Cell and tissue culture methods and related compositions and uses

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods for culturing one or more primary mammalian cells in suspension, and / or cells or tissues prepared in such methods, and / or compositions such as media useful in such methods. In particular aspects, the invention relates to methods of proliferating one or more primary mammalian cells, such as one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, fibroblasts, and / or adipose stromal cells, or progenitors thereof, in suspension culture. Related uses, and compositions suitable for use in such methods, are also provided.

Description

[0001]CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE METHODS AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS AND USES TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to methods for culturing one or more primary mammalian cells in suspension, and / or cells or tissues prepared in such methods, and / or compositions such as media useful in such methods. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The following includes information that may be useful in understanding the present inventions. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art, or relevant, to the presently described or claimed inventions, or that any publication or document that is specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art. Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field. Cell culture and tissue culture technologies are used in a wide variety of applications, from basic research to therapeutic treatments to food and pharmaceuticals production. A diverse array of media, apparatuses, and techniques have been developed to enable the growth and proliferation of various cell types under different conditions and at differing scale. For some applications, the equipment, materials and techniques are well-established. However, for some applications, such as the production of cell-based food products and other cellular products, including cellular agricultural products such as cell-based meats, progress towards commercially viable products and enabling technologies is slow, despite strong demand. Existing technologies typically rely on either immortalized cells (such as the well-known HEK293 or CHO cell lines), or the use of specialised cell culturing apparatuses or additives, such as microcarriers to which cells in culture may adhere. There remains a need for effective methods to provide mammalian cells and / or tissue products for subsequent use, for example in various therapeutic or prophylactic methods, for use in the development, production, and / or characterisation of compounds, pharmaceuticals, biologics, and other agents, and / or for use in the production of tissue products and foods such as cell-based meats and related products. In particular, there is an ongoing need for cells and / or tissue products for use in the production of foods, such as cell-based tissues and meats. The present invention thus seeks to provide methods for culturing one or more mammalian cells, such as one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, one or more fibroblasts, one or more adipose stromal cells, and / or one or more progenitors thereof, in suspension, and / or cells or tissues prepared in such methods, and / or compositions such as media useful in such methods, or to at least provide a useful alternative to existing methods, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the primary mammalian cells from suspension. In one example, the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary mammalian myosatellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In various examples, the one or more mammalian cells provided comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of mammalian primary cells, for example, adherent mammalian primary cells. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells provided comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of mammalian cells that have not been immortalized. For example, the one or more mammalian cells provided have not been modified to overcome replicative senescence, and / or are not able to replicate indefinitely under in vitro conditions. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells provided comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of mammalian cells that have low or undetectable levels of telomerase activity, and / or have normal cell cycle regulation, and / or express one or more cell cycle regulators such as p16 and p21, and / or express one or more tumour suppressors or have one or more functional tumour suppressor pathways, such as the Rb pathway, or a combination of any two or more thereof. In one example, the one or more mammalian primary cells provided have undergone fewer than 50 passages in cell culture. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more adherent primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the adherent mammalian primary cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. Any of the examples described herein can relate to any of the aspects presented herein. In one example, the provided one or more mammalian cells are adherent. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells adhere in step b) to a surface of the culture vessel in which they are maintained. In another example, the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells adhere in step b) to a surface, support, or form present in the culture vessel in which they are maintained. In one example, the time and conditions suitable to allow one or more of the mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension for and under which the cells are maintained (for example, in step c) of the methods described above) elicit in one or more of said cells an adherent to suspension transition. In one example, the time and conditions suitable to allow one or more of the mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension for and under which the cells are maintained (for example, in step c) of the methods described above) elicit in one or more of said cells a transition from anchorage- dependency to anchorage independency. In one example, the dissociation into suspension comprises a loss of anchorage dependency. In one example, the dissociation into suspension comprises a gain of anchorage independency. For example, the dissociation of said mammalian cells into suspension comprises a gain of an anchorage independent phenotype. Accordingly, in one aspect the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells from suspension. In one example, the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. Accordingly, in one example the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells from suspension; wherein the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more anchorage- independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more anchorage-independent fibroblasts cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of culturing one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the primary mammalian cells in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division. In various examples, the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells; b) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the primary mammalian myosatellite cells in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of primary mammalian myosatellite cells. