Anti-EGFR / CD70 antibodies and uses thereof
Antigen-binding protein constructs, particularly bispecific antibodies targeting EGFR and CD70, address the need for dual targeting in cancer therapy, effectively inhibiting tumor growth and killing cancer cells through specific binding and drug conjugation.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/079201
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-27
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
There is a need to develop various therapeutics based on bispecific antibodies that can simultaneously target multiple disease mediators, such as EGFR and CD70, to enhance therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment.
Development of antigen-binding protein constructs, including bispecific antibodies, with specific heavy and light chain variable regions that bind to EGFR and CD70, and their corresponding nucleic acids for producing these antibodies, which can be used in antibody-drug conjugates for cancer treatment.
The constructs effectively target and inhibit EGFR and CD70, reducing tumor growth and killing cancer cells, including those in melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, and renal carcinoma, with potential synergistic effects when combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies and chemotherapy.
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Figure CN2025079201_04092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ANTI-EGFR / CD70 ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 078785, filed on February 27, 2024. The entire contents of the foregoing are incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This disclosure relates to anti-EGFR antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, anti-CD70 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof) that specifically bind to two different antigens (e.g., EGFR and CD70) , and uses thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] A bispecific antibody is an artificial protein that can simultaneously bind to two different types of antigens or two different epitopes. This dual specificity opens up a wide range of applications, including redirecting T cells to tumor cells, dual targeting of different disease mediators, and delivering payloads to targeted sites. The approval of catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM and anti-CD3) and blinatumomab (anti-CD19 and anti-CD3) has become a major milestone in the development of bispecific antibodies.
[0005] As bispecific antibodies have various applications, there is a need to continue to develop various therapeutics based on bispecific antibodies.SUMMARY
[0006] This disclosure relates to antigen-binding protein constructs, wherein the antigen-binding protein construct specifically bind to two different antigens (e.g., EGFR and CD70) . In some embodiments, the multispecific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody) has identical light chain variable regions. In some embodiments, the multispecific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody) has a common light chain. In some embodiments, the multispecific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody) has different light chain variable regions.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to EGFR comprising:
[0008] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; and
[0009] a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,
[0010] wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:
[0011] (1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;
[0012] (2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;
[0013] (3) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and
[0014] (4) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.
[0015] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0016] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0017] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0018] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0019] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to EGFR comprising
[0020] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:
[0021] (1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;
[0022] (2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; and
[0023] (3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0024] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0025] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0026] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0027] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to EGFR comprising
[0028] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:
[0029] (1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;
[0030] (2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; and
[0031] (3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0032] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human or monkey EGFR.
[0033] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human or humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0034] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .
[0035] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a multispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0036] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further specifically binds to CD70.
[0037] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0038] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0039] (1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR;
[0040] (2) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR;
[0041] (3) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23, binds to EGFR;
[0042] (4) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24, binds to EGFR;
[0043] (5) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR;
[0044] (6) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR; or
[0045] (7) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, binds to EGFR.
[0046] In some embodiments, the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey EGFR.
[0047] In some embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof.
[0048] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .
[0049] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is cDNA.
[0050] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD70 comprising:
[0051] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; and
[0052] a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,
[0053] wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:
[0054] (1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and
[0055] (2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.
[0056] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.
[0057] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.
[0058] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD70 comprising
[0059] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 26 and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0060] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0061] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD70 comprising
[0062] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 26 and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0063] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human or monkey CD70.
[0064] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human or humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0065] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .
[0066] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a multispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0067] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further specifically binds to EGFR.
[0068] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0069] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0070] (1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to CD70;
[0071] (2) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to CD70; or
[0072] (3) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26, binds to CD70.
[0073] In some embodiments, the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey CD70.
[0074] In some embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof.
[0075] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .
[0076] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is cDNA.
[0077] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antigen-binding protein construct, comprising: a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds to EGFR; and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds to a CD70.
[0078] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding domain comprises a first heavy chain variable region (VH1) and a first light chain variable region (VL1) ; and the second antigen-binding domain comprises a second heavy chain variable region (VH2) and a second light chain variable region (VL2) .
[0079] In some embodiments, the first heavy chain variable region (VH1) comprises complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH1 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH1 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH1 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH1 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH1 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH1 CDR3 amino acid sequence; and
[0080] the first light chain variable region (VL1) comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL1 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL1 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL1 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL1 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL1 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL1 CDR3 amino acid sequence,
[0081] wherein the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences, the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:
[0082] (1) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;
[0083] (2) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;
[0084] (3) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and
[0085] (4) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.
[0086] In some embodiments, the second heavy chain variable region (VH2) comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH2 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH2 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH2 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH2 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH2 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH2 CDR3 amino acid sequence; and
[0087] the second light chain variable region (VL2) comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL2 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL2 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL2 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL2 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL2 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL2 CDR3 amino acid sequence,
[0088] wherein the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:
[0089] (1) the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and
[0090] (2) the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.
[0091] In some embodiments,
[0092] (1) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;
[0093] (2) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;
[0094] (3) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; or
[0095] (4) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.
[0096] In some embodiments, the first heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23, the first light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, the second heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the second light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0097] In some embodiments, the first heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24, the first light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, the second heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the second light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0098] In some embodiments, the first heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25, the first light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, the second heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the second light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0099] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct is a multi-specific antibody (e.g., abispecific antibody) .
[0100] In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding domain is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) ; and / or the second antigen-binding domain is a scFv.
[0101] In some embodiments, the VH1 and VL1 form a first fragment antigen-binding region (Fab region) that is linked to a fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) and the VH2 and VL2 form a second Fab region that is linked to the Fc region.
[0102] In some embodiments, the Fc comprises a first Fc polypeptide and a second Fc polypeptide, wherein each polypeptide comprises one or more knobs-into-holes mutations.
[0103] In some embodiments, the first Fab is linked to the N-terminus of the first Fc polypeptide and the second Fab is linked to the N-terminus of the second Fc polypeptide.
[0104] In some embodiments, the first Fab is linked to the N-terminus of the first Fc polypeptide via a hinge region and the second Fab is linked to the N-terminus of the second Fc polypeptide via the hinge region.
[0105] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding the antigen-binding protein construct described herein.
[0106] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein, a nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or a nucleic acid encoding the antigen-binding protein construct described herein.
[0107] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising the vector described herein.
[0108] In some embodiments, the cell is a CHO cell.
[0109] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein, a nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or a nucleic acid encoding the antigen-binding protein construct described herein.
[0110] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or an antigen-binding protein construct, the method comprising
[0111] (a) culturing the cell described herein under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct; and
[0112] (b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct produced by the cell.
[0113] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a therapeutic agent covalently bound to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or the antigen-binding protein construct described herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is MMAE or MMAF.
[0114] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, the antigen-binding protein construct described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein, to the subject.
[0115] In some embodiments, the subject has a cancer expressing EGFR and / or CD70.
[0116] In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.
[0117] In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0118] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody to the subject.
[0119] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a chemotherapy to the subject.
[0120] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, the antigen-binding protein construct described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0121] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, the antigen-binding protein construct described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0122] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and
[0123] (a) the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein,
[0124] (b) the antigen-binding protein construct described herein, or
[0125] (c) the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0126] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding protein construct” is (i) a single polypeptide that includes at least two different antigen-binding domains or (ii) a complex of two or more polypeptides (e.g., the same or different polypeptides) that together form at least two different antigen-binding domains. Non-limiting examples and aspects of antigen-binding protein constructs are described herein. Additional examples and aspects of antigen-binding protein constructs are known in the art.
[0127] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding domain” refers to one or more protein domain (s) (e.g., formed from amino acids from a single polypeptide or formed from amino acids from two or more polypeptides (e.g., the same or different polypeptides) ) that is capable of specifically binding to one or more different antigen (s) (e.g., an effector antigen or control antigen) . In some examples, an antigen-binding domain can bind to an antigen or epitope with specificity and affinity similar to that of naturally-occurring antibodies. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding domain can be an antibody or a fragment thereof. One example of an antigen-binding domain is an antigen-binding domain formed by a VH-VL dimer (or VH-VL pair) . In some embodiments, an antigen-binding domain can include an alternative scaffold. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding domain is a VHH. Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding domains are described herein. Additional examples of antigen-binding domains are known in the art. In some examples, an antigen-binding domain can bind to a single antigen (e.g., one of an effector antigen and a control antigen) . In other examples, an antigen-binding domain can bind to two different antigens (e.g., an effector antigen and a control antigen) .
[0128] As used herein, the term “antibody” is used herein in its broadest sense and includes certain types of immunoglobulin molecules that include one or more antigen-binding domains that specifically bind to an antigen or epitope. An antibody specifically includes, e.g., intact antibodies (e.g., intact immunoglobulins) , antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and multi-specific antibodies. One example of an antibody is a protein complex that includes two heavy chains and two light chains. Additional examples of an antibody are described herein.
[0129] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” or “antibody fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, wherein the portion of the antibody is capable of specifically binding to an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment contains at least one variable domain (e.g., a variable domain of a heavy chain or a variable domain of light chain or a VHH) . Non-limiting examples of antibody fragments include, e.g., Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, and Fv fragments.
[0130] As used herein, the term “multi-specific antigen-binding protein construct” is an antigen-binding protein construct that includes two or more different antigen-binding domains that collectively specifically bind two or more different epitopes. The two or more different epitopes may be epitopes on the same antigen (e.g., a single polypeptide present on the surface of a cell) or on different antigens (e.g., different proteins present on the surface of the same cell or present on the surface of different cells) . In some aspects, a multi-specific antigen-binding protein construct binds two different epitopes (i.e., a“bispecific antigen-binding protein construct” ) . In some aspects, a multi-specific antigen-binding protein construct binds three different epitopes (i.e., a “trispecific antigen-binding protein construct” ) . In some aspects, a multi-specific antigen-binding protein construct binds four different epitopes (i.e., a“quadspecific antigen-binding protein construct” ) . In some aspects, a multi-specific antigen-binding protein construct binds five different epitopes (i.e., a “quintspecific antigen-binding protein construct” ) . Each binding specificity may be present in any suitable valency. Non-limiting examples of multispecific antigen-binding protein constructs are described herein.
[0131] As used herein, the term “multispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two or more different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens. In some embodiments, the multispecific antibody is a bispecific antibody.
[0132] As used herein, the term “bispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens.
[0133] As used herein, the term “common light chain” refers to a light chain that can interact with two or more different heavy chains, forming different antigen-binding sites, wherein these different antigen-binding sites can specifically bind to different antigens or epitopes. Similarly, the term “common light chain variable region” refers to a light chain variable region that can interact with two or more different heavy chain variable regions, forming different antigen-binding sites, wherein these different antigen-binding sites can specifically bind to different antigens or epitopes. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding construct can have a common light chain. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding construct can have a common light chain variable region.
[0134] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0135] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0136] FIG. 1 lists CDR sequences of anti-EGFR antibodies (9A3 and 15A8) and anti-CD70 antibodies (5E10) as defined by Kabat definition.
