) or (ii) the inner pane (2) of the laminated pane forms the inner pane (5b) of the vacuum insulating glazing (5), and wherein - a sun protection coating (10) is arranged on the surface of the outer pane (1) facing the inner pane (2), on the surface of the inner pane (2) facing the outer pane (1) or between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2), and - an emissivity-reducing coating (20) is arranged on the surface of the inner pane (2) facing away from the outer pane (1).

2. Composite pane according to claim 1, which is a vehicle pane, preferably a vehicle roof pane.

3. Composite pane according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the sun protection coating (10) comprises at least one silver-based layer.

4. A composite pane according to claim 3, wherein the sun protection coating (10) comprises, starting from the surface to which it is applied, in the order given: - a first dielectric layer or layer sequence, - a first layer based on silver, - a second dielectric layer or layer sequence, - a second layer based on silver, - a third dielectric layer or layer sequence, - a third layer based on silver, - a fourth dielectric layer or layer sequence.

5. Composite pane according to claim 4, wherein the silver-based layers independently have thicknesses of 5 nm to 20 nm, preferably of 7 nm to 15 nm, and wherein - the first dielectric layer or layer sequence has an optical thickness of 30 nm to 110 nm, preferably of 40 nm to 90 nm, particularly preferably of 55 nm to 75 nm, - the second dielectric layer or layer sequence has an optical thickness of 100 nm to 230 nm, preferably of 120 nm to 200 nm, particularly preferably of 140 nm to 180 nm, - the third dielectric layer or layer sequence has an optical thickness of 80 nm to 200 nm, preferably of 100 nm to 180 nm, particularly preferably of 120 nm to 160 nm, - the fourth dielectric layer or layer sequence has an optical thickness of 20 nm to 110 nm, preferably of 30 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably of 45 nm to 85 nm.

6. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the emissivity-reducing coating (20) comprises a layer based on a transparent conductive oxide, preferably based on indium tin oxide (ITO).

7. Composite pane according to claim 6, wherein the emissivity-reducing coating (20) comprises, starting from the surface of the inner pane (2), in the specified order - optionally a dielectric blocking layer against alkali diffusion, preferably based on silicon nitride, - a lower dielectric anti-reflective layer, preferably based on silicon oxide, - the layer based on a transparent conductive oxide, - a dielectric barrier layer for regulating oxygen diffusion, preferably based on silicon nitride, an upper dielectric anti-reflective layer, preferably based on silicon oxide.

8. Composite pane according to claim 7, wherein - the blocking layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably 20 nm to 50 nm, most preferably 25 nm to 35 nm, - the lower anti-reflection layer has a thickness of from 5 nm to 50 nm, particularly preferably from 10 nm to 40 nm, most preferably from 10 nm to 30 nm, - the layer based on a transparent conductive oxide has a thickness of 30 nm to 150 nm, preferably 50 nm to 100 nm, - the barrier layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 30 nm, preferably 5 nm to 20 nm, particularly preferably 7 nm to 15 nm, - the upper anti-reflective layer has a thickness of 10 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably 30 nm to 70 nm, very particularly preferably 40 nm to 60 nm.

9. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the outer pane (5a) and the inner pane (5b) are made of glass.

10. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 9 - according to variant (i), wherein the outer disc (5a) and the inner disc (5b) have a thickness of 0.3 mm to 3 mm, preferably of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm or - according to variant (ii), wherein the outer disc (5a) has a thickness of 0.3 mm to 3 mm, preferably of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.

11. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the intermediate space (5c) between the outer pane (5a) and the inner pane (5b) has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1 mm, preferably of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm.

12. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the spacing means (5d, 5e) - a circumferential spacer (5d) in an edge region between the outer disc (5a) and the inner disc (5b) and - comprise a plurality of spacer columns (5e).

13. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2) are made of soda-lime glass and preferably have a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm.

14. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the outer pane (1) is connected to the vacuum insulating glazing (5) via a connecting layer and wherein, in variant (i), the vacuum insulating glazing (5) is connected to the inner pane (2) via a further connecting layer, wherein the connecting layer or layers are each formed from at least one thermoplastic layer (3a, 3b), preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyurethane (PU).

15. Composite pane according to one of claims 1 to 14, which has a light transmission of less than 50%, preferably less than 20%.

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