Methods of reducing or eliminating measurable residual disease

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to methods of reducing or eliminating measurable residual disease (MRD) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an IRAK4 inhibitor or an IRAK4 degrader.

Description

[0001] METHODS OF REDI IN AUNG MEASURABLE

[0002] RESIDUAL DISEASE

[0003] RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0004] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 552,470, filed on February 12, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0005] BACKGROUND

[0006] Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a serine / threonine kinase enzyme that plays an essential role in signal transduction by Toll / IL-1 receptors (TIRs). Diverse IRAK enzymes are key components in the signal transduction pathways mediated by interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (Janssens, S, et al. Mol. Cell. 11, 2003, 293-302). There are four members in the mammalian IRAK family: IRAK-1, IRAK-2, IRAK-M and IRAK4. These proteins are characterized by a typical N-terminal death domain that mediates interaction with MyD88-family adaptor proteins and a centrally located kinase domain. The IRAK proteins, as well as MyD88, have been shown to play a role in transducing signals other than those originating from IL-1R receptors, including signals triggered by activation of IL-18 receptors (Kanakaraj, et al. J. Exp. Med. 189(7): 1999, 1129-38) and LPS receptors (Yang, et al., J. Immunol. 163, 1999, 639-643). Out of four members in the mammalian IRAK family, IRAK4 is considered to be the “master IRAK”. Under overexpression conditions, all IRAKs can mediate the activation of nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) and stress-induced mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling cascades. However, only IRAK-1 and IRAK4 have been shown to have active kinase activity. While IRAK-1 kinase activity could be dispensable for its function in IL-l-induced NF-kB activation (Kanakaraj et al, J. Exp. Med. 187(12), 1998, 2073-2079) and (XiaoxiaLi, et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19(7), 1999, 4643-4652), IRAK4 requires its kinase activity for signal transduction (Li S, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(8), 2002, 5567-5572) and (Lye, E et al, J. Biol. Chem. 279(39); 2004, 40653-8). Given the central role of IRAK4 in Toll-like / IL-lR signaling and immunological protection, IRAK4 inhibitors have been implicated as valuable therapeutics in inflammatory diseases, sepsis and autoimmune disorders (Wietek C, et al, Mol. Interv. 2: 2002, 212-215).

[0007] Mice lacking IRAK4 are viable and show complete abrogation of inflammatory cytokine production in response to IL-1, IL-18 or LPS (Suzuki et al. Nature, 416(6882), 2002, 750-756). Similarly, human patients lacking IRAK4 are severely immune-compromised and are not responsive to these cytokines (Medvedev et al. J. Exp. Med., 198(4), 2003, 521-531 and Picard et al. Science 299(5615), 2003, 2076-2079). Knock-in mice containing inactive IRAK4 were completely resistant to lipopolysaccharide- and CpG-induced shock ( Kim TW, et al. J Exp Med 204: 2007, 1025 -36) and (Kawagoe T, et al. J Exp Med 204(5): 2007, 1013- 1024) and illustrated that IRAK4 kinase activity is essential for cytokine production, activation of MAPKs and induction of NF- K B regulated genes in response to TLR ligands (Koziczak- Holbro M, et al. J Biol Chem; 282(18): 2007;13552-13560). Inactivation of IRAK4 kinase (IRAK4 KI) in mice leads to resistance to EAE due to reduction in infiltrating inflammatory cells into CNS and reduced antigen specific CD4+ T-cell mediated IL-17 production (Kirk A et al. The Journal of Immunology, 183(1), 2009, 568-577).

[0008] Hematological malignancies comprise a series of complex myeloid and lymphatic tumors and blood cancers, which begin in the immune system or blood-forming tissue. These malignancies are classified in several subtypes of leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s) (Blood Cancer J. 2023 Dec; 13(1): 82).

[0009] After receiving treatment for blood cancers and achieving hematologic remission, patients may still retain cancer cells in their bone marrow or blood that can lead to aggressive disease, relapse, and alternative treatment considerations. Measurable residual disease (MRD) refers to the remaining cancer cells after treatment at levels below morphologic detection (Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 43, e390010(2023)). MRD also serves as a critical diagnostic and prognostic tool that informs treatment decisions and prognosis in several malignancies. In addition to monitoring disease status and progression, MRD can be utilized to evaluate novel treatment decisions. MRD can be assessed through various modalities, including multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT- qPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assay (Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Measurable Residual Disease (MRD) Facts, April 2021, 1-11). In solid tumors, MRD can be detected via next generation sequencing of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the blood, a method that is gaining widespread utilization to better define risk stratification and improve patient outcomes (Front Oncol. 2021; 11 : 763790). Detecting cell or blast numbers is related to flow cytometry while NGS and PCR methods (RT-qPCR) are used for clonal rearrangements and mutation detection in hematological malignancies. Patients who remain MRD-positive, after initial treatment or allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation (alloHCT), incur a significantly higher risk of disease relapse and shorter overall survival compared to counterparts who begin their treatment journey as MRD-positive and convert into MRD- negative.

[0010] In view of the foregoing, there is a clear unmet need to reduce and / or eliminate MRD in patients suffering from hematological and solid cancers.

[0011] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing or eliminating MRD in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an IRAK4 inhibitor or an IRAK4 degrader. In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing MRD in a subject. In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of eliminating MRD in a subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises conjointly administering a nucleoside analog. In some embodiments, the method comprises conjointly administering a BCL-2 inhibitor.

[0013] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] Measurable residual disease (MRD) can present in a range of hematological malignancies, such as in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy with variable response to therapy. Standard treatments for AML include intensive induction therapy, followed by consolidation therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), or both. While many newly diagnosed AML patients achieve complete morphologic remission after induction therapy, the risk of relapse remains high. Prognosis and post-decision therapies rely on identifying select genetic biomarkers at diagnosis or quantifying MRD rates through cytometry or molecular methods.

[0015] MRD plays a crucial role in clinically predicting relapse / remission and overall survival. After achieving a complete response to therapy, patients who are MRD-negative have better outcomes than those that are MRD-positive. In the VIALE- A study (J Clin Oncol. 2022 Mar 10;40(8): 855-865) where azacitidine (a nucleoside analog) and venetoclax (a BCL-2 inhibitor) were administered, composite complete response (CRc) [complete response (CR), complete response with partial hematologic recovery (CRh) or complete remission with incomplete count recovery (CRi)] in the absence of MRD of less than 1 residual blast per 1,000 leukocytes [MRD-negative (MRD-)] resulted in longer duration of response (DOR), event-free survival, and overall survival (OS), and better HSCT outcome compared with patients who achieved CRc but were MRD-positive (MRD+; i.e., having 1 or more residual blasts per 1,000 leukocytes). In pre-clinical studies, emavusertib in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax demonstrated synergistic antileukemic effects in AML cell lines, including azacitidine- or venetoclax-resistant cell lines. Adding emavusertib to azacitidine and venetoclax combinations as a first line therapy in MRD+ patients at the time of CR may enhance conversion to MRD- without adding significant toxicity.

[0016] MRD is often associated with treatment resistant cancers and / or genetic mutations in the cancer cells that make them less susceptible to treatment with frontline therapies. Examples of oncogenic mutations associated with MRD include mutations in FLT3, NPM1, NRAS, DNMT3A, IDH2, RUNX1, IDH1, TET2, SF3B1, PTPN11, WT1, CEBPA, ASXL1, TP53, KRAS, and U2AGP Accordingly, compounds that can inhibit cancer cell growth or kill cancer cells with such mutations can have improved efficacy in reducing or eliminating MRD. Compounds as disclosed herein have demonstrated efficacy against cancers that have developed resistance against treatment with FLT3 inhibitors. Compounds as disclosed herein also have demonstrated efficacy against cancers that have a mutation in SF3B1 and / or U2AG1. Accordingly, therapies that include compounds as disclosed herein can be used as effective frontline or maintenance therapies for preventing, reducing, or eliminating MRD.

[0017] Emavusertib is a novel potent oral inhibitor of interleukin- 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) with additional inhibitory activity against fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and CDC-like kinases (CLK1 / 2 / 4). Inhibition of these onco-proteins may induce remission thereby addressing a critical unmet need for novel therapies in AML. Clinical studies with emavusertib monotherapy have demonstrated a significant reduction in AML blasts with clinical and molecular responses, including patients with relapsed or refractory AML, previously treated with a hypomethylating agent (HMA) and / or FLT3 inhibitors.

[0018] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing measurable residual disease (MRD) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an IRAK4 inhibitor or an IRAK4 degrader. In some preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is

[0019] In certain preferred embodiments, the methods further comprise conjointly administering to the subject a nucleoside analog. In certain preferred embodiments, the nucleoside analog is azacitidine. In certain preferred embodiments, the methods further comprise conjointly administering to the subject a BCL-2 inhibitor. In certain preferred embodiments, the BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax.

[0020] In certain preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing or eliminating measurable residual disease (MRD) in a subject, comprising conjointly administering to the subject an IRAK4 inhibitor, a nucleoside analog, and a BCL-2 inhibitor.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the methods reduce the MRD in the subject (e.g., as compared to a subject who has not received an IRAK4 inhibitor or degrader, and / or a nucleoside analog, and / or a BCL-2 inhibitor). In other embodiments, the methods eliminates the MRD in the subject.

[0022] In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is the BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax; and the nucleoside analog is azacitidine.

[0023] In other particularly preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is the nucleoside analog is azacitidine.

[0024] IRAK4 Inhibitors of the Disclosure

[0025] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein Zi is an optionally substituted heteroaryl;

[0026] Z2 is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl or a direct bond;

[0027] Ri is alkyl, cyano, -NRaRb, or optionally substituted groups selected from cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; wherein the substituent, at each occurrence, independently is alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -OCO-CH2-O-alkyl, -OP(O)(O-alkyl)2or -CH2-OP(O)(O-alkyl)2;

[0028] R2, at each occurrence, independently is an optionally substituted group selected from alkyl or cycloalkyl; wherein the substituent, at each occurrence, is independently halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;

[0029] R3, at each occurrence, independently is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxy alkyl;

[0030] R is hydrogen or alkyl;

[0031] Rb is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, -SO2-alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl; and ‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 1 or 2.

[0032] In certain embodiments, Zi is a 5- or 6-membered optionally substituted heteroaryl.

[0033] In certain embodiments, Zi is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, wherein the optional substituent is alkyl.

[0034] In certain embodiments, Zi is selected from tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl and pyrazolyl.

[0035] In certain embodiments, Zi is selected from pyridyl, oxazolyl and furanyl; wherein the pyridyl group is optionally substituted with alkyl; in certain preferred embodiments, alkyl is methyl.

[0036] In certain embodiments, Z2is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl selected from tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl or pyrazolyl.

[0037] In certain embodiments, Z2is a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl selected from azetidinyl, oxetanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl or 1,4-dioxanyl.

[0038] In certain embodiments, Z2is pyridyl, pyrazolyl or pyrrolidinyl.

