Methods and systems for automated triage of ballistic components

Abstract

A method for automated triage of ballistic components comprises actuating a feeder for successively feeding, into an image acquisition and processing unit, evidence holders positioned on the feeder and each retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area and having a unique identifier associated therewith, capturing, using at least one first imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one first image of an upper surface of each ballistic component, processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image to determine a number of firearm(s) fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same firearm, and outputting the number of firearm(s) and the representative ballistic component as determined.

Description

[0001] METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATED TRIAGE OF BALLISTIC COMPONENTS

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] The present application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 552,757 filed on February 13, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0004] FIELD

[0005] The improvements generally relate to the field of forensic science and, more particularly to automated triage of ballistic components.

[0006] BACKGROUND

[0007] Investigation of crimes involving firearms uses forensic science to analyze fired cartridge cases recovered at a crime scene (or other investigation area). Analysis of the recovered fired cartridge cases may indeed allow to determine the involved firearm(s) and identify crime perpetrator(s). However, existing techniques generally require specifically trained individuals to conduct a mostly manual triage process, which proves complex, error- prone, and time consuming. Furthermore, the manipulation of recovered cartridge cases is a delicate task that requires care to be taken to avoid contamination and ensure the traceability of evidence.

[0008] Accordingly, there remains a need for improvement.

[0009] SUMMARY

[0010] In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a method for automated triage of ballistic components. The method comprises actuating a feeder for successively feeding, into an image acquisition and processing unit coupled to the feeder, a plurality of evidence holders positioned on the feeder, each evidence holder retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area, each ballistic component having a unique identifier associated therewith, capturing, using at least one first imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one first image of an upper surface of each ballistic component, processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same one of the one or more firearms, and outputting the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component as determined.

[0011] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the method further comprises capturing, using at least one second imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one second image of a side surface of each ballistic component, an optical axis of the at least one second imaging device perpendicular to the optical axis of the at least one first imaging device.

[0012] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the method further comprises processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a type of the one or more firearms and / or a type of each ballistic component.

[0013] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the method further comprises processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a caliber of the one or more firearms.

[0014] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the at least one first image is at least one two-dimensional image, further wherein processing the at least one first image comprises applying a photometric stereo technique to the at least one first image to generate at least one topographic image of the upper surface of the ballistic component.

[0015] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, processing the at least one first image comprises applying optical character recognition (OCR) to the at least one topographic image of the upper surface of the ballistic component to detect at least one letter and / or at least one symbol provided on the upper surface of the ballistic component, comparing the at least one letter and / or the at least one symbol to a plurality of predetermined letters and / or symbols associated with a plurality of known firearm calibers, and determining the caliber of the one or more firearms based on the comparing.

[0016] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, processing the at least one first image and the at least one second image comprises applying contour detection to the at least one first image and the at least one second image to obtain a plurality of measurements at a plurality of points along a contour of the ballistic component, comparing the plurality of measurements to a plurality of predetermined measurements associated with a plurality of known firearm calibers, and determining the caliber of the one or more firearms based on the comparing.

[0017] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, processing the at least one first image comprises determining, for each ballistic component, at least one of a position of a breech face impression and a position of a firing pin impression of the ballistic component based on the at least one topographic image of the upper surface of the ballistic component, computing, based on the at least one of the position of the breech face impression and the position of the firing pin impression, a similarity measure for all pairs of ballistic components, generating a grouping of the ballistic components based on the similarity measure, and determining the number of the one or more firearms fired at the investigation area based on the grouping.

[0018] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, outputting the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component comprises generating a report indicative of the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component and transmitting the report to a user device for rendering thereon.

[0019] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the plurality of evidence holders are positioned on the feeder in an automated manner, using at least one robotic device coupled to the feeder.

[0020] In accordance with another aspect, an automated triage unit for ballistic components, comprising a feeder configured to be actuated along a feeding direction, the feeder having one or more evidence holders positioned thereon, each evidence holder retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area, each ballistic component having a unique identifier associated therewith, a housing coupled to the feeder and comprising a passageway configured to receive part of the feeder therein, the passageway having formed therein an opening configured to successively expose the one or more evidence holders as the feeder is actuated along the feeding direction, at least one first imaging device positioned within the housing, the at least one first imaging device configured to capture at least one first image of an upper surface of the ballistic component retained in an exposed one of the one or more evidence holders, and a computing device positioned within the housing, the computing device configured to process the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same one of the one or more firearms. In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the automated triage unit further comprises at least one second imaging device positioned within the housing, the at least one second imaging device configured to capture at least one second image of a side surface of the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder, an optical axis of the at least one second imaging device perpendicular to the optical axis of the at least one first imaging device.

[0021] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the computing device is further configured to process the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a type of the one or more firearms and / or a type of each ballistic component.

[0022] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the computing device is further configured to process the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a caliber of the one or more firearms.

[0023] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the automated triage unit further comprises a sensing device positioned within the housing, the sensing device configured to read at least one identification label affixed to the exposed evidence holder, the at least one identification label indicative of the unique identifier associated with the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder.

[0024] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the computing device is configured to obtain the identifier from the at least one identification label read by the sensing device, and to associate in memory the identifier with the at least one first image.

[0025] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the at least one identification label comprises a Near-Field Communication (NFC) tag.

[0026] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the at least one identification label further comprises a barcode.

[0027] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the at least one identification label is removably affixed to the exposed evidence holder.

[0028] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the at least one identification label is permanently affixed to the exposed evidence holder for tamper proofing the exposed evidence holder and preserving an integrity of DNA and / or fingerprint information present on the ballistic component.

[0029] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the feeder comprises a base member and a plurality of regularly spaced separating members extending vertically away from the base member, further wherein each evidence holder is positioned between a pair of adjacent separating members, the plurality of separating members configured to block light reflecting from adjacent ones of the one or more evidence holders and to prevent light from entering the housing as the feeder is actuated.

[0030] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, at least one of the feeder and the passageway comprise an electromagnetic interference (EMI)-blocking material for preventing EMI generated within the housing from exiting the housing.

[0031] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the automated triage unit further comprises a first light source and a second light source configured to provide lighting for use in capturing the at least one first image and the at least one second image, the first light source configured to project light onto the upper surface of the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder, and the second light source configured to project light onto the side surface of the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder.

[0032] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, each evidence holder has a longitudinal axis and comprises a base member, a first lateral member and a second lateral member opposite the first lateral member, the first and second lateral members extending away from the base member along the longitudinal axis, a plate attached to free ends of the first and second lateral members, and a cap received in the base member, the cap comprising a holding element extending along the axis, away from the base member and towards the plate, the holding element having the ballistic component secured thereto.

[0033] In at least one embodiment in accordance with any previous / other embodiment described herein, the feeder is a disk-shaped tray configured to be rotated horizontally along the feeding direction.

[0034] In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a system for automated triage of ballistic components. The system comprises a processing unit and a non-transitory memory communicatively coupled to the processing unit and comprising computer-readable program instructions executable by the processing unit for actuating a feeder for successively feeding a plurality of evidence holders positioned on the feeder into an image acquisition and processing unit coupled to the feeder, each evidence holder retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area, each ballistic component having a unique identifier associated therewith, capturing, using at least one first imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one first image of an upper surface of each ballistic component, processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same one of the one or more firearms, and outputting the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component as determined.

[0035] Many further features and combinations thereof concerning embodiments described herein will appear to those skilled in the art following a reading of the instant disclosure.

[0036] DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0037] In the figures,

[0038] Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a triage system, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0039] Fig. 2A is a front perspective view of an evidence holder of Fig. 1, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0040] Fig. 2B is a side perspective view of an evidence holder of Fig. 1, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0041] Fig. 2C is a front perspective view of an evidence holder of Fig. 1, in accordance with another illustrative embodiment;

[0042] Fig. 3 A is a schematic diagram of labels of Fig. 1, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0043] Fig. 3B is a schematic diagram of the labels of Fig. 3 A attached to an evidence holder, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0044] Fig. 3C is a schematic diagram of labels of Fig. 1, in accordance with another illustrative embodiment;

[0045] Fig. 3D is a schematic diagram of the labels of Fig. 3C attached to an evidence holder, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0046] Fig. 4A is a side perspective view of the automated triage unit of Fig. 1, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; Fig. 4B is a side perspective view of the feeder of the automated triage unit of Fig. 4A, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0047] Fig. 4C is a side perspective view of the automated triage unit of Fig. 4A with the housing removed, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0048] Fig. 4D is a front perspective view of the automated triage unit of Fig. 4A with the housing removed, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0049] Fig. 4E is a side perspective view of an evidence holder and lighting surface of the automated triage unit of Fig. 4 A, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0050] Fig. 5A is a side perspective view of a vertical camera of the automated triage unit of Fig. 4A, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0051] Fig. 5B is a side perspective view of a horizontal camera of the automated triage unit of Fig. 4A, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0052] Fig. 5C illustrates three-dimensional data obtained based on images acquired by the vertical camera of Fig. 5 A, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0053] Fig. 5D illustrates example measurements extracted from images acquired by the horizontal camera of Fig. 5B, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

[0054] Fig. 6 is a block diagram of an example computing device, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; and

[0055] Fig. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for automated triage, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

[0056] It will be noticed that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.

[0057] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] Fig. 1 illustrates a triage system 100, in accordance with one embodiment. A typical crime scene (or investigation area), where one or more firearms have been used in the commission of a crime, can have a significant number of spent cartridge cases (CCs). As used herein, a CC refers to the container for components that comprise a cartridge. The CC serves as a gas seal during the firing of a cartridge. In other words, a CC is an empty case of a bullet that can be found at a site where a criminal offence has been committed. Regular firearm CCs (e.g., .45 caliber firearm bullet cartridges) are considered herein. It should however be understood that any suitable CCs (other than regular firearm CCs) may apply. As understood by those skilled in the art, spent CCs are left with markings from the firearm from which they come. The triage system 100 may be used by multiple stakeholders including, but not limited to, law enforcement agencies, police stations, forensics laboratories, armed forces and the like for the triage of such spent CCs collected from the crime scene and / or the battlefield, in order to determine the involved firearm(s) (based on the markings) that may lead to identification of crime perpetrator(s). Users of the triage system 100 may therefore comprise various stakeholders including, but not limited to, crime investigators, detectives, police officers, lab technicians, and armed forces. In one embodiment, the systems and methods described herein may provide stakeholders with key insights into investigative leads in a speedy manner and with reduced dependency on external resources.