[0137] FIG. 2 lists CDR sequences of anti-EGFR antibodies (9A3 and 15A8) and anti-CD70 antibodies (5E10) as defined by Chothia definition.
[0138] FIG. 3 lists certain amino acid sequences discussed in the disclosure.
[0139] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the blockade of the interaction between human CD70 ligand and human CD70 by anti-CD70 antibody 5E10, and two positive control antibodies: PC2 and PC3 evaluated by flow cytometry.
[0140] FIG. 5 shows the average tumor volume in different groups of B-NDG mice that were injected with SKOV3 cells, and were treated with 5E10-9A3 (G2) , or PC4 (G3) treatment. PBS (G1) was used as a control.
[0141] FIG. 6 shows the average tumor volume in different groups of BALB / c nude mice that were injected with ACHN cells, and were treated with 5E10-9A3 (G2) treatment. PBS (G1) was used as a control.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0142] A bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an artificial protein that can simultaneously bind to two different epitopes (e.g., on two different antigens) . In some embodiments, abispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can have two arms. Each arm can have one heavy chain variable region and one light chain variable region, forming an antigen-binding domain (or an antigen-binding region) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody has a common light chain.
[0143] The present disclosure relates to anti-EGFR antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, anti-CD70 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, and antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof) that specifically bind to two different antigens (e.g., EGFR and CD70) .
[0144] Anti-EGFR / CD70 Antigen-Binding Protein Construct
[0145] Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbBI or HER1) is a Type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein of 170 kDa that is encoded by the c-erbBl proto-oncogene. The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1) , HER2 / neu (ErbB-2) , Her3 (ErbB-3) and Her4 (ErbB-4) . In many cancer types, mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer. EGFR signaling is initiated by ligand binding followed by induction of conformational change, homodimerization or heterodimerization of the receptor with other ErbB family members, and trans-autophosphorylation of the receptor, which initiates signal transduction cascades that ultimately affect a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and survival, increases in expression or kinase activity of EGFR have been linked with a range of human cancers, making EGFR an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Increases in both the EGFR gene copy number and protein expression have been associated with favorable responses to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IRESSATM (gefitinib) , in non-small cell lung cancer.
[0146] Binding of a ligand such as EGF (epidermal growth factor) to EGFR stimulates receptor dimerization, autophosphorylation, activation of the receptor's internal, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, and initiation of multiple signal transduction and transactivation pathways involved in regulation of DNA synthesis (gene activation) and cell cycle progression or division. Inhibition of EGFR signaling may result in inhibition in one or more EGFR. In some embodiments, the EGFR ligands include EGF, TGFα, heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF) , amphiregulin (AR) , and epiregulm (EPI) .
[0147] A detailed review of EGFR can be found in Sabbah, Dima A., Rima Hajjo, and Kamal Sweidan. "Review on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) structure, signaling pathways, interactions, and recent updates of EGFR inhibitors. " Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2020) ; which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0148] CD70, also known as TNFSF7, CD27 ligand, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. It is transiently expressed on antigen-activated B cells and T cells, as well as NK cells and mature dendritic cells. Its receptor, CD27, is generally found on naive T cells and memory B and T cell populations and subsets of natural killer (NK) cells in physiology. The interaction between CD70 and its receptor CD27 plays a crucial role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. This makes it an important player in the immune response. The CD70 / CD27 pathway promotes effector CD8+T cells responses (by sustaining survival of CTLs) and influences polarization of CD4+T cells, as it represents an alternative IL-12-independent pathway of Th1 priming and suppresses effector Th17 function. Upon activation of CD27 by CD70, the extracellular domain of CD27 is cleaved off and found as a soluble fragment (called sCD27) in body fluids. In oncology, CD70 is aberrantly expressed on malignant cells without (solid tumors) or with CD27 co-expression (hematological malignancies) , facilitating immune evasion through the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor progression. Abnormal expression of CD70 has been found in various types of cancers including renal cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and glioblastoma multiforme among others. The overexpression of CD70 can contribute to tumorigenesis by promoting cell proliferation and survival.
[0149] The anti-EGFR antibodies (e.g., 9A3, 9A3D and 15A8) , and anti-CD70 antibodies (e.g., 5E10) in the present disclosure are human antibodies produced in RenMabTM mice or RenLiteTM mice. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibodies were generated having a heavy chain variable region targeting EGFR (e.g., any one of the VH targeting EGFR described herein) , a heavy chain variable region targeting CD70 (e.g., any one of the VH targeting CD70 described herein) , and two identical common light chain variable regions. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibodies were generated having a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region targeting EGFR (e.g., any one of the VH and VL targeting EGFR described herein) , and a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region targeting CD70 (e.g., any one of the VH targeting CD70 described herein) .
[0150] The bispecific antibody described herein can be designed to have an IgG1 subtype structure with knobs-into-holes (KIH) mutations, which can promote heterodimerization and avoid wrong pairing between the two heavy chains. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody has a higher endocytosis rate than the corresponding monoclonal antibodies or the control bispecific antibodies.
[0151] Anti-EGFR Antibodies and Antigen-Binding Fragments
[0152] The disclosure provides several antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to EGFR. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) can include an antigen binding region that is derived from these antibodies.
[0153] The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein are capable of binding to EGFR. The disclosure provides e.g., anti-EGFR antibodies 9A3, 9A3D and 15A8, and the antibodies derived therefrom.
[0154] The CDR sequences for 9A3, and 9A3 derived antibodies (e.g., 9A3D) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as defined by Kabat definition. The CDRs can also be defined by Chothia system. Under the Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, and CDR sequences of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3. The human light chain variable region and human heavy chain variable region for 9A3 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 23, respectively. The human light chain variable region and human heavy chain variable region for 9A3D are shown in SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 24 respectively.
[0155] The CDR sequences for 15A8, and 15A8 derived antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 as defined by Kabat definition. The CDRs can also be defined by Chothia system. Under the Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, and CDR sequences of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3. The human light chain variable region and human heavy chain variable region for 15A8 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 25, respectively.
[0156] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can also contain one, two, or three heavy chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6; SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, 9; SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, 15; and SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, 18; and / or one, two, or three light chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3.
[0157] In some embodiments, the antibodies can have a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence. The selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are shown in FIG. 1 (Kabat CDR) and FIG. 2 (Chothia CDR) .
[0158] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 4 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 5with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 6 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0159] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 7 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 8 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 9 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0160] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 13 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 14 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 15 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0161] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 16 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 17 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 18 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0162] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 1 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 2 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 3 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0163] The insertions, deletions, and substitutions can be within the CDR sequence, or at one or both terminal ends of the CDR sequence.
[0164] The disclosure also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to EGFR. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof contain a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL sequence. In some embodiments, the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24 or 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0165] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can have 3 VH CDRs that are identical to the CDRs of any VH sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can have 3 VL CDRs that are identical to the CDRs of any VL sequences as described herein.
[0166] The disclosure also provides nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or an immunoglobulin light chain. The immunoglobulin heavy chain or immunoglobulin light chain comprises CDRs as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, or have sequences as shown in FIG. 3. When the polypeptides are paired with corresponding polypeptide (e.g., acorresponding heavy chain variable region or a corresponding light chain variable region) , the paired polypeptides bind to EGFR (e.g., human EGFR) .
[0167] The anti-EGFR antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can also be antibody variants (including derivatives and conjugates) of antibodies or antibody fragments and multi-specific (e.g., bispecific) antibodies or antibody fragments. Additional antibodies provided herein are polyclonal, monoclonal, multi-specific (multimeric, e.g., bispecific) , human antibodies, chimeric antibodies (e.g., human-mouse chimera) , single-chain antibodies, intracellularly-made antibodies (i.e., intrabodies) , and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) , or subclass. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an IgG (e.g., IgG1) antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0168] Fragments of antibodies are suitable for use in the methods provided so long as they retain the desired affinity and specificity of the full-length antibody. Thus, a fragment of an antibody that binds to EGFR will retain an ability to bind to EGFR. An Fv fragment is an antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen recognition and binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain in tight association, which can be covalent in nature, for example in scFv. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer (or VH-VL pair) . Collectively, the six CDRs or a subset thereof confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) can have the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although usually at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.
[0169] Anti-CD70 Antibodies and Antigen-Binding Fragments
[0170] The disclosure provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to CD70. The anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibodies) can include an antigen binding region that is derived from these antibodies.
[0171] The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein are capable of binding to CD70. The disclosure provides anti-CD70 antibodies 5E10, and the antibodies derived therefrom.
[0172] The CDR sequences for 5E10, and 5E10 derived antibodies include CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain, SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, as defined by Kabat definition. Under Chothia definition, the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, and CDRs of the light chain variable domain are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3. The human light chain variable region and human heavy chain variable region for 5E10 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO: 22, respectively.
[0173] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can also contain one, two, or three heavy chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 12; and SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 21; and / or one, two, or three light chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3.
[0174] In some embodiments, the antibodies can have a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence. The selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are shown in FIG. 1 (Kabat CDR) and FIGS. 2 (Chothia CDR) .
[0175] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 10 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 11 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 12 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0176] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 19 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 20 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 21 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0177] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the CDRs of SEQ ID NO: 1 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 2 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; SEQ ID NO: 3 with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0178] The insertions, deletions, and substitutions can be within the CDR sequence, or at one or both terminal ends of the CDR sequence.
[0179] The disclosure also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that binds to CD70. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof contain a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL sequence. In some embodiments, the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NOs: 26, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0180] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragments thereof can have 3 VH CDRs that are identical to the CDRs of any VH sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragments thereof can have 3 VL CDRs that are identical to the CDRs of any VL sequences as described herein.
[0181] The disclosure also provides nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or an immunoglobulin light chain. The immunoglobulin heavy chain or immunoglobulin light chain comprises CDRs as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, or have sequences as shown in FIG. 3. When the polypeptides are paired with corresponding polypeptide (e.g., a corresponding heavy chain variable region or a corresponding light chain variable region) , the paired polypeptides bind to CD70.
[0182] The anti-CD70 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can also be antibody variants (including derivatives and conjugates) of antibodies or antibody fragments and multi-specific (e.g., bispecific) antibodies or antibody fragments. Additional antibodies provided herein are polyclonal, monoclonal, multi-specific (multimeric, e.g., bispecific) , human antibodies, chimeric antibodies (e.g., human-mouse chimera) , single-chain antibodies, intracellularly-made antibodies (i.e., intrabodies) , and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) , or subclass. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an IgG (e.g., IgG1) antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0183] Fragments of antibodies are suitable for use in the methods provided so long as they retain the desired affinity and specificity of the full-length antibody. Thus, a fragment of an antibody that binds to CD70 will retain an ability to bind to CD70. An Fv fragment is an antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen recognition and binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain in tight association, which can be covalent in nature, for example in scFv. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer. Collectively, the six CDRs or a subset thereof confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) can have the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although usually at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.
[0184] Antibodies, Antigen Binding Fragments and Antigen Binding Protein Constructs
[0185] The present disclosure provides antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) . The antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) can comprise an anti-EGFR antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and anti-CD70 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. These antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibody) , anti-EGFR antibodies, anti-CD70 antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof can have various forms.