[0039] In certain embodiments, Z2is a direct bond. In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula

[0040] (IA): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula

[0041] (IB): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0042] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (IC): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0043]

[0044] In certain embodiments, Z2 is pyridyl.

[0045] In certain embodiments, Z2 is pyrazolyl.

[0046] In certain embodiments, Z2 is pyrrolidinyl.

[0047] In certain embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl; wherein the substituent is halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, -OCO-CH2-O-alkyl, - OP(O)(O-alkyl)2or -CH2-OP(O)(O-alkyl)2.

[0048] In certain embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted azetidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl or azepanyl; wherein the substituent is amino, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, -OCO-CH2-O-alkyl, -OP(O)(O-alkyl)2 or -CH2-OP(O)(O-alkyl)2.

[0049] In certain embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted piperidinyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl.

[0050] In certain embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted phenyl, wherein the substituent is halogen.

[0051] In certain embodiments, Ri is cycloalkyl.

[0052] In certain embodiments, Ri is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.

[0053] In certain embodiments, Ri is -NRaRb; Ra is hydrogen; Rb is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl.

[0054] In certain embodiments, Ri is cyano.

[0055] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted alkyl, wherein the substituent is alkoxy.

[0056] In certain embodiments, R2 is cycloalkyl.

[0057] In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxyalkyl; Rais hydrogen or alkyl; and Rb is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl or -SO2- alkyl. In certain embodiments, Zi is optionally substituted pyridyl; Ring Z2 is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl or direct bond; Ri is an optionally substituted group selected from cyclopropyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or pyrrolidinyl; R2 is optionally substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxyalkyl; Ra is hydrogen or alkyl; and Rb is hydrogen or hydroxy alkyl.

[0058] In certain embodiments, Zi is oxazolyl; Z2 is pyridyl, pyrazolyl or pyrrolidinyl; Ri is cyano, -NRaRb, or an optionally substituted group selected from cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or pyrrolidinyl; R2 is optionally substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl; R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxyalkyl; Ra is hydrogen or alkyl; and Rb is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, -SCh-alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl.

[0059] In certain embodiments, R3 is -NRaRb; Ra is hydrogen or alkyl; and Rb is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, -SCh-alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl, wherein the optional substituent is hydroxyl; In certain embodiments, ‘n’ is 1.

[0060] In certain embodiments, ‘n’ is 2.

[0061] In certain embodiments, ‘m’ is 1.

[0062] In certain embodiments, ‘m’ is 2.

[0063] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is: _ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0064] In other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is represented by formula (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein,

[0065] Xi and X3 independently are CH or N; X2 is CR2 or N; provided one and not more than one of Xi, X2 or X3is N;

[0066] A is O or S;

[0067] Y is -CH2- or O;

[0068] Z is aryl or heterocyclyl;

[0069] Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or -NRaRb;

[0070] R2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb; wherein the optional substituent is alkyl, amino, halo or hydroxyl;

[0071] R3, at each occurrence, is alkyl or hydroxyl;

[0072] R and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl or heterocyclyl;

[0073] ‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 0, 1 or 2; and

[0074] ‘p’ is 0 or 1.

[0075] In certain embodiments, Z is aryl or 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, IH-tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, oxetanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl,l,4-dioxanyl, dioxidothiomorpholinyl, oxapiperazinyl, oxapiperidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl or dihydropyranyl; each of which is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or - NRaRb; Ra and Rb are independently are hydrogen, alkyl or acyl.

[0076] In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, thienyl or pyridyl; each of which is optionally substituted with one or more Ri.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula

[0078] (OIA): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (IIB): (IIB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0080] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (IIC): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0081] In certain embodiments, Y is O or CH2.

[0082] In certain embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or -NRaRb; Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl or acyl.

[0083] In certain embodiments, Ri is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl; each of which is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or -NRaRb; Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen or acyl.

[0084] In certain embodiments, R2 is hydrogen.

[0085] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted cycloalkyl.

[0086] In certain embodiments, R2 is cyclopropyl.

[0087] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, amino, halo or hydroxyl.

[0088] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, pyridyl, azepanyl or azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl; wherein the optional substituent is alkyl, amino, halo or hydroxyl.

[0089] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted aryl, wherein the substituent is halo.

[0090] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted phenyl, wherein the substituent is fluoro.

[0091] In certain embodiments, R2 is -NRaRb, wherein Raand Rb are independently hydrogen or heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is -NRaRb, wherein Raand Rb are independently hydrogen or pyrrolidinyl.

[0092] In certain embodiments, A is O or S; Y is -CH2- or O; Ri is halo, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl each of which is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or -NRaRb; R2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb; wherein the optional substituent is alkyl, amino, halo or hydroxyl; Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen or alkyl.

[0093] In certain embodiments, A is O or S; Y is -CH2- or O; Ri is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with alkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or - NRaRb; Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen; R2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb; wherein the optional substituent is alkyl, amino, halo or hydroxyl; Raand Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl or heterocyclyl.

[0094] In certain embodiments, ‘n’ is 0, 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, ‘p’ is 0 or 1.

[0095] In certain embodiments, ‘m’ is 0 or 2.

[0096] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0097] In certain preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is emavusertib) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0098] In another embodiment, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein,

[0099] Zi represents optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or is absent;

[0100] Z2 represents optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

[0101] Ri is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, amino, halo, cyano, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl;

[0102] R2 at each occurrence is amino, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl;

[0103] R3 at each occurrence is hydroxy, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or -NRaRb; Ra and Rb, independently for each occurrence, are hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; m, at each occurrence, is 0, 1 or 2; and n, at each occurrence, is 0, 1, or 2.

[0104] In certain embodiments, Zi is an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

[0105] In certain embodiments, Zi represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected, independently for each occurrence, from hydroxy, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or NRaRb.

[0106] In certain embodiments, Zi is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, wherein the optional substituent is alkyl or cycloalkyl.

[0107] In certain embodiments, Zi is tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazinyl, phthalazinyl, thianthrene, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, purinyl, pteridinyl, 9H-carbazolyl, a-carboline, indolizinyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, pyrrol opyridyl, furopyridinyl, purinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzotri azolyl, benzotri adiazolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzothienyl, acridinyl and pyrazolopyrimidyl, each of which is optionally substituted.

[0108] In certain embodiments, Zi is tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl or pyrazolyl.

[0109] In certain embodiments, Zi is pyridyl or oxazolyl, wherein the oxazolyl group is optionally substituted with alkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, the alkyl is methyl.

[0110] In certain embodiments, Zi is absent.

[0111] In certain embodiments, Z2 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl.

[0112] In certain embodiments, Z2 represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, alkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, -NRaRb, or cycloalkoxy.

[0113] In certain embodiments, Z2 is heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, Z2 is azetidinyl, oxetanyl, furanyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyridyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl pyrrol opyridyl or pyrazolopyrimidyl.

[0114] In certain embodiments, Z2 is pyridyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1, 2,3,4- tetrahydropyridyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidyl or pyrrol opyridyl.

[0115] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (IIIA):

[0116] QUA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0117] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (IIIB): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0118]

[0119] In certain embodiments, Z2 is pyridyl.

[0120] In certain embodiments, Z2 is pyrrolidinyl.

[0121] In certain embodiments, Z2 is piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyridyl, pyrimidyl or pyrazolopyridyl.

[0122] In certain embodiments, Ri is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, amino, halo, cyano, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.

[0123] In certain embodiments, the present methods include a compound of formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein Ri is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected, independently for each occurrence, from hydroxy, halo, alkyl, or hydroxyalkyl.

[0124] In certain embodiments, Ri is heterocyclyl; optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxyl or hydroxy alkyl.

[0125] In certain embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted azetidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl or azepanyl.

[0126] In certain embodiments, Ri is piperidinyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

[0127] In certain embodiments, Ri is pyrrolidinyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

[0128] In certain embodiments, R2, at each occurrence, is amino, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.

[0129] In certain embodiments, R2 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected, independently for each occurrence, from alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl.

[0130] In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted alkyl, preferably methyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, preferably, cyclopropyl.

[0131] In certain embodiments, R3, at each occurrence, is hydroxy, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or -NRaRb; wherein Rais hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl; and Rb is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, hydroxyalkyl or -SCh-alkyl.

[0132] In certain embodiments, Zi is optionally substituted pyridyl; Z2 is pyrrolidinyl; Ri is an optionally substituted groups selected from piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl; R2 is optionally substituted alkyl; R3 is halogen, alkyl, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxyalkyl; Ra is hydrogen or alkyl; and Rb is hydrogen or hydroxyalkyl.

[0133] In certain embodiments, Zi is oxazolyl; Z2 is pyridyl, pyrimidyl or pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolopyridyl; Ri is an optionally substituted group selected from piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl; R2 is optionally substituted alkyl or cyclopropyl; R3 is halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl optionally substituted cyclopropyl; Ra is hydrogen or alkyl; and Rbis hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, -SCh-alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl.

[0134] In certain embodiments, ‘m’ is 0.

[0135] In certain embodiments, ‘m’ is 1.

[0136] In certain embodiments, ‘m’ is 2.

[0137] In certain embodiments, ‘n’ is 0.

[0138] In certain embodiments, ‘n’ is 1.

[0139] In certain embodiments, ‘n’ is 2.

[0140] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0141] In certain preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is In other preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is , inhibitor yet other preferred embodiments, the

[0142] IRAK4 inhibitor

[0143] In other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is PF-06650833, BAY1830839, BAY1834845, R835, GS-5718, or ND-2158.

[0144] The IRAK4 inhibitor (e.g., emavusertib) may be administered in any amount or manner that elicits the desired response in the subject. For example, 100 - 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor can be administered to the subject twice per day or 200 - 1000 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor can be administered to the subject once per day. In certain embodiments, 100 - 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In certain embodiments, 200 - 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In certain preferred embodiments, 250 - 350 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In certain embodiments, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, or about 500 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In certain embodiments, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, or about 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In certain embodiments, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, or about 300 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In certain embodiments, about 50 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 200 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 225 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 250 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 275 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In particularly preferred embodiments, about 300 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 325 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 350 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 375 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject twice per day.

[0145] In certain embodiments, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, or about 500 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject once per day. In certain embodiments, about 50 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject once per day. In certain embodiments, about 75 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject once per day. In certain embodiments, about 100 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject once per day. In certain embodiments, about 125 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject once per day. In certain embodiments, about 150 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is administered to the subject once per day.

[0146] In certain preferred embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject. In certain embodiments, about 50 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 200 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 250 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In particularly preferred embodiments, about 300 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 325 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 350 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 375 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject twice per day. In other embodiments, about 50 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject once per day. In yet other embodiments, about 75 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject once per day. In yet other embodiments, about 100 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject once per day. In yet other embodiments, about 125 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject once per day. In yet other embodiments, about 150 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject once per day.