[0059] The triage system 100 comprises a data processing device 102 and one or more user devices 104 communicatively coupled across a network 106. As will be discussed further below, the system 100 further comprises one or more evidence holders as in 110 (each having a ballistic piece of evidence 108 held therein and a computer-readable label 111 affixed thereto). The system 100 also comprises an automated triage unit 112 communicatively coupled to the data processing device 102 across the network 106, to the user device(s) 104 via communication path 113, and to the evidence holder(s) 110.

[0060] The data processing device 102 may comprise a series of servers corresponding, but not limited, to a microserver, a web server, an application server, and a database server. It should be understood that the methods and systems described herein may, in some embodiments, use cloud computing, such that the data processing device 102 may be a cloud server. Distributed computing may also apply, such that the data processing device(s) 102 may comprise a set of two or more servers. Any other suitable data processing device may apply. These servers are all represented by data processing device 102 in FIG. 1.

[0061] The data processing device 102 may comprise, amongst other things, a processor 114 coupled to a memory 116 and having a plurality of applications 118a, . . . , 118n running thereon. The processor 114 may access the memory 116 to retrieve data. The processor 114 may be any device that can perform operations on data. Examples are a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, and a front-end processor. The applications 118a, . . ., 118n are coupled to the processor 114 and configured to perform various tasks as explained below in more detail. It should be understood that while the applications 118a, . . . , 118n presented herein are illustrated and described as separate entities, they may be combined or separated in a variety of ways. It should be understood that an operating system (not shown) may be used as an intermediary between the processor 114 and the applications 118a, . . ., 118n.

[0062] The memory 116 accessible by the processor 114 may receive and store data. The memory 116 may be a main memory, such as a high speed Random Access Memory (RAM), or an auxiliary storage unit, such as a hard disk or flash memory. The memory 116 may be any other type of memory, such as a Read-Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable Read- Only Memory (EPROM), or optical storage media such as a videodisc and a compact disc. Also, although the triage system 100 is described herein as comprising the processor 114 having the applications 118a, ..., 118n running thereon, it should be understood that cloud computing may also be used as noted above. As such, the memory 116 may comprise cloud storage.

[0063] One or more databases 120 may be integrated directly into the memory 116 or may be provided separately therefrom and remotely from the data processing device(s) 102 (as illustrated). In the case of a remote access to the databases 120, access may occur via any type of network 106, as indicated above. The databases 120 described herein may be provided as collections of data or information organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. The databases 120 may be structured to facilitate storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations. The databases 120 may consist of a file or sets of files that can be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Database information may be retrieved through queries using keywords and sorting commands, in order to rapidly search, rearrange, group, and select the field. The databases 120 may be any organization of data on a data storage medium, such as one or more servers. As noted above, the triage system 100 may use cloud computing and it should therefore be understood that the databases 120 may comprise cloud storage. The databases 120 may include, without limitation, the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS). The databases 120 may also include data storage virtualization, e.g., RAID arrays. Other embodiments may apply.

[0064] In one embodiment, the databases 120 are secure web servers and Hypertext Transport Protocol Secure (HTTPS) capable of supporting Transport Layer Security (TLS), which is a protocol used for access to the data. Communications to and from the secure web servers may be secured using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Identity verification of a user may be performed using usernames and passwords for all users. Various levels of access authorizations may be provided to multiple levels of users.

[0065] Alternatively, any known communication protocols that enable devices within a computer network to exchange information may be used. Examples of protocols are as follows: IP (Internet Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), Telnet (Telnet Remote Protocol), SSH (Secure Shell Remote Protocol).

[0066] Still referring to Fig. 1, the user device(s) 104 may be any suitable communication device. In one embodiment, the user device(s) 104 comprise portable or handheld device(s) (referred to herein as a mobile device), such as a smartphone, a laptop computer, a portable computer, a tablet, or the like. In some embodiments, the user device(s) 104 may comprise a desktop computer. Each user device 104 may comprise antenna(s), transmitted s), received s), transceiver(s), processor(s), and / or any other suitable components (not shown) for communication with the automated triage unit 112 via the communication path 113, which may be wireless or wired. As used herein, the term “wired” refers to the transfer of information (or data) between two points that are electrically connected (e.g., by an electrical conductor). When reference is made herein to a wired connection (or path), it should be understood that any suitable technology may be used to establish the wired connection including, but not limited to, RS-232, USB, USB 2.0, USB 3.0, USB-C, Thunderbolt™, Ethernet, and the like. As used herein, the term “wireless” refers to the transfer of information (or data) between two points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. When reference is made herein to a wireless connection (or path), it should be understood that any suitable wireless technology may be used to establish the wireless connection including, but not limited to, radio waves (e.g., VHF radio, HF radio), Bluetooth™, Zigbee™, Ultra-wideband (UWB), mobile broadband, wireless spread spectrum such as Wi-Fi (Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ax), cellular data service, satellite communication (SATCOM), SATA, e-SATA, and the like. The user device 104 may also communicate with automated triage unit 112 directly or via one or more communication networks as in 106.

[0067] The network 106 may be any type of network or combination of networks for carrying data communications. Such a network may comprise, for example, a Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), or Wide Area Network (WAN), such as the Internet, or combinations thereof. The network 106 may include any number of networking devices such as routers, modems, gateways, bridges, hubs, switches, and / or repeaters, among other possibilities, communicatively coupled to the user device(s) 104, the databases 120, and the data processing device(s) 102 at any point along the network 106.

[0068] The user device 104 may also include Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receivers and software configured to receive and process a plurality of GPS radio signals that are produced by a corresponding plurality of earth-orbiting Global Positioning Satellites. The user device 104 may thus be configured to determine global coordinates, e.g., latitude, longitude and altitude, as well as real time information, from the radio signals produced by the satellites.

[0069] Furthermore, the user device 104 may include a camera (not shown) configured to take standstill pictures (images) and / or moving pictures (video) of a desired object, and also transmit (over the network 106) the captured video and / or image data to the data processing device 102, via a transmitter (not shown) provided with the user device 104. The user device 104 may also be configured to time-stamp the captured images and / or videos, as well as any other data, by using a built-in timer. In one embodiment and as will be described further below, the user device 104 may be configured to take a picture of (or read) the labels 111 (e.g., NFC tags) affixed to the evidence holder(s) 110 and to link the information obtained from the labels 111 (e.g., a unique identifier from the NFC tag) to the crime scene pictures and GPS data.

[0070] During a data collection phase performed at a crime scene (or other investigation area), the one or more user devices 104 are used to collect data related to one or more ballistic components (also referred to herein as ballistic pieces of evidence or BPOEs) 108. As understood by those skilled in the art, a firearm cartridge consists of four (4) ballistic components, namely a primer (which gets consumed yet still remains part of a fired cartridge case), a cartridge case (which mostly stays behind on a crime scene), propellant or powder (which gets completely consumed), and a bullet (which, due to its travel, is not always found on a crime scene). As used herein, the term “ballistic component” or “ballistic piece of evidence” thus refers to a CC spent when the cartridge is fired in a firearm. Each BPOE 108 collected at the crime scene is illustratively placed by a user in an evidence holder 110 for subsequent analysis. As used herein, the term “evidence holder” refers to a container configured to receive a BPOE 108 therein. Any suitable container sized and shaped to accommodate a BPOE 108 of a given size and caliber (e.g., diameter) may apply. In one embodiment, collection of BPOEs 108 at the crime scene can be performed using envelopes (e.g., forensic evidence envelopes) in which BPOEs 108 are placed, and each collected BPOE 108 is then loaded manually into a cartridge case holder (e.g., the TCH 200 described further below) that is subsequently fed to the automated triage unit 112. In other embodiments, BPOEs 108 can be collected using sterile case containers which are sealed prior to being fed to the automated triage unit 112, thus allowing for preservation of fingerprint, DNA, and / or other trace evidence (e.g., gunshot residue) to be achieved. Any suitable sterile case container including, but not limited to, a sterile case container sold by Loci Forensics B.V., may apply. Sterile case containers, envelopes, cartridge case holders, and other suitable containers that may be used to collect evidence found on a crime scene are collectively referred to herein as “evidence holders”.

[0071] Figs. 2A and 2B illustrate an example of an evidence holder, and more particularly a reusable and non-sterile (i.e. open) cartridge case holder (also referred to herein as a “Triage Cartridge Case Holder” or TCH) 200, in accordance with one embodiment. The TCH 200 is used to retain therein an empty case 202 of a firearm bullet. The TCH 200 may be configured (i.e. sized and shaped) to accommodate different casing calibers, i.e. different cases 202. The TCH 200 has an elongated shape and extends along a central longitudinal axis A. The TCH 200 comprises a base member 204 having any suitable shape and size. In one embodiment, the base member 204 has a substantially square shape (e.g., a square with rounded corners). Other shapes may apply. Two spaced and opposite lateral support members 206a, 206b extend vertically away from the base member 204, along a direction substantially parallel to the central axis A. In particular, the base member 204 has opposite outer edges 207a, 207b (see Fig. 2B) and each of the lateral members 206a, 206b extends away from a respective edge 207a, 207b. Each lateral member 206a, 206b has a generally elongate shape and substantially planar faces (not shown) to minimize the bulkiness of the TCH 200, and thus maximize the number of TCHs 200 that can fit in the automated triage unit 112 (and more particularly in the feeder 406 thereof, described further below with reference to Fig. 4A). The thickness of the lateral members 206a, 206b is further selected to clear the lateral field of view. In one embodiment, the lateral members 206a, 206b have a maximum thickness of about 6.4 millimeters. Other embodiments may apply.

