Livestock feed

Abstract

A composition including a cassava pulp and glucose, preferably a cassava pulp saccharification residue, is suitable as a highly preservable livestock feed in which an increase in endogenous bacteria is suppressed, preferably a livestock feed for ruminants such as cattle.

Description

livestock feed

[0001] The present invention relates to livestock feed made from cassava pulp and a method for raising livestock using the livestock feed.

[0002] Starch is widely used as food and industrial raw material, and starch-containing crops are cultivated as important crops around the world. One example of a starch-containing crop is cassava, which is cultivated mainly in Southeast Asia.

[0003] In the process of extracting starch from cassava, cassava pulp, a by-product of starch extraction, is a residue. Because this cassava pulp still contains unextracted starch, studies have been conducted to produce a sugar solution containing glucose as a main component using enzymes from the cassava pulp as a raw material, and to use this sugar solution as a raw material for the production of chemical products using microorganisms (Patent Document 1). Similarly, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cassava pulp using enzymes and yeast to produce ethanol has also been studied (Patent Document 2).

[0004] Furthermore, because cassava pulp contains polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin in addition to starch, its use as livestock feed after sun-drying has been disclosed (Non-Patent Document 1). Furthermore, the use of the distillation residue after simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation using the aforementioned cassava pulp as animal or fish feed has also been investigated (Patent Document 2).

[0005] WO2019 / 189650 JP 2014-14337 A

[0006] Kaeokliang, Ornvimol, et al. “Effects of physically effective fiber in diets based on rice straw and cassava pulp on chewing activity, ruminal "Animal Science Journal 90.9 (2019): 1193-1199.

[0007] Cassava pulp has a high moisture content (over 80% by weight) and starch, one of its components, which allows the proliferation of endogenous bacteria and makes it prone to spoilage, making it difficult to store. Furthermore, the distillation residue after simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation using cassava pulp not only contains excessive ash but also has a strong odor, making it unsuitable as animal feed.

[0008] Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide livestock feed derived from cassava pulp that has high shelf life and contains a composition suitable for livestock feed.

[0009] As a result of intensive research to solve the above problems, the present inventors discovered that a composition containing cassava pulp and glucose (a preferred example is cassava pulp saccharification residue) can suppress the growth of endogenous bacteria and is suitable as livestock feed, thereby completing the present invention.

[0010] That is, the present invention comprises the following [1] to

[16] . [1] A livestock feed comprising a composition containing cassava pulp and glucose. [2] The livestock feed according to [1], wherein the glucose content of the composition is 1 to 75 wt% based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp of the composition. [3] The livestock feed according to [1], wherein the composition is a cassava pulp saccharification residue. [4] The livestock feed according to [3], wherein the glucose content of the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 1 to 45 wt% based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue. [5] The livestock feed according to [3] or [4], wherein the ash content of the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 9.5 to 30 wt% based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue. [6] A livestock feed comprising silage of a composition containing cassava pulp and glucose. [7] The livestock feed according to [6], wherein the composition is a cassava pulp saccharification residue. [8] The livestock feed according to [6], wherein the glucose content in the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 1 to 45% by weight based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue. [9] The livestock feed according to [7] or [8], wherein the ash content in the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 9.5 to 30% by weight based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue.

[10] The livestock feed according to any of [1] to [9], wherein the livestock is livestock that digests cassava pulp or crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue.

[11] The livestock feed according to any of [1] to [9], wherein the livestock is ruminant livestock.

[12] The livestock feed according to any of [1] to [9], wherein the livestock is cattle.

[13] A livestock raising method, comprising feeding livestock the livestock feed according to any of [1] to [9].

[14] The livestock breeding method according to

[13] , wherein the livestock digests crude fiber contained in cassava pulp or cassava pulp saccharification residue.

[15] The livestock breeding method according to

[13] , wherein the livestock is a ruminant livestock.

[16] The livestock breeding method according to

[13] , wherein the livestock is cattle.

[0011] According to the present invention, it is possible to prevent an increase in the number of viable bacteria in the process of drying cassava pulp or cassava pulp saccharification residue for use in animal feed.

[0012] The present invention will be described in detail below.