[0147] IRAK4 Degraders

[0148] In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering an IRAK4 degrader. In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 degrader is KT-474, KYM-001, or IRAKMiD. In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 degrader is an IRAK4 degrader disclosed in US 2019 / 0151295 Al, WO 2019 / 133531 Al, WO 2020 / 113233 Al, and WO 2021 / 011868 Al, the contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0149] Measurable Residual Disease

[0150] Various methods are available to assess MRD in cancer. Examples of methods to assess MRD can be found, for instance, in Heuser et al. “2021 Update on MRD in acute myeloid leukemia: a consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD Working Party.” Blood. (2021) 128 (26):2753-2767, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In certain embodiments, reducing MRD in the subject comprises reducing the number of cancer cells in a patient sample. In certain preferred embodiments, reducing MRD in the subject comprises reducing the count of residual blasts in a patient sample. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, reducing MRD in the subject comprises reducing the count of residual blasts per leukocyte in a patient sample.

[0151] In certain embodiments, eliminating MRD in the subject comprises reducing the number of cancer cells in a patient sample below a threshold. In certain preferred embodiments, eliminating MRD in the subject comprises reducing the count of residual blasts in a patient sample below a threshold. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, eliminating MRD in the subject comprises reducing the count of residual blasts per leukocyte in a patient sample below a threshold.

[0152] In some preferred embodiments, eliminating MRD in the subject comprises reducing the count of residual blasts per leukocyte in a patient sample to below about 1 in 1,000; below about 1 in 10,000; below about 1 in 100,000; or below about 1 in 1,000,000, most preferably below 0.001 (z.e., 1 in 1,000). In some embodiments, the count of residual blasts per leukocyte is below 0.0001 (z.e., 1 in 10,000). In some embodiments, the count of residual blasts per leukocyte is below 0.00001 (i.e., 1 in 100,000). In some embodiments, the threshold is the threshold of detection of a measurement or diagnostic technique. The threshold can be determined by a medical professional and can vary according to measurement or diagnostic technique.

[0153] In preferred embodiments, cancer cells are counted or measured by flow cytometry. In particularly preferred embodiments, the count of residual blasts per leukocyte is measured by flow cytometry. In some such embodiments, the flow cytometry is preferably multiparameter flow cytometry.

[0154] In some embodiments, reducing MRD in the subject comprises reducing the number or type of residual mutations in a patient sample, or preferably eliminating MRD in the subject, e.g., by reducing the number or type of residual mutations in a patient sample below a threshold. In some embodiments, the number and / or type of residual mutations are assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In some embodiments, the number and / or type of residual mutations are assessed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). In some embodiments, the number and / or type of residual mutations are measured from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Residual mutations can be sorted by mutation type (e.g., point mutations, translocations, or chromosomal mutations) and by the gene(s) affected. In some embodiments, the patient sample comprises peripheral blood. In certain preferred embodiments, the patient sample comprises bone marrow cells. In some embodiments, the patient sample comprises at least 1,000; at least 10,000; or at least 100,000 cells.

[0155] In some embodiments, reducing or eliminating MRD leads to a subject’s MRD- negative test. In some embodiments, the MRD is detected by bone marrow sampling (e.g., bone marrow biopsy). In some embodiments, the MRD is detected by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC). In some embodiments, the MRD is detected molecular via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or next-generation sequencing (NGS). In some embodiments, the MRD is detected via circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). In some embodiments, the method reduces the MRD in the subject (e.g., as compared to a subject who has not received an IRAK4 inhibitor or degrader, and / or a nucleoside analog, and / or a BCL-2 inhibitor). In some embodiments, the method eliminates the MRD in the subject.

[0156] Combination Therapies

[0157] In some embodiments, the combinations disclosed herein are used to reduce or eliminate MRD in patients who have achieved CR or CRh with MRD+ status after receiving azacitidine and venetoclax as a first-line therapy.

[0158] BCL-2 Inhibitors

[0159] The combinations disclosed herein may be utilized in connection with any BCL-2 inhibitor. In certain preferred embodiments, the BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax. In certain embodiments, 400 mg of venetoclax is administered daily. In certain embodiments, the venetoclax is administered orally. In certain preferred embodiments, the method comprises orally administering 400 mg of venetoclax daily.

[0160] Nucleoside Analogs

[0161] The combinations disclosed herein may be utilized in connection with any nucleoside analog. In certain embodiments, the nucleoside analog is an analog of cytidine. In certain embodiments, the nucleoside analog is azacitidine, decitabine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, 5’- deoxy-5-fluorouridine, fludarabine, cladribine, troxacitabine, or clofarabine. In certain preferred embodiments, the nucleoside analog is azacitidine. In certain embodiments, the azacitidine is administered at a dose of 75 mg / m2daily. In certain embodiments, the azacitidine is administered at a dose of 100 mg / m2daily. In certain embodiments, the azacitidine is administered subcutaneously. In other embodiments, the azacitidine is administered at a dose of 300 mg daily. In certain embodiments, the azacitidine is administered orally.

[0162] BTK Inhibitors

[0163] The methods disclosed herein may be utilized in connection with BTK inhibitors. In some embodiments, the method further comprises conjointly administering a BTK inhibitor to the subject. In certain embodiments, the BTK inhibitor is ibrutinib, tirabrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, evobrutinib, ONO-4059, spebrutinib, or HM7 1224. In certain embodiments, the BTK inhibitor is ibrutinib, tirabrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, evobrutinib, ONO-4059, spebrutinib, or HM7 1224. In certain embodiments, the BTK inhibitor is acalabrutinib. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering 200 mg of acalabrutinib daily. In certain embodiments, the acalabrutinib is administered orally. In certain embodiments, the method comprises orally administering 200 mg of acalabrutinib daily. In certain preferred embodiments, the BTK inhibitor is ibrutinib. In certain embodiments, the method comprises comprising administering 420 mg of ibrutinib daily. In other embodiments, the method comprises comprising administering 420 mg of ibrutinib daily. In certain embodiments, the ibrutinib is administered orally. In certain preferred embodiments, orally administering 420 mg of ibrutinib daily. In other preferred embodiments, the method comprises administering 560 mg of ibrutinib daily. In certain embodiments, the BTK inhibitor is zanubrutinib. In certain embodiments, the method administering 160 mg of zanubrutinib twice daily. In other embodiments, the method comprises administering 320 mg of zanubrutinib once daily. In certain embodiments, the zanubrutinib is administered orally. In certain embodiments, the method comprises orally administering 160 mg of zanubrutinib twice daily. In other embodiments, the method comprises orally administering 320 mg of zanubrutinib once daily. In certain embodiments, the BTK inhibitor is tirabrutinib.

[0164] Immunotherapies

[0165] In certain embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further comprise conjointly administering an anti-PDl or anti-PDLl therapy. In some embodiments, the method comprises conjointly administering an anti-PDl or anti-PDLl antibody. In some embodiments, the method comprises conjointly administering pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the method comprises conjointly administering nivolumab.

[0166] Anti-cancer agents In certain embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further comprise conjointly administering one or more of ABT-737, BAY-1143572, 5-fluorouracil, abiraterone acetate, acetylcholine, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, afatinib, aldesleukin, alectinib, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, aminolevulinic acid, anastrozole, anastrozole, aprepitant, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi, atezolizumab, axitinib, azacitidine, belinostat, bendamustine, benzyl isothiocyanate, bevacizumab, bexarotene, bicalutamide, bleomycin, blinatumomab, bortezomib, bosutinib, brentuximab vedotin, busulfan, cabazitaxel, cabozantinib, capecitabine, carboplatin, carfilzomib, carmustine, ceritinib, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cisplatin, clofarabine, cobimetinib, copanlisib, crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dabrafenib, dacarbazine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daratumumab, dasatinib, daunorubicin, decitabine, defibrotide sodium, degarelix, denileukin diftitox, denosumab, dexamethasone, dexrazoxane, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dinutuximab, docetaxel, doxorubicin, elotuzumab, eltrombopag, enzalutamide, epirubicin, eribulin mesylate, erlotinib, etoposide, everolimus, exemestane, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine phosphate, flutamide, fulvestrant, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, glucarpidase, goserelin acetate, hydroxyurea, ibritumomab tiuxetan, ibrutinib, idarubicin, idelalisib, ifosfamide, imatinib, imiquimod, interferon alfa-2b, ipilimumab, irinotecan, ixabepilone, ixazomib, lanreotide, lapatinib, lenalidomide, lenvatinib, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, lomustine, mechlorethamine, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, navitoclax, necitumumab, nelarabine, netupitant, nilotinib, nilutamide, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olaparib, omacetaxine mepesuccinate, osimertinib, oxaliplatin, ozogamicin, paclitaxel, palbociclib, palifermin, pamidronate, panitumumab, panobinostat, pazopanib, pegaspargase, peginterferon alfa-2b, pembrolizumab, pemetrexed, pertuzumab, plerixafor, pomalidomide, ponatinib, pralatrexate, prednisone, procarbazine, propranolol, radium 223 dichloride, raloxifene, ramucirumab, rasburicase, regorafenib, rituximab, rolapitant, romidepsin, romiplostim, ruxolitinib, siltuximab, sipuleucel-t, sonidegib, sorafenib, sunitinib, talimogene laherparepvec, tamoxifen, temozolomide, temsirolimus, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, tipiracil, topotecan, toremifene, toremifene, tositumomab, trabectedin, trametinib, trastuzumab, tretinoin, trifluridine, uridine triacetate, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venetoclax, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, vismodegib, vorinostat, ziv-aflibercept, zoledronic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is one or more of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. Cancers

[0167] Generally, MRD is associated with a specific type of cancer (e.g., a specific hematological malignancy or solid tumor). For example, a patient may be diagnosed with AML, be treated, and go into remission, yet have measurable residual disease that comprises a population of AML cells remaining after the treatment. Alternatively, a different patient could have measurable residual disease that comprises a population of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells remaining after the treatment. In certain embodiments, the measurable residual disease (MRD) is associated with a hematological malignancy. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancy is leukemia, myeloma or lymphoma, for example a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancy is myelogenous leukemia, myeloid leukemia (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia), myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoblastic leukemia (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), high risk CLL, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (e.g., DLBCL or ABC-DLBLC), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM), multiple myeloma (MM), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, non-Burkitt high grade B cell lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, transformed high grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL), or MALT lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancy is myelogenous leukemia. In other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is myeloid leukemia (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia). In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancy is acute myeloid leukemia (e.g., AML). In certain embodiments, the AML is primary AML. In other embodiments, the AML is secondary AML. In certain embodiments, the AML is resistant to treatment with an fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the AML is associated with a mutation in FLT3 kinase. In certain embodiments, the mutation is an internal tandem duplication (ITD). In certain embodiments, the mutation is a D835H, D835V, D835Y, K663Q, N841L, or F691L mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation is a D835Y mutation. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In certain embodiments, the MDS is high grade. In other embodiments, the MDS is low grade. In certain embodiments, the MDS is high risk. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is lymphoblastic leukemia (e.g, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In certain embodiments, the CLL is high risk CLL. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is follicular lymphoma. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is activated B cell-like (ABC) DLBCL. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL. In certain embodiments, the DLBCL is extranodal. In certain embodiments, the DLBCL is extranodal leg lymphoma, extranodal testicle lymphoma, or extra nodal not otherwise specified (NOS) type lymphoma. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is mantle cell lymphoma. In further embodiments, the hematological malignancy is Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. In certain embodiments, the DLBCL or WM is characterized by a L265P mutation in MYD88. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is multiple myeloma. In still other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is marginal zone lymphoma. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is Burkitt’s lymphoma. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is non-Burkitt high grade B cell lymphoma. In still other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is transformed high grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL). In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL). In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is CNS lymphoma. In yet other embodiments, the CNS lymphoma is primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). In yet other embodiments, the hematological malignancy is MALT lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancies described above may be in complete remission (CR) or complete remission with partial hematologic recovery (CRh) In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancies described above are resistant to treatment with a BTK inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancies described above are resistant to treatment with a BTK inhibitor as a monotherapy. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancies is resistant to treatment with ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, evobrutinib, ONO-4059, spebrutinib, or HM7 1224. In certain preferred embodiments, the hematological malignancy is resistant to treatment with ibrutinib.

