Monitoring an individual in a building

Abstract

There is provided an apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receive, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; process, by the processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determine, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

Description

MONITORING AN INDIVIDUAL IN A BUILDINGField[oooi] The subject matter herein relates generally to the field of monitoring an individual in a building.Introduction

[0002] There is often a requirement to monitor an individual in a building to determine the health or wellbeing of the individual. For example, the individual may have a health issue that requires the help or support from a carer or care worker. The carer may be required to monitor the individual at home for a significant proportion of a day. Monitoring may provide assurance that the individual is well or alert the carer if there is an issue with the individual. Monitoring may provide details relating to activities of daily life of the individual living at home, or in a care home residential facility, or public housing. Monitoring may involve observing and detecting changes in behaviour, or residential environment, or residential occupancy.

[0003] There is an ongoing need for improvements in this field.Summary

[0004] According to a first aspect, there is provided herein an apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receive, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; process, by the processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determine, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

[0005] According to a second aspect, there provided herein a method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the method comprising: transmitting, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receiving, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; processing, by a processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determining, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.[ooo6] According to a third aspect, there is provided herein a computer program comprising instructions which when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of the second aspect.

[0007] According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided herein a non- transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising the computer program of the third aspect.

[0008] It will be appreciated that particular features of different aspects share the technical effects and benefits of corresponding features of other aspects of the invention. More specifically, the apparatus, computer program, non-transitory computer-readable medium, share the technical effects and benefits of the method.

[0009] It will also be appreciated that the use of the terms “first” and “second”, and the like, are merely intended to help distinguish between similar features and are not intended to indicate a relative importance of one feature over another, unless otherwise specified.

[0010] Within the scope of this application, it is expressly intended that the various aspects, embodiments, examples and alternatives set out in the preceding paragraphs, and the claims and / or the following description and drawings, and in particular the individual features thereof, may be taken independently or in any combination. That is, all embodiments and all features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and / or combination, unless such features are incompatible.Brief description of the drawings

[0011] Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 illustrates an example implementation of an apparatus for monitoring of an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 2 illustrates a radar signal generator for an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 3 illustrates an antenna array for an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 4 illustrates an antenna array for an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 5 illustrates a heatmap of an integrated second signal in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 6 illustrates an example implementation of an apparatus for monitoring of an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 7 illustrates a water usage apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 8 illustrates an example of a plot of building monitoring data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 9 illustrates a combination of an integrated signal with building monitoring data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 10 illustrates a combination of an integrated signal with building monitoring data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 11 illustrates a water usage apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 12 illustrates an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 13 illustrates an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 14 illustrates an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 15 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Figure 16 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Detailed description

[0012] Monitoring of an individual in a building may involve receiving data from a wearable device on the individual. The wearable device may be a user equipment such as a smart watch or a smartphone. However, this approach tends to require the individual is wearing the wearable device. If the individual is not wearing the wearable device, it may not be possible to monitor the individual using this approach.

[0013] Furthermore, monitoring of the individual in the building may involve operation of a complex device. A carer may not be capable of operating such a complex device.

[0014] Examples described herein may relate to an apparatus and method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building. The apparatus tends to be simple and cheap to install. Thus, the apparatus maybe installed in the building without professional installation. Examples described herein may relate to an apparatus and method for translating sensor measurements into care insights for untrained, non-professional carers. Examples described herein may relate to an apparatus and method for conveying insights to untrained, non-professional carers; professional carers; and healthcare professionals. Examples described herein may relate to an apparatus and method fortranslating sensor measurements into building management insights. Examples described herein may relate to an apparatus and method for conveying insights to building managers.

[0015] Figure 1 illustrates an example implementation 100 of an apparatus for monitoring of an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] The example implementation 100 comprises an apparatus 110 and a building 130. An individual 140 is positioned in a room 132 in the building 130. The individual 140 may be one or more humans. The individual 140 maybe one or more animals. The apparatus 110 comprises a transmitter 111, a receiver 112 and a processor 113. The transmitter 111 may comprise a radar signal generator. The building 130 is defined by walls. A first wall of the building 130 is positioned between the apparatus 110 and the individual 140. The room 132 is defined by walls. A second wall of the room 132 is positioned between the apparatus 110 and the individual 140. Thus, the first wall and second wall are positioned between the apparatus 110 and the individual. It will be understood that this is purely an example implementation too. Other example implementations may be such there are M walls between the apparatus 110 and the individual 140, where M > o.

[0017] In operation, the transmitter 111 transmits a first signal 122 comprising a plurality of modulated pulses. The first signal 122 propagates through the first wall and into the building 130. The first signal 122 further propagates through the second wall and into the room 132. At least part of the first signal 122 scatters of the individual 140 generating at least a second signal 124. The second signal 124 propagates towards the apparatus 110. The second signal 124 propagates through the second wall. The second signal 124 further propagates through the first wall and out of the building 130.

[0018] The receiver 112 receives the second signal 124. The processor 113 processes the second signal 124 using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal (not shown). The pulse integration comprises an integration time. The processor 113 determines, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual 140 in the building 130.

[0019] The integration time may be a function of the number of walls between the receiver 112 and the individual 140 and the pulse repetition interval of the modulated pulses. For example, since there are two walls between the receiver 112 and the individual, the integration time may be a function of two multiplied by the pulse repetition interval of the modulated pulses.

[0020] For example, the processor 113 may determine, from the integrated signal, the location of the individual 140 in the building 130. The processor 113 may determine, from the integrated signal, a propagation time to the range of the individual 140. The propagation time may correspond to a range of the individual 140. The range of theindividual 140 may comprise a range error if the second signal comprises a non-line of sight signal (e.g., a multipath signal). The range of the individual 140 may comprise a range error if the second signal comprises a change in propagation speed; for example, due to a wall medium. The processor 113 may determine, from the integrated signal, the angle of the individual 140. The processor 113 may determine, from the integrated signal, an action of the individual 140. The processor 113 may determine, from the integrated signal, a state of the individual 140.

[0021] It will be appreciated that the building 130 may comprise one or more rooms 132. The building 130 may comprise one or more floors. Each floor may comprise one or more rooms. In addition, there may be more than one individual in the building 130.Individuals may be in different rooms or floors to one another. The first signal 122 may be scattered off one or more of the individuals. The second signal 122 may comprise the scattered signals from one or more of the individuals. The processor 113 may be arranged to determine, from the integrated signal, information relating to one or more of the individuals in the building 130.

[0022] It will be appreciated that relative dimensions or distances between components perceived in the illustration are also not intended to be limiting. It will therefore be understood that principles and features in the example implementation too and herein discussed can be applied to other example implementations disclosed herein.

[0023] It will be appreciated that the apparatus 110 may be located at any particular location or with any particular feature / component in the example too. For example, the apparatus 110 is shown as outside the building 130 in Figure 1; however, the apparatus 110 maybe located inside the building 130 or room 132.

[0024] The processor 113 is capable of executing computer- readable instructions and / or performing logical operations. The processor 113 maybe a microcontroller, microprocessor, central processing unit (CPU), field programmable gate array (FPGA) or similar programmable controller. The apparatus 110 may further comprise a user input device and / or output device. The processor 113 maybe communicatively coupled to a memory (not shown) and may in certain embodiments be coupled to the transmitter 111 and / or receiver 112.

[0025] The memory may be a computer readable storage medium. For instance, the memory may include a non-volatile computer storage medium. For example, the memory may include a hard disk drive, flash memory etc.

[0026] Whilst not shown, the apparatus 110 may additionally include a user input device interface and / or a user output device interface, which may allow for visual, audible or haptic inputs / outputs. Examples include interfaces to electronic displays, touchscreens, keyboards, mice, speakers and microphones.

[0027] Figure 2 illustrates a radar signal generator 200 for an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The radar signal generator 200 may be part of a transmitter; such as transmitter 111 described above in relation to Figure 1. The radar signal generator 200 may be used for generating C-band chirp radar signal.

[0028] The radar signal generator 200 is arranged to generate a first signal 222. The first signal 222 comprises a plurality of modulated pulses. The first signal 222 comprises a centre frequency of 2f0. The radar signal generator 200 may be a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).

[0029] The radar signal generator 200 comprises a clock 214 which generates a reference signal for a modulated pulse synthesiser 215. The modulated pulse synthesiser 215 converts the reference signal into a plurality of modulated pulses. The modulated pulse synthesiser 215 may be a chirp generating synthesiser. One or more of the plurality of modulated pulses may be a chirped signal.

[0030] The plurality of modulated pulses from the modulated pulse synthesiser 215 is directed into a loop filter 216. The loop filter 216 filters high frequency noise from the plurality of modulated pulses and outputs an error signal. The error signal adjusts a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 218. The VCO 218 outputs a signal at f0and its associated harmonics; for example, the second harmonic 2f0. The output signal from the VCO 218 is fed into a diplexer 219. The diplexer 219 comprises a low-pass filter 219b having a cut-off frequency that passes f0. The output of the low-pass filter 219b is used as a feedback signal for the modulated pulse synthesiser 215. The diplexer 219 further comprises a high-pass filter 219a having a cut-off frequency that passes 2f0. The output of the high-pass filter 219a is the first signal 222. Thus, the first signal 222 comprises the second harmonic 2f0.

[0031] Figure 3 illustrates an antenna array 300 for an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The apparatus may be the same or similar to apparatus 110 described above in relation to Figure 1. The antenna array 300 may be co-located with the apparatus.

[0032] The antenna array 300 comprises an omnidirectional antenna 356 for a transmitter of the apparatus. The omnidirectional antenna 356 is mounted on the top of the antenna array 300. The omnidirectional antenna 356 covers 360° azimuth in a first elevation sector. The transmitter of the apparatus transmits the first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses from the omnidirectional antenna 356. The first signal therefore propagates 360° azimuth in the first elevation sector.