[0013] The livestock feed of the present invention is characterized by containing cassava pulp as an ingredient. Cassava pulp is a by-product of starch production from cassava roots, and is the residue discharged after starch extraction. Cassava pulp is primarily composed of polysaccharides, including cellulose and hemicellulose, which constitute crude fiber, as well as starch residue and highly viscous pectin.

[0014] As mentioned above, cassava pulp can be used as livestock feed, but cassava pulp has a high moisture content (80% by weight or more) and is primarily composed of starch, which makes it prone to the proliferation of endogenous bacteria, posing a problem in terms of storage stability. To solve this problem, the livestock feed of the present invention is characterized by incorporating not only cassava pulp but also glucose as an essential ingredient.

[0015] For the above reasons, the livestock feed of the present invention is characterized by comprising, as an essential ingredient, a composition containing cassava pulp and glucose (hereinafter simply referred to as the "composition"). The amount of glucose in the composition is not particularly limited as long as it is a weight that can solve the problems of the present invention, but is preferably 1 to 75 wt %, more preferably 10 to 70 wt %, and even more preferably 30 to 65 wt % of the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp. The crude fiber contained in cassava pulp is defined as water-insoluble dietary fiber. The dry weight is measured by boiling the cassava pulp with an acid and an alkali, filtering the recovered solids, and then washing and drying them.

[0016] The glucose contained in the composition may be commercially available glucose, and in that case, the composition ratio of cassava pulp to glucose in the composition can be determined by the amount of commercially available glucose. Furthermore, when the composition is a cassava pulp saccharification residue described below, the glucose may be glucose derived from cassava pulp remaining in the cassava pulp saccharification residue. The weight of glucose remaining in the cassava pulp saccharification residue can be measured by UPLC or HPLC.

[0017] The glucose is preferably natural D-glucose. Glucose polymers are classified into starch (α-1,4 bond) and cellulose (β-1,4 bond) depending on the bond type of glucose, but since the constituent sugars are the same, the origin of the glucose may be either polymer.

[0018] The composition is not particularly limited as long as it is derived from cassava pulp, but cassava pulp saccharification residue is preferably used. Cassava pulp saccharification residue is a residue generated after cassava pulp hydrolysis in a process of producing a sugar solution by hydrolyzing cassava pulp. In a method for producing a sugar solution using cassava pulp as a raw material, starch, one of the main components of cassava pulp, is hydrolyzed to produce a sugar solution mainly composed of glucose, but cassava pulp saccharification residue is generated as a by-product. Cassava pulp saccharification residue is mainly composed of crude fiber, which is the hydrolysis residue of polysaccharides, the main component of cassava pulp, but also contains glucose, a starch hydrolysate, as a residue.

[0019] Examples of methods for producing sugar solutions using cassava pulp as a raw material include the method described in WO 2019 / 189650, which generally comprises the following steps (1) to (3), with the cassava pulp saccharification residue being obtained as a solid fraction from solid-liquid separation in step (3): Step (1): Hydrating the raw cassava pulp; Step (2): Mixing the hydrated product obtained in step (1) with water and a saccharifying enzyme and hydrolyzing the mixture; Step (3): Separating the hydrolyzate obtained in step (2) into solid and liquid.

[0020] The weight of glucose contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue is not particularly limited as long as it can solve the problems of the present invention, but is preferably 1 to 45 wt %, more preferably 3 to 40 wt %, and even more preferably 6 to 30 wt % relative to the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp. The weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue can be measured using the same method as the method for measuring the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp before hydrolysis. If the weight of glucose contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue does not satisfy the above weight ratio, it may be adjusted by adding commercially available glucose.

[0021] The main feed component of the livestock feed of the present invention is the cassava pulp-derived crude fiber contained in the composition, but glucose can also serve as a nutrient source for livestock. In addition to crude fiber and glucose, the composition may also contain cassava pulp-derived ash. Cassava pulp-derived ash is obtained as ash when cassava pulp or cassava pulp saccharification residue is burned. Specific examples of components contained in the ash include calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which can serve as important nutrients that serve as mineral sources for livestock. A deficiency of ash contained in the composition (preferably cassava pulp saccharification residue) of the livestock feed of the present invention can cause symptoms such as growth retardation in livestock, while excessive ash, for example, excessive potassium intake, can inhibit the absorption of calcium and magnesium. The ash content of the composition (preferably cassava pulp saccharification residue) of the livestock feed of the present invention is preferably 9.5 to 30 wt %, more preferably 10 to 30 wt %, and even more preferably 10 to 20 wt %, based on the dry weight of the crude fiber. If the ash weight contained in the composition (preferably cassava pulp saccharification residue) of the livestock feed of the present invention does not satisfy the above weight ratio, the ash components may be appropriately added to adjust it.