[0186] In general, antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) can be made up of two classes of polypeptide chains, light chains and heavy chains. A non-limiting antibody of the present disclosure can be an intact, four immunoglobulin chain antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chain of the antibody can be of any isotype including IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, or IgD or sub-isotype including IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgE1, IgE2, etc. The light chain can be a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain. An antibody can comprise two identical copies of a light chain and / or two identical copies of a heavy chain. The heavy chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VH) and multiple constant domains (or constant regions) , bind to one another via disulfide bonding within their constant domains to form the “stem” of the antibody. The light chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VL) and one constant domain (or constant region) , each bind to one heavy chain via disulfide binding. The variable region of each light chain is aligned with the variable region of the heavy chain to which it is bound. The variable regions of both the light chains and heavy chains contain three hypervariable regions sandwiched between more conserved framework regions (FR) .
[0187] These hypervariable regions, known as the complementary determining regions (CDRs) , form loops that comprise the principle antigen binding surface of the antibody. The four framework regions largely adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding region.
[0188] Methods for identifying the CDR regions of an antibody by analyzing the amino acid sequence of the antibody are well known, and a number of definitions of the CDRs are commonly used. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. These methods and definitions are described in, e.g., Martin, “Protein sequence and structure analysis of antibody variable domains, ” Antibody engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. 422-439; Abhinandan, et al. “Analysis and improvements to Kabat and structurally correct numbering of antibody variable domains, ” Molecular immunology 45.14 (2008) : 3832-3839; Wu, T.T. and Kabat, E.A. (1970) J. Exp. Med. 132: 211-250; Martin et al., Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-53 (1991) ; Morea et al., Biophys Chem. 68 (1-3) : 9-16 (Oct. 1997) ; Morea et al., J Mol Biol. 275 (2) : 269-94 (Jan. 1998) ; Chothia et al., Nature 342 (6252) : 877-83 (Dec. 1989) ; Ponomarenko and Bourne, BMC Structural Biology 7: 64 (2007) ; each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0189] The CDRs are important for recognizing an epitope of an antigen. As used herein, an “epitope” is the smallest portion of a target molecule capable of being specifically bound by the antigen binding domain of an antibody. The minimal size of an epitope may be about three, four, five, six, or seven amino acids, but these amino acids need not be in a consecutive linear sequence of the antigen’s primary structure, as the epitope may depend on an antigen’s three-dimensional configuration based on the antigen’s secondary and tertiary structure.
[0190] In some embodiments, the antibody is an intact immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) . The IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. The sequences and differences of the IgG subclasses are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in Vidarsson, et al, “IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. ” Frontiers in immunology 5 (2014) ; Irani, et al. “Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. ” Molecular immunology 67.2 (2015) : 171-182; Shakib, Farouk, ed. The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Elsevier, 2016; each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0191] The antibody can also be an immunoglobulin molecule that is derived from any species (e.g., human, rodent, mouse, rat, camelid) . Antibodies disclosed herein also include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific antibodies, and chimeric antibodies that include an immunoglobulin binding domain fused to another polypeptide. The antigen binding domain or antigen binding fragment is a portion of an antibody that retains specific binding activity of the intact antibody, i.e., any portion of an antibody that is capable of specific binding to an epitope on the intact antibody’s target molecule. It includes, e.g., Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, and variants of these fragments. Thus, in some embodiments, an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof can be, e.g., a scFv, a Fv, a Fd, a dAb, a bispecific antibody, a bispecific scFv, a diabody, a linear antibody, a single-chain antibody molecule, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, and any polypeptide that includes a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Non-limiting examples of antigen binding domains include, e.g., the heavy chain and / or light chain CDRs of an intact antibody, the heavy and / or light chain variable regions of an intact antibody, full length heavy or light chains of an intact antibody, or an individual CDR from either the heavy chain or the light chain of an intact antibody.
[0192] In some embodiments, the scFv has two heavy chain variable domains, and two light chain variable domains. In some embodiments, the scFv has two antigen binding regions, and the two antigen binding regions can bind to the respective target antigens with different affinities.
[0193] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) can bind to two different antigens or two different epitopes.
[0194] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) can comprises one, two, or three heavy chain and light chain variable region CDRs selected from FIGs. 1-2.
[0195] Multimerization of antibodies may be accomplished through natural aggregation of antibodies or through chemical or recombinant linking techniques known in the art. For example, some percentage of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1 molecules) spontaneously form protein aggregates containing antibody homodimers and other higher-order antibody multimers.
[0196] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) described herein can be conjugated to a therapeutic agent. The antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can covalently or non-covalently bind to a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E, monomethyl auristatin F, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin, maytansinoids such as DM-1 and DM-4, dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide and analogs) . In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is MMAE or MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is camptothecin derivatives. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is conjugated via a linker, e.g., aVC linker. Details of the linkers used for ADCs can be found, e.g., in Su, Z. et al. “Antibody–drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. ” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2021) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0197] In some embodiments, the multi-specific antibody is a bispecific antibody. Bispecific antibodies can be made by engineering the interface between a pair of antibody molecules to maximize the percentage of heterodimers that are recovered from recombinant cell culture. For example, the interface can contain at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain (s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. This method is described, e.g., in WO 96 / 27011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0198] Any of the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) described herein may be conjugated to a stabilizing molecule (e.g., a molecule that increases the half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in a subject or in solution) . Non-limiting examples of stabilizing molecules include: a polymer (e.g., a polyethylene glycol) or a protein (e.g., serum albumin, such as human serum albumin) . The conjugation of a stabilizing molecule can increase the half-life or extend the biological activity of an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment in vitro (e.g., in tissue culture or when stored as a pharmaceutical composition) or in vivo (e.g., in a human) .
[0199] The antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) can also have various forms. Many different formats of antigen binding constructs are known in the art, and are described e.g., in Suurs, et al. “A review of bispecific antibodies and antibody constructs in oncology and clinical challenges, ” Pharmacology&therapeutics (2019) , which is incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0200] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct is a BiTe, a (scFv) 2, a nanobody, ananobody-HSA, a DART, a TandAb, a scDiabody, a scDiabody-CH3, scFv-CH-CL-scFv, a HSAbody, scDiabody-HAS, or a tandem-scFv. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct is a VHH-scAb, a VHH-Fab, a Dual scFab, a F (ab’ ) 2, a diabody, a crossMab, a DAF (two-in-one) , a DAF (four-in-one) , a DutaMab, a DT-IgG, a knobs-in-holes common light chain, a knobs-in-holes assembly, a charge pair, a Fab-arm exchange, a SEEDbody, a LUZ-Y, a Fcab, aκλ-body, an orthogonal Fab, a DVD-IgG, a IgG (H) -scFv, a scFv- (H) IgG, IgG (L) -scFv, scFv- (L) IgG, IgG (L, H) -Fv, IgG (H) -V, V (H) -IgG, IgG(L) -V, V (L) -IgG, KIH IgG-scFab, 2scFv-IgG, IgG-2scFv, scFv4-Ig, Zybody, DVI-IgG, Diabody-CH3, a triple body, a miniantibody, a minibody, a TriBi minibody, scFv-CH3 KIH, Fab-scFv, a F (ab’ ) 2-scFv2, a scFv-KIH, a Fab-scFv-Fc, a tetravalent HCAb, a scDiabody-Fc, a Diabody-Fc, a tandem scFv-Fc, an Intrabody, a dock and lock, a lmmTAC, an IgG-IgG conjugate, a Cov-X-Body, or a scFv1-PEG-scFv2.
[0201] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct can be a TrioMab. In a TrioMab, the two heavy chains are from different species, wherein different sequences restrict the heavy-light chain pairing.
[0202] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct has two different heavy chains and one common light chain. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct has two different heavy chains and two different light chains. Heterodimerization of heavy chains can be based on the knobs-into-holes or some other heavy chain pairing technique.
[0203] In some embodiments, CrossMAb technique can be used produce bispecific antibodies. CrossMAb technique can be used enforce correct light chain association in bispecific heterodimeric IgG antibodies, this technique allows the generation of various bispecific antibody formats, including bi- (1+1) , tri- (2+1) and tetra- (2+2) valent bispecific antibodies, as well as non-Fc tandem antigen-binding fragment (Fab) -based antibodies. These formats can be derived from any existing antibody pair using domain crossover, without the need for the identification of common light chains, post-translational processing / in vitro chemical assembly or the introduction of a set of mutations enforcing correct light chain association. The method is described in Klein et al., “The use of CrossMAb technology for the generation of bi-and multispecific antibodies. ” MAbs. Vol. 8. No. 6. Taylor&Francis, 2016, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the CH1 in the heavy chain and the CL domain in the light chain are swapped.
[0204] The antigen-binding protein construct can be a Duobody. The Fab-exchange mechanism naturally occurring in IgG4 antibodies is mimicked in a controlled matter in IgG1 antibodies, a mechanism called controlled Fab exchange. This format can ensure specific pairing between the heavy-light chains.
[0205] In Dual-variable-domain antibody (DVD-Ig) , additional VH and variable light chain (VL) domain are added to each N-terminus for bispecific targeting. This format resembles the IgG-scFv, but the added binding domains are bound individually to their respective N-termini instead of a scFv to each heavy chain N-terminus.
[0206] In scFv-IgG, the two scFv are connected to the C-terminus of the heavy chain (CH3) . The scFv-IgG format has two different bivalent binding sites and is consequently also called tetravalent. There are no heavy-chain and light-chain pairing problem in the scFv-IgG.
[0207] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct can be have a IgG-IgG format. Two intact IgG antibodies are conjugated by chemically linking the C-terminals of the heavy chains.
[0208] The antigen-binding protein construct can also have a Fab-scFv-Fc format. In Fab-scFv-Fc format, a light chain, heavy chain and a third chain containing the Fc region and the scFv are assembled. It can ensure efficient manufacturing and purification.
[0209] In some embodiments, antigen-binding protein construct can be a TF. Three Fab fragments are linked by disulfide bridges. Two fragments target the tumor associated antigen (TAA) and one fragment targets a hapten. The TF format does not have an Fc region.
[0210] ADAPTIR has two scFvs bound to each side of an Fc region. It abandons the intact IgG as a basis for its construct, but conserves the Fc region to extend the half-life and facilitate purification.
[0211] Bispecific T cell Engager ( “BiTE” ) consists of two scFvs, VLA VHA and VHB VLB on one peptide chain. It has only binding domains, no Fc region.
[0212] In BiTE-Fc, an Fc region is fused to the BiTE construct. The addition of Fc region enhances half-life leading to longer effective concentrations, avoiding continuous IV.
[0213] Dual affinity retargeting (DART) has two peptide chains connecting the opposite fragments, thus VLA with VHB and VLB with VHA, and a sulfur bond at their C-termini fusing them together. In DART, the sulfur bond can improve stability over BiTEs.
[0214] In DART-Fc, an Fc region is attached to the DART structure. It can be generated by assembling three chains, two via a disulfide bond, as with the DART. One chain contains half of the Fc region which will dimerize with the third chain, only expressing the Fc region. The addition of Fc region enhances half-life leading to longer effective concentrations, avoiding continuous IV.