[0072] A plate 208 is secured to the free ends 209a, 209b of the lateral members 206a, 206b which are positioned away from the base member 204. When so positioned, the plate 208 defines a transverse plane substantially perpendicular to the central axis A. The position of the plate 208 is used as a reference for imaging the empty case 202. The plate 208 may be made of any suitable transparent material (including, but not limited to, glass or plastic) that is free from any markings, letterings, or imperfections that may impede or hamper clear images from being acquired by the automated triage unit 112. The plate 208 may have any suitable shape and size. In one embodiment, the plate 208 is disk-shaped (i.e. has a circular cross-section) with a thickness of about 1.5 millimeters and a diameter of about 30 millimeters. In one embodiment, a slot 210 is formed (along the transverse plane) in an inner surface of each lateral member 206a, 206b, adjacent the respective free end 209a, 209b.

[0073] The plate 208 is configured to be held in place relative to the lateral members 206a, 206b by inserting the plate 208 (e.g., snap-fitting or press-fitting part of an outer circumferential surface thereof) into the slots 210. The plate 208 may then be detached from the lateral members 206a, 206b by sliding the plate’s outer circumferential surface out of the slots 210. It should however be understood that any suitable system (e.g., one or more screws or any other suitable attachment means) for securing the plate 208 relative to the lateral members 206a, 206b, other than a snap-fit or a press-fit connection therebetween, may apply. In some embodiments, snap-fitting (or press-fitting) of the plate 208 to the lateral members 206a, 206b may be replaced by a pivot (e.g., a screw, not shown) positioned along a direction substantially parallel to the axis A and mounted on either free end 209a or 209b. In this case, pivoting the plate 208 using the pivot may then allow to insert the empty case 202 of the firearm bullet. In another embodiment, the plate 208 may be permanently attached to the lateral members 206a, 206b.

[0074] A cap 216 may be permanently or releasably secured to the base member 204 using any suitable mechanisms, as described further below. In some embodiments, the base member 204 and the cap 216 may be integrated to form a single part.

[0075] An opening 212 is formed in the base member 204. The opening 212 may have any suitable shape. In one embodiment, the opening 212 has a generally circular shape (e.g., having a diameter of about 23 millimeters ), with the central axis A passing through the center of the circular opening 212. The opening 212 is configured to receive therein a holding element 214 (e.g., a pin or rod, as described further below) to which the empty case 202 can be secured for restricting lateral movement of the empty case 202 within the TCH 200. The holding element 214 may be configured to tilt in the cap 216, around an axis (not shown) substantially perpendicular to the axis A. For this purpose, the first end 217a of the holding element 214 may have a ball shape to allow a degree of freedom for inserting the empty case 202. The holding element 214 may also be flexible to achieve the same goal.

[0076] The holding element 214 may have any suitable dimensions for accommodating different casing calibers. It is however desirable for the holding element to have a smaller diameter than that of the opening 212, and a length (taken along the central axis A) sub sequentially equal to or lower than that of the lateral members 206a, 206b. In one embodiment, the holding element 214 has a diameter of about 3 millimeters and a length of about 45 millimeters. Other embodiments may apply. In one embodiment, the holding element 214 is a longitudinal member that extends along the central axis A, away from the cap 216 of the TCH 200, with a first end 217a of the holding element 214 being coupled to a resilient member (e.g., a compressible spring) 218 provided in the cap 216. The cap 216 is configured to be secured to the base member 204 (e.g., threaded or screwed into the opening 212) for closing the opening 212.

[0077] The cap 216 may be secured to the base member 204 using any suitable attachment means, either permanently or releasably. In one embodiment, the cap 216 and the base member 204 comprise threaded parts that mate together. For example, a threaded engagement may be provided, comprising mating threads 219 (see Fig. 2A) formed on an outer surface (not shown) of the cap 216 and on an inner surface (not shown) of the base member 204 that defines the opening 212. In this manner, the cap 216 may be screwed or threaded into the opening 212 (i.e. by rotating the cap 216 to threadingly engage the cap 216 to the opening 212). In another embodiment, the cap 216 and base member 204 may comprise interlocking components that allow for the cap 216 to be snap-fitted (or press-fitted) to the base member 204 by pushing the interlocking components together. It should however be understood that any other suitable attachment means may apply. For example, a pivot (e.g., a screw, not shown) may be positioned (e.g., in the base member 204) along a direction substantially parallel to the axis and configured to secure the cap 216 to the base member 204 by rotating the cap 216 around the pivot. Over springs or cones may also be used as attachment means for securing the cap 216 to the base member 204. Other embodiments may apply.

[0078] When the cap 216 is secured to the base member 204, the holding element 214 extends away from the base member 204, along the central axis A, with a second end 217b (opposite the first end 217a) of the holding element 214 being positioned adjacent to the plate 208.

[0079] In the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 2A and 2B, in use, the cap 216 is first removed (e.g., unscrewed) from the base member 204 and the holding element 214 (i.e. the second end 217b thereof) is inserted into an open end of the empty case 202 collected at the crime scene. The cap 216 (having the empty case 202 secured to the holding element 214) is then inserted upwardly into the opening 212 and put back in place relative to the base member 204 (e.g., screwed or snap-fitted) so that the bottom end of the empty case 202 is in abutment (i.e. pressed) against the plate 208 (due to resiliency of the spring 218) to immobilize the empty case 202 in the TCH 200.

[0080] It should however be understood that other embodiments may apply. Indeed, as described herein above, the cap 216 may be permanently secured to the base member 204 rather than releasably secured thereto. For example, the cap 216 may be integrally formed with the base member 204, as illustrated in Fig. 2C. In this case, the cap 216 is not removed from the base member 204 to insert the holding element 214 into the empty case 202. The empty case 202 may be positioned in the TCH 200 in other ways. For example, the plate 208 may then be detached from the lateral members 206a, 206b (in the manner described above) to expose the second end 217b of the holding element 214 and secure the empty case 202 thereto. Other embodiments may apply.

[0081] With the empty case 202 so positioned, the bottom end of the empty case 202 is located in the same plane defined by the plate 208, regardless of the casing caliber. The position of the plate 208 therefore serves as a reference for imaging purposes, as noted above. The imaging device used to image the empty case 202 can indeed be adjusted so that its focal point registers with the plane defined the plate 208. Referring back to Fig. 1, each evidence holder 110, such as the TCH (reference 200 in Figs. 2A and 2B) is provided with (i.e. has affixed thereto) one or more computer-readable labels 111. The labels 111 (also referred to as “stickers”) may be any suitable computer-readable label and may be affixed to the evidence holder 110 using any suitable attachment means, such as an adhesive or the like. In some embodiments, the labels 111 may be removable so that they can be repositioned on the evidence holder(s) 110 as needed. In other embodiments, the labels 111 may be permanent (i.e. non-removable) for tamper proofing purposes. Each evidence holder 110 (e.g., sterile case container, envelope, and / or cartridge case holder) may be provided with a permanent label 111 and / or a non-permanent label 111.

[0082] Each label 111 has encoded therein data that uniquely identifies a given BPOE 108 (e.g., a given CC) retained in a given evidence holder 110. Such data may comprise a unique identifier associated with the BPOE 108 and which allows a one-to-one association between a given evidence holder 110 and a respective BPOE 108. The unique identifier may be generated using any suitable means. In one embodiment, each label 111 has embedded therein a Near- field communication (NFC) tag. It should however be understood that other technologies including, but not limited to barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), may apply. In some embodiments, each label 111 comprises a one-dimensional linear barcode, such as provided by International Standard ISO / IEC 15417, 15420, 16388, or 16390. In other embodiments, each label 111 may comprise a two-dimensional matrix code, such as provided by International Standard ISO / IEC 24778, 16022, or 18004. A Quick Response (QR) code or a data matrix code may apply.

[0083] Although reference is made herein to the label 111 being a computer-readable label, it should be understood that, in some embodiments, the label 111 may comprise data (e.g., alphanumerical symbols, digits, numbers, letters, and the like) that may be readable by a human. In some embodiments, the same identification data that is associated with each label 111 may be both computer-readable and human-readable. For instance, the label 111 may comprise a combination of a linear barcode (which is readable by a computer) and a series of alphanumerical symbols (which are readable by a human), both the linear barcode and the alphanumerical symbols encoding the same information (e.g., the unique identifier associated with the BPOE 108). Other embodiments may apply.

[0084] Fig. 3 A illustrates an example of a first label 300 and second labels 310 that may be affixed to an evidence holder (reference 110 in Fig. 1). The first label 300 and the second labels 310 are illustratively permanent labels that may be affixed to a sterile case container in order to protect the integrity of DNA and fingerprint present on the BPOE 108, from crime scene to DNA examination. The labels 300, 310 may also be used to help various stakeholders maintain an electronic chain of custody when required.

[0085] The first label 300 has a surface (not shown) that is at least partially coated with an adhesive and configured to be attached to a surface of the evidence holder 110. In one embodiment, the adhesive is a permanent adhesive, such as permanent glue, and the label 300, when so positioned, cannot be removed from the surface it is attached to, thus allowing for the evidence holder 110 to be tamper-proofed. The label 300 further has an exposed surface 302 (opposite the surface coated with the adhesive) on which labeling information is provided. In the illustrated embodiment, the exposed surface 302 of the label 300 comprises a central portion with an embedded NFC chip (or tag) 304. The label 300 comprises a barcode 305 and a series 306 of alphanumerical symbols. The barcode 305 and the series 306 of alphanumerical symbols illustratively encode the same information, i.e. the unique identifier associated with the BPOE 108. In particular, the barcode 305 is a barcode representation of the NFC tag’s unique identifier and the series 306 of symbols is an alphanumerical representation of the NFC tag’s unique identifier. Empty space may further be provided on the exposed surface 302 to allow a user to indicate (e.g., write) additional data (e.g., to add the electronic chain of custody participant and date) as desired. The exposed surface 302 of the label 300 further comprises lateral flaps 307a, 307b that extend away from opposite sides of a base of the label 300. The lateral flaps 307a, 307b are illustratively T-shaped (e.g., to enable a larger point of contact with the surface of the evidence holder 110), although other suitable shapes may apply. Perforated lines 308 are also formed in the label 300.