[0033] The antenna array 300 comprises a square cross section. Each side of the square cross section comprises a directional antenna 352a, 352b, 352c and 352d. Thus, eachdirectional antenna 352a, 352b, 352c and 352d covers a separate 90° sector in azimuth (indicated by dashed lines in Figure 3) and a second elevation sector. The second elevation sector may be the same or similar to the first elevation sector. The receiver of the apparatus may receive the second signal through one or more of the directional antennas 352a, 352b, 352c or 352b; depending on the azimuth direction of an individual in the second elevation sector. Receiving the second signal through one or more of the directional antennas 352a, 352b, 352c or 352b may indicate the azimuth of the individual.

[0034] The antenna array 300 further comprises a circularly polarized transmit antenna 354a for the transmitter of the apparatus. The circularly polarized transmit antenna 354a is mounted on top of the antenna array 300. The circularly polarized transmit antenna 354a covers a third elevation sector. The third elevation sector may be different to the first elevation sector and / or the second elevation sector. The third elevation sector may correspond to at least part of a floor above the apparatus. The transmitter of the apparatus transmits the first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses from the circularly polarized transmit antenna 354a. The first signal therefore propagates into the third elevation sector. The first signal therefore propagates into the floor above the apparatus.

[0035] The antenna array 300 further comprises a circularly polarized receive antenna 354b for the receiver of the apparatus. The circularly polarized receive antenna 354b is mounted on top of the antenna array 300. The circularly polarized receive antenna 354b covers the third elevation sector. The receiver of the apparatus may receive the second signal through the circularly polarized receive antenna 354b. Receiving the second signal through the circularly polarized receive antenna 354b may indicate that the individual is on a floor above the antenna array 300.

[0036] Figure 4 illustrates an antenna array 400 for an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The apparatus may be the same or similar to apparatus 110 described above in relation to Figure 1. The antenna array 400 maybe co-located with the apparatus.

[0037] The antenna array 400 comprises an omnidirectional antenna 456 for a transmitter of the apparatus. The omnidirectional antenna 456 is mounted on the top of the antenna array 400. The omnidirectional antenna 456 covers 360° azimuth in a first elevation sector. The transmitter of the apparatus transmits the first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses from the omnidirectional antenna 456. The first signal therefore propagates 360° azimuth in the first elevation sector.

[0038] The antenna array 400 comprises a hexagonal cross section. Each side of the hexagonal cross section comprises a directional antenna 452a, 452b, 452c, 452b, 452eand 452f. Thus, each directional antenna 452a, 452b, 452c, 452d, 452e and 452f covers a separate 6o° sector in azimuth (indicated by dashed lines in Figure 4) and a second elevation sector. The second elevation sector maybe the same or similar to the first elevation sector. The receiver of the apparatus may receive the second signal through one or more of the directional antennas 452a, 452b, 452c, 452d, 452e or 452f; depending on the azimuth direction of an individual in the second elevation sector. Receiving the second signal through one or more of the directional antennas 452a, 452b, 452c, 452d, 452e or 452f may indicate the azimuth of the individual.

[0039] The antenna array 400 further comprises a circularly polarized transmit antenna 454a for the transmitter of the apparatus. The circularly polarized transmit antenna 454a is mounted on top of the antenna array 400. The circularly polarized transmit antenna 454a covers a third elevation sector. The third elevation sector may be different to the first elevation sector and / or the second elevation sector. The third elevation sector may correspond to at least part of a floor above the apparatus. The transmitter of the apparatus transmits the first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses from the circularly polarized transmit antenna 454a. The first signal therefore propagates into the third elevation sector. The first signal therefore propagates into the floor above the apparatus.

[0040] The antenna array 400 further comprises a circularly polarized receive antenna 454b for the receiver of the apparatus. The circularly polarized receive antenna 454b is mounted on top of the antenna array 400. The circularly polarized receive antenna 454b covers the third elevation sector. The receiver of the apparatus may receive the second signal through the circularly polarized receive antenna 454b. Receiving the second signal through the circularly polarized receive antenna 454b may indicate that the individual is on a floor above the antenna array 400.

[0041] Figure 5 illustrates heatmap 500 of an integrated signal in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The integrated signal may be generated by an apparatus. The apparatus maybe the same or similar to apparatus 110 described above in relation to Figure 1.

[0042] The apparatus is arranged to transmit, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses. The apparatus is further arranged to receive, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual. The apparatus is further arranged to process, by a processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time. The apparatus is further arranged to determine, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

[0043] The first signal is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) signal. Each of the plurality of modulated pulses comprises a Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM). However, in other examples, each of the plurality of modulated pulses may comprise a nonlinear frequency modulation. The LFM comprises a bandwidth of 140MHz and a modulation time of ims. Similarly, the second signal is an FMCW signal. Each of the modulated pulses in the second signal comprise an LFM having a bandwidth of 140MHz and a modulation time of ims.

[0044] The heatmap 500 is a representation of an integrated signal generated by a processor of the apparatus. The integrated signal is generated from the second signal described above using pulse integration. The y axis in the heatmap corresponds to range from the receiver to an individual in a building. The distance is in meters. The x axis in the heatmap corresponds to time in seconds. The amplitude of each datapoint (in dB) in the integrated signal is represented in the heatmap by a greyscale shown in Figure 5.

[0045] The heatmap 500 further comprises annotations 570, 572, 574, 576, 578 and 579 which highlight parts of the integrated signal that may indicate an action of the individual. The action may be indicated by a range profile in the integrated signal. A range profile may comprise a series of returns from the individual in the integrated signal at different ranges. A processor of the apparatus may determine from the parts of the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building. The first information relating to the individual may comprise the indicated action of the individual.

[0046] The processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in the first part 570 of the integrated signal, that the individual is walking in a living room of the building. The processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in second part 572 of the integrated signal, that the individual is walking to a dining room of the building. The processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in third part 574 of the integrated signal, that the individual is sitting in a dining room of the building. The processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in the fourth part 576 of the integrated signal, that the individual is walking back to the kitchen and then walking back to the dining room of the building. The processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in the fifth part 578 of the integrated signal, that the individual is sitting in the dining room of the building. The processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in the sixth part 579 of the integrated signal, that the individual is walking to the living room of the building.

[0047] The apparatus may comprise a classifier. The classifier may be a machine learning model. The classifier may be implemented in software or firmware. The machine learningmodel may be trained using the integrated signal. The classifier may be used to determine the action of the individual. The integrated signal (such as that represented by the heatmap) may be input into the classifier to determine the action of the individual.

[0048] The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, a location of the individual. The location of the individual may comprise a range of the individual from the apparatus. The range may be determined based on a frequency difference between the first signal and the second signal. The range maybe determined based on a frequency difference between the first signal and the integrated signal. The location of the individual may comprise an angle of the individual relative to the apparatus. The angle of the individual may be an azimuth angle. The azimuth angle may be determined by multiplexing directional antennas; for example, directional antennas 352a-352d or 452a- 452f described above in relation to Figures 3 and 4. The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, that the individual is on a floor in the building that is above the apparatus using upward pointing circularly polarized antennas; for example, a circularly polarized transmit antenna 354a, 454a and a circularly polarized receive antenna 354b, 454b.

[0049] In addition, based on the first part 570, second part 572, third part 574, fourth part 576, fifth part 578 or sixth part 579 of the integrated signal, the processor may determine locations of the living room, dining room or kitchen of the building. The apparatus may therefore create a pseudo-map of the building without the need for a floor plan of the building.

[0050] Figure 6 illustrates an example implementation 600 of an apparatus for monitoring of an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The apparatus may be the same or similar to apparatus 110 described above in relation to Figure 1.

[0051] In at least one example, the example implementation 600 comprises an apparatus 610 and a building 630. The apparatus 610 is placed on furniture (e.g., a table) in a first room 631 of the building 630. An individual 640 is positioned in a second room 632 of the building 630. The second room 632 is sandwiched between the first room 631 and a third room 636 of the building 630. The first room 631, second room 632 and third room 636 are on a first floor of the building 630. The position of the apparatus 610 may be such that it provides coverage of each room in the building 630. The building 630 is defined by walls. The first room 631 and second room 632 are separated by a first wall 634 in the building 630. The second room 632 and third room 636 are separated by a second wall 637 in the building 630. The first wall 634 is positioned between the apparatus 610 and the individual 640. It will be understood that this is purely anexample implementation 6oo. Other example implementations may be such there are M walls between the apparatus 6io and the individual 640, where M > o.

[0052] The individual 640 is a single (individual) human. Although not shown, the apparatus 610 comprises at least a transmitter, a receiver and a processor. The apparatus 610 may also comprise an antenna array such as antenna array 300 or antenna array 400; described above in relation to Figures 3 and 4, respectively.

[0053] In operation, the transmitter transmits a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses. The first signal propagates through the first wall 634 and into the second room 632. At least part of the first signal scatters of the individual 640 generating at least a second signal. The second signal propagates back towards the apparatus 610 in the first room 631.

[0054] The receiver receives the second signal. The processor processes the second signal using pulse integration according to an integration time to generate an integrated signal. The processor determines, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual 640 in the building 630.

[0055] The integration time may be a function of the number of walls between the receiver (or apparatus 610) and the individual 640 and the pulse repetition interval of the modulated pulses. For example, since there is one wall (the first wall 634) between the receiver (or apparatus 610) and the individual 640, the integration time may be a function of one multiplied by the pulse repetition interval of the modulated pulses.

[0056] The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, the location of the individual 640 in the building 630. The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, the range of the individual 640. The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, the angle of the individual 640. The angle of the individual 640 may be an azimuth angle. The azimuth angle may be determined by multiplexing directional antennas; for example, directional antennas 352a-352d or 452a-452f described above in relation to Figures 3 and 4.