[0215] In tetravalent DART, four peptide chains are assembled. Basically, two DART molecules are created with half an Fc region and will dimerize. This format has bivalent binding to both targets, thus it is a tetravalent molecule.
[0216] Tandem diabody (TandAb) comprises two diabodies. Each diabody consists of an VHA and VLB fragment and a VHA and VLB fragment that are covalently associated. The two diabodies are linked with a peptide chain. It can improve stability over the diabody consisting of two scFvs. It has two bivalent binding sites.
[0217] The ScFv-scFv-toxin includes toxin and two scFv with a stabilizing linker. It can be used for specific delivery of payload.
[0218] In modular scFv-scFv-scFv, one scFv directed against the TAA is tagged with a short recognizable peptide is assembled to a bsAb consisting of two scFvs, one directed against CD3 and one against the recognizable peptide.
[0219] In ImmTAC, a stabilized and soluble T cell receptor is fused to a scFv recognizing CD3. By using a TCR, the ImmTAC is suitable to target processed, e.g. intracellular, proteins.
[0220] Tri-specific nanobody has two single variable domains (nanobodies) with an additional module for half-life extension. The extra module is added to enhance half-life.
[0221] In Trispecific Killer Engager (TriKE) , two scFvs are connected via polypeptide linkers incorporating human IL-15. The linker to IL-15 is added to increase survival and proliferation of NKs.
[0222] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct is a bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody in present disclosure is designed to be 1+1 (monovalent for each target) and has an IgG1 subtype structure. This can reduce the avidity to cells with low expression levels of EGFR or CD70, and increase the avidity to cells that co-express EGFR and CD70, to achieve enhanced targeting function. Mutations L234A and / or L235A (LALA mutations) can also be introduced in antibody heavy chains to decrease or silence the antibody affinity to Fc receptors.
[0223] In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., antibodies, bispecific antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof) include KIH mutations. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding protein construct includes a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds to EGFR, and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds to CD70. In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding domain includes a heavy chain that including one or more knob mutations (a knob heavy chain) , and the second antigen-binding domain includes a heavy chain including one or more hole mutations (a hole heavy chain) . In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding domain includes a heavy chain that including one or more hole mutations (a hole heavy chain) , and the second antigen-binding domain includes a heavy chain including one or more knob mutations (a knob heavy chain) .
[0224] In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., antibodies, bispecific antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof) include the combinations of anti-EGFR antigen-binding domains and anti-CD70 antigen-binding domains. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR antigen-binding domain comprises the CDRs of an anti-EGFR antibody as indicated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CD70 antigen-binding domain comprises the CDRs of an anti-CD70 antibody as indicated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR antigen-binding domain comprises the VH and VL of an anti-EGFR antibody as indicated in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD70 antigen-binding domain comprises the VH and VL of an anti-CD70 antibody as indicated in FIG. 3. For example, 9A3-5E10 refers to an anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein construct that contains an anti-EGFR antigen-binding domain that is derived from 9A3 and an anti-CD70 antigen-binding domain that is derived from 5E10. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR antigen-binding domain comprises the CDRs of 9A3. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR antigen-binding domain comprises the VH and VL of 9A3D. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR antigen-binding domain comprises the VH and VL of 15A8. In some embodiments, the anti-CD70 antigen-binding domain comprises the CDRs of 5E10.
[0225] Antibody Characteristics
[0226] The anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., antibodies, bispecific antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof) can include an antigen-binding region that is derived from any anti-EGFR antibody or any antigen-binding fragment thereof as described herein.
[0227] The disclosure provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to EGFR. The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein are capable of binding to EGFR. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can block the binding between EGFR and EGF. These antibodies can be agonists or antagonists. The anti-EGFR antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can bind to EGFR. By binding to EGFR, the anti-EGFR antibodies can down-regulate or up-regulate the EGFR-associated signaling pathway. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof as described herein are EGFR agonist. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are EGFR antagonist.
[0228] General techniques can be used to measure the affinity of an antibody for an antigen include, e.g., ELISA, RIA, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) . Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some implementations, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) , can bind to EGFR (e.g., human EGFR, monkey EGFR, mouse EGFR, and / or chimeric EGFR) with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.00001 s-1, or greater than 0.000001 s-1.
[0229] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 x 102 / Ms, greater than 1 x 103 / Ms, greater than 1 x 104 / Ms, greater than 1 x 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 x 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 x 105 / Ms, less than 1 x 106 / Ms, or less than 1 x 107 / Ms.
[0230] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) can bind to EGFR (e.g., human EGFR, monkey EGFR, mouse EGFR, and / or chimeric EGFR) with a KD of less than 1 x 10-6M, less than 1 x 10-7M, less than 1 x 10-8 M, less than 1 x 10-9 M, or less than 1 x 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 x 10-7M, greater than 1 x 10-8M, greater than 1 x 10-9 M, or greater than 1 x 10-10 M.
[0231] The anti-EGFR / CD70 antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibodies) can also include an antigen-binding region that is derived from any anti-CD70 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as described herein. The anti-CD70 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can block the binding between CD70 and CD27. In some embodiments, by binding to CD70, the antibody can downregulate or upregulate CD70-associated signaling pathways. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are CD70 antagonist.
[0232] In some implementations, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibody) can bind to CD70 (e.g., human CD70, monkey CD70, mouse CD70, and / or chimeric CD70) with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.00001 s-1, or greater than 0.000001 s-1.
[0233] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 x 102 / Ms, greater than 1 x 103 / Ms, greater than 1 x 104 / Ms, greater than 1 x 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 x 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 x 105 / Ms, less than 1 x 106 / Ms, or less than 1 x 107 / Ms.
[0234] Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some embodiments, KD is less than 1 x 10-6M, less than 1 x 10-7M, less than 1 x 10-8 M, less than 1 x 10-9 M, or less than 1 x 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 15 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 x 10-7M, greater than 1 x 10-8M, greater than 1 x 10-9 M, or greater than 1 x 10-10 M.
[0235] Because the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) binds to both CD70 and EGFR, for cells that express both CD70 and EGFR, the antigen-binding protein construct has a higher binding affinity to these cells. Avidity can be used to measure the binding affinity of an antigen-binding protein construct to these cells. Avidity is the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions.
[0236] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibody) , can bind to human EGFR or monkey EGFR. In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibody) , can bind to human CD70 or monkey CD70.
[0237] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., the anti-CD70 antibody, the anti-EGFR antibody, or the bispecific antibody) can block the CD70 / CD70L pathway.
[0238] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., the anti-CD70 antibody, the anti-EGFR antibody, or the bispecific antibody) can block the EGFR / EGFRL pathway.
[0239] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., the anti-CD70 antibody, the anti-EGFR antibody, or the bispecific antibody) can activate reporter cells via FcR crosslinking (e.g. via the FCγRIIB receptor) . In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., the anti-CD70 antibody, the anti-EGFR antibody, or the bispecific antibody) can activate reporter cells via FcR crosslinking (e.g. via the FCγRIIB receptor) , as determined by the Fc receptor-mediated reporter cell activation assay.
[0240] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., the anti-CD70 antibody, the anti-EGFR antibody, or the bispecific antibody) can not activate reporter cells via FcR crosslinking (e.g. via the FCγRIIB receptor) .
[0241] In some embodiments, the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., the anti-CD70 antibody, the anti-EGFR antibody, or the bispecific antibody) has a tumor growth inhibition rate or percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the antibody has a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, or 150%. The TGI (%) can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 days after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition rate or percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100%
[0242] Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero.
[0243] In some embodiments, the antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) can enhance the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In some embodiments, the antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) can enhance the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%.
[0244] In some embodiments, the antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) has a functional Fc region. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is phagocytosis. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is ADCC and phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the Fc region is human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4.
[0245] In some embodiments, the antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., bispecific antibody) does not have a functional Fc region. For example, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, and Fv fragments. In some embodiments, the protein constructs as described herein have an Fc region without effector function. In some embodiments, the Fc is a human IgG4 Fc. In some embodiments, the Fc does not have a functional Fc region. For example, the Fc region has LALA mutations (L234A and L235A mutations in EU numbering) , or LALA-PG mutations (L234A, L235A, P329G mutations in EU numbering) .
[0246] Some other modifications to the Fc region can be made. For example, a cysteine residue (s) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric fusion protein thus generated may have any increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo.
[0247] In some embodiments, the IgG4 has S228P mutation (EU numbering) . The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange.
[0248] In some embodiments, Fc regions are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such Fc region composition may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in Fc region sequences. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0249] Methods of Making Antigen-Binding Protein Constructs
[0250] An isolated fragment of human protein can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in animals by multiple injections (e.g., subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections) of an antigenic peptide or protein. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein is injected with at least one adjuvant. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein can be conjugated to an agent that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized. Animals can be injected with the antigenic peptide or protein more than one time (e.g., twice, three times, or four times) .
[0251] The full-length polypeptide or protein can be used or, alternatively, antigenic peptide fragments thereof can be used as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of a protein comprises at least 8 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, or 30) amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of the protein and encompasses an epitope of the protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the protein.
[0252] An immunogen typically is used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., human or transgenic animal expressing at least one human immunoglobulin locus) . An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, a recombinantly-expressed or a chemically-synthesized polypeptide. The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvant, or a similar immunostimulatory agent.
[0253] Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared as described above by immunizing a suitable subject with a polypeptide, or an antigenic peptide thereof (e.g., part of the protein) as an immunogen. The antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the immobilized polypeptide or peptide. If desired, the antibody molecules can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well-known techniques, such as protein A or protein G chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the specific antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler et al. (Nature 256: 495-497, 1975) , the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol. Today 4: 72, 1983) , the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96, 1985) , or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see, generally, Current Protocols in Immunology, 1994, Coligan et al. (Eds. ) , John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York, NY) . Hybridoma cells producing a monoclonal antibody are detected by screening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies that bind the polypeptide or epitope of interest, e.g., using a standard ELISA assay.
[0254] Variants of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acids sequences that make-up the antigen-binding site of the antibody or an antigen-binding domain. In a population of such variants, some antibodies or antigen-binding fragments will have increased affinity for the target protein. Any combination of deletions, insertions, and / or combinations can be made to arrive at an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that has increased binding affinity for the target. The amino acid changes introduced into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can also alter or introduce new post-translational modifications into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, such as changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the number of glycosylation sites, changing the type of glycosylation site (e.g., changing the amino acid sequence such that a different sugar is attached by enzymes present in a cell) , or introducing new glycosylation sites.
[0255] Antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of native antibodies include antibodies derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) , including transgenic rodents genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
[0256] Phage display (panning) can be used to optimize antibody sequences with desired binding affinities. In this technique, a gene encoding single chain Fv (comprising VH or VL) can be inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to “display” the scFv on its outside while containing the gene for the protein on its inside, resulting in a connection between genotype and phenotype. These displaying phages can then be screened against target antigens, in order to detect interaction between the displayed antigen binding sites and the target antigen. Thus, large libraries of proteins can be screened and amplified in a process called in vitro selection, and antibodies sequences with desired binding affinities can be obtained.