[0086] The label 300 may be attached to a sterile case container used as the evidence holder 110. As understood by those skilled in the art, the sterile case container is generally a cylindrically-shaped container having a hollow body defining an internal volume, a closed end, and an open end opposite the closed end, the open end configured to receive the BPOE 108 therein and to be closed with a protective covering (e.g., a cap) for enclosing the BPOE 108 within the internal volume. To attach the label 300 to such a sterile case container, the central portion of the label 300 comprising the NFC chip 304 is placed on top of the cap and the flaps 307a, 307b are folded and positioned (i.e. bonded) on the cylindrical portion of the case container’s body so as to extend along the length of the body. In this position, the label 300 therefore seals the sterile case container closed (i.e. the cap and case container are sealed by the flaps 307a, 307b). This is illustrated in Fig. 3B which shows a sterile case container 314 having a first label 300 attached thereto. Since the label 300 uses a permanent adhesive, the label 300 cannot be removed from the case container and the sterile case container can thus only be opened by damaging (e.g., ripping) the label 300 (e.g., along the perforated lines 308). In this manner, tamper proofing of the sterile case container can be achieved, which in turn may allow to preserve the integrity of DNA and / or fingerprint information on the collected BPOE 108 retained in the sterile case container.

[0087] Referring back to Fig. 3 A, each second label 310 has a surface (not shown) that is at least partially coated with an adhesive (i.e. a permanent adhesive) and which is configured to be attached to a surface of the evidence holder 110. Although reference is made herein to the second labels 310 being attached to an evidence holder 110, it should be understood that the second label 310 may be attached to other objects including, but not limited to, external documentation like evidence bags or paper documentation. The label 310 further has an exposed surface 312 (opposite the surface coated with the adhesive) on which labeling information is provided. In the illustrated embodiment, the exposed surface 312 of the label 310 has provided (e.g., printed) thereon the barcode 305 and series 306 of alphanumerical digits also present on the first label 300. Similar to the first label 300, empty space may be provided on the exposed surface 312 of each second label 310 to allow a user to indicate (e.g., write) additional data. The second labels 310 may be affixed to a given evidence holder 110, at any suitable location thereof, for providing identification of the corresponding BPOE 108 retained in the evidence holder 110. Fig. 3B illustrates a second label 310 secured to the sterile case container 314.

[0088] Fig. 3C illustrates another example of a first label 300’ and second labels 310’ that may be affixed to an evidence holder (reference 110 in Fig. 1). The first label 300’ and the second labels 310’ are illustratively non-permanent labels that may be affixed to either a sterile case container or the TCH 200 of Fig. 2A. The first label 300’ and the second labels 310’ indeed have a surface (not shown) that is at least partially coated with an adhesive and configured to be attached to a surface of the evidence holder 110. In one embodiment, the adhesive is a non- permanent adhesive, such as non-permanent glue, such that the labels 300’ and 310’ can be removed form the surface they are attached to, thus allowing for the evidence holder 110 to be reused if desired. As such, the labels 300’, 310’ do not protect the integrity of DNA and fingerprint (unlike the labels 300 and 310 described herein above) and are, in some embodiments, mostly used for electronic identification purposes.

[0089] Similar to the first label 300 described above with reference to Fig. 3 A, the first label 300’ has an exposed surface 302’ (opposite the surface coated with the adhesive) with an embedded NFC chip 304’. The NFC chip 304’ comprises a barcode 305’ and a series 306’ of alphanumerical symbols that encode the same information, i.e. the unique identifier associated with the BPOE 108. The first label 300’ illustratively has a generally circular shape and may be placed on the evidence holder’s cap. Each second label 310’ has an exposed surface 312’ (opposite the surface coated with the adhesive) on which is provided (e.g., printed) the barcode 305’ and series 306’ of alphanumerical digits also present on the first label 300’. Similar to the second labels 310 described above with reference to Fig. 3 A, empty (writable) space may be provided on the exposed surface 312’ of each second label 310’. The second labels 310’ may be affixed to a given evidence holder 110, at any suitable location thereof, for providing identification of the corresponding BPOE 108 retained in the evidence holder 110. For example, Fig. 3D illustrates the first label 300’ attached to the bottom of the cap 216 of the TCH 200 (the cap 216 being see-through for sake of illustration) and a second label 310’ secured to the base member 204 of the TCH 200.

[0090] Referring back to Fig. 1, users may access the triage system 100 via an application that may be used for data collection and data analysis (e.g., post clustering results). The application may also serve as a means for users (e.g., investigators, crime scene technicians, etc.) to better understand the layout of an investigation area and may provide timely data intelligence for allowing users to pursue investigative leads. The application may be a dedicated mobile application installed on the user device 104. The application may alternatively or additionally be made available through the network 106 (i.e. through the Internet), as a web application. Users may be provided with authorized credentials associated with a login account. The login account may be specific to an agency or company, or may be user-specific.

[0091] The application may serve as the primary source of data collection, consisting of using the labels 111 (e.g., the NFC tags) to establish a unique identifier for the BPOEs 108 found at the investigation area, the identifier becoming the electronic chain of custody for the BPOE 108 during the entire triage and data analysis process. In particular, the mobile application associated with the user device 104 may be used by a user to scan the labels 111 affixed to the evidence holder(s) 110 and store the information obtained from the labels 111 (e.g., from the NFC tags) in memory (e.g., in the memory 116 associated with the data processing device 102). The user device 104 may also transmit (e.g., automatically, i.e. in real-time, or upon request) the information obtained from scanning the labels 111 to the automated triage unit 112.

[0092] Any suitable optical scanner of the device 104 or any suitable optical scanner connected to the device 104 may be used to read the labels 111 and obtain the data associated therewith. For example, the device 104 may comprise a camera for capturing one or more images of the labels 111 and the device 104 may be configured to process the image(s) to extract the data associated with the corresponding BPOE 108. The device 104 may also comprise an NFC reader for reading NFC tags. In addition, the application may allow users to document each BPOE 108 found at the investigation area through the use of images (e.g., photos captured using the device 104). Additional data such as the time and date of collection, image(s) of evidence found at the crime scene (or other investigation area), a geographical (e.g., Global Position System (GPS)) location associated with the crime scene (or other investigation area), and any other relevant information about the event, may also be obtained (e.g., provided by a user via their device 104) during the data collection phase. In particular, the geolocation (and a unique identifier, described further below) may be associated with each BPOE 108 collected at the crime scene. Indeed, when an image of a BPOE 108 is taken using the device 104, the precise geolocation at which the image is taken is also captured and the geolocation becomes part of the dataset associated with the BPOE 108. The geolocation may be used at later stages of the triage and data analysis process, after the acquisition and clustering of the BPOEs 108 found at the investigation area has been completed, as discussed further below.

[0093] Referring now to Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E, the automated triage unit 112 will now be described, in accordance with one embodiment. In one embodiment, usage of the automated triage unit 112 may allow to conduct triage of cartridge cases (CCs) without the requirement for the individual to be specifically trained.

[0094] As illustrated in Fig. 4A, the automated triage unit 112 comprises an image acquisition and processing unit 402 (having a housing 403 in which are contained a number of components, not shown) coupled to a cartridge case (CC) loading unit 404. The image acquisition and processing unit 402 may also be referred to herein as an “imaging unit”. The CC loading unit 404 comprises a feeder 406 configured to receive therein (e.g., on an upper surface 408 thereof) a plurality of evidence holders 110 each having a BPOE (reference 108 in Fig. 1), such as a CC, retained therein. Although each evidence holder 110 is illustrated as being a TCH (reference 200 in Figs. 2A and 2B), it should be understood that any suitable evidence holder 110, such as a cartridge case holder or sterile case container, may be used to collect CCs at a crime scene (or other investigation area), as discussed herein above. The evidence holder 110 is subsequently positioned in the feeder 406 of the automated triage unit 112. In one embodiment, the feeder 406 is configured to concurrently receive up to twenty (20) evidence holders 110 at any given time. In other words, in one embodiment, up to twenty (20) CCs (each retained in an evidence holder 110) may be imaged after a complete actuation (e.g., a 360- degree revolution) of the feeder 406. It should however be understood that the number of evidence holders 110 that may be loaded in the feeder 406 at a given time (and accordingly the number of CCs that may be imaged following actuation, such as a full revolution, of the feeder 406) may vary depending on the application.

[0095] Operation of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 may be controlled using a power button 410 and a control screen 412. The power button 410 is used to supply or interrupt the supply of electrical power (e.g., from an internal or external power source, not shown) to the image acquisition and processing unit 402 and to turn the image acquisition and processing unit 402 on or off, which causes various components of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 to be actuated or de-actuated. In particular, powering on of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 using the power button 410 causes the feeder 406 to be actuated along a given direction (also referred to herein as a “feeding direction”). The feeder 406 may be operated (i.e. actuated) at any suitable speed and / or feed rate. In one embodiment, the feeder 406 is a rotating tray that is caused to be continuously rotated (e.g., via suitable motors or actuating motors, not shown) horizontally, about an axis B (normal to the plane defined by the tray’s upper surface 408) and along a direction indicated by arrow C. Although arrow C indicates a counter-clockwise direction, it should be understood that this is for sake of illustration and that a clockwise rotation may also apply in some embodiments. In one embodiment, the tray is rotated horizontally (e.g., in a stepwise manner), such that rotation of the tray results in successive (i.e. one at a time) feeding of the evidence holders 110 (and the CCs retained therein) into the image acquisition and processing unit 402 and successive retrieval the evidence holders 110 therefrom. Rotation of such a tray for multiple 360-degree revolutions thus allows for continuous feeding and retrieving of an unlimited number of evidence holders 110. In other words, the automated triage unit 112 can accommodate unlimited acquisitions because of the continuous acquisition capability of the feeder 406 (e.g., of the revolving tray).

[0096] Although reference is made herein to the feeder 406 being a rotating tray, preferably disk-shaped, it should be understood that the feeder 406 may have any other suitable configuration that enables successive and continuous loading of the evidence holders 110 into and out of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 upon actuation of the feeder 406. The feeder 406 may for instance have a geometry other than that of a disk including, but not limited to, a square geometry with rounded comers, and an oval geometry. The feeder 406 may also have a elongated (e.g., linear) shape and be configured to be actuated so as to continuously load the evidence holders 110 into and out of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 in a straight line. Other embodiments may apply.