[0057] Although the individual 640 is shown as on the same floor as the apparatus 610 (i.e., the first floor), the individual 640 (or a different individual) maybe on a floor above the first floor (i.e., a second floor). The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, that the individual 640 is on the second floor using upward pointing circularly polarized antennas; for example, a circularly polarized transmit antenna 354a, 454a and a circularly polarized receive antenna 354b, 454b. The processor may further determine a location of the individual on the second floor.

[0058] The integrated signal may be similar to the heatmap representation of the integrated signal shown in Figure 5. As discussed above in relation to Figure 5, the processor may determine, from the integrated signal, an action of the individual 640. Theaction of the individual may be determined based on a range profile in the integrated signal. The action of the individual may be determined using a classifier. The processor may determine, from the integrated signal, a state of the individual 640. The state of the individual 640 may be determined using a classifier.

[0059] The number of walls between the receiver and the individual may be determined by processing the integrated signal using a wall detection algorithm. The wall detection algorithm may determine that the number of walls between the receiver and the individual has changed. The integration time may be dynamically adaptable based on the change in the number of walls. For example, the individual 640 may move to a third room 636. The third room 636 is defined by a second wall 637. Thus, there are two walls (first wall 634 and second wall 637) between the receiver (or apparatus 610) and the individual 640. The integration time may therefore change from a function of one multiplied by the pulse repetition interval to a function of two multiplied by the pulse repetition interval.

[0060] The processor may determine that the second room 632 is the kitchen; for example, based on a floor plan of the building 630 or detecting use of a utility in the building 630.

[0061] The location of the individual 640 in the building 630 may comprise detecting use of a water tap 633 in the second room 632. Use of the water tap 633 may be detected using data from a water meter (e.g., a water smart meter). Data from a water meter may be transmitted to the apparatus 610. The apparatus 610, e.g., using the processor in the apparatus 610, may determine, based on the data from the water meter, that the water tap 633 is in use. The apparatus 610 may therefore determine that the individual 640 is in a room with a water appliance. The apparatus 610 may also be able to determine, based on the data from the water meter, that the water appliance is the water tap 633.

[0062] Use of the water tap 633 may be detected from temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building 630. In Figure 6, a temperature sensor 660 is attached to the water carrying pipe 635 in room 632. The apparatus 610, e.g., using the processor in the apparatus 610, may determine, based on the temperature measurements, that the water tap 633 is in use. The apparatus 610 may therefore determine that the individual 640 is in room 632.

[0063] As discussed above, the location of the individual 640 in the building 630 may be determined solely from the integrated signal. Similarly, as discussed above, the location of the individual 640 in the building 630 may be determined solely by detecting use of a utility in the building 630. Furthermore, the location of the individual 640 in the building 630 may be determined from a combination of the integrated signal and detected use of a utility in the building 630.

[0064] Figure 7 illustrates a water usage apparatus 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The water usage apparatus 700 comprises a temperature sensor 760 attached to the external surface of a water carrying pipe 735 in a building.

[0065] The water carrying pipe 735 maybe an inlet to the building. The water carrying pipe 735 maybe adjacent to a water appliance e.g., a water tap. The temperature sensor 760 and water carrying pipe 735 may be implemented in a similar way to the temperature sensor 660 and water carrying pipe 635 shown in Figure 6. The temperature sensor 760 may be a pipe-clip temperature sensor.

[0066] A connecting cable 761 connects the temperature sensor 760 to a water usage monitor device 762. The temperature sensor 760 takes temperature measurements of the water carrying pipe 735 and transfers the temperature measurements to the water usage monitor device 762. The temperature measurements may be provided as building monitoring data to an apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in the building (not shown). The apparatus may be similar to apparatus 110 or apparatus 610. Alternatively, or in addition, the building monitoring data may be transmitted to a cloud.

[0067] The water usage monitor device 762 may comprise an ambient transmitter sensor (not shown) for measuring the internal ambient temperature of the building. The ambient internal temperature may be of a room in the building. The internal ambient temperature may be in close proximity to the water carrying pipe 735. The internal ambient temperature measurement maybe provided in the building monitoring data to the apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in the building. The temperature measurements may be adjusted based on the internal ambient temperature. The adjusted temperature measurements maybe provided in the building monitoring data to the apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in the building.

[0068] The water usage monitor device 762 may comprise a transmitter for transferring the building monitoring data to the apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in the building.

[0069] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a plot 800 of building monitoring data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building. The y axis of the plot 800 indicates temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). The x axis of the plot 800 indicates time of the day.

[0070] The plot 800 indicates that the temperature of the water carrying pipe is relatively constant about 16.5°C from 7:30PM to 7:51PM. This may indicate that the water in the water carrying pipe is stationary. It may further indicate that there has not been a significant water flow through the water carrying pipe for a significant time before 7:51PM. For example, this may be because a water appliance connected to the watercarrying pipe has not been used for a significant period before 7:51PM. As indicated by the annotated dashed lines 872 in Figure 8, between about 7:51PM and 7:54PM, the temperature of the water carrying pipe drops from about 16.5°C to about io.8°C. This may indicate that the water in the water carrying pipe is flowing between 7:51PM and 7:54PM. For example, this may be because the water appliance connected to the water carrying pipe is in use between 7:51PM and 7:54PM. The water appliance may be a water tap and using the water tap may comprise opening the water tap. The temperature then gradually increases from approximately 7:54PM to approximately 15.2°C at about 8:30PM. This again may indicate stationary water in the water carrying pipe between 7:54PM and 8:30PM. For example, the water appliance connected to the water carrying pipe may not be in use during this period. For example, if the water appliance is a water tap, the water tap may have been closed.

[0071] The temperature measurements may be taken with a water usage apparatus such as water usage apparatus 700 described above in relation to Figure 7. As discussed above in relation to Figure 7, the temperature measurements may be provided in building monitoring data to an apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in the building.

[0072] The apparatus may detect, based on the temperature measurements, water flowing through the water carrying pipe. Detecting water flowing through the water carrying pipe may comprise determining a temperature delta from a first temperature measurement of the temperature measurements to a second temperature measurement of the temperature measurements. Detecting water flowing through the water carrying pipe further comprise determining a duration of the temperature delta. For example, based on the annotated dashed lines 872 in Figure 8, a first temperature measurement may be 16.5°C at 7:51PM, the second temperature measurement may be io.8°C at 7:54PM; thus, the temperature delta may be 5-7°C and the duration of the temperature delta may be 3 minutes. Such a large temperature delta in a short duration may indicate water is flowing through the water carrying pipe. This may indicate that the water appliance associated with the water cariying pipe is in use. For example, a water tap may have been opened. To detect water flowing through the water carrying pipe, the apparatus may determine that the temperature delta is greater than a threshold delta value. In addition, or alternatively, to detect water flowing through the water cariying pipe, the apparatus may determine that the duration of the temperature delta is less than a threshold duration.

[0073] In addition, the apparatus may determine a volume of water used based on the duration of the temperature delta. The volume of water used may be further based on a diameter of the water carrying pipe. The volume of water used may be further based on the temperature delta.

[0074] Figure 9 illustrates a combination 900 of an integrated signal with building monitoring data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The combination 900 comprises the heatmap 500 of an integrated signal in Figure 5 with the plot 800 of building monitoring data in Figure 8. Note Figure 9 is for illustrative purposes only, the axis of plot 800 may not be exactly aligned with heatmap 500. Similarly, the time scale in plot 800 may not be the same as the time scale in heatmap 500.

[0075] As discussed above, an apparatus may monitor an individual in a building solely based on the integrated signal (such as that represented in heatmap 500). Similarly, an apparatus may monitor the individual in the building solely based on building monitoring data (such as that represented by plot 800).

[0076] An apparatus may also monitor the individual in the building based on the combination 900 of the integrated signal and building monitoring data; as shown in Figure 9.

[0077] For example, the processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in the fourth part 576 of the integrated signal, that the individual is walking to the kitchen and then walking to the dining room of the building. In between walking to the kitchen and walking to the dining room of the building, indicated by dashed lines 972, the range of the individual is relatively constant. This indicates that the individual has stopped moving in range (relative to the receiver) for a period of time. During this period of time, as shown by the annotated dashed lines 872, the building monitoring data indicates that the temperature of a water carrying pipe (for example, associated with a water appliance such as a water tap) has rapidly dropped i.e., the temperature delta is 5-7°C and the duration of the temperature delta is 3 minutes. This may indicate that the individual has stopped to use the water tap associated with the water carrying pipe. A classifier maybe used to process the building monitoring data and / or the integrated signal to determine an action of the individual.

[0078] Figure 10 illustrates a combination 1000 of an integrated signal with building monitoring data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The combination 900 comprises the heatmap 500 of an integrated signal in Figure 5, the plot 800 of building monitoring data in Figure 8 and a plot 1001 of a second set of data in the building monitoring data. Note Figure 10 is for illustrative purposes only, the axis of plot 800 may not be exactly aligned with heatmap 500. Similarly, the time scale in plots 800 / 1001 may not be the same as the time scale in heatmap 500.

[0079] The second set of data in the building monitoring data in plot 1001 is electricity usage data. The y axis of the plot 1001 indicates Energy usage (in kW) and the x axis of the plot 1001 indicates time of day. The electricity usage data may be provided to the apparatus from an electricity smart meter or a current clamp.[oo8o] An apparatus may monitor the individual in the building based on the combination 1000 of the integrated signal and building monitoring data.