[0022] The starch content of the composition (preferably cassava pulp saccharification residue) contained in the livestock feed of the present invention is preferably 50% by weight or less, more preferably 25% by weight or less, and even more preferably 5% by weight or less, based on the dry weight of the crude fiber. When a sugar solution is produced using cassava pulp as a raw material, the starch content of the resulting cassava pulp saccharification residue is usually within the above-mentioned range.

[0023] In addition to the composition, the livestock feed of the present invention may contain additional nutrients required by the livestock to be fed as appropriate. However, when cassava pulp saccharification residue is used as the composition, it can be a sufficient source of nutrients for livestock on its own, and therefore the livestock feed of the present invention can be composed only of cassava pulp saccharification residue.

[0024] The livestock feed of the present invention may be silaged from the composition. Ensiling refers to sealing livestock feed while maintaining an appropriate moisture content and carrying out lactic acid fermentation using anaerobic lactic acid bacteria to improve storage stability. The purpose of silaging is to prevent contamination of the livestock feed with various bacteria by lowering the pH due to lactic acid fermentation and to improve long-term storage stability. There are no particular restrictions on the pH of the silage, as long as it is lower than the pH before silaging, but a pH in the range of 3 to 4 is preferred.

[0025] The lactic acid bacteria used in ensiling the livestock feed of the present invention may be naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria, or a lactic acid bacteria preparation for silage may be added. Examples of lactic acid bacteria preparations for silage include "Saimaster AC" (Snow Brand Seed Co., Ltd.), "Saimaster LP" (Snow Brand Seed Co., Ltd.), and "BONSILAGE" (Daicel Corporation). These lactic acid bacteria preparations may be added during preparation or may be added during ensiling. Since lactic acid bacteria are anaerobic, fermentation is preferably carried out in a deaerated state. The ensiling method is not particularly limited, and examples include silo methods such as tower silos, bunker silos, and stack silos, roll bale methods, and methods using steel or plastic containers. In either method, fermentation is preferably carried out until the pH of the silage reaches 3 to 4.

[0026] The composition may be silaged by mixing it with other feed ingredients, which are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include hay (e.g., alfalfa, Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, timothy, orchard grass, etc.) and concentrated feed (e.g., grains such as corn and wheat, pulses such as soybeans, and bran such as wheat bran and soybean meal).

[0027] The livestock to be fed the livestock feed of the present invention are preferably livestock that can digest the crude fiber contained in the composition and use it as a nutrient source, and specific examples include cattle, pigs, chickens, goats, and sheep. Ruminants that primarily feed on the crude fiber (cattle, goats, and sheep) are more preferred, and cattle are particularly preferred.

[0028] When the livestock feed of the present invention is fed to livestock, it is preferably fed in a dry state, and specifically, the moisture content of the livestock feed is preferably 50% by weight or less, more preferably 40% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 30% by weight or less. The moisture content can be measured using an infrared moisture meter or the like, based on the weight of a sample before and after drying. Furthermore, the livestock feed of the present invention may be fed by the commonly known separate feeding method (a method in which feed is given individually) or the TMR (Total Mixed Ration) method.

[0029] The present invention will be specifically explained below by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0030] Reference Example 1 Measurement of solids concentration Equipment used: Infrared moisture meter (Kett Electric Laboratory, "FD-720") Analysis conditions: Drying temperature 105°C, automatic stop mode that stops measurement when the moisture change over 30 seconds is 0.05% or less Measurement of moisture content: Approximately 10 g of sample was subjected to the infrared moisture meter, and the moisture ratio Rw (% by weight) was measured. Calculation of solids concentration: Solids concentration (% by weight) = 100 - Rw.