[0168] In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from brain cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, epidermal cancer, prostate cancer, head or neck cancer. In certain preferred embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer. In other embodiments, the cancer is colon cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In various such embodiments, the cancer may be localized, relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed. In some embodiments, the cancer is refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is localized (e.g., the cancer is confined to a single organ or compartment).

[0169] The combinations disclosed herein may be used as a first line therapy or they may be administered to patients who have failed to achieve a response (e.g., a reduction in MRD), either partial or full, using one or more previous anti-cancer therapies or anti-inflammatory therapies. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received at least one anti-cancer therapy. In certain embodiments, the patient has previously received one anti-cancer therapy. In other embodiments, the patient has previously received two anti-cancer therapies. In yet other embodiments, the patient has previously received three anti-cancer therapies. In yet other embodiments, the patient has previously received four anti-cancer therapies. In yet other embodiments, the patient has previously received five anti-cancer therapies. In certain embodiments, the at least one anti-cancer therapy is selected from an anti-CD20 antibody, a nitrogen mustard, a steroid, a purine analog, a DNA a topoisomerase inhibitor, a DNA intercalator, a tubulin inhibitor, a BCL-2 inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor, a toll-like receptor inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor, an SRC kinase inhibitor, a PI3K kinase inhibitor, BTK inhibitor, a glutaminase inhibitor, a PD-1 inhibitor, a PD-L1 inhibitor and a methylating agent; or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is selected from ibrutinib, rituximab, bendamustine, bortezomib, dexamethasone, chlorambucil, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, venetoclax, ifosfamide, prednisone, oprozomib, ixazomib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, IMO-08400, idelalisib, umbrelasib, CB-839, fludarabine, and thalidomide; or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is ibrutinib. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is ibrutinib and rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is bendamustine. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is bendamustine and rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is bortezomib. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is bortezomib and dexamethasone. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is bortezomib and rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is bortezomib, rituximab, and dexamethasone. In certain embodiments, chlorambucil. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is cladribine. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is cladribine and rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and rituximab (z.e., CHOP-R). In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and rituximab (z.e., CPR). In certain embodiments, the anticancer therapy is fludarabine. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is fludarabine and rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. In certain preferred embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is rituximab. In certain preferred embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (z.e., RCD). In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is thalidomide. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is thalidomide and rituximab. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is venetoclax. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (z.e., R-CyBorD). In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is a hypomethylating agent. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received at least 6 cycles of a hypomethylating agent. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is a combination of any of the foregoing, for example the subject may first receive rituximab and then at a later date receive a combination of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (z.e., RCD).

[0170] The subject may also have received or been prepared for other, non-chemotherapeutic treatments, such as surgery, radiation, or a bone marrow transplant. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received etoposide chemo-mobilization therapy. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received a bone marrow transplant. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received a stem cell transplant. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received an autologous cell transplant. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received an allogenic stem cell transplant. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received a hematopoietic cell transplantation. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (z.e., BEAM conditioning). In certain embodiments, the subject has previously received re-induction therapy.

[0171] The subject may have also previously exhibited a favorable outcome to prior therapy only to require additional treatment at a later date. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously achieved a partial response. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously achieved a good partial response. In certain embodiments, the subject has previously achieved a complete response. In certain embodiments, the cancer is relapsed. In certain embodiments, the cancer is refractory. The subject may also have preexisting or developed one or more genetic mutations that render the subject’ s cancer more or less resistant to therapy. In certain embodiments, the subj ect has a mutation in RICTOR. In certain embodiments, the subject has a N1065S mutation in RICTOR. In certain preferred embodiments, the subject has a mutation in MYD88. In certain even further preferred embodiments, the subject has a L265P mutation in MYD88. In certain embodiments, the subject has a mutation in TET2. In certain embodiments, the subject does not have a mutation in CXCR4. In other embodiments, the subject has a mutation in CXCR4. In certain embodiments, the subject shows early progression. In certain embodiments, the subject has not previously received a BTK inhibitor. In certain preferred embodiments, the subject has a mutation in SF3B1 (e.g, an insertion, deletion, loss, or spliceosome mutation). In certain preferred embodiments, the subject has a mutation in U2AF1 (e.g, an insertion, deletion, loss, or spliceosome mutation). In certain preferred embodiments, the subject has a mutation (e.g., an insertion, deletion, loss, or internal tandem duplication) in FLT3 kinase. In certain preferred embodiments, the mutation of FLT3 kinase is selected from one or more of an internal tandem duplication (ITD), a mutation in a mutation in D835, a mutation in F691, a mutation in K663, and / or a mutation in N841. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises a D835H mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises a D835V mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises a D835Y mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises a K663Q mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises an N841I mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises an ITD and a D835V mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises an ITD and an F691L mutation. In certain embodiments, the mutation in FLT3 kinase comprises an ITD and a D835Y mutation. In certain embodiments, the subject has a mutation (e.g., an insertion, deletion, or loss) in STAG2. In certain embodiments, the subject has a mutation (e.g., an insertion, deletion, or loss) in DNMT3A. In certain embodiments, the subject has a mutation (e.g., an insertion, deletion, or loss) in BCOR. In certain embodiments, the subject has a mutation (e.g., an insertion, deletion, or loss) in WT1. In certain embodiments, the subject has a mutation in NRAS.

[0172] In certain embodiments, following administration of the combinations, the subject achieves a partial response. In certain embodiments, following administration of the combinations, the subject achieves a good partial response. In other embodiments, following administration of the combinations, the subject achieves a complete response. In other embodiments, following administration of the combinations, the subject achieves a complete response with partial hematologic recovery. In certain embodiments, the subject achieves a partial response within 7 days of receiving the combinations. In certain embodiments, the subject achieves a good partial response within 7 days of receiving the combinations. In certain embodiments, the subject achieves a complete response within 7 days of receiving the combinations. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 5%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 10%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 15%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 20%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 25%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 30%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 35%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 40%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 45%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 50%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 55%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 60%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 65%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 70%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 80%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 85%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 90%. In certain embodiments, the subject’s tumor volume is reduced by 95%.

[0173] Generally, MRD may be assessed via different modalities. Indeed, different assessment approaches and prognostic thresholds depend on the heterogeneity of the hematological malignancy. In certain embodiments, MRD can be assessed via morphological methods, including bone marrow biopsy. In certain embodiments, multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) can be employed to identify leukemic cells with specific leukemia-associated phenotypes in malignancies such as Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). In certain embodiments, MRD can be assessed via next generation sequencing of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the blood. Indeed, MFC may be chosen due to fast turnaround, low cost, and high availability. In certain embodiments, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) can be utilized to quantify well-defined genetic aberrations in malignancies such as AML, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) or Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Advantages of utilizing RT-qPCR include high sensitivity, rapid turnaround, and low cost. In certain embodiments, next-generation sequencing (NGS) can be used to identify, quantity and track a broad set of disease-associated mutations. In certain embodiments, ctDNA allows for higher sensitivity of solid tumor detection and ability to tailor systemic therapy.

[0174] Methods of Administration

[0175] The IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog may be administered in a number of ways. For example, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog may be administered simultaneously. In some embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously.

[0176] In other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader may be administered first, the BCL-2 inhibitor second, and the nucleoside analog third.

[0177] In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader may be administered first, the BCL-2 inhibitor third, and the nucleoside analog second. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader may be administered second, the BCL- 2 inhibitor first, and the nucleoside analog third. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader may be administered second, the BCL-2 inhibitor third, and the nucleoside analog first. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader may be administered third, the BCL-2 inhibitor first, and the nucleoside analog second. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader may be administered third, the BCL-2 inhibitor second, and the nucleoside analog first. In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

[0178] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor may be administered first, the BCL-2 inhibitor third, and the nucleoside analog second. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor may be administered second, the BCL-2 inhibitor first, and the nucleoside analog third. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor may be administered second, the BCL-2 inhibitor third, and the nucleoside analog first. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor may be administered third, the BCL-2 inhibitor first, and the nucleoside analog second. In yet other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor may be administered third, the BCL-2 inhibitor second, and the nucleoside analog first. In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

[0179] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously. In other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

[0180] In certain embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously. In other embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

[0181] In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL- 2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response. In some embodiments, the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response (e.g., 5-25% residual blasts). In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response (e.g., about 5% or less residual blasts). In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response. In some embodiments, following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response.

[0182] Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0183] The compositions and methods of the present disclosure may be utilized to treat an individual in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the individual is a mammal such as a human, or a non-human mammal. When administered to an animal, such as a human, the composition or the compound is preferably administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising, for example, a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and include, for example, aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, or injectable organic esters. In preferred embodiments, when such pharmaceutical compositions are for human administration, particularly for invasive routes of administration (z.e., routes, such as injection or implantation, that circumvent transport or diffusion through an epithelial barrier), the aqueous solution is pyrogen-free, or substantially pyrogen-free. The excipients can be chosen, for example, to effect delayed release of an agent or to selectively target one or more cells, tissues or organs. The pharmaceutical composition can be in dosage unit form such as tablet, capsule (including sprinkle capsule and gelatin capsule), granule, lyophile for reconstitution, powder, solution, syrup, suppository, injection or the like. The composition can also be present in a transdermal delivery system, e.g., a skin patch. The composition can also be present in a solution suitable for topical administration, such as a lotion, cream, or ointment.