[0081] For example, the processor of the apparatus may determine, from the range profile shown in the fourth part 576 of the integrated signal, that the individual is walking to the kitchen and then walking to the dining room of the building. As discussed above, in between walking to the kitchen and then walking to the dining room of the building, the individual stops to operate a water appliance such as a tap (indicated by dashed lines 972). Shortly after operation of the water appliance, the electricity usage data indicates a jump in electricity usage from about o.2kW to about 2.9kW between 10:20 and 10:22. The electricity usage data indicates that the electricity usage remains about 2.9kW for about 2 minutes before dropping back to below o.2kW. This may indicate that the individual has operated an electrical appliance, for example a kettle, for about 2 minutes.

[0082] Using combination 1000, the apparatus may determine an action of the individual. For example, the combination 1000 may indicate that the individual has walked into the kitchen, filled up a kettle using a water tap and then switched the kettle on to boil the water.

[0083] A classifier may be used to process the integrated signal, the building monitoring data or a combination thereof to determine an action and / or state of the individual. The classifier maybe a machine learning model.

[0084] Figure 11 illustrates a water usage apparatus 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The water usage apparatus 1100 may be the same or similar to water usage apparatus 700 described above in relation to Figure 7.

[0085] The water usage apparatus 1100 comprises a temperature sensor 1160 attached to the external surface of a water carrying pipe 1135 in a building.

[0086] The water carrying pipe 1135 may be an inlet to the building. The water carrying pipe 1135 may be adjacent to a water appliance e.g., a water tap. The temperature sensor 1160 and water cariying pipe 1135 may be implemented in a similar way to the temperature sensor 660 and water carrying pipe 635 shown in Figure 6. The temperature sensor 1160 may be a pipe-clip temperature sensor.

[0087] A connecting cable 1161 connects the temperature sensor 1160 to a temperature sensor interface 1162c in the water usage monitor device 1162. The temperature sensor 1160 takes temperature measurements of the water carrying pipe 1135 and transfers the temperature measurements to the water usage monitor device 1162 via the temperature sensor interface 1162c.

[0088] The water usage monitor device 1162 comprises an ambient temperature sensor n62d for measuring for internal ambient temperature of the building. The ambientinternal temperature maybe of a room in the building. The internal ambient temperature maybe in close proximity to the water carrying pipe 1135.

[0089] The water usage monitor device 1162 comprises a processor unit for processing the temperature measurements. The processor may adjust the temperature measurements based on the internal ambient temperature.

[0090] The water usage monitor device 1162 comprises a relative humidity sensor 1162c for measuring the relative humidity of the building, a room in the building or close proximity to the water carrying pipe 1135.

[0091] The water usage monitor device 1162 comprises a vibration sensor n62f for measuring vibrations in the water carrying pipe 1135. The vibrations in the water carrying pipe 1135 may also be used to indicate water flowing through the water carrying pipe 1135-

[0092] The water usage monitor device 1162 comprises a software defined radio receiver 1162g for monitoring the RF usage of bands of interest; for example, radio doorbells. The data may be from an electricity smart meter which provides electricity usage data; such as shown in plot 1001 described above in relation to Figure 10.

[0093] The building monitoring data may comprise one or more of: the temperature measurements, the adjusted temperature measurements, internal ambient temperature measurement, relative humidity measurement, vibrations measured in the water carrying pipe 1135 or data from the smart meter 1180.

[0094] The water usage monitor device 1162 further comprises a transmitter 1162! for transmitting the building monitoring data, via a second wireless signal 1194, to the apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in the building. The transmitter 1162! may be one or more of a ZigBee®, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi® or a cellular transceiver. The apparatus may be similar to apparatus 110 or apparatus 610 or may be a cloud.

[0095] The first wireless signal 1192 may be a home area network link. The second wireless signal 1194 may be a home area network link.

[0096] The water usage monitor device 1162 further comprises LED indicators 1162I1, user buttons 1162! and battery and a power supply manager 1162k. It will be understood that the LED indicators 1162I1 are optional.

[0097] Figure 12 illustrates an apparatus 1200 for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The apparatus 1200 maybe positioned in the building.

[0098] The apparatus 1200 comprises a hub 1210. The hub 1210 may comprise an apparatus that is the same or similar to apparatus 110 or apparatus 610 described above in relation to Figure 1 and Figure 6. The hub 1210 comprises processing and user interface unit 1213, sensor unit 1212 and communications unit 1215.

[0099] The processing and user interface unit 1213 comprises a host 1213a, a processor 1213b. The processor 1213b may be similar to processor 113 described above in relation to Figure 1. Optionally, the processing and user interface unit 1213 may comprise one or more of a display interface 1213c, a user input interface 1213d, a voice interface 1213c, user buttons I2i3f or LED indicators 1213g.

[0100] The sensor unit 1212 comprise a radar transceiver 1212a. The radar transceiver 1212a may comprise a transmitter and a receiver which maybe similar to transmitter 111 and receiver 112 described above in relation to Figure 1 or the transmitter and receiver described in relation to Figure 6.

[0101] The sensor unit 1213 further comprises an ambient light sensor 1212b.

[0102] The sensor unit 1213 further comprises an antenna array 1212c which maybe the same or similar to antenna array 300 or antenna array 400 described above in relation to Figure 3 and Figure 4.

[0103] The sensor unit 1213 further comprises a relative humidity sensor I2i2d for measuring the relative humidity in the building, a vibration sensor I2i2e for measuring vibrations in the building, a camera I2i2f for providing images in the building, a sound sensor 1212g for measuring sound in the building, a tamper sensor I2i2h for detecting tampering with the hub 1210, a temperature sensor I2i2i for measuring temperature in the building and a software defined radio receiver 1212] for receiving data from a smart meter via a first wireless signal 1292.

[0104] The communications unit 1215 comprises a Bluetooth® transceiver 1215b, mobile network transceiver 1215c and a Zigbee® transceiver 1215b for communicating with an external device such as a smart meter, water usage sensor or current clamp via a second wireless signal 1294.

[0105] The communications unit 1215 comprises a Wi-Fi® transceiver 1215a for communicating with a cloud via a third wireless signal 1296.

[0106] The hub 1210 further comprises a power supply unit 1217 for providing power to the hub 1210.

[0107] The hub 1210 includes processing and user interfaces, the radar transceiver 1212a to detect multi-room movement and environmental (ambient light sensor 1212b, relative humidity sensor 1212b, temperature sensor I2i2i) sensors, communications unit 1215, and the power supply unit 1217. A water usage sensor (not shown) that uses pipe temperature as a proxy for water flow through the pipe such as described above in relation to Figure 6, 7 or 11 may be optionally included. The water usage sensor may include an ambient temperature sensor that may be optionally used as a means of reference for the pipe-clip temperature sensor. The water usage sensor may communicate with the Hub through either Zigbee®, Bluetooth® or Wi-Fi®; or ifoperating independently, can communicate directly to cloud servers through cellular or some other mobile network. The hub 1210 may handshake with other utilities meters, e.g., electricity and gas, using various communications transceivers (e.g. Zigbee®, WiFi®, Bluetooth®). The hub 1210 comprises the tamper sensor I2i2h. The tamper sensor 1212b may be an accelerometer. The tamper sensor 1212b is arranged to detect if the hub 1210 has been moved or interacted with. This may then trigger a recalibration of the radar transceiver 1212a. The host 1213a manages one or more of the processing, scheduling, or power supply.

[0108] It will be understood that the hub 1210 shown in Figure 12 is an example of an apparatus for monitoring an individual in a building. The hub 1210 may comprise one or more of sub-systems 1213a to 1213g, 1212a to I2i2j and / or 1215a to 1213d for monitoring an individual in a building according to any example described herein.

[0109] The hub 1210 may monitor an individual in a building solely based on an integrated signal; as described in relation to any of Figures 1, 5 or 6. The hub 1210 may monitor an individual in a building solely based on building monitoring data; as described in relation to any of Figures 6, 7, 8 or 11. The hub 1210 may monitor an individual in a building based on a combination of an integrated signal and building monitoring data; as described in relation to any of Figures 9 or 10.

[0110] The hub 1210 may determine first information relating to the individual based on the integrated signal, the building monitoring data or a combination thereof. The hub 1210 may monitor the individual based on the integrated signal, the building monitoring data or a combination thereof.

[0111] The hub 1210 may be configured to determine, from the first information relating to the individual (or by monitoring the individual), an anomalous event. For example, the anomalous event may relate to hydration of the individual. The anomalous event may relate to toilet use by the individual. The anomalous event may relate to a water leak. The anomalous event may relate to a tap being left on. The anomalous event may relate to a malfunctioning water appliance. The malfunctioning water appliance may be a running toilet.

[0112] Determining an anomalous event may comprise comparing the first information relating to the individual to a behavioural model. Determining an anomalous event may comprise comparing the monitoring of the individual with the behavioural model. The behavioural model may be a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm maybe a large language model. The behavioural model maybe a personalised model that is trained using the first information relating to the individual and / or monitoring the individual.

[0113] Training the behavioural model may be performed by a user equipment. Training the behavioural model may be performed by a cloud. Training the behavioural model may comprise an unsupervised learning technique. The unsupervised learning technique may comprise clustering.

[0114] Figure 13 illustrates an apparatus 1300 for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0115] The apparatus 1300 comprises a hub 1310 which may be similar to hub 1210 described above in relation to Figure 12. The hub 1310 communicates with a cloud 1382 via a third wireless signal 1396. The cloud 1382 comprises a data storage 1382a, a processor 1382b and a model 1382c.

[0116] In a similar manner to that described in Figure 12, the hub 1310 may monitor an individual in a building solely based on an integrated signal; as described in relation to any of Figures 1, 5 or 6. The hub 1310 may monitor an individual in a building solely based on building monitoring data; as described in relation to any of Figures 6, 7, 8 or 11. The hub 1310 may monitor an individual in a building based on a combination of an integrated signal and building monitoring data; as described in relation to any of Figures 9 or 10. The hub 1310 may also determine an anomalous event.