[0031] Reference Example 2: Measurement of Glucose Concentration. A 10- to 20-fold volume of water was added to 0.5 g of sample, and the mixture was centrifuged and filtered. The filtrate was then analyzed. Analysis was performed using an ACQUITY UPLC system (Waters) under the following conditions, and the glucose concentration was measured based on a calibration curve prepared using a glucose standard. Column: AQUITY UPLC BEH Amide 1.7 μm 2.1 × 100 mm Column. Separation method: HILIC. Mobile phase (all percentages in this section are by volume): Mobile phase A: 80% acetonitrile, 0.2% TEA aqueous solution; Mobile phase B: 30% acetonitrile, 0.2% TEA aqueous solution. The gradient was linear, reaching the mixing ratios corresponding to the times listed below. Starting conditions (all percentages in this section are by volume): (Mobile phase A: 99.90%, Mobile phase B: 0.10%), 2 minutes after starting: (Mobile phase A: 96.70%, Mobile phase B: 3.30%), 3.5 minutes after starting: (Mobile phase A: 95.00%, Mobile phase B: 5.00%), 3.55 minutes after starting: (Mobile phase A: 99.90%, Mobile phase B: 0.10%), 6 minutes after starting: (Mobile phase A: 99.90%, Mobile phase B: 0.10%). Detection method: ELSD (Evaporative Light Scattering Detector). Flow rate: 0.3 mL / min. Temperature: 55°C.

[0032] Reference Example 3 Preparation of Cassava Pulp Saccharification Residue 4N sodium hydroxide (Nacalai Tesque) was added to 3.0 kg of cassava pulp (produced in Thailand) obtained from EBP Ethanol Co., Ltd., and the pH was adjusted to 5.20. After adding 0.032 mL of α-amylase ("α-Amylase, heat-stable" (Sigma-Aldrich Japan)), the cassava pulp was hydrated by heat treatment at 90 ° C. for 1.5 hours.

[0033] The obtained hydrated cassava pulp was cooled and diluted with an equal amount of water, and then placed in a 5 L jar fermenter (Bio-t). Cellulase ("Cellic CTec2" (Sigma-Aldrich Japan LLC)), pectinase ("Acremonium Cellulase" (Meiji Seika Pharma)), and glucoamylase ("Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger" (Sigma-Aldrich Japan)) were added, and a saccharification reaction was carried out at 50°C for 24 hours at 270 rpm.

[0034] The saccharified liquid obtained after the saccharification reaction was collected in a 5 L beaker and subjected to a solid-liquid separation process using a laboratory filter press apparatus, Model MO-4 (Yabuta Manufacturing Co., Ltd.). The solid-liquid separation conditions were as follows: Apparatus: Model MO-4 filter press (Yabuta Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) Filter cloth: Made of polypropylene Pressing pressure: 0.4 kPa Compression pressure: 0.5 kPa Pressing time: Continued until the pressurized filtration rate reached 1.0 mL / min. Compression time: Continued until the pressurized filtration rate reached 1.0 mL / min. After pressing and squeezing were completed, the filter chamber was opened to obtain the cassava pulp saccharification residue, which was the solid fraction.

[0035] Reference Example 4: Component analysis of cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) The moisture content and glucose content of the cassava pulp and cassava pulp saccharification residue of Reference Example 3 were measured by the methods described in Reference Examples 1 and 2. The glucose content was calculated as follows: Glucose content [g / kg-CP]: glucose concentration [g / L] × moisture content [wt%] × specific gravity [g / mL].

[0036] The glucose contents in the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) of Reference Example 3 are as shown in Table 1 below. It is noteworthy that the cassava pulp saccharification residue of Reference Example 3 contained a significant amount of glucose derived from the cassava pulp saccharification liquid.

[0037]

[0038] Reference Example 5: Starch Content Measurement The starch content of the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) from Reference Example 3 was measured. 50% by weight of ethanol was added to 10 g of each sample, and the sample was heated to gelatinize the starch in the sample. The gelatinized starch was treated with glucoamylase to hydrolyze it to glucose. The glucose concentration was then quantified according to the protocol of the glucose measurement kit (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). The starch content was calculated from the obtained glucose concentration using the formula: Starch content (g / 100 g) = glucose amount (g / 100 g) × 0.9.

[0039] The starch contents in the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) of Reference Example 3 are as shown in Table 2 below. It is noteworthy that starch was not detected in the cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) of Reference Example 3.