[0097] Fig. 4B illustrates one embodiment of the feeder 406 and part of the housing 403 (i.e. side wall 414) of the image acquisition and processing unit 402. The feeder 406 comprises a support (or base) member 416 having a generally circular shape and configured to support the evidence holders 110 (such as TCHs as in 200 of Figs. 2A and 2B and / or sterile case containers) thereon. A plurality of cavities 418 are formed in the support member 416, the cavities 418 being positioned radially from the axis B and spaced from one another by a given distance (not shown). Each cavity 418 is configured (i.e. shaped and sized) to retain an evidence holder 110 therein. In one embodiment, the diameter of the cavities 418 is chosen to be slightly (e.g., a few micrometers) greater than the diameter of the cap (reference 216 in Fig. 2A) of the evidence holders 110 so that the cap 216 may be inserted (along the direction indicated by arrow D) in a given cavity 418 and snugly fitted therein when so positioned. Any suitable number of cavities 418 may apply. In one embodiment, twenty (20) cavities 418 are formed in the support member 416 so that the feeder 406 may receive therein up to twenty (20) evidence holders 110 at any given time. In this manner, up to twenty (20) CCs (each retained in an evidence holder 110) may be imaged following actuation (e.g., after a complete 360-degree revolution) of the feeder 406. Other embodiments may apply.

[0098] In some embodiments, the evidence holders 110 may be loaded in the feeder 406 manually (e.g., by a user). In other embodiments, the evidence holders 110 may be loaded in the feeder 406 in an automated manner, using one or more robotic devices (e.g., robotic arm(s) or the like, not shown) coupled to the automated triage unit 112, and more particularly to the feeder 406.

[0099] A plurality of regularly spaced separating members 420 extend vertically away from the support member 416, along a direction substantially parallel to axis B, with each cavity 418 being positioned between a pair of adjacent separating members 420. In the illustrated embodiment, the separating members 420 have a height (labelled ‘h’ in Fig. 4B) and width (labelled ‘w’ in Fig. 4B) that matches the height and width of the evidence holders 110. In order to enable movement of the feeder 406 within the passageway 424, the height of the separating members 420 is also preferably smaller than the height of the passageway 424. In one embodiment, the height of the separating members 420 ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm. When an evidence holder 110 is supported on the feeder 406, the evidence holder 110 is positioned between two adjacent separating members 420. As the feeder 406 is actuated (e.g., rotated along the direction C) and evidence holders 110 are fed into and retrieved from the image acquisition and processing unit 402, the separating members 420 (due to their configuration, i.e., height and width) block light reflecting from adjacent evidence holders 110 and light from outside of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (i.e. outside the housing 403) from entering into the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (i.e. into the housing 403). In addition, the separating members 420 are also configured forblocking electromagnetic interference (EMI) from within the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (i.e. generated within the housing 403) from exiting the image acquisition and processing unit 402. In one embodiment, the feeder 406 (e.g., the support member 416, cavities 418, and separating members 420) as well as internal components and surfaces of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (e.g., surfaces and components within the housing 403), may comprise (e.g., be coated with or made of) an EMI blocking material (e.g., a black EMI paint coating) in order to limit EMI (e.g., from exiting the housing 403) as evidence holders 110 are fed into the image acquisition and processing unit 402. In this manner, the acquisition and processing of images performed by the image acquisition and processing unit 402 may be made more efficient.

[0100] As can be further seen from Fig. 4B, a first opening 422a and a second opening 422b are formed in the side wall 414, the openings 422a, 422b being formed at opposite ends of the wall 414 and respectively creating an entry and an exit of a passageway (also referred to herein as a “tunnel”) 424 formed in the image acquisition and processing unit 402. Although the opening 422a is illustrated and described herein as forming an entry of the passageway 424 and the opening 422b is illustrated and described herein as forming an exit of the passageway 424, it should be understood that this is for sake of illustration only and that the opposite may apply if the feeding direction (e.g., the direction of rotation indicated by arrow C) of the feeder 406 is reversed. The passageway 424 is shaped and sized to conform to the shape and size of the feeder 406, part of which is configured to be received in the passageway 424 and to be actuated (e.g., rotated) therein to successively feed and retrieve the evidence holders 110. In the illustrated embodiment, the passageway 424 is curved and has a curvature that corresponds to that of the feeder 406. For example, if the feeder 406 is a disk-shaped tray, the passageway 424 may be substantially shaped as a half-circle such that half of the disk-shaped tray is received in the passageway 424 as the tray is rotated. In other embodiments, the feeder 406 and passageway 424 may both have a linear configuration. Other embodiments may apply.

[0101] In order to allow imaging of a given BPOE (e.g., a CC 426) retained in the evidence holder 110 fed through the housing 403, the passageway 424 is not continuous and an opening 425 is formed therein, the opening 425 being shaped to expose an evidence holder 110 to be imaged. The opening 425 is formed in the passageway 424 at a location that ensures that the exposed evidence holder 110 is in the field of view of at least one image acquisition station (e.g., at least one camera) configured to acquire images of the BPOE (e.g., CC 426), as will be described further below.

[0102] As the feeder 406 is actuated, the evidence holders 110 held in the feeder 406 are successively fed into the housing 403 through the opening 422a, moved through the passageway 424, and retrieved from the housing 403 through the opening 422b. When in the passageway 424, the evidence holder 110 to be imaged is exposed through the opening 425 in the passageway 424. In one embodiment, the passageway 424 comprises (e.g., is coated with or made of) an EMI blocking material in order to limit EMI from exiting the housing 403 and to prevent light from outside of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 from entering into the housing 403 (e.g., via the openings 422a, 422b) as evidence holders 110 are fed into the housing 403 through the passageway 424.

[0103] Figs. 4C and 4D further illustrate the automated triage unit 112, where part of the housing 403 of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (except for side wall 414) has been removed for clarity purposes. It can be seen that the image acquisition and processing unit 402 comprises a computing device 427 (illustratively implemented on a printed circuit board, or PCB, on which various electronic components are provided) that is configured to process images and produce results based on the processing. It can also be seen that a point source lighting structure 428 is provided within the housing 403 (e.g., supported by an arm or other support member 429 attached to the housing 403) and positioned adjacent the passageway 424 in order to provide (e.g., using a plurality of light sources, such as light emitting diodes or LEDs) the lighting necessary for acquiring the images of the BPOEs (e.g., CCs 426 in Fig. 4B) retained in the evidence holders 110 fed to the acquisition and processing unit 402 through the passageway 424. One example of a point source lighting structure as in 428 is a lighting system disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO / 2023 / 141711, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0104] In one embodiment, and referring now to Fig. 4E in addition to Fig. 4D, another light source (referred to herein as a “backlight surface”) 430 is provided within the housing 403, in the field of view of at least one image acquisition device used to acquire images of the profile (also referred to herein as “contour”) of the CC 426. In one embodiment, the backlight surface 430 is tilted by a predetermined angle (e.g., fifteen (15) degrees) relative to the central axis A of the evidence holder 110. The backlight surface 430 is used as a backlight to illuminate the side surface of the CC 426. In particular, the backlight surface 430 is configured to produce white light (e.g., using a plurality of light sources, such as LEDs, provided thereon) when an electric current is applied thereto in order to enable images of the profile of the CC 426 to be taken. The result is a negative image with the object, i.e. the CC 426, appearing black on a white background.

[0105] When fed with an evidence holder 110, the acquisition and processing unit 402 automatically performs digital imaging of the CC as in 426 (or other BPOE) contained in the evidence holder 110 exposed through the opening 425 in the passageway 424. For this purpose, any suitable image acquisition station (e.g., comprising at least one camera) configured to capture high-definition images of an object, such as a casing of a bullet or a projectile fired by a firearm, may be used. In some embodiments, the image acquisition station comprises a camera having automatic centering and focusing features. In one embodiment, prior to proceeding with such digital imaging, the image acquisition and processing unit 402 is configured to read the identification data (e.g., the unique identifier from the NFC tag(s)) associated with the exposed evidence holder 110. For this purpose, the acquisition and processing unit 402 may comprise a sensing device 432 (e.g., a sensor board, see Figs. 4D and 4E) adjacent to which the exposed evidence holder 110 is positioned prior to being imaged. For instance, the sensing device 432 may be configured to be positioned underneath the exposed evidence holder 110. The sensing device 432 comprises any suitable device configured to read (e.g., scan) the label(s) (reference 111 in Fig. 1) affixed to the evidence holder 110. The images acquired by the acquisition and processing unit 402 (and any other relevant information) are then associated (e.g., by the computing device 427, using any suitable technique) with the identification data (e.g., the NFC identifier) obtained by the sensing device 432 upon reading the label(s) 111. Furthermore, the acquired images (and other relevant information) having the identification data associated therewith are illustratively stored in memory (e.g., in cloud storage) for subsequent processing (e.g., to perform clustering, as will be discussed further below). In this manner, each CC 426 can be individually tracked throughout the entire process, e.g., from the crime scene (or other investigation area), to the forensics laboratory, and to the crime investigator. In one embodiment, digital imaging involves acquiring images of an upper or top surface (or cartridge case head) and of a side surface (or side profile) of a CC 426, while the latter is retained in an evidence holder 110. As used herein, the term “head” when used with reference to a cartridge case refers to the base of the cartridge case which contains the primer and is the location of the headstamp. Digital imagery of the CC’s top and side surfaces may be used to automatically identify characteristics (e.g., type, caliber, dimensions, firearm generated toolmarks, etc.) associated with the CC 426. The term “type”, when used herein with reference to a CC as in 426, refers to the shape of the CC 426 (e.g., straight necked, bottleneck, cylinder, etc.), the category of the firearm that fired the CC 426 (e.g., rifle, shotgun, handgun, revolver, pistol, or machine gun), and / or the manufacturer of the CC 426. The term “type”, when used herein with reference to a firearm, refers to the brand and / or model of the firearm. In some embodiments, digital imagery of the CC’s top and side surfaces may allow to identify the firearm from which the CC 426 stems. The acquisition of images of the CC 426 is performed in a contactless manner in order to capture topographical information of markings left on the CC 426. For this purpose and as illustrated in Figs. 4C, 5A, and 5B, the automated triage unit 112 illustratively comprises a first image acquisition station 502a configured to acquire a plurality of images of the top surface (i.e. cartridge case head) of the CC 426. In one embodiment, the first image acquisition station 502a comprises at least one imaging device (also referred to herein as a “vertical camera”), which is oriented (i.e. has an optical axis arranged) along a vertical direction El (substantially parallel to the axis B). In one embodiment, the images captured by the first image acquisition station 502a are two-dimensional (2D) images that provide information about the topography of the CC’s surface.