[0257] Human and humanized antibodies include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from (or having the same amino acid sequence as those derived from) human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) , for example in the CDRs.
[0258] A humanized antibody, typically has a human framework (FR) grafted with non-human CDRs. Thus, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid sequence introduced into it from a source which is non-human. Accordingly, “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human V domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically mouse antibodies in which some CDR residues and some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in human antibodies.
[0259] It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high specificity and affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies can be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen (s) , is achieved.
[0260] In some embodiments, a mouse (e.g., RenMabTM mouse) with a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is used to generate antibodies. The heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes for the heavy chains of antibodies. The locus can include e.g., human IGHV (variable) genes, human IGHD (diversity) genes, human IGHJ (joining) genes, and mouse heavy chain constant domain genes. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes that encode the light chains of antibodies (kappa chain) . The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus can include e.g., human IGKV (variable) genes, human IGKJ (joining) genes, and mouse light chain constant domain genes. A detailed description regarding RenMabTM mice can be found in PCT / CN2020 / 075698 or US20200390073A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0261] In some embodiments, a mouse (e.g., RenLiteTM mouse) with a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is used to generate antibodies. The heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes for the heavy chains of antibodies. The locus can include e.g., human IGHV (variable) genes, human IGHD (diversity) genes, human IGHJ (joining) genes, and mouse heavy chain constant domain genes. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes that encode a common light chain. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus can include e.g., a human IGKV (variable) gene, a human IGKJ (joining) gene, and mouse light chain constant domain genes. A detailed description regarding RenLiteTM mice can be found in PCT / CN2021 / 097652, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0262] Identity or homology with respect to an original sequence is usually the percentage of amino acid residues present within the candidate sequence that are identical with a sequence present within the human, humanized, or chimeric antibody or fragment, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
[0263] In some embodiments, a covalent modification can be made to the antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) . These covalent modifications can be made by chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody or antibody fragment are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody or fragment with an organic derivatization agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N-or C-terminal residues.
[0264] In some embodiments, antibody variants are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such antibody may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in antibodies. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region of the antibody can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0265] In some embodiments, to facilitate production efficiency by avoiding Fab-arm exchange, the Fc region of the antibodies was further engineered to replace the serine at position 228 (EU numbering) of IgG4 with proline (S228P) . A detailed description regarding S228 mutation is described, e.g., in Silva et al. “The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange as demonstrated using a combination of novel quantitative immunoassays and physiological matrix preparation. ” Journal of Biological Chemistry 290.9 (2015) : 5462-5469, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0266] In some embodiments, the methods described here are designed to make a bispecific antibody. Bispecific antibodies can be made by engineering the interface between a pair of antibody molecules to maximize the percentage of heterodimers that are recovered from recombinant cell culture. For example, the interface can contain at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain (s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. This method is described, e.g., in WO 96 / 27011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0267] In some embodiments, knobs-into-holes (KIH) technology can be used, which involves engineering CH3 domains to create either a “knob” or a “hole” in each heavy chain to promote heterodimerization. The KIH technique is described e.g., in Xu, Yiren, et al. “Production of bispecific antibodies in ‘knobs-into-holes’ using a cell-free expression system. ” MAbs. Vol. 7. No. 1. Taylor&Francis, 2015, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, one heavy chain has a T366W, and / or S354C (knob) substitution (EU numbering) , and the other heavy chain has an Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V (hole) substitution (EU numbering) . In some embodiments, one heavy chain has one or more of the following substitutions Y349C and T366W (EU numbering) . The other heavy chain can have one or more the following substitutions E356C, T366S, L368A, and Y407V (EU numbering) . Furthermore, a substitution (-ppcpScp->-ppcpPcp-) can also be introduced at the hinge regions of both substituted IgG.
[0268] Bispecific antibodies can also include e.g., cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin and the other to biotin. Heteroconjugate antibodies can also be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents and cross-linking techniques are well known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0269] Methods for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments are also known in the art. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al. (Science 229: 81, 1985) describes a procedure where intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F (ab’ ) 2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab’ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab’ TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab’ thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine, and is mixed with an equimolar amount of another Fab’ TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody.
[0270] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody described herein can be conjugated with a therapeutic agent, forming an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) . In some embodiments, the DAR of the ADCs described herein is about 3.8, about 3.9, about 4.0, about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, or about 4.7. In some embodiments, the DAR of the ADCs described herein is about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, about 8.0, about 8.1, about 8.2, about 8.3, or about 8.4.
[0271] In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 ADC described herein can effectively inhibit in vitro cancer cell growth at a concentration of less than 10μg / mL, less than 3.33μg / mL, less than 1.11μg / mL, less than 0.37μg / mL, less than 0.12μg / mL, less than 0.04μg / mL, or less than 0.01μg / mL. In some embodiments, the anti-EGFR / CD70 ADC described herein can inhibit in vivo cancer cell growth (e.g., lung cancer, gastric cancer) in a xenograft mouse model at a dose level of less than 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, or 1 mg / kg.
[0272] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein has a common light chain.
[0273] Recombinant Vectors
[0274] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant antibody polypeptides or fragments thereof by recombinant techniques.
[0275] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-A tail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0276] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples ofvectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0277] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing virus packaging cells. Suitable systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 317-321; Flexner et al., 1989, Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 569: 86-103; Flexner et al., 1990, Vaccine, 8: 17-21; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89 / 01973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127; GB 2,200,651; EP 0,345,242; WO 91 / 02805; Berkner-Biotechniques, 6: 616-627, 1988; Rosenfeld et al., 1991, Science, 252: 431-434; Kolls et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 215-219; Kass-Eisler et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 11498-11502; Guzman et al., 1993, Circulation, 88: 2838-2848; and Guzman et al., 1993, Cir. Res., 73: 1202-1207. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked, ” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., 1993, Science, 259: 1745-1749, and Cohen, 1993, Science, 259: 1691-1692. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads that are efficiently transported into the cells.
[0278] For expression, the DNA insert comprising an antibody-encoding or polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0279] As indicated, the expression vectors can include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HK 293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0280] Non-limiting vectors for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia. Non-limiting eukaryotic vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0281] Non-limiting bacterial promoters suitable for use include the E. coli lacI and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter. Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) , and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
[0282] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number ofvectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley&Sons, New York, N. Y, and Grant et al., Methods Enzymol., 153: 516-544 (1997) .
[0283] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0284] Transcription of DNA encoding an antibody of the present disclosure by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type. Examples of enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at base pairs 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0285] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0286] The polypeptide (e.g., antibody) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a GST-fusion) or with a histidine-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0287] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0288] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0289] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000 or 3000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700 or 800 amino acid residues.
[0290] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0291] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0292] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology” ) . The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0293] The percentage of sequence homology (e.g., amino acid sequence homology or nucleic acid homology) can also be determined. How to determine percentage of sequence homology is known in the art. In some embodiments, amino acid residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g. leucine and isoleucine, can be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include e.g., amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage.
[0294] The disclosure provides one or more nucleic acid encoding any of the polypeptides as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA) includes a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of a heavy chain as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid includes a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of a light chain as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid includes a polynucleotide encoding a scFv polypeptide as described herein.
[0295] In some embodiments, the vector can have two of the nucleic acids as described herein, wherein the vector encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to EGFR. In some embodiments, apair of vectors is provided, wherein each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids as described herein, wherein together the pair ofvectors encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to EGFR.
[0296] In some embodiments, the vector includes two of the nucleic acids as described herein, wherein the vector encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to CD70. In some embodiments, apair of vectors is provided, wherein each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids as described herein, wherein together the pair ofvectors encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to CD70.
[0297] Vectors can also be constructed to express specific antibodies or polypeptides. In some embodiments, a vector can be constructed to co-express anti-EGFR antibody light chain (EGFR-K) and heavy chain (EGFR-H) . In some embodiments, a vector can contain sequences of, from 5’ end to 3’ end, cytomegalovirus promotor (CMV) , EGFR-K, polyadenylation (PolyA) , CMV, EGFR-H, PolyA, simian vacuolating virus 40 terminator (SV40) and glutamine synthetase marker (GS) . In some embodiments, avector can be constructed to co-express anti-CD70 antibody light chain (CD70-K) and anti-CD70 antibody heavy chain (CD70-H) . In some embodiments, a vector can contain sequences of, from 5’ end to 3’end, CMV, CD70-K, PolyA, CMV, CD70-H, SV40 and GS. In some embodiments, a vector can be constructed to express anti-CD70 antibody scFv polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, a first vector expressing antibody heavy chains (e.g., any of the heavy chains described herein) and a second vector expressing antibody light chains (e.g., any of the light chains described herein) are used to co-transfect cells (e.g., CHO cells) to produce the monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein. In some embodiments, a first vector expressing an anti-EGFR antibody heavy chain (e.g., any of the anti-EGFR antibody heavy chains described herein) , a second vector expressing an anti-CD70 antibody heavy chain (e.g., any of the anti-CD70 antibody heavy chains described herein) , and a third vector expressing a common light chain (e.g., any of the common light chains described herein) are used to co-transfect cells (e.g., CHO cells) to produce the antigen-binding protein construct described herein (e.g., any of the anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibodies described herein) . In some embodiments, a vector can be constructed to co-express anti-EGFR antibody light chain (EGFR-K) and heavy chain (EGFR-H) , and to co-express anti-CD70 antibody light chain (CD70-K) and anti-CD70 antibody heavy chain (CD70-H).
[0298] Methods of Treatment
[0299] The methods described herein include methods for the treatment of disorders associated with cancer. Generally, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) as described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
[0300] As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder associated with cancer. Often, cancer results in death; thus, a treatment can result in an increased life expectancy (e.g., by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, or by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years) . Administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent described herein for the treatment of a condition associated with cancer will result in decreased number of cancer cells and / or alleviated symptoms.
[0301] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometrium cancer, cervix cancer, pancreas cancer, glioma, lymphoma, or leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.
[0302] In some embodiments, the cancer is a chemotherapy resistant cancer.
[0303] In one aspect, the disclosure also provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase ofvolume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0304] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antigen-binding protein constructs (e.g., bispecific antibodies) disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer, e.g., solid tumor, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, or lung carcinoma) , gastric cancer (e.g., gastric carcinoma) , skin cancer (e.g., skin carcinoma) , colorectal cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, CNS cancer, liver cancer, nasopharynx cancer, or brain cancer.
[0305] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present invention. Human patients can be adult humans orjuvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0306] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0307] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., a cancer. An effective amount will vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the antibody, antigen binding fragment, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotide, vector comprising the polynucleotide, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0308] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of an antibody, an antigen binding fragment, or an antibody-drug conjugate is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of an autoimmune disease or a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount of an antibody, antigen binding fragment, or antibody-drug conjugate may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of antibody used.
[0309] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, and / or compositions disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the mammal that will receive the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, and / or compositions disclosed herein, the route of administration, the particular type of antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antigen binding fragments, and / or compositions disclosed herein used and other drugs being administered to the mammal. Guidance in selecting appropriate doses for antibody or antigen binding fragment can be found in the literature on therapeutic uses of antibodies and antigen binding fragments, e.g., Handbook of Monoclonal Antibodies, Ferrone et al., eds., Noges Publications, Park Ridge, N. J., 1985, ch. 22 and pp. 303-357; Smith et al., Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy, Haber et al., eds., Raven Press, New York, 1977, pp. 365-389.