[0184] A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain physiologically acceptable agents that act, for example, to stabilize, increase solubility or to increase the absorption of a compound such as a compound of the invention. Such physiologically acceptable agents include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients. The choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable agent, depends, for example, on the route of administration of the composition. The preparation or pharmaceutical composition can be a self-emulsifying drug delivery system or a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. The pharmaceutical composition (preparation) also can be a liposome or other polymer matrix, which can have incorporated therein, for example, a compound of the invention. Liposomes, for example, which comprise phospholipids or other lipids, are nontoxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that are relatively simple to make and administer.

[0185] The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.

[0186] The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

[0187] A pharmaceutical composition (preparation) can be administered to a subject by any of a number of routes of administration including, for example, orally (for example, drenches as in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, tablets, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue); absorption through the oral mucosa (e.g., sublingually); subcutaneously; transdermally (for example as a patch applied to the skin); and topically (for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin). The compound may also be formulated for inhalation. In certain embodiments, a compound may be simply dissolved or suspended in sterile water. Details of appropriate routes of administration and compositions suitable for same can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,973, 5,763,493, 5,731,000, 5,541,231, 5,427,798, 5,358,970 and 4,172,896, as well as in patents cited therein. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.

[0188] Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association an active compound, such as a compound of the invention, with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0189] Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), lyophile, powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and / or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. Compositions or compounds may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

[0190] To prepare solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and / or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and / or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and / or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; (10) complexing agents, such as, modified and unmodified cyclodextrins; and (11) coloring agents. In the case of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard- filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

[0191] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surfaceactive or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

[0192] The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions, such as dragees, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and / or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

[0193] Liquid dosage forms useful for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, lyophiles for reconstitution, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3- butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, com, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

[0194] Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

[0195] Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

[0196] Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.

[0197] The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

[0198] Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

[0199] Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the active compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel. The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered parenterally" as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more active compounds in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

[0200] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

[0201] These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0202] In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.

[0203] For use in the methods of this invention, active compounds can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0204] Methods of introduction may also be provided by rechargeable or biodegradable devices. Various slow release polymeric devices have been developed and tested in vivo in recent years for the controlled delivery of drugs, including proteinaceous biopharmaceuticals. A variety of biocompatible polymers (including hydrogels), including both biodegradable and non-degradable polymers, can be used to form an implant for the sustained release of a compound at a particular target site.

[0205] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions may be varied so as to obtain the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

[0206] The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound or combination of compounds employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound(s) being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compound(s) employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

[0207] A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the pharmaceutical composition or compound at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. By “therapeutically effective amount” is meant the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect. It is generally understood that the effective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, sex, age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors which influence the effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severity of the patient's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability of the compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent being administered with the compound of the invention. A larger total dose can be delivered by multiple administrations of the agent. Methods to determine efficacy and dosage are known to those skilled in the art (Isselbacher et al. (1996) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 13 ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference).

[0208] In general, a suitable daily dose of an active compound used in the compositions and methods of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.

[0209] If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as one, two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active compound may be administered two or three times daily. In preferred embodiments, the active compound will be administered once daily.

[0210] The patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, including primates, in particular humans; and other mammals such as equines, cattle, swine, sheep, cats, and dogs; poultry; and pets in general.

[0211] In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention may be used alone or conjointly administered with another type of therapeutic agent.

[0212] The present disclosure includes the use of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention in the compositions and methods of the present invention. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, alkyl, dialkyl, trialkyl or tetra-alkyl ammonium salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, L-arginine, benenthamine, benzathine, betaine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, hydrabamine, IH-imidazole, lithium, L- lysine, magnesium, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, piperazine, potassium, l-(2- hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, sodium, triethanolamine, tromethamine, and zinc salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn or other metal salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, 1 -hydroxy -2-naphthoic acid, 2, 2-di chloroacetic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, 1-ascorbic acid, 1-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid (decanoic acid), caproic acid (hexanoic acid), caprylic acid (octanoic acid), carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane- 1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, d-glucoheptonic acid, d-gluconic acid, d-glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, 1-malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid , naphthalene-l,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, phosphoric acid, proprionic acid, 1-pyroglutamic acid, salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, 1-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and undecylenic acid salts.

[0213] The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can also exist as various solvates, such as with water, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, and the like. Mixtures of such solvates can also be prepared. The source of such solvate can be from the solvent of crystallization, inherent in the solvent of preparation or crystallization, or adventitious to such solvent.

[0214] Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

[0215] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BEIT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

[0216] Definitions

[0217] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in this application shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, chemistry, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, cell and cancer biology, neurobiology, neurochemistry, virology, immunology, microbiology, pharmacology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry, described herein, are those well known and commonly used in the art.

[0218] The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed, unless otherwise indicated, according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout this specification. See, e.g. “Principles of Neural Science”, McGraw-Hill Medical, New York, N.Y. (2000); Motulsky, “Intuitive Biostatistics”, Oxford University Press, Inc. (1995); Lodish et al., “Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed ”, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York (2000); Griffiths et al., “Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th ed.”, W. H. Freeman & Co., N.Y. (1999); and Gilbert et al., “Developmental Biology, 6th ed ”, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA (2000).

[0219] Chemistry terms used herein, unless otherwise defined herein, are used according to conventional usage in the art, as exemplified by “The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms”, Parker S., Ed., McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, C.A. (1985).

[0220] All of the above, and any other publications, patents and published patent applications referred to in this application are specifically incorporated by reference herein. In case of conflict, the present specification, including its specific definitions, will control.

[0221] The term “agent” is used herein to denote a chemical compound (such as an organic or inorganic compound, a mixture of chemical compounds), a biological macromolecule (such as a nucleic acid, an antibody, including parts thereof as well as humanized, chimeric and human antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, a protein or portion thereof, e.g., a peptide, a lipid, a carbohydrate), or an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal (particularly mammalian) cells or tissues. Agents include, for example, agents whose structure is known, and those whose structure is not known. The ability of such agents to inhibit AR or promote AR degradation may render them suitable as “therapeutic agents” in the methods and compositions of this disclosure.

[0222] A “patient,” “subject,” or “individual” are used interchangeably and refer to either a human or a non-human animal. These terms include mammals, such as humans, primates, livestock animals (including bovines, porcines, etc.), companion animals (e.g., canines, felines, etc.) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats).

[0223] "MRD-positive” (MRD+) refers to the presence of measurable residual disease (MRD) of >1 residual blast / 1000 leukocytes. “MRD-negative” (MRD-) refers to absence of measurable residual disease of <1 residual blast / 1000 leukocytes.

[0224] “Reducing MRD” refers to lowering the number of cancers cells in a subject.

[0225] “Eliminating MRD” refers to residual disease not detected by conventional imaging modalities and molecular methods, amongst other assessments. Elimination may be detected via local bone marrow testing, multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) or a series of molecular methods including PCR and next generation sequencing.

[0226] “Treating” a condition or patient refers to taking steps to obtain beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results can include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e. not worsening) state of disease, preventing spread of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

[0227] The term “preventing” is art-recognized, and when used in relation to a condition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition, is well understood in the art, and includes administration of a composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which does not receive the composition. Thus, prevention of cancer includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to an untreated control population, and / or delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by a statistically and / or clinically significant amount.

[0228] “Administering” or “administration of’ a substance, a compound or an agent to a subject can be carried out using one of a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, a compound or an agent can be administered, intravenously, arterially, intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, ocularly, sublingually, orally (by ingestion), intranasally (by inhalation), intraspinally, intracerebrally, and transdermally (by absorption, e.g., through a skin duct). A compound or agent can also appropriately be introduced by rechargeable or biodegradable polymeric devices or other devices, e.g., patches and pumps, or formulations, which provide for the extended, slow or controlled release of the compound or agent. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and / or over one or more extended periods.

[0229] Appropriate methods of administering a substance, a compound or an agent to a subject will also depend, for example, on the age and / or the physical condition of the subject and the chemical and biological properties of the compound or agent (e.g., solubility, digestibility, bioavailability, stability and toxicity). In certain embodiments, a compound or an agent is administered orally, e.g., to a subject by ingestion. In certain embodiments, the orally administered compound or agent is in an extended release or slow release formulation, or administered using a device for such slow or extended release.

[0230] As used herein, the phrase “conjoint administration” refers to any form of administration of two or more different therapeutic agents such that the second agent is administered while the previously administered therapeutic agent is still effective in the body (e.g., the two agents are simultaneously effective in the patient, which may include synergistic effects of the two agents). For example, the different therapeutic compounds can be administered either in the same formulation or in separate formulations, either concomitantly or sequentially. Thus, an individual who receives such treatment can benefit from a combined effect of different therapeutic agents.

[0231] A “therapeutically effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective dose” of a drug or agent is a drug or an agent that, when administered to a subject will have the intended therapeutic effect. The full therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. The precise effective amount needed for a subject will depend upon, for example, the subject’s size, health and age, and the nature and extent of the condition being treated, such as cancer or MDS. The skilled worker can readily determine the effective amount for a given situation by routine experimentation.

[0232] As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” mean that the subsequently described event or circumstance may occur or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs as well as instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” refers to the alkyl may be substituted as well as where the alkyl is not substituted.

[0233] It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the present invention can be selected by one of ordinary skilled person in the art to result chemically stable compounds which can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting materials. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these multiple groups may be on the same carbon or on different carbons, so long as a stable structure results.

[0234] As used herein, the term “optionally substituted” refers to the replacement of one to six hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent including, but not limited to: hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, halogen, alkyl, nitro, silyl, acyl, acyloxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, amino, aminoalkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -OCO-CH2-O- alkyl, -OP(O)(O-alkyl)2 or -CH2-OP(O)(O-alkyl)2. Preferably, “optionally substituted” refers to the replacement of one to four hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the substituents mentioned above. More preferably, one to three hydrogen radicals are replaced by the substituents as mentioned above. It is understood that the substituent can be further substituted.

[0235] As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to saturated aliphatic groups, including but not limited to C1-C10 straight-chain alkyl groups or C1-C10 branched-chain alkyl groups. Preferably, the “alkyl” group refers to Ci-Ce straight-chain alkyl groups or Ci-Ce branched- chain alkyl groups. Most preferably, the “alkyl” group refers to C1-C4 straight-chain alkyl groups or C1-C4 branched-chain alkyl groups. Examples of “alkyl” include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1 -propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1 -pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3 -pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1 -hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3 -hexyl, 1 -heptyl, 2-heptyl, 3 -heptyl, 4-heptyl, 1 -octyl, 2-octyl, 3-octyl or 4-octyl and the like. The “alkyl” group may be optionally substituted.

[0236] The term “acyl” is art-recognized and refers to a group represented by the general formula hydrocarbylC(O)-, preferably alkylC(O)-.

[0237] The term “acylamino” is art-recognized and refers to an amino group substituted with an acyl group and may be represented, for example, by the formula hydrocarbylC(O)NH-.

[0238] The term “acyloxy” is art-recognized and refers to a group represented by the general formula hydrocarbylC(O)O-, preferably alkylC(O)O-.

[0239] The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

[0240] The term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group and may be represented by the general formula alkyl-O-alkyl.