[0106] As can be seen in Fig. 4C, the point source lighting structure 428 is illustratively coupled to the first image acquisition station 502a and is configured to project light axisymmetrically about the optical axis El of the first image acquisition station 502a, onto the top surface of the CC 426. In one embodiment, an optic zoom tube (reference 503 in Fig. 5A) is coupled to the first image acquisition station 502a and the point source lighting structure 428 is in turn coupled to the optic zoom tube 503 so as to be linked to the first image acquisition station 502a. The first image acquisition station 502a captures a set of 2D images having different lighting which is achieved by successively turning on the light sources of the point source lighting structure 428.

[0107] As also illustrated in Fig. 5B (in addition to Figs. 4C and 4D), the automated triage unit 112 further comprises a second image acquisition station 502b configured to acquire a plurality of images of the side profile of the CC 426. In one embodiment, the second image acquisition station 502b comprises at least one second imaging device (also referred to herein as a “horizontal camera”), which is oriented (i.e. has an optical axis arranged) along a horizontal direction E2 substantially perpendicular to the direction El. In one embodiment, the images captured by the second image acquisition station 502b are 2D images that provide information about the firearm caliber and the type of CC 426. Once the images of the CCs as in 426 are acquired, the image acquisition and processing unit 402 is configured to automatically process (e.g., using the computing device 427 of Fig. 4C) the images to extract information (e.g., measurements and other relevant data) therefrom.

[0108] In one embodiment, the computing device 427 is configured to generate topographic data based on 2D images acquired by the first image acquisition station 502a (e.g., by the vertical camera). As used herein, the term “topographic data” refers to data indicative of the topography of a surface (e.g., a surface imaged by an imaging device, such as the first image acquisition station 502a). In some embodiments, the topographic data comprises three- dimensional (3D) data (e.g., 3D images). The computing device 427, may be configured to generate the topographic data by applying photometric stereo techniques. A low-cost computing platform, such as Raspberry Pi or the like, may be used. For example, a topographic image of the CC’s top surface may be generated based on the 2D images and output for presentation (e.g., to a user, via the display 412 of Fig. 4A). Fig. 5C shows an example of such a topographic image 510. In some embodiments, the computing device 427 is configured to apply photometric stereo techniques to generate, based on the 2D images acquired by the first image acquisition station 502a, two (2) topographic images of the top surface of the CC 426 at two (2) different focuses in order to image both the firing pin impression and the breech face impression (in addition to full headstamp) of the CC 426. As used herein, the term “firing pin impression” refers to the marking created when the firing pin of a firearm strikes the primer of a centerfire cartridge case or the rim of a rimfire cartridge case to initiate the burning of propellant which forces the bullet through the firearm’s barrel. As understood by those skilled in the art, an example of a rimfire cartridge case is a 22 caliber CC 426 which, as understood by those skilled in the art, has no breech face and only has a firing pin referred to as a rimfire. As used herein, the term “breech face impression” refers to the marking created on the primer or the rim by the firearm’s breech face (i.e. the surface from which the firing pin protrudes during firing) as the cartridge case is thrust backwards.

[0109] In one embodiment, the two topographic images have a lateral and a vertical resolution of a few microns. For this purpose, the computing device 427 may be configured to determine, for each image from the set of 2D images, the local slope of each pixel in the image using a light reflection model. The computing device 427 may be further configured to perform a numerical integration over all slopes in order to determine the topography of the CC’s surface. It should however be understood that any other suitable high resolution 3D imaging technique adapted to image a container (e.g., an evidence holder 110) having a ballistic component (e.g., a CC 426) retained herein may be used and other embodiments may therefore apply.

[0110] The computing device 427 is also configured to extract measurements from the images acquired by the second image acquisition station 502b (e.g., by the horizontal camera). Any suitable measurement may be extracted and used to determine relevant information such as the caliber and type of CC 426. For example, one or more measurements including, but not limited to, case length, length to shoulder, rim diameter, head diameter, extractor groove diameter, base diameter, neck diameter, waist diameter, and shoulder angle may be obtained. Fig. 5D shows a 2D profile image 520 of a CC from which six (6) measurements 5221, 5222, 522s, 5224, 522s, and 522e are extracted, where measurement 522i corresponds to the case length, measurement 5222 corresponds to the rim diameter, measurement 522s corresponds to the extractor groove diameter, measurement 5224 corresponds to the base diameter, measurement 522s corresponds to the waist diameter, and measurement 522e corresponds to the neck diameter. It should be understood to those skilled to the art that other methods can be used to determine the caliber based on the images acquired by the second image acquisition station 502b, without relying on a manual feature engineering approach to extract specific measurements. Modem supervised classification methods, such as deep learning, may indeed be employed using labeled input data comprising pairs of images and calibers. Other embodiments may apply. Based on the information extracted from the acquired images of the CC’s top and side surfaces, the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (e.g., the computing device 427) is configured to determine a number of possible firearms involved in (i.e. fired at) the crime scene (or other investigation area), the caliber used for each firearm, the type of firearm associated with the CCs 426 that were analyzed, and other relevant data including, but not limited to, the type of CC 426, and the type of firearm generated toolmarks (i.e. the unique marks left by the firing pin impression and / or the breech face impression of each firearm on CCs as in 426). For example, the image acquisition and processing unit 402 may be configured to determine physical characteristics (e.g., dimensions and shape) of the CCs 426 based on the images. In one embodiment, the automated triage unit 112 may perform imaging and processing of a given CC 426 in a shorter timeframe (e.g., in less than 45 seconds) than existing techniques. In some embodiments, the image acquisition and processing unit 402 may be configured to determine the firearm generated toolmarks for use in differentiating and associating crimes committed by different firearms of the same model. The image acquisition and processing unit 402 may be configured to determine class characteristics and the individual characteristics associated with the firearm generated toolmarks. The class characteristics refer to measurable features of a specimen which indicate a restricted group source. Class characteristics result from design factors and are set prior to manufacture. One example of class characteristics is model Glock Gen 1. The individual characteristics refer to marks produced by the random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces. These random imperfections or irregularities are produced incidental to manufacture and / or caused by use, corrosion, or damage. They are unique to the tool, to the practical exclusion of all other tools. As such, individual characteristics allow to determine whether two or more CCs as in 426 have been fired from the same firearm.

[0111] In one embodiment, the image acquisition and processing unit 402 (e.g., the computing device 427) may be configured to determine the firearm’ s caliber using a first method involving optical character recognition (OCR) analysis applied to a topographic image of the CC’s top surface in which the full headstamp is in focus. Relevant letters and symbols that can be used to identify the firearm’s caliber can be found on this portion of the CC’s surface. Although reference is made herein to OCR being used, it should be understood that any suitable technique other than OCR may apply. For example, machine learning (ML) and / or artificial intelligence (Al) techniques may be used. Using OCR (or any other suitable technique), the computing device 427 detects the letter(s) and / or symbol(s) provided on the CC’s upper surface, and the letter(s) and / or symbol(s) are then compared to a dictionary (e.g., retrieved from memory) associating different sets of predetermined letters and / or symbols to different known firearm calibers. The computing device 427 then identifies the firearm’s caliber based on the comparison and provides a measure of the certainty associated with this identification. The computing device 427 may be further configured to determine the firearm’s caliber using a second method involving contour detection. Using contour detection, the computing device 427 can determine the lateral shape of the CC 426 and obtain a plurality of height and / or width measurements at different points along the CC’s contour. This in turn makes it possible to determine the most probable caliber by comparing the measurements to standard (i.e. predetermined) measurements (e.g., retrieved from memory) associated with a list of known calibers. In one embodiment, the computing device 427 is configured to compare the calibers obtained using the first and the second method in order to assess coherency. In some embodiments, each method may have a weight associated therewith, with the method having the highest weight assigned thereto being used as the preferred method. The weighting may be predetermined using any suitable technique, based on training data samples. If the results obtained using the first and the second method are inconsistent, the computing device 427 may select the method to be used based on the weight associated with each method. It should however be understood that, in some embodiments, the computing device 427 may come to a conclusion that the firearm caliber cannot be determined and such an undetermined status may be stored in memory. It should be understood that the CCs 426 collected at the crime scene (or other investigation area) may be subdivided into groups according to their caliber family. The computing device 427 may thus group CCs 426 of different calibers into the same caliber family if their dimensions are compatible with the same type of firearm. CCs 426 of unknown caliber may form an additional common group.

[0112] Furthermore, as understood by those skilled in the art, firearms from different manufacturers, or different models from the same manufacturer, differ in design, in the shape and size of their components, their mechanisms of action, the materials they are made of, their manufacturing processes, the machining and assembly tools used to make them, and so on. These differences leave distinctive marks on the topography of the cartridge head.

[0113] For example, the shape and size of the opening in the breech to allow the firing pin to pass through can leave an imprint on a cartridge case, which can then be measured on the topographic image of the cartridge case head. The type of tools used to machine the parts in contact with the cartridge will determine the type of marks left on the cartridge; these can be linear, circular, semi-circular, granular or smooth. Similarly, the presence of drag marks or shear marks provides information on the type of weapon mechanism. The shape and position of the ejector’s impression mark relative to the other elements of the cartridge head’s topography constitutes a detailed signature of the weapon’s design.