[0310] A typical daily dosage of an effective amount of an antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., a bispecific antibody) is 0.01 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be less than 100 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be greater than 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, or 0.01 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about or at least 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.9 mg / kg, 0.8 mg / kg, 0.7 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.4 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg.
[0311] In any of the methods described herein, the at least one antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., a bispecific antibody) , or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) and, optionally, at least one additional therapeutic agent can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) . In some embodiments, at least two different antibodies and / or antigen-binding fragments are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, at least one antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct (e.g., a bispecific antibody) , and at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, the at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in two different compositions (e.g., a liquid composition containing at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment and a solid oral composition containing at least one additional therapeutic agent) . In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered as a pill, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered in a sustained-release oral formulation.
[0312] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject prior to, or after administering the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) . In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) are administered to the subject such that there is an overlap in the bioactive period of the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment (e.g., any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein) in the subject.
[0313] In some embodiments, the subject can be administered the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) over an extended period of time (e.g., over a period of at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, or 5 years) . A skilled medical professional may determine the length of the treatment period using any of the methods described herein for diagnosing or following the effectiveness of treatment (e.g., the observation of at least one symptom of cancer) . As described herein, a skilled medical professional can also change the identity and number (e.g., increase or decrease) of antibodies or antigen-binding antibody fragments (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) administered to the subject and can also adjust (e.g., increase or decrease) the dosage or frequency of administration of at least one antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) to the subject based on an assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment (e.g., using any of the methods described herein and known in the art) .
[0314] In some embodiments, one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject. The additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of B-Raf, an EGFR inhibitor, a EGFRL inhibitor, a CD70 inhibitor, a CD27L inhibitor, an inhibitor of a MEK, an inhibitor of ERK, an inhibitor of K-Ras, an inhibitor of c-Met, an inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) , an inhibitor of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) , an inhibitor of an Akt, an inhibitor of mTOR, a dual PI3K / mTOR inhibitor, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) , and an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and / or Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) . In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) (e.g., epacadostat) .
[0315] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an EGFR inhibitor, a EGFRL inhibitor, a CD70 inhibitor, a CD27L inhibitor, an inhibitor of LSD1, an inhibitor of MDM2, an inhibitor of BCL2, an inhibitor of CHK1, an inhibitor of activated hedgehog signaling pathway, and an agent that selectively degrades the estrogen receptor.
[0316] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of Trabectedin, nab-paclitaxel, Trebananib, Pazopanib, Cediranib, Palbociclib, everolimus, fluoropyrimidine, IFL, regorafenib, Reolysin, Alimta, Zykadia, Sutent, temsirolimus, axitinib, sorafenib, Votrient, IMA-901, AGS-003, cabozantinib, Vinflunine, an Hsp90 inhibitor, Ad-GM-CSF, Temazolomide, IL-2, IFNa, vinblastine, Thalomid, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, azacytidine, bortezomid, amrubicine, carfilzomib, pralatrexate, and enzastaurin.
[0317] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an adjuvant, a TLR agonist, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-1, HMGB1, an IL-10 antagonist, an IL-4 antagonist, an IL-13 antagonist, an IL-17 antagonist, an HVEM antagonist, an ICOS agonist, a treatment targeting CX3CL1, a treatment targeting CXCL9, atreatment targeting CXCL10, a treatment targeting CCL5, an LFA-1 agonist, an ICAM1 agonist, and a Selectin agonist.
[0318] In some embodiments, carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, FOLFOX, or FOLFIRI are administered to the subject.
[0319] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, anti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, an anti-EGFR antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, or an anti-CD70 antibody.
[0320] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration
[0321] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that contain at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or four) of the antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) , or antigen-binding fragments described herein. Two or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of any of the antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be present in a pharmaceutical composition in any combination. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0322] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811) . Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc. ) .
[0323] Compositions containing one or more of any of the antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies, antigen-binding fragments described herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0324] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0325] Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating an appropriate dosage of any given agent for use in a subject (e.g., a human) . A therapeutically effective amount of the one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or four) antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., any of the antibodies or antibody fragments described herein) will be an amount that treats the disease (e.g., kills cancer cells) in a subject (e.g., a human subject identified as having cancer) , or a subject identified as being at risk of developing the disease (e.g., asubject who has previously developed cancer but now has been cured) , decreases the severity, frequency, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . The effectiveness and dosing of any of the antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be determined by a health care professional or veterinary professional using methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one or more symptoms of disease in a subject (e.g., ahuman) . Certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject (e.g., the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and / or age of the subject, and the presence of other diseases) .
[0326] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 1μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; or about 0.1 mg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg) . While these doses cover a broad range, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that therapeutic agents, including antigen-binding protein constructs, antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, vary in their potency, and effective amounts can be determined by methods known in the art. Typically, relatively low doses are administered at first, and the attending health care professional or veterinary professional (in the case of therapeutic application) or a researcher (when still working at the development stage) can subsequently and gradually increase the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the antibody or antibody fragment in vivo.
[0327] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof for various uses as described herein.
[0328] EXAMPLES
[0329] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0330] Example 1. Preparation and analysis of anti-EGFR antibody
[0331] Generation of anti-EGFR antibody
[0332] Human EGFR protein and dog EGFR protein, or expression plasmids encoding human EGFR or dog EGFR protein were emulsified with adjuvants, and were used to immunize RenLiteTM mice.
[0333] RenLiteTM mice can be used as a genetically-engineered model with complete humanization in the variable region of the heavy chains, while maintaining a fully-humanized common light chain strategically engineered into the antibody gene. Details of RenLiteTM mice can be found, e.g., in PCT / CN2021 / 097652, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0334] The antibody immune response was monitored by an antigen-specific immunoassay. When a desired immune response was achieved, antigen-specific immune cells were isolated from the immunized mice to further obtain anti-EGFR antibodies or to obtain the light chain and heavy chain variable region sequences of the anti-EGFR antibodies. For example, single cell technology (for example, using Optofluidic System, Berkeley Lights Inc. ) was used to screen and find plasma cells that secrete antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies, and reverse transcription and PCR sequencing were used to obtain antibody variable region sequences. The obtained variable region sequences were cloned into a vector containing a sequence encoding the human IgG1 constant region for antibody expression. The binding affinity of the expressed antibody to EGFR was verified using FACS.
[0335] Exemplary antibodies obtained included: 9A3 and 15A8. The CDR sequences of 9A3 and 15A8 according to Kabat definition and Chothia definition are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, respectively. The heavy chain variable region sequences of 9A3, 15A8, and 9A3’s derived antibody 9A3D, and the light chain common variable region sequences are shown in FIG. 3.
[0336] Amivantamab is a fully human bispecific antibody targeting EGFR and c-MET developed by Janssen. The VH and VL of the EGFR moiety of Amivantamab were linked to the IgG1 constant region, resulting in a monoclonal antibody, which was used as a reference antibody (designated PC1) in the following experiments. The VH and VL sequences of PC1 are shown as SEQ ID NO: 30 and SEQ ID NO: 31,respectively.
[0337] Cetuximab is an EGFR-targeting chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody originally developed by ImClone Systems and first launched in Switzerland in 2003 as ErbituxTM by Merck KGaA as a monotherapy and in combination with irinotecan for the treatment of irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. The VH and VL of Cetuximab were linked to the IgG1 constant region, resulting in a monoclonal antibody, which was used as a reference antibody (designated PC4) in the following experiments. The VH and VL sequences of PC4 are shown as SEQ ID NO: 36 and SEQ ID NO: 37, respectively.
[0338] Binding affinity of anti-EGFR antibody
[0339] The binding affinities of the anti-EGFR antibodies to His-tagged human EGFR protein (hEGFR-His, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: EGR-H5222) or His-tagged monkey (Rhesus macaque) EGFR protein (fasEGFR-His, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: EGR-C52H1) were verified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a BiacoreTM (Biacore, Inc., Piscataway N. J. ) 8K biosensor equipped with pre-immobilized Protein A sensor chips.
[0340] Purified antibodies were diluted to 1μg / mL and then injected into the BiacoreTM8K biosensor at 10μL / min for about 50 seconds to achieve a desired protein density (e.g., about 50 response units (RU)) . The hEGFR-His or fasEGFR-His at a concentration of 200 nM was then injected at 30μL / min for 180 seconds. Dissociation was monitored for 400 seconds. The chip was regenerated after the last injection with Glycine (pH 2.0, 30μL / min for 30 seconds) .
[0341] Kinetic association rates (kon) and dissociation rates (koff) were obtained simultaneously by fitting the data globally to a 1: 1 Langmuir binding model (Karlsson, R. Roos, H. Fagerstam, L. Petersson, B., 1994. Methods Enzymology 6. 99-110) using BiacoreTM8K Evaluation Software 3.0. Affinities were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) .
[0342] As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the same method with appropriate adjustments for parameters (e.g., antibody concentration) was performed for each tested antibody. The results are shown in the table below.
[0343] Table 1
[0344] The results show that 9A3 and 9A3D can all bind to human EGFR with a higher affinity than PC1.
[0345] In another similar experiment, the binding affinity of the anti-EGFR antibody 15A8 to hEGFR-His was verified by SPR using the BiacoreTM8K biosensor equipped with pre-immobilized Protein A sensor chips. The results revealed Kon, Koff, and KD values of 2.09E+05, 1.46E-03, and 6.98E-09 respectively, which indicates that 15A8 exhibits high binding affinity to human EGFR.
[0346] Internalization of anti-EGFR antibody
[0347] This experiment was performed to test the internalization of anti-EGFR antibodies in A431 cells or NCI-H292 cells by flow cytometry analysis.
[0348] Specifically, A431 cells or NCI-H292 cells were transferred to a 96-well plate at a density of 1×105 cells / well. Anti-EGFR antibodies 9A3, 9A3D or 15A8 (10μg / mL, 30μL) and AffiniPure Fab Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, Cat#: 109-007-008) (10μg / mL, 30μL) were incubated together at room temperature in the dark for 10-15 minutes, and then were added to A431 cells or NCI-H292 cells respectively, and incubated for 6 hours. The working concentration of the antibodies was 2.5μg / mL. The cells were centrifuged and washed with FACS buffer. Endocytosis rates of antibodies were calculated. For isotype control (ISO) , human IgG1 protein was used. The results at 1hr, 3hr, 5hr, and 6hr are shown in the following table.
[0349] Table 2
[0350] The results show that the anti-EGFR antibodies 9A3, 15A8, and 9A3D exhibit high endocytosis rates in A431 cells or NCI-H292 cells.
[0351] Binding activities of anti-EGFR antibody
[0352] This experiment was performed to test the binding activities of anti-EGFR antibodies to NCI-H226 cells by flow cytometry analysis.