[0040] Reference Example 6: Measurement of crude fiber content The crude fiber content of the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) from Reference Example 3 was measured. A crude fiber analysis and extraction device (OSK 97AU106, Ogawa Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used for the measurement. The residue obtained after heating, filtering, washing, and drying using 1.25% sulfuric acid and 1.25% sodium hydroxide, respectively, was quantified as crude fiber. The glucose and starch contents obtained in Reference Examples 4 and 5 were calculated using the following formula based on the dry weight of crude fiber in the sample (Table 2). Starch content relative to crude fiber [wt %]: starch content [wt %] / crude fiber content [wt %]×100 Glucose content relative to crude fiber [relative to crude fiber Glc content, wt %]: glucose content [g / kg] / {1000×(100−moisture content [wt %])×crude fiber content [wt %]}×100.

[0041] The crude fiber starch content and crude fiber glucose content in the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) of Reference Example 3 are as shown in Table 2 below. It was confirmed that cassava pulp (CP) is mainly composed of starch, while cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) is mainly composed of crude fiber.

[0042] Reference Example 8 Ash Content Measurement The crude fiber content was measured for the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) of Reference Example 3. Approximately 2 g of each accurately measured sample was placed in a crucible and gently heated to carbonize, then heated to 550 to 600°C for 2 hours to incinerate, allowed to cool in a desiccator, and then accurately weighed.

[0043] The crude fiber ash content of the cassava pulp (CP) and cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) in Reference Example 3, based on the crude fiber content measured in Reference Example 6, is as shown in Table 2 below, and the cassava pulp (CP) was 9.5% and the cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) was 12%.

[0044]

[0045] <Reference Example 9> Measurement of viable cell count A suspension was prepared by adding 10 to 20 times the amount of water to 0.5 g of a sample. The suspension was serially diluted, and the viable cell count in the sample was measured using a "3M Petrifilm" rapid viable cell count plate (RAC plate) (3M).

[0046] <Comparative Example 1> Change in viable cell count in cassava pulp (CP) The crude fiber ash content of the cassava pulp (CP) of Reference Example 3 was measured using the method described in Reference Example 8, and was found to be 9.5%. Next, the viable cell count was measured using the method described in Reference Example 9. Thereafter, the cassava pulp (CP) was left to dry in an incubator at 30°C for 48 hours, and the viable cell count was measured again for the resulting dried composition. As a result of comparing the viable cell counts before and after drying, the viable cell counts were almost the same, suggesting that drying alone cannot reduce bacterial contamination.

[0047] Example 1: Change in viable cell count in a composition containing cassava pulp (CP) and glucose. 1.8 g of D-glucose (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) was added to 100 g of the cassava pulp (CP) of Reference Example 3 to prepare a composition simulating cassava pulp saccharification residue (CP + Glc). The glucose content relative to the crude fiber in this composition was measured using the methods of Reference Examples 4 and 6, and was found to be 5.4% by weight. Furthermore, the ash content relative to the crude fiber in this composition was measured using the method of Reference Example 8, and was found to be 9.5% by weight, the same as in Comparative Example 1.

[0048] The number of viable bacteria in this composition was compared before and after drying in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3 below. Surprisingly, it was revealed that the number of viable bacteria in this composition was reduced by 41% compared to before drying, even though it contained glucose, which is supposed to be a carbon source for microorganisms.

[0049] Example 2: Change in viable cell count in cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) The same test as in Example 1 was carried out, except that the cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR; crude fiber glucose content: 11% by weight, crude fiber ash content: 12% by weight) of Reference Example 3 was used and no additional glucose was added. As a result, as shown in Table 3 below, it was revealed that the viable cell count in the cassava pulp saccharification residue was reduced by 43% compared to before drying.

[0050] Example 3: Change in viable cell count in a composition (CPR + water) obtained by adding water to cassava pulp saccharification residue A test similar to that of Example 2 was conducted, except that 90 g of water was added to the cassava pulp saccharification residue of Reference Example 3 to give a composition with the same moisture content as the cassava pulp of Reference Example 3 (CPR + water; glucose content relative to crude fiber: 11 wt%, ash content relative to crude fiber: 12 wt%). As a result, similar trends to those of Example 2 were obtained, as shown in Table 3 below.