[0114] All these features, and many others known to those skilled in the art, can be observed and / or measured on the topographic image of the cartridge case’s head using image analysis techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0115] Once all these characteristics have been collected for the topography of a given cartridge case, they can be compared (e.g., at the computing device 427) with at least one inventory of these characteristics for various firearm models, yielding a limited set of possible type of firearms that may have fired the cartridge case. This comparison can be made by searching a catalog of characteristics obtained from manufacturers’ data, or collected by third parties who make them public, or obtained from similar analyses of topographic images from test fires from known models, etc. The search may be of the brute force type, or be the fruit of methods from the fields of ML or Al, or other methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0116] The image acquisition and processing unit 402 (e.g., the computing device 427) may be configured to determine the number of firearms associated with a given group of CCs 426, a process referred to herein as proceeding with “clustering”. This may be achieved by automatically determining a number of markings. In one embodiment, determining the markings includes establishing (or determining) the position of the breech face impression and / or the position of the firing pin impression of each CC 426, based on the topographic image of the CC’s top surface. As used herein, the term “position”, when used in reference to the breech face or firing pin, refers to the delimitation (or limits) of the breech face or firing pin. The position is indicative of the region of interest which identifies breech face or firing pin impressions in an image. These two markings may be delimited using an automatic circular or elliptical contour detection algorithm. A binary mask may then be generated for each of the breech face impression markings and / or the firing pin impression markings, if either or both of these marks are present, depending on the type of CC 426, the mask containing only the portion of the CC 426 relevant for ballistic identification of these markings. The computing device 427 may then create (using any suitable technique) a signature for the breech face and / or firing pin impression markings, based on their respective topographic images and binary masks. In one embodiment, the signature contains information relevant for ballistic identification and includes microscopic details characteristic of the firearm.

[0117] In one embodiment, the computing device 427 is configured to determine a pairwise similarity measure (or score) for all possible pairs of CCs 426 of a group, separately for the breech face impression and for the firing pin impression. The similarity measure may be used to optimize the performance of the triage system 100, and more specifically to optimize the separation of the score distribution of matching CCs (i.e. CCs as in 426 stemming from a same firearm) versus non-matching CCs (i.e. CCs as in 426 stemming from different firearms). The similarity measure is symmetrical if two CCs 426 of a pair are reversed. The similarity measures for all pairs of CCs 426 may be stored in memory, in any suitable format. In one embodiment, the similarity measures are stored in two matrices, namely a first matrix for the similarity measures associated with the breech face impression and a second matrix for the similarity measures associated with the firing pin impression. Each element m(i,j) of a given matrix comprises the similarity score of the pair of CCs 426 with indices i and j in the group, the diagonal elements m(i,i) being irrelevant. The computing device 427 is then configured to apply a clustering algorithm based on the two similarity score matrices. This may in turn allow to create groups of CCs 426 with a similar breech face impression or a similar firing pin impression. The two groups are then combined into a unique list of clusters which allows to deal with cases where a single marking (breech face impression or firing pin impression) is sufficiently similar. It is indeed common in practice for only one of the two markings to match even for CCs 426 fired by a same firearm. Alternately, a clustering algorithm can simultaneously manage both similarity score matrices, thereby directly constructing a unique list of clusters that considers both ballistic marks. It should be understood that a cluster containing a single element may apply. The number of firearms may then be determined based on the grouping.

[0118] Although reference is made herein to two markings (namely the breech face and firing pin impression) being used to proceed with clustering, it should be understood that other suitable markings may be used. For instance, ejector marks may also apply.

[0119] In some embodiment, the clustering algorithm implemented by the computing device 427 comprises a threshold value which allows to differentiate very similar pairs of CCs 426 from other pairs. The threshold value may be predetermined, based on training data, and set to optimize performance of the triage system 110. In some embodiments, a threshold value may be set for each caliber family. A distinct firearm may then be associated with each cluster of a given caliber family.

[0120] In some embodiment, the clustering operation is performed over the whole set of CCs 426, prior to caliber determination, in which case, the clustering output can contribute to the determination of the caliber. In some embodiment, caliber determination can be performed first and clustering is performed on each subset of CCs associated to a given caliber or caliber family.

[0121] Results (e.g., number of possible firearms, firearm caliber, firearm type and / or CC type) may be output by the automated triage unit 112 in any suitable format (e.g., as a report) and in any suitable manner (e.g., via the mobile application, or the like), for presentation to a user (e.g., transmitted via any suitable communications means for rendering on the user device 104) and / or storage in memory (e.g., in cloud storage). In some embodiments, a notification (e.g., a text message, push notification, email, audio cue, or the like) indicative of the availability of the report may be received on the user device 104. The results may also be output for display on the control screen 212 of the acquisition and processing unit 402. In this manner, users may be provided with immediate, unbiased, and reliable actionable investigative insights.

[0122] In one embodiment, once a CC as in 426 has been processed and the results determined, the application (described above with reference to Fig. 1) associated with the triage system 100 is notified with the results and proceeds with preparing a report (e.g., a summary of results) for the end user(s) of the triage system 100. The report may take any suitable format and illustratively details all data associated with the processed CC 426. The report is preferably generated in a format that is easy for a user to visualize (e.g., in a table, plot, chart, or map format, and / or using colors, symbols, or other visual graphical features, etc.). In some embodiments, the geolocation associated with the CCs 426 collected at the investigation area may be used to generate a visual overview. The visual overview may comprise a plot showing CCs 426 on a map of each individual investigation area. On the map, polylines (or other suitable graphical features) may be used to associate each CC 426 with a corresponding firearm having fired the CC 426, as determined based on the processing performed by the automated triage unit 112 described herein. Other than plotting CCs as in 426 on a map of each investigation area (e.g., crime scene), a main map may be generated which plots all investigation areas (e.g., all crime scenes) for a specific agency or company. In this manner, agencies or companies may see potential zones of concentration of crime within their individual jurisdictions.

[0123] In one embodiment, the automated triage unit 112 can be integrated into other investigative solutions, such as a ballistics identification system. One example of such a ballistics identification system is the automated process and apparatus for capturing, storing and comparing fired cartridge case images disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,654,801 and sold by Forensic Technology (Canada) Inc. as the IBIS® system. In other words, nominated CCs as in 426 (i.e. post-triage) may be automatically uploaded into the ballistics identification system from within the automated triage unit 112. In this manner, the processing of the images may also be performed to determine the most representative element (or elements) of each group of CCs 426 fired from the same firearm. This element, herein referred to as the “best candidate(s)” from a same identified firearm, can be input into an automated ballistics identification system, for correlation search purposes. The best candidate(s) from the same firearm may also be submitted to ballistic identification networks including, but not limited to, the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIB IN) managed by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The best candidate(s) from the same firearm may be determined using statistical methods, ML, and / or Al techniques. In one embodiment, the best candidate of a given group, or cluster, of three elements or more, is determined by modeling the statistical distribution of known non-match similarity scores, established during the algorithm's training using a large set of known non-match cartridge cases, referred to as the empirical score distribution. Such a score distribution is built for every mark of interest, such as the breech face and firing pin impressions. The empirical score distribution can be approximated by an analytical function which models the behavior of high (non-match) scores, necessitating appropriate extrapolation of the empirical distribution. A statistical model is subsequently created to determine the probability that a given similarity score S is among the top T scores in a list of N non-match scores randomly generated from the non-match distribution. This allows for simulating the behavior of an automated analysis system, which would compare a given CC with a set of N CCs whose images are already present in a database. For a cluster of D cartridge cases, a D by D score matrix is created for each mark, enabling the determination of the probability that each of these cartridge cases finds the others among the top T scores in a list of N randomly generated non-match scores. The best candidate is the one, among the D cartridge cases, with the highest probability of finding the other cartridge cases in its cluster among the top T scores. A typical value for T is 1 or 10. The size N of the simulated list of non-match scores can be a predetermined number, typically ten thousand or one million, but can also be determined dynamically for each cluster based on the similarity score matrix.

[0124] This procedure generalizes well to the case of two marks, such as the breech face or firing pin impressions. In this case, the best candidate is the one with the highest probability of finding the other cartridge cases in its cluster among the top T scores in the score list of either the breech face or firing pin provided by the automated system. This procedure further generalizes by proposing more than one best candidate, typically two candidates. The best pair of candidates is the one with the highest probability of finding the other cartridge cases in its cluster among the top T scores in the score list of either the breech face or firing pin, for either element of the pair. Proposing two best candidates allows for managing situations where a cluster comprises two tight subgroups. Such a situation can arise if the cartridge cases in a given group come from two different manufacturers, yet have been fired from the same firearm.

[0125] In some embodiments, interoperability between the automated triage unit 112 and a desktop acquisition station may be enabled. For example, robotics may be used for the interoperability between the automated triage unit 112 and the desktop acquisition station to feed CCs 426 into the desktop acquisition station. A nominated CC 426 from the automated triage unit 112 may be directly acquired in the desktop acquisition station, while still being in an evidence holder 110 (e.g., a sterile case container or cartridge case holder), without the need for a user to take the CC 426 out of the automated triage unit 112 and feed it manually into the desktop acquisition station. The automated triage unit 112 may be configured to re-acquire images of nominated CCs 426 once triage is completed.

[0126] With reference to Fig. 6, part or all of the embodiments of the devices, systems and methods described herein may be implemented in a combination of both hardware and software. Fig. 6 illustrates an example computing device 600 which may be used to implement part of the automated triage unit 112 of Fig. 1, and more specifically the image acquisition and processing unit 402 of Fig. 4A. The computing device 600 may be any suitable computing device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a mainframe, a server, a distributed computing system, a portable computing device, a mobile phone, a tablet, or the like. The computing device 600 comprises a processing unit 602 and a memory 604 which has stored therein computer-executable instructions 606. The processing unit 602 may comprise any suitable devices configured to implement the functionality of the image acquisition and processing unit 402 such that instructions 606, when executed by the computing device 600 or other programmable apparatus, may cause the functions / acts / steps performed by the image acquisition and processing unit 402 as described herein to be executed. The processing unit 602 may comprise, for example, any type of general-purpose microprocessor or microcontroller, a digital signal processing (DSP) processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reconfigurable processor, other suitably programmed or programmable logic circuits, custom-designed analog and / or digital circuits, or any combination thereof.