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of anchorage- independent primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells. In one example, the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of anchorage- independent mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage- dependent mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said mammalian cells to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency and become anchorage- independent; d) maintaining the one or more mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the anchorage-independent mammalian cells in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of anchorage-independent mammalian cells, and wherein the one or more mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage- independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage- dependency and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of providing a suspension of anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof. In one example, the number of mammalian cells in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of mammalian cells in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells. In one example, less than 40% of the mammalian cells in suspension are present in a cluster of more than two cells. For example, less than 40% of the primary mammalian myosatellite cells in suspension are present in a cluster of more than two cells. In one example, the maintaining of any one or more of step (b), step (c), and / or step (d) is in the absence of an attachment factor. In one example, the maintaining of each of step (b), step (c), and step (d) is in the absence of an attachment factor. In various examples, the maintaining of step (c) is for a period of at least about 1 week. For example, the maintaining of step (c) is for a period of at least about 2 weeks, at least about 3 weeks, at least about 4 weeks, at least about 5 weeks, at least about 6 weeks, at least about 7 weeks, at least about 8 weeks, or more than about 8 weeks. In a particularly contemplated example, the maintaining of step (c) is for a period of at least about 8 to 12 weeks. In various examples, the maintaining of step (c) is for a period of from about 1 month to about 6 months. For example, the maintaining of step (c) is for a period of from about 1 month to about 5 months, for a period of from about 1 month to about 4 months, for a period of from about 1 month to about 3 months, for a period of from about 2 months to about 6 months, for a period of from about 2 months to about 5 months, for a period of from about 2 months to about 4 months, for a period of from about 2 months to about 3 months, for a period of about 3 to 4 months, or for a period of about 3 months. In one example, the conditions suitable for disassociation comprise contacting the one or more mammalian cells with one or more cell dissociation reagents. In one example, the one or more cell dissociation reagents comprises one or more enzymatic cell dissociation reagents. In one example, the one or more enzymatic cell dissociation reagents comprises one or more of the group consisting of Trypsin, Accutase, Dispase, and Collagenase. In one example, the enzymatic cell dissociation reagent is a commercially-available agent, such as TrypLE or TrypLE Express (ThermoFisher Scientific). In one example, the one or more cell dissociation reagents comprises EDTA, such as is present in commercially available culture specific EDTA-containing solutions such as Versene solution (Gibco). In one example, the serum-containing media comprises one or more sera from the group comprising bovine serum, foetal bovine serum, equine serum, foetal equine serum, ovine serum, foetal ovine serum, porcine serum, and foetal porcine serum. In one example, the serum-free media comprises one or more of the group comprising: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF), Epidermal growth factor (EGF), Glial growth factor, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and Prepro-insulin-like growth factor I. In one example, the serum-free media is substantially free of one or more of the group comprising: an extracellular matrix protein, such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin, and a cell adherence-promoting fragment thereof; a cell adherence-promoting polypeptide; and an attachment reagent, such as poly-lysine or poly-ornithine. In one example, the disassociation of said one or more mammalian cells, for example the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, does not comprise scraping, agitation, or shear. In one example, the disassociation of said one or more mammalian cells, for example the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, does not comprise the use of a chelator, such as citrate or EDTA. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells, for example the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, are maintained in suspension for more than one cell division. In one example, the mammalian cells, for example the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division. Advantageously, such cells are less likely to be subjected to hypoxia or hypoxic conditions. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of adapting primary mammalian cells to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to disassociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the primary mammalian cells from suspension. In one example, the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. Accordingly, in one example the method is a method of adapting mammalian cells to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said mammalian cells to disassociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the mammalian cells from suspension; wherein the one or more mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of adapting primary mammalian cells to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to disassociate into suspension and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells from suspension. In one example, the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. Accordingly, in one example the method is a method of adapting mammalian cells to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage- dependent mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said mammalian cells to disassociate into suspension and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent mammalian cells from suspension; wherein the one or more mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of adapting primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof to disassociate into suspension and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of adapting fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof to disassociate into suspension and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more fibroblasts for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the anchorage-independent fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, and the invention relates to a method of adapting adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof to disassociate into suspension and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more adipose stromal cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the anchorage-independent adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof from suspension. In another aspect, the invention relates to a primary mammalian cell, such as a mammalian primary muscle satellite cell, a fibroblast, or an adipose stromal cell, prepared in a method as disclosed herein. In another aspect, the invention relates to a population of primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof, said primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof capable of undergoing cell division, wherein one or more of said primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof is capable of cell