[0117] Alternatively, the hub 1310 may send the integrated signal and / or building monitoring data to the cloud 1382 via the third wireless signal 1396. In such examples, the cloud 1382 may determine first information relating to the individual based on the integrated signal, the building monitoring data or a combination thereof. The cloud 1382 may monitor the individual based on the integrated signal, the building monitoring data or a combination thereof.

[0118] The cloud 1382 maybe configured to determine, from the first information relating to the individual (or by monitoring the individual), an anomalous event. Determining an anomalous event may comprise comparing the first information relating to the individual to the model 1382c. Determining an anomalous event may comprise comparing the monitoring of the individual with the model 1382c. The model 1382c may be a behavioural model. The behavioural model maybe a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm may be a large language model. The behavioural model may be a personalised model that is trained using the first information relating to the individual and / or monitoring the individual.

[0119] Training the behavioural model may be performed by a user equipment. Training the behavioural model may be performed by the cloud 1382. Training the behavioural model may comprise an unsupervised learning technique. The unsupervised learning technique may comprise clustering.

[0120] The cloud 1382 is connected to a dashboard accessible via the internet or an app from a first user equipment 1386. In addition, or alternatively, the cloud 1382 is also connected second user equipment 1384 via an app, Short Message Service (SMS) or other Instant Messaging (IM). The second user equipment 1384 may comprise a natural language interface. The first user equipment 1386 and / or second user equipment 1384 may generate validated reports 1388. The validated reports may comprise one or more of: device telemetry, a report on the health or wellbeing of the individual or a residence environmental report.

[0121] Figure 14 illustrates an apparatus 1400 for monitoring an individual in a building in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0122] The apparatus 1400 maybe similar to apparatus 1300 described above in relation to Figure 13. However, a water usage sensor 1462 transmits temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building to the cloud 1382. The cloud 1382 is configured to monitor the individual based on the temperature measurements. The cloud 1382 is further configured to determine, from the temperature measurements, an anomalous event. Determining an anomalous event may comprise comparing the temperature measurements to the model 1382c.

[0123] Figure 15 illustrates a flowchart 1500 of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by an apparatus as described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the apparatus to perform the described functions.

[0124] At 1510, the method 1500 may include transmitting, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses. The operations of 1510 maybe performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by any apparatus described herein.

[0125] At 1520, the method 1500 may include receiving, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual. The operations of 1520 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1520 may be performed by any apparatus described herein.

[0126] At 1530, the method 1500 may include processing, by a processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time. The operations of 1530 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1530 maybe performed by any apparatus described herein.

[0127] At 1540, the method 1500 may include determining, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building. The operations of 1540 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1540 maybe performed by any apparatus described herein.

[0128] It should be noted that the method 1500 described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0129] Figure 16 illustrates a flowchart 1600 of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1600 maybe implemented by an apparatus as described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the apparatus to perform the described functions.

[0130] At 1610, the method 1600 may include receiving building monitoring data, wherein the building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building. The operations of 1610 maybe performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1610 maybe performed by any apparatus described herein.

[0131] At 1620, the method 1600 may include monitoring the individual based on the building monitoring data. The operations of 1620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1620 may be performed by any apparatus described herein.

[0132] It should be noted that the method 1600 described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0133] Reference throughout this specification to an example of a particular method or apparatus, or similar language, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that example is included in at least one implementation of the method and apparatus described herein. The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having”, and variations thereof, mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. An enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a”, “an”, and “the” also refer to “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

[0134] As used herein, a list with a conjunction of “and / or” includes any single item in the list or a combination of items in the list. For example, a list of A, B and / or C includes only A, only B, only C, a combination of A and B, a combination of B and C, acombination of A and C or a combination of A, B and C. As used herein, a list using the terminology “one or more of’ includes any single item in the list or a combination of items in the list. For example, one or more of A, B and C includes only A, only B, only C, a combination of A and B, a combination of B and C, a combination of A and C or a combination of A, B and C. As used herein, a list using the terminology “one of’ includes one, and only one, of any single item in the list. For example, “one of A, B and C” includes only A, only B or only C and excludes combinations of A, B and C. As used herein, “a member selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C” includes one and only one of A, B, or C, and excludes combinations of A, B, and C.” As used herein, “a member selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C and combinations thereof’ includes only A, only B, only C, a combination of A and B, a combination of B and C, a combination of A and C or a combination of A, B and C.

[0135] Aspects of the disclosed method and apparatus are described with reference to schematic flowchart diagrams and / or schematic block diagrams of methods, apparatuses, systems, and program products. It will be understood that each block of the schematic flowchart diagrams and / or schematic block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the schematic flowchart diagrams and / or schematic block diagrams, can be implemented by code. This code maybe provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the schematic flowchart diagrams and / or schematic block diagrams.

[0136] The schematic flowchart diagrams and / or schematic block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of apparatuses, systems, methods, and program products. In this regard, each block in the schematic flowchart diagrams and / or schematic block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which includes one or more executable instructions of the code for implementing the specified logical function(s).

[0137] It will be appreciated that numerical values recited herein are merely intended to help illustrate the working of the invention and may vary depending on the requirements of a given power transmission network, component thereof, or power transmission application.

[0138] The listing or discussion of apparently prior-published documents or apparently prior-published information in this specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that the document or information is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge.

[0139] Preferences and options for a given aspect, feature or parameter of the invention should, unless the context indicates otherwise, be regarded as having been disclosed in combination with any and all preferences and options for all other aspects, features and parameters of the invention.

[0140] There is provided herein an apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receive, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; process, by the processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determine, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

[0141] Such an apparatus tends enable non-invasive remote monitoring of the individual in the building; for example, to inform a carer for the individual.

[0142] The first information relating to the individual may comprise a location of the individual in the building. The location of the individual may comprise an angle to the individual relative to the transmitter. The location of the individual may comprise an angle to the individual relative to the receiver. The location of the individual may comprise a range to the individual relative to the transmitter. The location of the individual may comprise a range to the individual relative to the receiver.

[0143] The transmitter maybe co-located with the receiver. The transmitter maybe in a first room in the building. The receiver may be in the first room in the building. The receiver may be in a second room in the building.

[0144] The individual maybe a single human. The individual maybe a single animal. The individual may be moving. The individual may be moving in range from the receiver. The individual may be moving in angle relative to the receiver.

[0145] The building may include a second or more individual(s) in the building. The second or more individual(s) maybe located at a different location to the individual in the building. The second or more individual(s) maybe located in a different room to the individual in the building. The second or more individual(s) maybe located at different locations to one another in the building. The second or more individual(s) may be located in different rooms to one another in the building. The second signal may comprise at least part of the first signal scattered off the second or more individual(s) in the building. The first information relating to the individual in the building may further comprise information relating to the second or more individual(s) in the building. The informationrelating to the second or more individual(s) in the building may be determined, by the processor, from the integrated signal.

[0146] The first signal may be a C-band signal. The second signal may be a C-band signal. The first signal may be an S-band signal. The second signal may be an S-band signal. The second signal may comprise a return of the first signal. The first signal may be a multiple in multiple out signal. The second signal maybe a multiple in multiple out signal. The multiple in multiple out signal may be multiplexed in angle. The multiple in multiple out signal may be multiplexed in time. The multiple in multiple out signal may be multiplexed in frequency.

[0147] The number of modulated pulses may be N, wherein N is an integer that is greater than or equal to two. One or more of the modulated pulses may comprise a timedependent modulation. One or more of the modulated pulses may comprise a frequency modulation. The frequency modulation may be a linear frequency modulation. The frequency modulation maybe a chirp. The frequency modulation maybe a non-linear frequency modulation. The frequency modulation may be a time-dependent coded frequency modulation. One or more of the modulated pulses may comprise a phase modulation. The phase modulation maybe a time-dependent coded phase modulation.

[0148] The modulation may comprise a bandwidth. The bandwidth may span from a first frequency to a second frequency. The modulation may comprise a modulation time. The modulation time may correspond to the pulse width. The pulse width may be dynamically adjusted based on a range to the individual. The modulation time may correspond to the time period from the first frequency to the second frequency. At least two of the modulated pulses may comprise a pulse repetition interval. The pulse repetition interval may be equal to the modulation time. The pulse repetition interval may be greater than the modulation time.

[0149] The first signal may be a frequency modulated continuous wave signal. The second signal may be a frequency modulated continuous wave signal. The range to the individual may be determined based on a frequency difference between the first signal and the second signal.

[0150] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: process the second signal using a compression filter. The compression filter may correspond to one or more of the plurality of modulated pulses. The compression filter may correspond to one or more of the plurality of modulated pulses of the first signal. The compression filter maybe a matched filter.

[0151] The compression filter maybe performed in hardware. The compression filter may comprise deramping. The compression filter may be performed in firmware. The compression filter may be performed in software.

[0152] The pulse integration may comprise coherent pulse integration. The pulse integration may comprise non-coherent pulse integration.

[0153] The integration time may be a function of a number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The number of walls may be an integer that is greater than or equal to 1. One or more of the walls may be a substantially vertical wall relative to the ground. One or more of the walls may be substantially horizontal wall relative to the ground. One or more of the walls may be a floor. One or more of the walls may be a ceiling. One or more of the walls may be at an acute angle relative to the ground. One or more of the walls maybe between the transmitter and the individual. Each wall of the number of walls may attenuate the first signal by approximately todB. Each wall of the number of walls may attenuate the second signal by approximately todB. The total attenuation of each wall of the number of walls may be approximately 2odB.