[0127] The memory 604 may comprise any suitable known or other machine-readable storage medium. The memory 604 may comprise non-transitory computer readable storage medium, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The memory 604 may include a suitable combination of any type of computer memory that is located either internally or externally to device, for example random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), electro-optical memory, magneto-optical memory, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) or the like. Memory 604 may comprise any storage means (e.g., devices) suitable for retrievably storing machine-readable instructions 606 executable by processing unit 602. Referring now to Fig. 7, a method 700 for automated triage of ballistic components will now be described, in accordance with one embodiment. The method 700 may be performed at the automated triage unit (reference 112 in Fig. 1), more particularly at the image acquisition and processing unit (reference 402 of Fig. 4A). Step 702 comprises actuating a feeder of the automated triage unit for successively feeding a plurality of evidence holders positioned on the feeder into the image acquisition and processing unit which is coupled to the feeder (as described herein above with reference to Fig. 4A). In one embodiment, the feeder is a rotating tray and step 702 comprises rotating the tray in a horizontal direction. Each evidence holder retains therein a ballistic component (e.g., a CC) recovered at an investigation area, in the manner described herein above. Each ballistic components has a unique identifier associated therewith. Each ballistic component may also have a geographical location associated therewith.

[0128] Step 704 comprises capturing, using at least one first imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one first image of an upper surface of each ballistic component, the at least one first imaging device having a first optical axis. Step 706 comprises processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit and in the manner described herein above, the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area, as well as at least one best candidate (i.e. at least one representative ballistic component) from a same firearm for input into a ballistics identification system. In some embodiments, the method 700 further comprises (e.g., after step 704) capturing, using at least one second imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one second image of a side surface of each ballistic component, the at least one second imaging device having a second optical axis perpendicular to the first optical axis. In this case, the method 700 may further comprise processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit and in the manner described herein above, the at least one first image and the at least one second image to determine a type of the firearm(s) and / or a type of each ballistic component. Step 706 may also comprising determining a caliber of the firearm(s). Step 708 comprises outputting the number of the one or more firearms, and the at least one best candidate from the same identified firearm (and optionally the firearm type and / or ballistic component type, and / or the firearm caliber), as determined.

[0129] In one embodiment, the methods and systems for automated triage described herein may allow to link information related to a firearm involved at a crime scene (or other investigation area) to the forensics laboratory (or other investigation department) and subsequently to the crime investigator(s) in order to generate ballistic information about the incident having occurred at the crime scene. In particular, a crime investigation can be provided with relevant information (e.g., simple yet essential answers regarding ballistic evidence) in an automated manner. This may be achieved in less time than existing techniques, and without the need for specially trained personnel. As such, the methods and systems described herein may allow to reduce ballistic analysis backlogs and lower operational expenses (e.g., for law enforcement agencies). In addition, the use of geolocation and of a unique identifier associated with each piece of evidence (e.g., each CC as described herein above) may improve the process’ efficiency and accuracy. The methods and systems described herein may further provide information about the number of firearms used at the crime scene and, for each of these firearms, the best candidate for use in a ballistics identification system (such as the IBIS® system) which could associate the current crime with previous, unsolved crimes or to other solved crimes. Furthermore, when necessary, the methods and systems described herein may allow to preserve or prevent contamination of the pieces of evidence against the loss or addition of DNA or fingerprints required for further investigations.

[0130] The following discussion provides many example embodiments. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, other examples may include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, may also be used.

[0131] The term “connected” or "coupled to" may include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements).

[0132] As can be understood, the examples described above and illustrated are intended to be exemplary only. The scope is indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for automated triage of ballistic components, the method comprising: actuating a feeder for successively feeding, into an image acquisition and processing unit coupled to the feeder, a plurality of evidence holders positioned on the feeder, each evidence holder retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area, each ballistic component having a unique identifier associated therewith; capturing, using at least one first imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one first image of an upper surface of each ballistic component; processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same one of the one or more firearms; and outputting the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component as determined.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: capturing, using at least one second imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one second image of a side surface of each ballistic component, an optical axis of the at least one second imaging device perpendicular to the optical axis of the at least one first imaging device.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a type of the one or more firearms and / or a type of each ballistic component.

4. The method of claim 2 or 3, further comprising processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a caliber of the one or more firearms.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one first image is at least one two-dimensional image, further wherein processing the at least one first imagecomprises applying a photometric stereo technique to the at least one first image to generate at least one topographic image of the upper surface of the ballistic component.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein processing the at least one first image comprises applying optical character recognition (OCR) to the at least one topographic image of the upper surface of the ballistic component to detect at least one letter and / or at least one symbol provided on the upper surface of the ballistic component, comparing the at least one letter and / or the at least one symbol to a plurality of predetermined letters and / or symbols associated with a plurality of known firearm calibers, and determining the caliber of the one or more firearms based on the comparing.

7. The method of any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein processing the at least one first image and the at least one second image comprises applying contour detection to the at least one first image and the at least one second image to obtain a plurality of measurements at a plurality of points along a contour of the ballistic component, comparing the plurality of measurements to a plurality of predetermined measurements associated with a plurality of known firearm calibers, and determining the caliber of the one or more firearms based on the comparing.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein processing the at least one first image comprises: determining, for each ballistic component, at least one of a position of a breech face impression and a position of a firing pin impression of the ballistic component based on the at least one topographic image of the upper surface of the ballistic component; computing, based on the at least one of the position of the breech face impression and the position of the firing pin impression, a similarity measure for all pairs of ballistic components; generating a grouping of the ballistic components based on the similarity measure; and determining the number of the one or more firearms fired at the investigation area based on the grouping.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein outputting the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component comprises generating a report indicative of the number of the one or more firearms and the at least onerepresentative ballistic component and transmitting the report to a user device for rendering thereon.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the plurality of evidence holders are positioned on the feeder in an automated manner, using at least one robotic device coupled to the feeder.

11. An automated triage unit for ballistic components, comprising: a feeder configured to be actuated along a feeding direction, the feeder having one or more evidence holders positioned thereon, each evidence holder retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area, each ballistic component having a unique identifier associated therewith; a housing coupled to the feeder and comprising a passageway configured to receive part of the feeder therein, the passageway having formed therein an opening configured to successively expose the one or more evidence holders as the feeder is actuated along the feeding direction; at least one first imaging device positioned within the housing, the at least one first imaging device configured to capture at least one first image of an upper surface of the ballistic component retained in an exposed one of the one or more evidence holders; and a computing device positioned within the housing, the computing device configured to process the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same one of the one or more firearms.

12. The automated triage unit of claim 11, further comprising: at least one second imaging device positioned within the housing, the at least one second imaging device configured to capture at least one second image of a side surface of the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder, an optical axis of the at least one second imaging device perpendicular to the optical axis of the at least one first imaging device.

13. The automated triage unit of claim 12, wherein the computing device is further configured to process the at least one first image and the at least one second image of eachballistic component to determine a type of the one or more firearms and / or a type of each ballistic component.

14. The automated triage unit of claim 12 or 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to process the at least one first image and the at least one second image of each ballistic component to determine a caliber of the one or more firearms.

15. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 11 to 14, further comprising a sensing device positioned within the housing, the sensing device configured to read at least one identification label affixed to the exposed evidence holder, the at least one identification label indicative of the unique identifier associated with the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder.

16. The automated triage unit of claim 15, wherein the computing device is configured to obtain the identifier from the at least one identification label read by the sensing device, and to associate in memory the identifier with the at least one first image.

17. The automated triage unit of claim 15 or 16, wherein the at least one identification label comprises a Near-Field Communication (NFC) tag.

18. The automated triage unit of claim 17, wherein the at least one identification label further comprises a barcode.

19. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the at least one identification label is removably affixed to the exposed evidence holder.

20. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the at least one identification label is permanently affixed to the exposed evidence holder for tamper proofing the exposed evidence holder and preserving an integrity of DNA and / or fingerprint information present on the ballistic component.

21. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 11 to 20, wherein the feeder comprises a base member and a plurality of regularly spaced separating members extending vertically away from the base member, further wherein each evidence holder is positionedbetween a pair of adjacent separating members, the plurality of separating members configured to block light reflecting from adjacent ones of the one or more evidence holders and to prevent light from entering the housing as the feeder is actuated.

22. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein at least one of the feeder and the passageway comprise an electromagnetic interference (EMI)-blocking material for preventing EMI generated within the housing from exiting the housing.

23. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 11 to 22, further comprising a first light source and a second light source configured to provide lighting for use in capturing the at least one first image and the at least one second image, the first light source configured to project light onto the upper surface of the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder, and the second light source configured to project light onto the side surface of the ballistic component retained in the exposed evidence holder.

24. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 11 to 23, wherein each evidence holder has a longitudinal axis and comprises: a base member; a first lateral member and a second lateral member opposite the first lateral member, the first and second lateral members extending away from the base member along the longitudinal axis; a plate attached to free ends of the first and second lateral members; and a cap received in the base member, the cap comprising a holding element extending along the axis, away from the base member and towards the plate, the holding element having the ballistic component secured thereto.

25. The automated triage unit of any one of claims 11 to 24, wherein the feeder is a disk-shaped tray configured to be rotated horizontally along the feeding direction.

26. A system for automated triage of ballistic components, the system comprising: a processing unit; and a non-transitory memory communicatively coupled to the processing unit and comprising computer-readable program instructions executable by the processing unit for:actuating a feeder for successively feeding a plurality of evidence holders positioned on the feeder into an image acquisition and processing unit coupled to the feeder, each evidence holder retaining therein a ballistic component recovered at an investigation area, each ballistic component having a unique identifier associated therewith; capturing, using at least one first imaging device of the image acquisition and processing unit, at least one first image of an upper surface of each ballistic component; processing, using the image acquisition and processing unit, the at least one first image of each ballistic component to determine a number of one or more firearms fired at the investigation area and at least one representative ballistic component among a plurality of ballistic components fired from a same one of the one or more firearms; and outputting the number of the one or more firearms and the at least one representative ballistic component as determined.

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