[0241] The term “alkyl” refers to saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl groups. In preferred embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone e.g., Ci- 30 for straight chains, C3-30 for branched chains), and more preferably 20 or fewer.

[0242] Moreover, the term “alkyl” as used throughout the specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both unsubstituted and substituted alkyl groups, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl, etc.

[0243] The term “Cx-y” or “Cx-Cy”, when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, such as, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant to include groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain. Coalkyl indicates a hydrogen where the group is in a terminal position, a bond if internal. A Ci-ealkyl group, for example, contains from one to six carbon atoms in the chain.

[0244] The term “alkylamino”, as used herein, refers to an amino group substituted with at least one alkyl group.

[0245] The term “alkylthio”, as used herein, refers to a thiol group substituted with an alkyl group and may be represented by the general formula alkylS-.

[0246] The term “amide”, as used herein, refers to a group wherein R9and R10each independently represent a hydrogen or hydrocarbyl group, or R9and R10taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

[0247] The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by 2 wherein R9, R10, and R10’ each independently represent a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, or R9and R10taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

[0248] The term “aminoalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with an amino group. The term “aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.

[0249] The term “aryl” as used herein include substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon. Preferably the ring is a 5- to 7-membered ring, more preferably a 6-membered ring. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g. , the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and / or heterocyclyls. Aryl groups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, and the like.

[0250] The term “carbamate” is art-recognized and refers to a group wherein R9and R10independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group.

[0251] The term “carbocyclylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a carbocycle group.

[0252] The term “carbocycle” includes 5-7 membered monocyclic and 8-12 membered bicyclic rings. Each ring of a bicyclic carbocycle may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings. Carbocycle includes bicyclic molecules in which one, two or three or more atoms are shared between the two rings. The term “fused carbocycle” refers to a bicyclic carbocycle in which each of the rings shares two adjacent atoms with the other ring. Each ring of a fused carbocycle may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings. In an exemplary embodiment, an aromatic ring, e.g., phenyl, may be fused to a saturated or unsaturated ring, e.g., cyclohexane, cyclopentane, or cyclohexene. Any combination of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic bicyclic rings, as valence permits, is included in the definition of carbocyclic. Exemplary “carbocycles” include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct- 3-ene, naphthalene and adamantane. Exemplary fused carbocycles include decalin, naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, bicyclo[4.2.0]octane, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-lH- indene and bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene. “Carbocycles” may be substituted at any one or more positions capable of bearing a hydrogen atom.

[0253] The term “carbocyclylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a carbocycle group.

[0254] The term “carbonate” is art-recognized and refers to a group -OCO2-. The term “carboxy”, as used herein, refers to a group represented by the formula -CO2H.

[0255] The term “cycloalkyl” includes substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic single ring structures, preferably 4- to 8-membered rings, more preferably 4- to 6-membered rings. The term “cycloalkyl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is cycloalkyl and the substituent (e.g., R100) is attached to the cycloalkyl ring, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and / or heterocyclyls. Heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, denzodioxane, tetrahydroquinoline, and the like.

[0256] The term “ester”, as used herein, refers to a group -C(O)OR9wherein R9represents a hydrocarbyl group.

[0257] The term “ether”, as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbyl group linked through an oxygen to another hydrocarbyl group. Accordingly, an ether substituent of a hydrocarbyl group may be hydrocarbyl-O-. Ethers may be either symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Examples of ethers include, but are not limited to, heterocycle-O-heterocycle and aryl-O-heterocycle. Ethers include “alkoxyalkyl” groups, which may be represented by the general formula alkyl-O-alkyl.

[0258] The terms “halo” and “halogen” as used herein means halogen and includes chloro, fluoro, bromo, and iodo.

[0259] The terms “hetaralkyl” and “heteroaralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a hetaryl group.

[0260] The terms “heteroaryl” and “hetaryl” include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic single ring structures, preferably 5- to 7-membered rings, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to four heteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms “heteroaryl” and “hetaryl” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and / or heterocyclyls. Heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like.

[0261] The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The term “heterocyclylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heterocycle group.

[0262] The terms “heterocyclyl”, “heterocycle”, and “heterocyclic” refer to substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic ring structures, preferably 3- to 10-membered rings, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ring structures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to four heteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms “heterocyclyl” and “heterocyclic” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and / or heterocyclyls. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.

[0263] The term “hydrocarbyl”, as used herein, refers to a group that is bonded through a carbon atom that does not have a =0 or =S substituent, and typically has at least one carbonhydrogen bond and a primarily carbon backbone, but may optionally include heteroatoms. Thus, groups like methyl, ethoxyethyl, 2-pyridyl, and even trifluoromethyl are considered to be hydrocarbyl for the purposes of this application, but substituents such as acetyl (which has a =0 substituent on the linking carbon) and ethoxy (which is linked through oxygen, not carbon) are not. Hydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycle, heterocycle, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and combinations thereof.

[0264] The term “hydroxyalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group.

[0265] The term “lower” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, such as, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant to include groups where there are ten or fewer atoms in the substituent, preferably six or fewer. A “lower alkyl”, for example, refers to an alkyl group that contains ten or fewer carbon atoms, preferably six or fewer. In certain embodiments, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy substituents defined herein are respectively lower acyl, lower acyloxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, or lower alkoxy, whether they appear alone or in combination with other substituents, such as in the recitations hydroxyalkyl and aralkyl (in which case, for example, the atoms within the aryl group are not counted when counting the carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent).

[0266] The terms “polycyclyl”, “polycycle”, and “polycyclic” refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and / or heterocyclyls) in which two or more atoms are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, each ring of the poly cycle contains from 3 to 10 atoms in the ring, preferably from 5 to 7.

[0267] The term “sulfate” is art-recognized and refers to the group -OSO3H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0268] The term “sulfonamide” is art-recognized and refers to the group represented by the general formulae wherein R9and R10independently represents hydrogen or hydrocarbyl.

[0269] The term “sulfoxide” is art-recognized and refers to the group-S(O)-.

[0270] The term “sulfonate” is art-recognized and refers to the group SO3H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0271] The term “sulfone” is art-recognized and refers to the group -S(O)2-.

[0272] The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and / or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Substituents can include any substituents described herein, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. The term “thioalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a thiol group.

[0273] The term “thioester”, as used herein, refers to a group -C(O)SR9or -SC(O)R9wherein R9represents a hydrocarbyl.

[0274] The term “thioether”, as used herein, is equivalent to an ether, wherein the oxygen is replaced with a sulfur.

[0275] The term “urea” is art-recognized and may be represented by the general formula wherein R9and R10independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl.

[0276] The term “modulate” as used herein includes the inhibition or suppression of a function or activity (such as cell proliferation) as well as the enhancement of a function or activity.

[0277] The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is art-recognized. In certain embodiments, the term includes compositions, excipients, adjuvants, polymers and other materials and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.

[0278] “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” or “salt” is used herein to refer to an acid addition salt or a basic addition salt which is suitable for or compatible with the treatment of patients.

[0279] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” as used herein means any non-toxic organic or inorganic salt of any base compounds represented by Formula I. Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acids, as well as metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids that form suitable salts include mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids such as glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, benzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic and salicylic acids, as well as sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic and methanesulfonic acids. Either the mono or di-acid salts can be formed, and such salts may exist in either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form. In general, the acid addition salts of compounds of Formula I are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents, and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms. The selection of the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. Other non- pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g., oxalates, may be used, for example, in the isolation of compounds of Formula I for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.

[0280] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salt” as used herein means any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of any acid compounds represented by Formula I or any of their intermediates. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or barium hydroxide. Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, trimethylamine and picoline or ammonia. The selection of the appropriate salt will be known to a person skilled in the art.

[0281] Many of the compounds useful in the methods and compositions of this disclosure have at least one stereogenic center in their structure. This stereogenic center may be present in a R or a S configuration, said R and S notation is used in correspondence with the rules described in Pure Appl. Chem. (1976), 45, 11-30. The disclosure contemplates all stereoisomeric forms such as enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric forms of the compounds, salts, prodrugs or mixtures thereof (including all possible mixtures of stereoisomers). See, e.g., WO 01 / 062726.

[0282] Furthermore, certain compounds which contain alkenyl groups may exist as Z (zusammen) or E (entgegen) isomers. In each instance, the disclosure includes both mixture and separate individual isomers.

[0283] Some of the compounds may also exist in tautomeric forms. Such forms, although not explicitly indicated in the formulae described herein, are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0284] “Prodrug” or “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” refers to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host after administration to form the compound of the present disclosure (e.g., compounds of formula I). Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile or cleavable (protecting) groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, or dephosphorylated to produce the active compound. Examples of prodrugs using ester or phosphoramidate as biologically labile or cleavable (protecting) groups are disclosed in U.S. Patents 6,875,751, 7,585,851, and 7,964,580, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The prodrugs of this disclosure are metabolized to produce a compound of Formula I. The present disclosure includes within its scope, prodrugs of the compounds described herein. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrugs are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs” Ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

[0285] The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filter, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material useful for formulating a drug for medicinal or therapeutic use.

[0286] The term “Log of solubility”, “LogS” or “logS” as used herein is used in the art to quantify the aqueous solubility of a compound. The aqueous solubility of a compound significantly affects its absorption and distribution characteristics. A low solubility often goes along with a poor absorption. LogS value is a unit stripped logarithm (base 10) of the solubility measured in mol / liter.

[0287] The term “partial response” as used herein means an objective response in at least one organ or tissue in the subject with no evidence of progression elsewhere. For example, a partial response may refer to a 50% or more reduction in the disease state (e.g., tumor volume).

[0288] The term “complete response” as used herein means a complete disappearance of the measurable evidence of the disease in the subject. For example, in certain embodiments a complete response may refer to the complete measurable disappearance of the subject’s cancer. In other embodiments, a complete response may refer to the complete measurable disappearance of the subject’s symptoms (e.g., the subject’s cytokine count may return to normal).

[0289] The term “emavusertib” refers

[0290] EXAMPLES

[0291] The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0292] Example 1 : Exemplary Treatment of Cancer with a Combination of an IRAK-4 Inhibitor, a BCL-2 Inhibitor, and a Nucleoside Analog

[0293] Materials and Methods

[0294] This is a single-arm, open-label Phase lb study of emavusertib in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax (aza+ven) in AML patients who achieved CR or CRh with MRD+ status based on local testing. The primary objective is to determine a safe and tolerable dosing schedule for the triple combination. Secondary objectives include determining the MRD conversion rate, pharmacokinetics, DOR, and OS. Patients will have received aza+ven as first line therapy and achieved CR or CRh after 1-6 cycles of aza+ven. If MRD status remains positive, emavusertib will be added to the existing well tolerated aza+ven regimen. Key exclusion criteria include residual toxicities and significant comorbidities. The starting emavusertib dose is 200 mg twice a day (200 mg BID) for 7 days per cycle of 28 days. If well tolerated, duration of emavusertib treatment will be extended to 14 and 21 days, respectively; no intra-patient change of emavusertib dosing duration is planned. The patients will continue triple treatment (emavusertib+aza+ven) until consent withdrawal, disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or not achieving MRD- within 6 cycles of triple treatment. In this Phase lb trial, MRD can be evaluated by local testing of bone marrow.