[0154] Using pulse integration according to an integration time, wherein the integration time is a function of the number of walls between the receiver and the individual tends to compensate for the total attenuation of each wall of the number of walls. The integration time may be increased by up to a factor of ten for each wall of the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

[0155] The integration time may correspond to the pulse repetition interval of the modulated pulses. The integration time maybe increase by up to ten multiples of the pulse repetition interval for each wall of the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

[0156] The integration time may be determined based on a required unambiguous Doppler frequency. The required unambiguous Doppler frequency maybe based on detection of slow-moving objects. A required unambiguous Doppler frequency may be approximately 50Hz at C-band.

[0157] The first information relating to the individual may comprise the number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The number of walls may be determined based on a floor plan of the building. The number of walls may be determined based on a location of the receiver and a location of the individual. The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: process the integrated signal using a wall detection algorithm to determine the number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The wall detection algorithm may comprise performing range processing on the integrated signal. The range processing on the integrated signal may comprise performing frequency analysis on the integrated signal. The frequency analysis may comprise a fast Fourier transform. The range processing on the integrated signal may generate a range processed signal.

[0158] The wall detection algorithm may comprise removing a direct leakage signal from the range processed signal. The direct leakage signal may correspond to a direct signal from the transmitter to the receiver. Removing the direct leakage may comprise a cancellation technique. Removing the direct leakage signal tends to reduce the blocking effect of direct leakage. Removing the direct leakage signal tends to improve the signal to noise ratio of the range processed signal.

[0159] The wall detection algorithm may comprise performing peak detection on the range processed signal to determine a local maximum. The peak detection may comprise determining a peak in the range processed signal at a closest range to the receiver. The peak in the range processed signal at the closest range to the receiver may be treated as the direct leakage signal. The wall detection algorithm may comprise recording one or more of a frequency, an amplitude or a phase of the direct leakage signal. The wall detection algorithm may comprise subtracting a phasor of the direct leakage signal from the range processed signal to generate a cancelled signal. The wall detection algorithm may comprise a constant false alarm rate algorithm. The wall detection algorithm may comprise performing cell averaging on the cancelled signal. The wall detection algorithm may comprise performing ordered statistics on the cancelled signal. The wall detection algorithm may comprise creating a library of detections from the cancelled signal.

[0160] The wall detection algorithm may comprise calculating a standard deviation of phase calculated across the cancelled signal at each detection range for each of the library of detections. The wall detection algorithm may comprise discarding detections in the library of detections above a phase threshold. The phase threshold may correspond to the standard deviation of phase calculated across the cancelled signal at each detection range for each of the library of detections. The one or more remaining detections in the library of detections have a phase below the phase threshold. The one or more remaining detections may correspond to stationary object(s). The stationary object(s) may be wall(s).

[0161] The wall detection algorithm may comprise ordering at least two of the remaining detections by amplitude. The wall detection algorithm may comprise ordering at least two of the remaining detections by radar cross section.

[0162] The wall detection algorithm may comprise grouping at least two of the remaining detections that have a separation of less than a minimum separation. The minimum separation maybe 0.8m. The highest amplitude detection in the grouping at least two of the remaining detections that have a separation less than a minimum separation may be determined to be a wall.

[0163] The integration time may be dynamically adaptable.

[0164] The wall detection algorithm may determine that the number of walls between the receiver and the individual has changed. The integration time may be dynamically adaptable based on the change in the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

[0165] The first information relating to the individual in the building may comprise determining that the individual has moved from a first position to a second position. The first position may correspond to a first angle to the individual. The first position may correspond to a first range to the individual. The second position may correspond to a second angle to the individual. The second position may correspond to a second range to the individual. The first angle maybe different to the second angle. The first range may be different to the second range. The first angle may be the same as the second angle. The first range may be the same as the second range. The first position may correspond to a first room in the building. The second position may correspond to a second room in the building. The first position may correspond to a first number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The second position may correspond to a second number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The first number of walls may be different to the second number of walls.

[0166] The integration time may be dynamically adaptable based on the individual moving from the first position to the second position. The integration time may change from a first integration time to a second integration time in response to the individual moving from the first position to the second position. The first integration time may correspond to the first position. The second integration time may correspond to the second position.

[0167] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an association of a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building, wherein the first information comprises the association of the location of the individual in the building with the room in the building.

[0168] The room may be one or more of: a bathroom, a toilet room, an en-suite, a kitchen, a living room, a dining room, a hallway, a garage, a bedroom, an attic, a basement, a cellar or a utility room. Associating the location of the individual in the building with a room in the building may comprise labelling the location of the individual in the building with a room label. The room label may correspond to one or more of: a bathroom, a toilet room, an en-suite, a kitchen, a living room, a dining room, a hallway, a garage, a bedroom, an attic, a basement, a cellar or a utility room.

[0169] The apparatus may create a pseudo-map of the building without the need for floor plans. For example, it may be determined that the individual at distance D and angle X isusing the kettle, therefore this location may be associated with the kitchen. The pseudomap may assist in reducing the probability of recording pattern of life from neighbouring residences.

[0170] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to associate a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building may comprise the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: detect use of a utility in the building.

[0171] Use of a utility maybe detected using data from a smart meter. Use of a utility may be detected using a sensor. The utility may be an electricity supply to the building. Use of electricity by the individual maybe detected using data from an electricity smart meter. The utility may be a gas supply to the building. Use of gas by the individual may be detected using data from a gas smart meter. The utility may be water supply to the building. Use of water by the individual may be detected using data from a water smart meter. Use of water by the individual may be detected using a sensor on a water carrying pipe. The sensor on the water carrying pipe may be a temperature sensor. The utility may be sewage from the building. Use of sewage by the individual may be detected using data from a sewage smart meter. The utility may be data connectivity supply to the building.

[0172] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an action of the individual, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises information relating to the action of the individual.

[0173] The action maybe based on a range profile of the individual. The range profile maybe determined from the integrated signal. The action maybe determined based on a radar cross section in the integrated signal. The action maybe based on one or more Doppler component(s) in the integrated signal. The action maybe based on one or more micro-Doppler component(s) in the integrated signal. The action maybe determined based on the location of the individual in the building and an associated room in the building. The action may be determined based on a detected use of a utility by the individual. The action may be a behaviour of the individual.

[0174] The one or more micro-Doppler components may by processed using microDoppler processing. The micro-Doppler processing may utilise outputs from a wall detection algorithm to produce room-sized boundaries in range. The room-sized boundaries in range may be used to improve the signal -to-clutter ratio of micro-Doppler images.

[0175] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy configured to cause the apparatus to determine an action of the individual may comprise the at leastone processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine the action of the individual using a classifier.

[0176] The classifier may be used to process the integrated signal. The classifier may be a machine learning model. The classifier maybe an algorithm.

[0177] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: measure, by one or more auxiliary sensors, auxiliary information relating to the individual. The auxiliary information may relate to the internal environment of the building. The auxiliary information may relate to the external environment of the building. The one or more auxiliary sensors may be one or more of: an ambient light sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, an ambient humidity sensor, a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, a camera, a radio frequency device or a radio frequency sensor.

[0178] The first information relating to the individual may comprises a state of the individual. The state of the individual may be determined based on a location of the individual. The state of the individual may be determined based an association of the location of the individual with a room in the building. The state of the individual may be determined based on an action of the individual. The state of the individual may be determined based on auxiliary information relating to the individual. The state of the individual may be determined based on use of a utility by the individual. The state may relate to one or more of the health of the individual or the wellbeing of the individual.

[0179] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a user equipment, second information relating to the individual. The second information relating to the individual may comprise the first information relating to the individual. The second information may comprise the auxiliary information relating to the individual. The second information relating to the individual maybe transmitted to a user equipment via a cloud. The cloud may comprise cloud computing services. The cloud computing services may be accessed via the internet. The cloud computing services may include data storage. The cloud computing services may include computing power. The cloud may store the second information relating to the individual.

[0180] The user equipment may be a remote device. The user equipment may be a mobile phone. The user equipment maybe a smartphone. The user equipment maybe a tablet. The user equipment may be a smart watch. The user equipment may use a bespoke interface system. The interface system may comprise a machine learning model. The machine learning model may be a large language model. The second information relating to the individual may be transmitted to the user equipment via SMS. The second information relating to the individual may be transmitted to the user equipment viainstant messaging. The second information relating to the individual maybe transmitted to the user equipment via a data connection. The second information relating to the individual may be transmitted to the user equipment via an App-based dashboard.

[0181] The bespoke interface system may exploit a large language generative Al model in combination with the first information relating to the and retrieval-augmented generation to communicate data, information and insights with users in natural language.

[0182] The bespoke interface system may be through traditional phone interfaces such as SMS, instant messaging, as well as web or App-based dashboards. The web or App-based interfaces may include the ability to export validated reports for one or more of device telemetry, individual’s health and wellbeing, and environmental factors of the residence.

[0183] Each of the modulated pulses may comprise a frequency modulated chirp. The frequency modulated chirp may comprise a bandwidth of up to 140MHz. The frequency modulated chirp may comprise a modulation time of at least ims. The frequency modulated chirp may be achieved in one or more or hardware, firmware or software.

[0184] The receiver maybe arranged to reject a ceiling reflection component. The second signal may comprise a component from an individual on a floor above. The ceiling reflection component may be rejected by the receiver such that the second signal does not comprise the ceiling reflection component. The receiver may reject the ceiling reflection component based on polarisation. The first signal may be a first polarisation. The component from an individual on a floor above maybe a first polarisation. The component from an individual on a floor above may be accepted by the receiver because it is the first polarisation. The ceiling reflection component maybe rejected by the receiver because it is the second polarisation. The first polarisation may be different to the second polarisation. The first polarisation may be right hand circular polarisation. The second polarisation may be left hand circular polarisation. The first polarisation may be left hand circular polarisation. The second polarisation maybe right hand circular polarisation.

[0185] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an angle to the individual in the building, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises the angle to the individual in the building. The angle to the individual may be determined based on a receive antenna boresight direction.