[0353] Specifically, NCI-H226 cells were transferred to a 96-well plate at a density of 1×105 cells / well. Serially diluted anti-EGFR antibodies (the highest concentration: 10μg / mL, diluted in a 3-fold series for 8 gradients) was added to the 96-well plate, and incubated at 4℃ for 30 minutes. Then, the cells were incubated with the secondary antibody Alexa 647-conjugated AffiniPure F (ab′) 2 Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG, FcγFragment Specific (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, Inc., Cat#: 109-606-170) at 4℃ in the dark for 15 minutes before flow cytometry analysis. Human IgG1 protein was used as the ISO. A fitting curve was obtained using antibody concentration (μg / mL) as the X-axis and MFI as the Y-axis, and the EC50 was calculated. The results are shown in the table below which demonstrate that 9A3 and 9A3D exhibit good binding activities to NCI-H226 cells, better than PC1.
[0354] Table 3
[0355] Blockade assay of anti-EGFR antibody
[0356] Blockade of the interaction between human EGFR ligand (Human EGF, Mouse IgG2a Fc Tag, ACROBiosystems Inc., Cat#: EGF-H525b) and human EGFR by anti-EGFR antibodies were tested by flow cytometry.
[0357] NCI-H226 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate (cell density 1×105 cells / well) and incubated. Serially diluted anti-EGFR antibodies (the highest concentration: 45μg / mL, diluted in a 3-fold series for 9 gradients) were incubated with the EGFR ligand (2μg / mL) at 4℃for 20 minutes, and then the mixture was added to each well. In the negative control group (NC) , only PBS was added to NCI-H226 cells. The above 96-well plate was incubated at 4℃ for 20 minutes. Then, after washing, the cells were incubated with the secondary antibody AF647 Anti-Mouse IgG Fc (BioLegend, Cat#: 115-606-071) at 1:5000 dilution at 4℃ for 15 minutes before flow cytometry analysis.
[0358] The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was determined. A fitting curve was obtained using antibody concentration (μg / mL) as the X-axis and MFI as the Y-axis, and the IC50 was calculated. The results are shown in the table below.
[0359] Table 4
[0360] The results show that 9A3 and 9A3D can effectively block the interaction between human EGFR and the human EGF, better than PC1.
[0361] In another experiment, the effect of the anti-EGFR antibodies that block human EGF binding to human EGFR were tested using reporter cell line. H293T-EGFR-luc reporter cells (expressing human EGFR) were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 5×104 cells / well. The anti-EGFR antibody was serially diluted 3-fold from the highest concentration of 100μg / mL and added to corresponding wells, followed by the addition of EGF (ACROBiosystems Inc., Cat#: EGF-H52H3) to the 96-well plate at a final concentration of 0.2μg / mL. The above 96-well plate was incubated in a 37℃ incubator for 6 hours. After the incubation, 75μL Bio-GloTM Luciferase Assay system (vazyme, cat#: DD1201-02) was added to incubate at room temperature for 5-10 minutes. The plate was then placed in a luminescence detector to detect the fluorescence signal.
[0362] The relative light unit (RLU) values were used to generate a fitting curve with respect to the antibody concentrations, and the IC50 was calculated. The results shown in the table below demonstrated that 9A3 and 15A8 effectively blocked the interaction between human EGFR and the human EGF.
[0363] Table 5
[0364] Example 2. Preparation and analysis of anti-CD70 antibody
[0365] Generation of anti-CD70 antibody
[0366] Human CD70 protein or expression plasmids encoding human CD70 were emulsified with adjuvants, and were used to immunize RenLiteTM mice.
[0367] The antibody immune response was monitored by an antigen-specific immunoassay. When a desired immune response was achieved, antigen-specific immune cells were isolated from the immunized mice to further obtain anti-CD70 antibodies or to obtain the light chain and heavy chain variable region sequences of the anti-CD70 antibodies. For example, single cell technology (for example, using Optofluidic System, Berkeley Lights Inc. ) was used to screen and find plasma cells that secrete antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies, and reverse transcription and PCR sequencing were used to obtain antibody variable region sequences. The obtained variable region sequences were cloned into a vector containing a sequence encoding the human IgG1 constant region for antibody expression. The binding affinity of the expressed antibody to CD70 was verified using FACS.
[0368] Exemplary antibodies obtained included 5E10. The CDR sequences of 5E10 according to Kabat definition and Chothia definition are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, respectively. The heavy chain variable region sequences of 5E10 and the light chain common variable region sequences are shown in FIG. 3.
[0369] Cusatuzumab (ARGX-110) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting human CD70, which is in phase II clinical development at Argenx for the treatment of relapsed or refractory T-cell lymphomas. The VH and VL of Cusatuzumab were linked to the IgG1 constant region, resulting in a monoclonal antibody, which was used as a reference antibody (designated PC2) in the following experiments. The VH and VL sequences of PC2 are shown as SEQ ID NO: 32 and SEQ ID NO: 33, respectively.
[0370] SGN-75 is a monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate consisting of monomethyl auristatin F linked to the humanized anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody through a maleimidocaproyl linker. The VH and VL of the antibody in SGN-75 were linked to the IgG1 constant region, resulting in a monoclonal antibody, which was used as a reference antibody (designated PC3) in the following experiments. The VH and VL sequences of PC3 are shown as SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 35, respectively.
[0371] Binding affinity of anti-CD70 antibody
[0372] The binding affinities of the anti-CD70 antibodies to His-tagged human CD70 protein (hCD70-His, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: CDL-H52Da) or His-tagged monkey (cynomolgus) CD70 protein (cynoCD70-His, KactusBio, Cat#: CD7-CM170) were verified by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) using ForteBio Octet system equipped with the Protein A sensor chips.
[0373] Purified anti-CD70 antibody was captured on the Protein A chip for the detection. 10μg / mL purified anti-CD70 antibodies were loaded at 1000 rpm for about 200 seconds. The hCD70-His or cynoCD70-His at a concentration of 200 nM was then loaded at 1000 rpm for 180 seconds. Dissociation was monitored for 400 seconds. The chip was regenerated after the last injection of each titration with a glycine solution (pH1.7) at 1000rpm for 30 seconds.
[0374] Kon and koff were obtained simultaneously by fitting the data globally to a 1: 1 Langmuir binding model using Octec Analysis Studio 12.2.2.26. Affinities were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . The results for the tested antibodies are summarized in the table below.
[0375] Table 6
[0376] The results show that 5E10 exhibits good affinity to both human CD70 and monkey CD70, better than the positive control PC2.
[0377] Internalization of anti-CD70 antibody
[0378] This experiment was performed to test the internalization of anti-CD70 antibodies in DU-145 cells or Raji cells by flow cytometry analysis.
[0379] Specifically, DU-145 cells or Raji cells were transferred to a 96-well plate. Anti-CD70 antibody 5E10 together with AffiniPure Fab Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, Cat#: 109-007-008) were incubated at room temperature in the dark for 10-15 minutes, and then were added to DU-145 cells or Raji cells respectively and incubated for 5 hours. The cells were centrifuged and washed with FACS buffer. Endocytosis rates of antibodies were calculated. For isotype control (ISO) , human IgG1 protein was used. The results at 5hr are shown in the following table.
[0380] Table 7
[0381] The results show that the anti-CD70 antibody 5E10 exhibit higher endocytosis rates in DU-145 cells or Raji cells than PC2 and PC3.
[0382] Blockade assay of anti-CD70 antibody
[0383] The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether anti-CD70 antibodies could attenuate the activation of CD70 reporter cells when exposed to human CD70 ligand.
[0384] CHO-K1-hCD70 cells were seeded into a 96-well plate (cell density 4×104 cells / well) and incubated overnight. Effector cells (Jurkat-luc-hOX40-hCD27 cells) were added into the well (cell density 5×104 cells / well) and incubated with serially diluted tested anti-CD70 antibodies (maximum concentration: 100μg / mL, 3-fold dilutions, 9 gradients) at 37℃for 6 h. Human IgG1 protein was used as ISO. Then, 75μl Bio-liteTM Luciferase Assay Reagent (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Cat#: DD1201-02-AB) was added to each well. The plate was incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes, and then placed in a luminescence detector to detect the fluorescence signal. A fitting curve was obtained using antibody concentration (μg / mL) as the X-axis and RLU as the Y-axis. The results are shown in FIG. 4 indicating that 5E10 can block the interaction between human CD70 and its ligand CD27, whereas PC2 and PC3 failed in blocking the interaction between human CD70 and human CD27.
[0385] Example 3. Preparation and analysis of anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibody
[0386] Generation of anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibody
[0387] Bispecific antibodies comprising an anti-EGFR-specific binding domain and an anti-CD70-specific binding domain were constructed using standard methodologies, wherein the anti-EGFR antigen binding domain and the anti-CD70 antigen binding domain each comprise different heavy chain variable regions paired with either a common light chain variable region or different light chain variable regions.
[0388] To reduce the chance of wrong pairing between the two heavy chains, knobs-into-holes mutations were introduced in the Fc regions of the anti-CD70 arm heavy chain and the anti-EGFR arm heavy chain. Exemplary bispecific antibodies obtained include 5E10-9A3. The bispecific antibodies are named with the knob chain antibody name followed by the hole chain antibody name. For example, in 5E10-9A3, the 5E10 antibody fab region is linked to a heavy chain constant region (e.g., CH2, CH3) with the knob mutations, and the 9A3 antibody fab region is linked to a heavy chain constant region (e.g., CH2, CH3) with the hole mutations.
[0389] The sequences of the light chain constant region, the heavy chain constant region with knob mutations, and the heavy chain constant region with hole mutations are shown in FIG. 3.
[0390] Binding affinity of anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibody
[0391] The binding affinity of the anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibody to His-tagged human EGFR protein (hEGFR-His-1, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: EGR-H5222) or His-tagged human CD70 protein (hCD70-His, ACRO biosystems, Cat#: CDL-H52Da) was verified using the similar experimental procedures as previously described. As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the same method with appropriate adjustments for parameters (e.g., antibody concentration) was performed for each tested antibody. The results are summarized in the table below.
[0392] Table 8
[0393] The results show that 5E10-9A3 can bind to both human EGFR and human CD70 with a high affinity.
[0394] Internalization of anti-EGFR / CD70 bispecific antibody
[0395] Specifically, DU-145 cells were transferred to a 96-well plate. 5E10-9A3 together with AffiniPure Fab Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG were incubated at room temperature in the dark for 10-15 minutes, and then were added to DU-145 cells and incubated for 5 hours. The cells were centrifuged and washed with FACS buffer. Endocytosis rates of antibodies were calculated. For isotype control (ISO) , human IgG1 protein was used. The results at 5 hr are shown in the following table.
[0396] The results show that the 5E10-9A3 exhibit high endocytosis rates in DU-145 cells than PC1 and PC2.
[0397] Table 9
[0398] Example 4. Anti-tumor activity of in DU145 xenograft model
[0399] The anti-tumor activities of the antibodies were tested in B-NDG mice (Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Cat#: B-CM-002) . About 1×107 DU145 cells were injected subcutaneously into the B-NDG mice, and when the tumor volume reached about 150 mm3, the mice were divided to different groups based on tumor size (5 mice per group) . The treatment group mice were then injected with 5E10-9A3 (G2) by intravenous (i.v. ) at a dose of 10mg / kg. The control group mice were injected with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (G1) . Each group received injections twice a week (6 administrations in total) . The tumor volumes were measured twice a week and the body weights of the mice were weighed as well. Euthanasia was performed when the tumor volume of a mouse reached 3000 mm3.