[0295] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0296] All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.

[0297] EQUIVALENTS

[0298] While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.

Claims

We claim:

1. A method of reducing or eliminating measurable residual disease (MRD) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an IRAK4 inhibitor or an IRAK4 degrader.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises conjointly administering to the subject a nucleoside analog.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises conjointly administering to the subject a BCL-2 inhibitor.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises conjointly administering to the subject a nucleoside analog and a BCL-2 inhibitor.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (I):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein,Zi is an optionally substituted heteroaryl;Z2 is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl or a direct bond;Ri is alkyl, cyano, -NRaRb or optionally substituted groups selected from cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; wherein the substituent, at each occurrence, independently is alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -OCO-CH2-O-alkyl, -OP(O)(O-alkyl)2or -CH2-OP(O)(O-alkyl)2;R2, at each occurrence, independently is an optionally substituted group selected from alkyl or cycloalkyl; wherein the substituent, at each occurrence, is independently halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;R.3, at each occurrence, independently is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxy alkyl;Ra is hydrogen or alkyl;Rb is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, -SCh-alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl; and ‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 1 or 2.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein Zi is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.

7. The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein Zi is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, wherein the optional substituent is alkyl.

8. The method of any one of claims 5-7, wherein Zi is tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl and pyrazolyl.

9. The method of any one of claims 5-8, wherein Zi is selected from pyridyl and oxazolyl.

10. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IA)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IB)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

12. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IC)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

13. The method of any one of claims 5-12, wherein Z2 is a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.

14. The method of any one of claims 5-13, wherein Z2 is heterocycloalkyl or a direct bond.

15. The method of any one of claims 5-13, wherein Z2 is azetidinyl, oxetanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, piperazinyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl and pyrazolyl.

16. The method of any one of claims 5-13, wherein Z2 is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, or a direct bond.

17. The method of any one of claims 5-14, wherein Z2 is a direct bond.

18. The method of any one of claims 5-17, wherein m is 1 and n is 1 or 2.

19. The method of any one of claims 5-18, wherein m and n are each 1.

20. The method of any one of claims 5-19, wherein Ri is selected from cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, -NRaRb, aryl, and heterocyclyl.

21. The method of any one of claims 5-20, wherein Ri is selected from cyano, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl.

22. The method of any one of claims 5-21, wherein Ri is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl.

23. The method of any one of claims 5-21, wherein Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or amino.

24. The method of any one of claims 5-21, wherein Ri is optionally substituted azetidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl or azepanyl.

25. The method of any one of claims 5-21, wherein Ri is optionally substituted piperidinyl or morpholinyl.

26. The method of any one of claims 5-21, wherein Ri is optionally substituted phenyl, wherein the substituent is halogen.

27. The method of any one of claims 5-21, wherein Ri is cyano or cycloalkyl.

28. The method of any one of claims 5-22, wherein Ri is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.

29. The method of any one of claims 5-20, wherein Ri is -NRaRb; Ra is hydrogen; and Rb is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl.

30. The method of any one of claims 5-29, wherein R2 is optionally substituted alkyl and the substituent is alkoxy.

31. The method of any one of claims 5-29, wherein R2 is cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl.

32. The method of any one of claims 5-31, wherein R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, -NRaRb, hydroxyl or hydroxy alkyl.

33. The method of any one of claims 5-32, wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, and hydroxyl.

34. The method of any one of claims 5-32, wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl and-NRaRb.

35. The method of any one of claims 5-32, wherein R3 is H.

36. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

37. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from: N-(2-cyclopentyl-6-morpholino-2H-indazol-5-yl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl) oxazole-4- carboxamide;(R)-6-(l-(2-hydroxypropyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(2-methyl-6-(piperidin-l-yl)-2H-indazol-5- yl)picolinamide;N-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidin-l-yl)-2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-5-yl)-2-(2-methylpyri din-4- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide; andN-(2-cyclopentyl-6-cyclopropyl-2H-indazol-5-yl)-6-(l-methyl-lH-pyrazol-4- yl)picolinamide.

38. The method of claim 5, the compound of formula (I) is selected from:N-(6-(3-fluoropiperidin-l-yl)-2-methyl-2H-indazol-5-yl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)oxazole-4- carboxamide;2-(2-aminopyridin-4-yl)-N-(6-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-l-yl)-l,3-dimethyl-lH-indazol-5- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide;N-(6-(4-(aminomethyl)piperidin- 1 -yl)- 1 -(2-methoxy ethyl)- lH-indazol-5-yl)-2-(2- methylpyridin-4-yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide; and (S)-N-(6-cyclopropyl-l-methyl-lH-indazol-5-yl)-6-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl)picolinamide.

39. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (II):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; whereinXi and X3 independently are CH or N; X2 is CR2 or N; provided one and not more than one of Xi, X2 or X3is N;A is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Z is aryl or heterocyclyl;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or -NRaRb;R2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb; wherein the substituent is alkyl, amino, halo or hydroxyl;R3, at each occurrence, is alkyl or hydroxyl;R and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl or heterocyclyl;‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 0, 1 or 2;‘p’ is 0 or 1.

40. The method of claim 39, whereinA is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Z is aryl or heterocyclyl;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, or -NRaRb; where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl;R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or -NRaRb;‘m’ is 0; and‘n’ is 1.

41. The method of claim 39, whereinA is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Z is aryl or heterocyclyl;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl or -NRaRb, where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl;R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb, where the substituent is selected from amino, halo or hydroxyl;‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 0, 1 or 2; and‘p’ is 0 or 1.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein the moiety43. The method of any one of claims 39-42, wherein Z is aryl or 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl.

44. The method of any one of claims 39-43, wherein Z is an optionally substituted heterocyclyl selected from phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, IH-tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, dioxidothiomorpholinyl, oxapiperazinyl, oxapiperidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydropyranyl and azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl; each of which is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl or -NRaRb; and R and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl or acyl.

45. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound has a structure represented by formula (IIA):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

46. The method of claim 45, whereinA is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, or -NRaRb, where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl;R2is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or -NRaRb;‘m’ is 0; and‘n’ is 1.

47. The method of claim 45, whereinA is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl or -NRaRb, where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl;R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb, where the substituent is selected from amino, halo or hydroxyl; and‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 0, 1 or 2.

48. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound has a structure represented by formula(IIB):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

49. The method of claim 48, whereinA is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, or -NRaRb; where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl;R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or -NRaRb; and‘n’ is 1.

50. The method of claim 48, whereinA is O or S;Y is -CH2- or O;Ri, at each occurrence, is independently halo or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl or -NRaRb; where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl;R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb, where the substituent is selected from amino, halo or hydroxyl; and‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently 0, 1 or 2.

51. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound has a structure represented by formula(IIC)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

52. The method of any one of claims 39-51, wherein Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, hydroxy alkyl or -NRaRb; and Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen or acyl.

53. The method of any one of claims 39-51, wherein Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, or -NRaRb, and Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen or acyl.

54. The method of any one of claims 39-51, wherein Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and the substituent is alkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, or -NRaRb, where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl.

55. The method of any one of claims 39-51, wherein Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and the substituent is alkyl, alkoxy, aminoalkyl, halo, hydroxyl or -NRaRb; where Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or heterocyclyl.

56. The method of any one of claims 52-55, wherein Ri is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl.

57. The method of claim 52-56, wherein Ri is optionally substituted pyrazolyl, wherein the substituent is alkyl, hydroxyl or -NRaRb.

58. The method of any one of claims 39-51, wherein Ri is halo.

59. The method of any one of claims 39-58, wherein R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or -NRaRb.

60. The method of any one of claims 39-58, wherein R2 is hydrogen, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or -NRaRb, where the substituent is selected from amino, halo or hydroxyl.

61. The method of any one of claims 39-58, wherein R2 is optionally substituted heterocyclyl selected from piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl or azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl, halo, alkyl or amino.

62. The method of any one of claims 39-58, wherein R2 is piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, or piperazinyl.

63. The method of any one of claims 39-58, wherein R2 is hydrogen.

64. The method of any one of claims 39-58, wherein R2 is cycloalkyl.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein R2 is cyclopropyl.

66. The method of any one of claims 39-65, wherein R3 is alkyl.

67. The method of any one of claims 39-66, wherein m is 0 and p is 1.

68. The method of any one of claims 39-66, wherein m is 0 or 2, and p is 0 or 1.

69. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) is selected from:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

70. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) is selected from 6'-amino-N-(2-morpholinooxazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)-[2,3'-bipyridine]-6-carboxamide;N-(5-(4-hydroxypiperidin-l-yl)-2-morpholinooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(2- methylpyridin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide;N-(2,5-di(piperidin-l-yl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-6-(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)picolinamide hydrochloride; and(R)-N-(5-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl)-2-morpholinooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-2-(2- methylpyridin-4-yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide.

71. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) is selected from:N-(5-(3-fluoropiperidin-l-yl)-2-morpholinothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(2-methylpyridin- 4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide;N-(5-(azepan-l-yl)-2-morpholinothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-2-(2-methylpyri din-4- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide;(R)-N-(5-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl)-2-morpholinooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-2-(2- methylpyridin-4-yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide; andN-(2,5-di(piperidin-l-yl)thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-6-(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)picolinamide.

72. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) is74. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) ispharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

75. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) ispharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

76. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) ispharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

77. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound of formula (II) is79. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor has a structure represented by formula (III):or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein,Zi is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or is absent;Z2 is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl;Ri is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, amino, halogen, cyano, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl;R2 at each occurrence is hydrogen, halogen, amino, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl;R3 at each occurrence is hydroxy, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or -NRaRb;Ra and Rb, independently for each occurrence, are hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted arylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl; m, at each occurrence, is 0, 1 or 2; and n, at each occurrence, is 0, 1, or 2.

80. The method of claim 79, wherein Zi is an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

81. The method of claim 79 or 80, wherein Zi is a heterocyclyl selected from tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazinyl, phthalazinyl, thianthrene, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, purinyl, pteridinyl, 9H-carbazolyl, a-carboline, indolizinyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl, purinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzotri adiazolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzothienyl, acridinyl and pyrazolopy rimidyl.

82. The method of any one of claims 79-81, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IIIA)IIIA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

83. The method of any one of claims 79-81, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IIIIA)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

84. The method of any one of claims 79-83, wherein Z2 is a heterocyclyl.

85. The method of any one of claims 79-84, wherein Z2 is a heterocyclyl selected from azetidinyl, oxetanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, piperazinyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, indolinyl, indolinylmethyl, 2-aza- bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, chromanyl, xanthenyl or pyrrol opyridyl.