[0186] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: multiplex a plurality of antennas to determine the angle to the individual in the building. The plurality of antennas maybe mounted in an array. One or more of the plurality of antennas may be directional antennas. Eachdirectional antenna may cover a different azimuth sector of the array to one or more of the other directional antennas. Each directional antenna may cover a different elevation sector of the array to one or more of the other directional antennas. One or more of the plurality of antennas maybe omnidirectional antennas.

[0187] Determining the angle to the individual in the building may comprise multiplexing one or more of the plurality of antennas. Multiplexing may be in the time domain. Multiplexing may be in the frequency domain. Multiplexing may be through code-division.

[0188] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: generate the first signal from a harmonic of a signal generator. The signal generator may be an oscillator. The centre frequency of the signal generator may be lower than the centre frequency of the first signal. The centre frequency of the harmonic may be higher than the centre frequency of the signal generator.

[0189] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event.

[0190] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to determine, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: compare the first information relating to the individual to a behavioural model. The behavioural model may be a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm may be a large language model. The behavioural model may a personalised model. The personalised behavioural model maybe trained using the first information relating to the individual. The personalised behavioural model may determine normal patterns of life of the individual over a learning phase period of time.

[0191] Training the behavioural model may be performed by a user equipment. Training the behavioural model maybe performed by a cloud. Training the behavioural model may comprise an unsupervised learning technique. The unsupervised learning technique may comprise clustering.

[0192] Alternatively, or additionally, the processor may provide insights based on a customised behavioural model that is based on population level data. The processor may look for events deemed unusual from a population level based on the customised behavioural model. For example, an event deemed unusual may be a tap being left on for a long period of time. Such events maybe raised as alerts through a user interface. The behavioural model may be developed using unsupervised learning techniques such as clustering.

[0193] There is provided herein a method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the method comprising: transmitting, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receiving, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; processing, by a processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determining, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

[0194] Such a method tends to be a non-invasive method of remotely monitoring the individual in the building; for example, to inform a carer for the individual.

[0195] The method of may further comprise processing the second signal using a compression filter.

[0196] The integration time may be a function of a number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The first information relating to the individual may comprise the number of walls between the receiver and the individual. The number of walls may be determined based on a floor plan of the building. The number of walls may be determined based on a location of the receiver and a location of the individual. The number of walls between the receiver and the individual may be determined by processing the integrated signal using a wall detection algorithm. The integration time may be dynamically adaptable.

[0197] The first information relating to the individual may comprise an association of a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building. The association the location of the individual in the building may be determined from detected use of a utility in the building.

[0198] The method may further comprise determining an action of the individual. The first information relating to the individual comprises information relating to the action of the individual. The action of the individual may be determined using a classifier.

[0199] The method may further comprise, measuring, by one or more auxiliary sensors, auxiliary information relating to the individual.

[0200] The method may further comprise determining a state of the individual. The first information relating to the individual may comprise information relating to the state of the individual.

[0201] The method may further comprise transmitting, to a user equipment, second information relating to the individual.

[0202] Each of the modulated pulses may comprise a frequency modulated chirp.

[0203] The method may further comprise rejecting, at the receiver, a ceiling reflection component. The ceiling reflection component may be rejected based on polarisation.

[0204] The method may further comprise determining an angle to the individual in the building. The first information relating to the individual may comprise the information relating to the angle to the individual in the building.

[0205] The receiver may comprise a plurality of antennas. The angle to the individual in the building may be determined by multiplexing the plurality of antennas.

[0206] The first signal may be generated by a harmonic of a signal generator.

[0207] The method may further comprise determining, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event. Determining the anomalous event may comprise comparing the first information relating to the individual to a behavioural model. The behavioural model may be a personalised model. The personalised behavioural model may be trained using the first information relating to the individual.

[0208] There is provided herein an apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: receive building monitoring data, wherein the building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building; and monitor the individual based on the building monitoring data.

[0209] Such an apparatus tends enable non-invasive remote monitoring of the individual in the building; for example, to inform a carer for the individual.

[0210] The temperature measurements maybe provided by a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor may be attached to the water carrying pipe. The temperature sensor maybe attached to an external surface of the water carrying pipe. The temperature sensor maybe attached to an external surface of the water carrying pipe using a pipe clip. The temperature measurements may comprise a plurality of temperature measurements at different measurement times.

[0211] Monitoring the individual may comprise determining a location of the individual in the building. Monitoring the individual may comprise determining that the individual has moved from a first location to a second location in the building. Monitoring the individual may comprise determining that the individual has moved from a first room to a second room in the building. The room may be one or more of: a bathroom, a toilet room, an en-suite, a kitchen, a living room, a dining room, a hallway, a garage, a bedroom, an attic, a basement, a cellar or a utility room.

[0212] Monitoring the individual may comprise determining an action of the individual. The action of the individual may include using a water appliance, The water appliance may be one or more of: an indoor water tap, an outdoor water tap, a waste water pipe, a toilet, a bath, a shower, a washing machine or a dishwasher. The action of the individual may include one or more of: washing dishes, drinking water, making a hot beverage,using the toilet, having a shower, having a bath, washing hands, watering the garden, washing a car, washing a bike, using garden sprinklers. Monitoring the individual may comprise determining a series of actions of the individual.

[0213] The individual maybe a single human. The individual maybe a single animal.

[0214] The building may include a second or more individual(s) in the building. The second or more individual(s) maybe located at different locations to one another in the building. The second or more individual(s) may be located in different rooms to one another in the building. Monitoring the individual based on the building monitoring data may further comprise monitoring the second or more individual(s).

[0215] Monitoring the individual may comprise determining a state of the individual. The state of the individual may relate to the health of the individual. The state of the individual may relate to the wellbeing of the individual.

[0216] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: detect, based on the temperature measurements, water flowing through the water carrying pipe.

[0217] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to detect water flowing through the water carrying pipe may comprise the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine a temperature delta from a first temperature measurement of the temperature measurements to a second temperature measurement of the temperature measurements.

[0218] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the temperature delta is greater than a threshold delta value.

[0219] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine a duration of the temperature delta.

[0220] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine if the duration of the temperature delta is less than a threshold duration.

[0221] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine a volume of water used based on the duration of the temperature delta.

[0222] The volume of water used may be further based on a diameter of the water cariying pipe. The volume of water used may be further based on the temperature delta.

[0223] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: apply a filter to the temperature measurements.

[0224] The filter may be arranged to remove high frequency temperature changes from the series of temperature measurements. The filter may be arranged to estimate an ambient internal temperature. The filter may be a low-pass median filter. The filter may be a finite impulse response filter. The filter may be an infinite impulse response filter.

[0225] The water carrying pipe may be an inlet to the building. The water carrying pipe maybe adjacent to a water appliance. The building monitoring data may further comprise utility usage data. The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory maybe further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive the utility usage data from a smart meter. The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive the utility usage data from a current clamp.

[0226] The building monitoring data may further comprise one or more of: an internal ambient temperature, an internal humidity, an external ambient temperature, an external humidity, vibration data or radio frequency emission data.

[0227] The building monitoring data may be provided by one or more of: an ambient light sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, an ambient humidity sensor, a vibration sensor, a sound sensor, a camera, a radio frequency device or a radio frequency sensor.

[0228] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: adjust the temperature measurements based on an internal ambient temperature.

[0229] The internal ambient temperature may be an ambient temperature inside the building. The internal ambient temperature may be the ambient temperature around the water carrying pipe in the building. The internal ambient temperature may be the ambient temperature around a temperature sensor taking temperature measurements of the water carrying pipe in the building. The internal ambient temperature may be an estimated ambient temperature of the building. The internal ambient temperature may be a measured ambient temperature of the building.

[0230] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to monitor the individual may comprise the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: process the building monitoring data using a classifier.

[0231] The classifier may be a statistical algorithm. The classifier may be a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm maybe a large language model.

[0232] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to monitor the individual may comprise the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an anomalous event.

[0233] The anomalous event may relate to hydration of the individual. The anomalous event may relate to toilet use by the individual. The anomalous event may relate to a water leak. The anomalous event may relate to a tap being left on. The anomalous event may relate to a malfunctioning water appliance. The malfunctioning water appliance may be a running toilet.

[0234] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to determine the anomalous event may comprise the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: compare the monitoring of the individual with a behavioural model.

[0235] The behavioural model may be a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm may be a large language model. The behavioural model may be a personalised behavioural model, wherein the personalised behavioural model is trained using the building monitoring data.

[0236] Training the behavioural model may be performed by a user equipment. Training the behavioural model maybe performed by a cloud. Training the behavioural model may comprise an unsupervised learning technique. The unsupervised learning technique may comprise clustering.

[0237] The personalised behavioural model may be trained using historical data from a smart meter. The personalised behavioural model may be trained from user input. The user input may be provided by the individual. The user input may be provided by a carer.

[0238] The behavioural model may be trained using population level data.

[0239] The population level data may comprise behavioural data from a plurality of individuals.

[0240] The at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a user equipment, information relating to the individual.

[0241] The information relating to the individual maybe provided by monitoring the individual. The information relating to the individual may comprise the building monitoring data. The information relating to the individual may be transmitted to a user equipment via a cloud. The cloud may store the information relating to the individual. The information relating to the individual may be provided by user input. The user input may be provided by the individual. The user input may be provided by a carer.

[0242] The user equipment may be a remote device. The user equipment may be a mobile phone. The user equipment maybe a smartphone. The user equipment maybe a tablet. The user equipment may be a smart watch. The user equipment may use a bespoke interface system. The interface system may comprise a machine learning model. The machine learning model maybe a large language model. The information relating tothe individual maybe transmitted to the user equipment via SMS. The information relating to the individual may be transmitted to the user equipment via instant messaging. The information relating to the individual maybe transmitted to the user equipment via a data connection. The information relating to the individual may be transmitted to the user equipment via an App-based dashboard.