[0051]

[0052] Comparative Example 2: Silage production of cassava pulp (CP) A silage-use lactic acid bacteria preparation, "Cymaster AC" (Snow Brand Seed Co., Ltd.), was suspended in an appropriate amount of water to prepare a silage-use lactic acid bacteria suspension. 10 mL of the suspension was added dropwise to 100 g (pH 5.20) of cassava pulp (CP), the raw material for the cassava pulp saccharification residue of Reference Example 3, and the mixture was placed in a zippered plastic bag, degassed, and sealed. The plastic bag was then placed in a 3.5 L square jar (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.) together with "Anelopac Kenki" (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.), and left to stand in an incubator at 30°C for two weeks to perform anaerobic fermentation. Three samples were used. After fermentation, the plastic bag was opened, and the average pH of the sample was measured using a pH meter (LAQUA-PH-SE, HORIBA). As a result of the experiment, the pH of the sample was 3.49±0.03 (Table 4).

[0053] Example 4: Silage Production of a Composition Containing Cassava Pulp (CP) and 5.4% by Weight of Glucose Based on Crude Fiber Content. A sample for silage production was prepared by adding 1.8 g of D-glucose (Glc) (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) to 100 g of cassava pulp (CP), the raw material for the cassava pulp saccharification residue of Reference Example 3 (CP + Glc 5.4%, pH 5.20). The glucose content relative to the crude fiber in this composition was measured using the methods of Reference Examples 4 and 6, and was found to be 5.4% by weight. Silage production was carried out in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that the above composition was used. The pH of the sample was 3.37±0.03, demonstrating a lower pH than that of Comparative Example 2.

[0054] Example 5: Silage Production of a Composition Containing Cassava Pulp (CP) and Glucose at 10% by Weight Based on Crude Fiber Content. A sample for silage production was prepared by adding 3.3 g of D-glucose (Glc) (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) to 100 g of cassava pulp (CP), the raw material for the cassava pulp saccharification residue of Reference Example 3 (CP + Glc 10%, pH 5.20). The glucose content relative to the crude fiber in this composition was measured using the methods of Reference Examples 4 and 6, and was found to be 10% by weight. Silage production was carried out in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that the above composition was used. The pH of the sample was 3.29 ± 0.02, demonstrating a lower pH than that of Comparative Example 2 (Table 4).

[0055] Example 6: Silaging of cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR) Silage was made in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that the cassava pulp saccharification residue (CPR, pH 4.07) of Reference Example 3 was used as the sample to be silaged. As a result, the pH of the sample was 3.46±0.02, confirming that silage could be made (Table 4).

[0056]

Claims

1. A livestock feed comprising a composition comprising cassava pulp and glucose.

2. The livestock feed according to claim 1, wherein the glucose content of the composition is 1 to 75% by weight based on the dry weight of crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp of the composition.

3. The livestock feed of claim 1, wherein the composition is a cassava pulp saccharification residue.

4. The livestock feed according to claim 3, wherein the glucose content in the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 1 to 45% by weight based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue.

5. The livestock feed according to claim 3, wherein the ash content of the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 9.5 to 30% by weight based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue.

6. A livestock feed comprising silage of a composition comprising cassava pulp and glucose.

7. The livestock feed of claim 6, wherein the composition is a cassava pulp saccharification residue.

8. The livestock feed according to claim 7, wherein the glucose content in the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 1 to 45% by weight based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue.

9. The livestock feed according to claim 7, wherein the ash content of the cassava pulp saccharification residue is 9.5 to 30% by weight based on the dry weight of the crude fiber contained in the cassava pulp saccharification residue.

10. The livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the livestock is a livestock that digests crude fiber contained in cassava pulp or cassava pulp saccharification residue.

11. The livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the livestock is a ruminant livestock.

12. The livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the livestock is cattle.

13. A method for raising livestock, comprising feeding the livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9 to the livestock.

14. The method for raising livestock according to claim 13, wherein the livestock is livestock that digests crude fiber contained in cassava pulp or cassava pulp saccharification residue.

15. The method of raising livestock according to claim 13, wherein the livestock is a ruminant livestock.

16. The method of raising livestock according to claim 13, wherein the livestock is cattle.

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