86. The method of any one of claims 79-84, wherein Z2 is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidyl, tetrahydropyridinyl or pyrrol opyridyl.

87. The method of any one of claims 79-84, wherein Z2 is pyrrolidinyl or pyridinyl.

88. The method of any one of claims 79-87, wherein Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

89. The method of any one of claims 79-87, wherein Ri is heterocyclyl; optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxyl or hydroxyalkyl.

90. The method of any one of claims 79-87, wherein Ri is optionally substituted azetidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl or azabicyclooctanyl.

91. The method of any one of claims 79-87, wherein Ri is piperidinyl.

92. The method of any one of claims 79-91, wherein R2 is optionally substituted alkyl.

93. The method of any one of claims 79-92, wherein R2 is alkyl, optionally substituted with heterocyclyl.

94. The method of any one of claims 79-91, wherein R2 is hydrogen.

95. The method of any one of claims 79-91, wherein R2 is cyclopropyl.

96. The method of any one of claims 79-95, wherein R3 is halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, - NRaRb, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl or hydroxy alkyl.

97. The method of any one of claims 79-95, wherein R3 is methyl, hydroxyl, or amino.

98. The method of any one of claims 79-95, wherein R3 is hydroxyl or amino.

99. The method of claim 79, whereinZi is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl;Z2 is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl;Ri is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, halogen, cyano, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, arylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl;R2 is amino, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, arylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl;R3 is hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, or -NRaRb;R and Rb, independently for each occurrence, are hydrogen, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, arylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl; m is 1; and n is 1.

100. The method of claim 79, whereinZi is heterocyclyl;Z2 is heterocyclyl;Ri is optionally substituted heterocyclyl;R2is alkyl;R3 is hydroxy, alkyl, or amino; m is 1; and n is 1.

101. The method of claim 79, wherein the compound of formula (III) is selected from:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

102. The method of claim 79, wherein the compound of formula (III) is selected from: (S)-2-(3-aminopyrrolidin-l-yl)-N-(2-methyl-5-(piperidin-l-yl)-2H-indazol-6-yl)oxazole-4- carboxamide;6-((S)-3 -hydroxypyrrolidin- 1 -yl)-N-(5 -(( S)-3 -hydroxypyrrolidin- 1 -yl)- 1 -methyl- IH-indazol- 6-yl) picolinamide;(S)-N-(l-ethyl-5-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl)-lH-indazol-6-yl)-2-(2-methylpyri din-4- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide hydrochloride; and(S)-N-(5-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin- 1 -yl)-l -methyl- lH-indazol-6-yl)-2-(2-methylpyrimidin-4- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide hydrochloride.

103. The method of claim 79, wherein the compound of formula (III) is selected from: (S)-2-(2-cyclopropylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(5-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl)-l-methyl-lH-indazol-6- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide hydrochloride;(S)-N-(l-cyclopropyl-5-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl)-lH-indazol-6-yl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4- yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide hydrochloride;N-(2-methyl-5-(piperidin-l-yl)-2H-indazol-6-yl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)oxazole-4- carboxamide hydrochloride; and(S)-6-(3-aminopyrrolidin-l-yl)-N-(l-methyl-5-(piperidin-l-yl)-lH-indazol-6- yl)picolinamide.

104. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering 100 - 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

105. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering 200 - 400 mg of theIRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

106. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering 250 - 350 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

107. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, or about 500 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

108. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, or about 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

109. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, or about 300 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

110. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 200 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

111. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 225 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

112. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 250 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

113. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 275 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

114. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 300 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

115. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 325 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

116. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 350 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

117. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 375 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

118. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 400 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject twice per day.

119. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, or about 500 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject once per day.

120. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 50 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject once per day.

121. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 75 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject once per day.

122. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 100 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject once per day.

123. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 125 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject once per day.

124. The method of any one of claims 1-103, comprising administering about 150 mg of the IRAK4 inhibitor to the subject once per day.

125. The method of any one of claims 1-124, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor is orally administered to the subject.

126. The method of claim 3, wherein the method comprises conjointly administering to the subject an IRAK4 degrader, a BCL-2 inhibitor, and a nucleoside analog.

127. The method of claim 126, wherein IRAK4 degrader is KT-474, KYM-001, or IRAKMiD.

128. The method of any one of claims 1-127, wherein the nucleoside analog is an analog of cytidine.

129. The method of any one of claims 1-128, wherein the nucleoside analog is azacitidine, decitabine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, fludarabine, cladribine, troxacitabine, or clofarabine.

130. The method of any one of claims 1-129, wherein the nucleoside analog is azacitidine.

131. The method of claim 130, wherein the azacitidine is administered at a dose of 75 mg / m2daily.

132. The method of claim 130, wherein the azacitidine is administered at a dose of 100 mg / m2daily.

133. The method of claim 130, wherein the azacitidine is administered at a dose of 300 mg daily.

134. The method of any one of claims 130-133, wherein the azacitidine is administered orally.

135. The method of any one of claims 130-133, wherein the azacitidine is administered subcutaneously.

136. The method of any one of claims 1-135, wherein the BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax.

137. The method of claim 136, comprising administering 400 mg of venetoclax daily.

138. The method of claim 136 or 137, wherein the venetoclax is administered orally.

139. The method of any one of claims 1-125 and 128-138, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor isthe BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax; and the nucleoside analog is azacitidine.

140. The method of any one of claims 1-139, wherein the MRD is associated with a hematological malignancy.

141. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is leukemia, myeloma, or lymphoma.

142. The method of claim 140 or 141, wherein the is hematological malignancy is myelogenous leukemia, myeloid leukemia (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia), myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoblastic leukemia (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), high risk CLL, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (e.g., DLBCL or ABC-DLBLC), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM), multiple myeloma (MM), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, non-Burkitt high grade B cell lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, transformed high grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL), or MALT lymphoma.

143. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is myelogenous leukemia.

144. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is myeloid leukemia (e.g, acute myeloid leukemia).

145. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is acute myeloid leukemia (z.e., AML).

146. The method of claim 140, wherein the AML is primary AML.

147. The method of claim 140, wherein the AML is secondary AML.

148. The method of any one of claims 144-147, wherein the AML is treatment resistant AML.

149. The method of any one of claims 144-148, wherein the AML is resistant to treatment with an fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) inhibitor.

150. The method of any one of claims 144-149, wherein the AML is associated with a mutation in FLT3 kinase.

151. The method of claim 150, wherein the mutation is an internal tandem duplication (ITD).

152. The method of claim 150, wherein the mutation is a D835H, D835V, D835Y, K663Q, N841L, or F691L mutation.

153. The method of claim 150, wherein the mutation is a D835Y mutation.

154. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is myelodysplastic syndrome.

155. The method of claim 154, wherein the myelodysplastic syndrome is high grade.

156. The method of claim 154, wherein the myelodysplastic syndrome is low grade.

157. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is lymphoblastic leukemia (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia).

158. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

159. The method of claim 158, wherein the CLL is high risk CLL.

160. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

161. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is follicular lymphoma.

162. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

163. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is activated B celllike (ABC) DLBCL.

164. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL.

165. The method of any one of claims 162-164, wherein the DLBCL is extranodal.

166. The method of any one of claims 162-165, wherein the DLBCL is extranodal leg lymphoma, extranodal testicle lymphoma, or extra nodal not otherwise specified (NOS) type lymphoma.

167. The method of any one of claims 162-166, wherein the DLBCL is extranodal leg lymphoma, or extranodal testicle lymphoma.

168. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia.

169. The method of any one of claims 162-168, wherein the DLBCL or WM is characterized by a L265P mutation in MYD88.

170. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is mantle cell lymphoma.

171. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is multiple myeloma.

172. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is marginal zone lymphoma.

173. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is Burkitt’s lymphoma.

174. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is non-Burkitt high grade B cell lymphoma.

175. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma.

176. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is transformed high grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL).

177. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL).

178. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is CNS lymphoma.

179. The method of claim 178, wherein the CNS lymphoma is primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL).

180. The method of claim 140, wherein the hematological malignancy is MALT lymphoma.

181. The method of any one of claims 140-180, wherein the hematological malignancy is in complete remission.

182. The method of any one of claims 140-181, wherein the hematological malignancy is in complete remission with partial hematologic recovery.

183. The method of any one of claims 140-180, wherein the hematological malignancy is refractory.

184. The method of any of the claims 1-139, wherein MRD is associated with cancer.

185. The method of any one of claims 1-139, wherein the cancer is selected from brain cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, ovariancancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, epidermal cancer, prostate cancer, head or neck cancer.

186. The method of claim 185, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer.

187. The method of claim 185, wherein the cancer is colon cancer.

188. The method of any one of claims 185-187, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.

189. The method of any one of claims 185-188, wherein the cancer is relapsed.

190. The method of any one of claims 185-189, wherein the cancer is refractory.

191. The method of any one of claims 185-190, wherein the cancer is localized (e.g., the cancer is confined to a single organ or compartment).

192. The method of any one of claims 1-191, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously.

193. The method of claim 192, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously.

194. The method of any one of claims 1-191, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

195. The method of claim 194, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

196. The method of any one of claims 1-195, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response.

197. The method of claim 196, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response.

198. The method of any one of claims 1-195, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response.

199. The method of claim 198, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response.

200. The method of any one of claims 1-177, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK degrader, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response.

201. The method of claim 200, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor, the BCL-2 inhibitor, and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response.

202. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, and 140-191, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously.

203. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, and 140-191, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog are administered simultaneously.

204. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, and 140-1912, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

205. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, and 140-1912, wherein the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 168 hours of each other.

206. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, 140-191, and 193-196, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response.

207. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, 140-191, and 193-196, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a partial response (e.g., 5-25% residual blasts).

208. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, 140-191, and 204-207, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response (e.g., about 5% or less residual blasts).

209. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, 140-191, and 204-207, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a good partial response.

210. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, 140-191, and 204-207, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor or IRAK4 degrader and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response.

211. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 5-135, 140-191, and 204-207, wherein following administration of the IRAK4 inhibitor and the nucleoside analog, the subject achieves a complete response.

212. The method of any one of claims 1-211, wherein reducing or eliminating MRD leads to a subject’s MRD-negative test.

213. The method of any one of claims 1-212, wherein the MRD is detected by bone marrow sampling (e.g., bone marrow biopsy).

214. The method of any one of claims 1-213, wherein the MRD is detected by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC).

215. The method of any one of claims 1-214, wherein the MRD is detected molecular via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or next-generation sequencing (NGS).

216. The method of any one of claims 1-215, wherein the MRD is detected via circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).

217. The method of claim any one of claims 1-216, wherein the method reduces the MRD in the subject (e.g., as compared to a subject who has not received an IRAK4 inhibitor or degrader, and / or a nucleoside analog, and / or a BCL-2 inhibitor).

218. The method of claim any one of claims 1-216, wherein the method eliminates the MRD in the subject.

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