[0400] The injected volume was calculated based on the weight of the mouse. The lengths of the long axis and the short axis of the tumor were measured and the volume of the tumor was calculated as 0.5× (long axis) × (short axis) 2. The weights of the mice were also measured twice a week. The tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) was calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100%. Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero. T-test was performed for statistical analysis. P<0.05 is a threshold to indicate significant difference.
[0401] During the experimental period, little difference was observed in the body weights of mice in different groups.
[0402] Table below summarizes the results for this experiment, including the tumor volumes on the day of grouping (Day 0) , 14 days after grouping (Day 14) , and24 days after grouping (Day 24) ; Tumor Growth Inhibition value (TGI%) , and the statistical differences (P value) of tumor volume and body weight between the treatment and control groups.
[0403] Table 10
[0404] The results indicate that, the tumor growth in the treatment group (G2) exhibited better tumor inhibitory effects compared to the PBS (G1) .
[0405] Example 5. Anti-tumor activity of in SKOV3 xenograft model
[0406] About 5×106 SKOV3 cells were injected subcutaneously into the B-NDG mice, and when the tumor volume reached about 300 mm3, the mice were divided to different groups based on tumor size (5 mice per group) . The treatment group mice were then injected with antibodies or PBS by intravenous (i.v. ) administration. The frequency of administration was twice a week (6 administrations in total) . Details are shown in the table below.
[0407] Table 11
[0408] The tumor volumes were measured twice a week and the body weights of the mice were weighed as well. Euthanasia was performed when the tumor volume of a mouse reached 3000 mm3. During the experimental period, little difference was observed in the body weights of mice in different groups.
[0409] Table below summarizes the results for this experiment, including the tumor volumes on the day of grouping (Day 0) , 14 days after grouping (Day 14) , and24 days after grouping (Day 24) ; Tumor Growth Inhibition value (TGI%) , and the statistical differences (P value) of tumor volume and body weight between the treatment and control groups.
[0410] Table 12
[0411] The tumor sizes in groups treated with the antibodies are shown in FIG. 5. The results showed that 5E10-9A3 (G2) showed better anti-tumor activities compared with the positive control groups (G3) at a dose of 10 mg / kg.
[0412] Example 6. Anti-tumor activity of in ACHN xenograft model
[0413] About 1×107ACHN cells were injected subcutaneously into the BALB / c nude mice (Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Cat#: 113259) , and when the tumor volume reached about200 mm3, the mice were divided to different groups based on tumor size (5 mice per group) . The treatment group mice were randomly selected for intravenosus (i.v. ) administration of PBS (G1) or 5E10-9A3 (G2) . The frequency of administration was twice a week (6 administrations in total) .
[0414] The tumor volumes were measured twice a week, and the results are shown in FIG. 6, in which 5E10-9A3 (G2) exhibited better tumor inhibition effects than that of the control (G1) .
[0415] Example 7. Physicochemical properties of anti-EGFR / CD70 antibody
[0416] The anti-EGFR / CD70 antibody was diluted to 1 mg / mL using PBS buffer, and the following tests were performed: (1) detecting changes in the apparent hydrophobicity of the antibody using the Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HIC-HPLC) method (indicated as the retention time of the main peak (HIC, min) ) ; (2) detecting the specificity of the antibody using the Cross-Interaction Chromatography (CIC) method (indicated as the retention time (CIC, min) ) ; (3) detecting thermodynamic stability of the antibody by the high throughput multifunctional protein stability analyzer (UNcle, Unchained Labs) (indicated as the melting temperature (Tm) , onset temperature (Tonset) , and aggregation temperature (Tagg 266) ) ; and (4) detecting pI (isoelectric point) of the antibody by the Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (cIEF) method.
[0417] In the HIC-HPLC experiments, an Agilent 1260 chromatograph system (connected with ProPac TMHIC-10 column (4.6 x 100 mm, Thermo Scientific) ) was used, and samples were diluted using mobile phase A and then loaded on 20μg. The following parameters were used: mobile phase A: 0.9 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M PB, 10%ACN, pH 6.5; mobile phase B: 0.1 M PB, 10%ACN pH 6.5; flow rate: 0.8 mL / min; gradient: 0 min 100%A, 2 min 100%A, 32 min 100%B, 34 min 100%B, 35 min 100%A, and45 min 100%A; column temperature: 30℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm; running time: 45 minutes.
[0418] In the CIC assay, a CIC column was prepared by coupling human polyclonal IgGs (Sigma, Cat#: I4506) onto a HiTrap NHS-activated resin (GE Healthcare, Cat#: 17-0716-01) followed by passivation with ethanolamine according to published procedures. The column was then connected to Agilent 1260 chromatograph system and run at 0.1 mL / min using 1×PBS as the mobile phase until a flat baseline was reached. 10μg of antibody at 1 mg / mL in PBS were then injected. Peak retention times on the column were monitored at 280 nm; running time: 50 minutes.
[0419] In the UNcle experiments, 8μL protein sample was loaded into the Uni tube, and the system operated at a thermal temperature from 25℃to 95℃at a heating rate of 1℃ / min. The particle size and polydispersity were detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) before heating. The protein stability was characterized by differential scanning full spectrum fluorescence (DSF) , static light scattering (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) .
[0420] In the cIEF experiments, a Maurice cIEF Method Development Kit (Protein Simple, Cat#: PS-MDK01-C) was used for sample preparation. Specifically, 40ug protein sample was mixed with the following reagents in the kit: 1μL Maurice cIEF pI Marker-4.05, 1μL Maurice cIEF pI Marker-9.99, 35 μL 1%Methyl Cellulose Solution, 2μL Maurice cIEF 500 mM Arginine, 4μL Ampholytes (Pharmalyte pH ranges 3-10) , and water (added to make a final volume of 100μL) . On the Maurice analyzer (Protein Simple, Santa Clara, CA) , Maurice cIEF Cartridges (PS-MC02-C) were used to generate imaging capillary isoelectric focusing spectra. The sample was focused for a total of 10 minutes. The analysis software installed on the instrument was used to integrate the absorbance of the 280 nm-focused protein.
[0421] Detailed results are shown in the table below. The results showed that the anti-EGFR / CD70 antibody 5E10-9A3 exhibited good stability and physical and chemical properties.
[0422] Table 13
[0423] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0424] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to EGFR comprising:a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; anda light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;(2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;(3) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and(4) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.5.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.6.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to EGFR comprisinga heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:(1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;(2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; and(3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 6, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 6, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 6, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.10.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to EGFR comprisinga heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:(1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;(2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; and(3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human or monkey EGFR.12.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human or humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .14.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a multispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further specifically binds to CD70.16.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-14.17.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:(1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR;(2) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR;(3) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23, binds to EGFR;(4) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24, binds to EGFR;(5) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR;(6) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to EGFR; or(7) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, binds to EGFR.18.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey EGFR.19.The nucleic acid of claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof.20.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 17-19, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .21.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 17-20, wherein the nucleic acid is cDNA.22.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD70 comprising:a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; anda light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and(2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.23.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 22, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Kabat definition.24.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 22, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, according to the Chothia definition.25.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD70 comprisinga heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 26 and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.26.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 25, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.27.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD70 comprisinga heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 26 and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.28.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 22-27, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to human or monkey CD70.29.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 22-28, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human or humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.30.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 22-29, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .31.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 22-30, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a multispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.32.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 31, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further specifically binds to EGFR.33.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 22-31.34.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:(1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to CD70;(2) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22, binds to CD70; or(3) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26, binds to CD70.35.The nucleic acid of claim 34, wherein the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey CD70.36.The nucleic acid of claim 34 or claim 35, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human or humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof.37.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 34-36, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) .38.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 34-37, wherein the nucleic acid is cDNA.39.An antigen-binding protein construct, comprising: a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds to EGFR; and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds to CD70.40.The antigen-binding protein construct of claim 39, wherein the first antigen-binding domain comprises a first heavy chain variable region (VH1) and a first light chain variable region (VL1) ; and the second antigen-binding domain comprises a second heavy chain variable region (VH2) and a second light chain variable region (VL2) .41.The antigen-binding protein construct of claim 40, whereinthe first heavy chain variable region (VH1) comprises complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH1 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH1 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH1 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH1 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH1 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH1 CDR3 amino acid sequence; andthe first light chain variable region (VL1) comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL1 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL1 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL1 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL1 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL1 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL1 CDR3 amino acid sequence,wherein the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences, the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;(2) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;(3) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and(4) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.42.The antigen-binding protein construct of claim 40 or claim 41, whereinthe second heavy chain variable region (VH2) comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH2 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH2 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH2 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH2 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH2 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH2 CDR3 amino acid sequence; andthe second light chain variable region (VL2) comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL2 CDR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL2 CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL2 CDR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL2 CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL2 CDR3 region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL2 CDR3 amino acid sequence,wherein the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1,2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; and(2) the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.43.The antigen-binding protein construct of claim 42, wherein(1) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;(2) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively;(3) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively; or(4) the selected VH1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively, and the selected VL1 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the selected VH2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the selected VL2 CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively.44.The antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 40-43, wherein the first heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23, the first light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, the second heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the second light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.45.The antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 40-43, wherein the first heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24, the first light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, the second heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the second light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.46.The antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 40-43, wherein the first heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25, the first light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, the second heavy chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the second light chain variable region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22.47.The antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-46, wherein the antigen-binding protein construct is a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .48.The antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-47 wherein the first antigen-binding domain is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) ; and / or the second antigen-binding domain is a scFv.49.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48.50.A vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-21, 34-38, and 49, a nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33, or a nucleic acid encoding the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48.51.A cell comprising the vector of claim 50.52.The cell of claim 51, wherein the cell is a CHO cell.53.A cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-21, 34-38 and 49, a nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33, or a nucleic acid encoding the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48.54.A method of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or an antigen-binding protein construct, the method comprising(a) culturing the cell of any one of claims 51-53 under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct; and(b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antigen-binding protein construct produced by the cell.55.An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a therapeutic agent covalently bound to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33, or the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48.56.The antibody drug conjugate of claim 55, wherein the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.57.A method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33, the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48, or the antibody drug conjugate of any one of claims 55-56 to the subject.58.The method of claim 57, wherein the subject has a cancer expressing EGFR and / or CD70.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the cancer is melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hematological malignancies, renal carcinoma or ovarian cancer.60.The method of any one of claims 57-59, wherein the subject is a human.61.The method of any one of claims 57-60, wherein the method further comprises administering an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody to the subject.62.The method of any one of claims 57-61, wherein the method further comprises administering a chemotherapy to the subject.63.A method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33, the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48, or the antibody drug conjugate of any one of claims 55-56.64.A method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33, the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48, or the antibody drug conjugate of any one of claims 55-56.65.[Corrected under Rule 26, 03.04.2025]A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 and 22-33.66.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the antigen-binding protein construct of any one of claims 39-48.67.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the antibody drug conjugate of any one of claims 55-56.
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