[0243] There is provided herein a method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the method comprising: receiving building monitoring data, wherein the building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building; and monitoring the individual based on the building monitoring data.

[0244] Such a method tends to be a non-invasive method of remotely monitoring the individual in the building; for example, to inform a carer for the individual.

[0245] The method may further comprise detecting, based on the temperature measurements, water flowing through the water carrying pipe. Detecting water flowing through the water carrying pipe may comprise determining a temperature delta from a first temperature measurement of the temperature measurements to a second temperature measurement of the temperature measurements.

[0246] The method may further comprise determining that the temperature delta is greater than a threshold delta value. The method may further comprise determining a duration of the temperature delta. The method may further comprise determining that the duration of the temperature delta is less than a threshold duration. The method may further comprise determining a volume of water used based on the duration of the temperature delta.

[0247] The method may further comprise applying a filter to the temperature measurements.

[0248] The water carrying pipe may be an inlet to the building. The water carrying pipe maybe adjacent to a water appliance.

[0249] The building monitoring data may further comprise utility usage data. The utility usage data may be provided by a smart meter. The utility usage data may be provided by a current clamp.

[0250] The building monitoring data may further comprise one or more of: an internal ambient temperature, an internal humidity, an external ambient temperature, an external humidity, vibration data or radio frequency emission data.

[0251] The method may further comprise adjusting the temperature measurements based on an internal ambient temperature.

[0252] Monitoring the individual may comprise processing the building monitoring data using a classifier. Monitoring the individual may comprise determining an anomalous event. Determining an anomalous event may comprise comparing the monitoring of theindividual with a behavioural model. The behavioural model maybe a personalised behavioural model. The personalised behavioural model maybe trained using the building monitoring data. The behavioural model maybe trained using population level data.

[0253] The method may further comprise transmitting, to a user equipment, information relating to the individual.

[0254] There is provided herein a method of training a behavioural model for an individual, wherein the individual is in a building, the method comprising: receiving building monitoring data, wherein the building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building; and training the behavioural model for the individual using the building monitoring data.

[0255] Such a method tends to provide a personalised behavioural model for the individual in a non-invasive way. The behavioural model may be useful for remotely monitoring the individual in the building; for example, to inform a carer for the individual.

[0256] The behavioural model may be a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm maybe a large language model.

[0257] Training the behavioural model may be performed by a user equipment. Training the behavioural model may be performed by a cloud.

[0258] Training the behavioural model may comprise an unsupervised learning technique. The unsupervised learning technique may comprise clustering.

[0259] There is provided herein a method of training a behavioural model for an individual, wherein the individual is in a building, the method comprising: receiving first information relating to the individual in the building, wherein the first information relating to the individual in the building has been determined, by a processor, from an integrated signal, wherein the integrated signal is generated, by the processor, from a second signal using pulse integration, wherein the second signal corresponds at least part of a first signal scattered of the individual, wherein the first signal comprises a plurality of modulated pulses; and training the behavioural model for the individual using the first information relating to the individual.

[0260] The behavioural model may be a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm maybe a large language model.

[0261] Training the behavioural model may be performed by a user equipment. Training the behavioural model may be performed by a cloud.

[0262] Training the behavioural model may comprise an unsupervised learning technique. The unsupervised learning technique may comprise clustering.

[0263] Further aspects of the invention are provided by the subject matter of the following numbered clauses:

[0264] 1. An apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receive, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; process, by the processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determine, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

[0265] 2. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the integration time is a function of a number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

[0266] 3. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

[0267] 4. The apparatus of clause 3, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: process the integrated signal using a wall detection algorithm to determine the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

[0268] 5. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the integration time is dynamically adaptable.

[0269] 6. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an association of a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building, wherein the first information comprises the association of the location of the individual in the building with the room in the building.

[0270] 7. The apparatus of clause 6, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to associate a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: detect use of a utility in the building.

[0271] 8. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an action of the individual, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises information relating to the action of the individual.

[0272] 9. The apparatus of clause 8, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to determine an action of theindividual comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine the action of the individual using a classifier.

[0273] 10. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: measure, by one or more auxiliary sensors, auxiliary information relating to the individual.

[0274] 11. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises a state of the individual.

[0275] 12. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a user equipment, second information relating to the individual.

[0276] 13. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein each of the modulated pulses comprises a frequency modulated chirp.

[0277] 14. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the receiver is arranged to reject a ceiling reflection component.

[0278] 15. The apparatus of clause 14, wherein the receiver rejects the ceiling reflection component based on polarisation.

[0279] 16. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an angle to the individual in the building, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises the angle to the individual in the building.

[0280] 17. The apparatus of clause 16, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: multiplex a plurality of antennas to determine the angle to the individual in the building.

[0281] 18. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: generate the first signal from a harmonic of a signal generator.

[0282] 19. The apparatus of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event.

[0283] 20. The apparatus of clause 19, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to determine, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy being further configured to cause the apparatus to: compare the first information relating to the individual to a behavioural model.

[0284] 21. The apparatus of clause 20, wherein the behavioural model is a personalised model.

[0285] 22. A method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the method comprising: transmitting, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receiving, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; processing, by a processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; and determining, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building.

[0286] Further aspects of the invention are provided by the subject matter of the following numbered clauses:

[0287] 1. An apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: receive building monitoring data, wherein the building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building; and monitor the individual based on the building monitoring data.

[0288] 2. The apparatus of clause 1, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy is further configured to cause the apparatus to: detect, based on the temperature measurements, water flowing through the water cariying pipe.

[0289] 3. The apparatus of clause 2, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to detect water flowing through the water carrying pipe comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine a temperature delta from a first temperature measurement of the temperature measurements to a second temperature measurement of the temperature measurements.

[0290] 4. The apparatus of clause 3, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the temperature delta is greater than a threshold delta value.

[0291] 5. The apparatus of any one of clauses 3 to 4, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine a duration of the temperature delta.

[0292] 6. The apparatus of clause 5, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine if the duration of the temperature delta is less than a threshold duration.

[0293] 7- The apparatus of any one of clauses 5 or 6, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine a volume of water used based on the duration of the temperature delta.

[0294] 8. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: apply a filter to the temperature measurements.

[0295] 9. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the water cariying pipe is an inlet to the building.

[0296] 10. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the water carrying pipe is adjacent to a water appliance.

[0297] 11. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the building monitoring data further comprises utility usage data.

[0298] 12. The apparatus of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive the utility usage data from a smart meter.

[0299] 13. The apparatus of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive the utility usage data from a current clamp.

[0300] 14. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 13, wherein the building monitoring data further comprises one or more of: an internal ambient temperature, an internal humidity, an external ambient temperature, an external humidity, vibration data or radio frequency emission data.

[0301] 15. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 14, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: adjust the temperature measurements based on an internal ambient temperature.

[0302] 16. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 15, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to monitor the individual comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy being further configured to cause the apparatus to: process the building monitoring data using a classifier.

[0303] 17. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to monitor the individual comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an anomalous event.

[0304] 18. The apparatus of clause 17, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to determine the anomalous event comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy beingfurther configured to cause the apparatus to: compare the monitoring of the individual with a behavioural model.

[0305] 19. The apparatus of clause 18, wherein the behavioural model is a personalised behavioural model, wherein the personalised behavioural model is trained using the building monitoring data.

[0306] 20. The apparatus of clause 18, wherein the behavioural model is trained using population level data.

[0307] 21. The apparatus of any one of clauses 1 to 20, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a user equipment, information relating to the individual.

[0308] 22. A method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the method comprising: receiving building monitoring data, wherein the building monitoring data comprises temperature measurements of a water carrying pipe in the building; and monitoring the individual based on the building monitoring data.

Claims

CLAIMS1. An apparatus for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receive, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual; process, by the processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; determine, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building; and determine, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event.

2. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the integration time is a function of a number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

3. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memoiy is further configured to cause the apparatus to: process the integrated signal using a wall detection algorithm to determine the number of walls between the receiver and the individual.

5. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the integration time is dynamically adaptable.

6. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an association of a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building, wherein the first information comprises the association of the location of the individual in the building with the room in the building.7- The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to associate a location of the individual in the building with a room in the building comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: detect use of a utility in the building.

8. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an action of the individual, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises information relating to the action of the individual.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory configured to cause the apparatus to determine an action of the individual comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine the action of the individual using a classifier.

10. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: measure, by one or more auxiliary sensors, auxiliaiy information relating to the individual. n. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises a state of the individual.

12. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a user equipment, second information relating to the individual.

13. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein each of the modulated pulses comprises a frequency modulated chirp.

14. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the receiver is arranged to reject a reflection component from a ceiling or a wall.15- The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the receiver rejects the reflection component from the ceiling or the wall based on polarisation.

16. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine an angle to the individual in the building, wherein the first information relating to the individual comprises the angle to the individual in the building.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: multiplex a plurality of antennas to determine the angle to the individual in the building.

18. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to: generate the first signal from a harmonic of a signal generator.

19. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory is further configured to cause the apparatus to determine, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event comprises the at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory being further configured to cause the apparatus to: compare the first information relating to the individual to a behavioural model.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the behavioural model is a personalised model.

21. A method for remotely monitoring an individual in a building, the method comprising: transmitting, from a transmitter, a first signal comprising a plurality of modulated pulses; receiving, by a receiver, a second signal, wherein the second signal corresponds to at least part of the first signal scattered off the individual;processing, by a processor, the second signal using pulse integration to generate an integrated signal, wherein the pulse integration comprises an integration time; determining, by the processor, from the integrated signal, first information relating to the individual in the building; and determining, from the first information relating to the individual, an anomalous event.

Images