division when in suspension as a single disassociated cell. In one example, the population is a population of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof, said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof capable of undergoing cell division, wherein one or more of said primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof is capable of cell division when in suspension as a single disassociated cell. In one example, the population is a population of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof, said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof capable of undergoing cell division, wherein one or more of said fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof is capable of cell division when in suspension as a single disassociated cell. In one example, the population is a population of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof, said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof capable of undergoing cell division, wherein one or more of said adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof is capable of cell division when in suspension as a single disassociated cell. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a mammalian primary cell and / or a progenitor thereof as contemplated herein or a population of primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof as contemplated herein, optionally together with a carrier such as a food grade carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one example, the composition is a composition comprising a mammalian primary myosatellite cell and / or a progenitor thereof as contemplated herein or a population of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof as contemplated herein, optionally together with a carrier such as a food grade carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one example, the composition is a composition comprising a fibroblast and / or a progenitor thereof as contemplated herein or a population of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof as contemplated herein, optionally together with a carrier such as a food grade carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one example, the composition is a composition comprising an adipose stromal cell and / or a progenitor thereof as contemplated herein or a population of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof as contemplated herein, optionally together with a carrier such as a food grade carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising one or more primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension, wherein one or more of the primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof are capable of undergoing cell division, and wherein the number of primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of primary mammalian cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells. In one example, the composition is a composition comprising one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension, wherein one or more of the primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof are capable of undergoing cell division, and wherein the number of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of primary mammalian myosatellite cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells. In one example, the composition is a composition comprising one or more fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension, wherein one or more of the fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof are capable of undergoing cell division, and wherein the number of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of fibroblasts and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells. In one example, the composition is a composition comprising one or more adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension, wherein one or more of the adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof are capable of undergoing cell division, and wherein the number of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of adipose stromal cells and / or progenitors thereof in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells. In various examples, for example of a mammalian primary myosatellite cell, a fibroblast, an adipose stromal cell, or a progenitor thereof, or for example of a population of mammalian primary a population of fibroblasts, a population of adipose stromal cells, or a population of progenitors thereof, or for example of a composition as herein contemplated, one or more of said anchorage-independent mammalian cells: a) is capable of undergoing further cell division; or b) remains capable undergoing differentiation; or c) is capable of becoming adherent when maintained in serum-containing media; or d) is capable of becoming adherent when maintained in the presence of one or more attachment factors; or e) maintains an anchorage-independent phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of serum; or f) maintains an anchorage-independent phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of vitronectin; or g) maintains an anchorage-independent phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of one of the attachment factors selected from the group consisting of: laminin, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin, poly-lysine, and poly-ornithine; or h) maintains a disassociated phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of serum; or i) maintains a disassociated phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of vitronectin; or j) maintains a disassociated phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of one of the attachment factors selected from the group consisting of: laminin, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin, poly-lysine, and poly-ornithine; or k) any combination of two or more of any of a) to j) above. In various examples, including examples of the mammalian primary myosatellite cell, the population of primary mammalian myosatellite cells, or the compositions comprising same as contemplated herein, one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells: a) is Desmin negative; or b) is Ki67 negative; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) has a morphology associated with an anchorage-independent phenotype; or e) is or has any combination of two or more of any of a) to d) above; or f) is and has each of a) to c) above; or g) is and has each of a) to d) above. In one example, one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells: a) is Desmin negative; or b) is Ki67 negative; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) is or has any combination of two or more of any of a) to c) above; or e) is and has each of a) to c) above. In one example, one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells: a) is Desmin negative; or b) is Ki67 positive; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) is or has any combination of two or more of any of a) to c) above; or e) is and has each of a) to c) above. In one example, one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian myosatellite cells: a) is Desmin positive; or b) is Ki67 negative; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) is or has any combination of two or more of any of a) to c) above; or e) is and has each of a) to c) above. In various examples, including examples of the mammalian fibroblasts, the population of mammalian fibroblasts, or the compositions comprising same as contemplated herein, one or more of said anchorage-independent mammalian fibroblasts: a) is CD31 negative; or b) is CD45 negative; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) has a morphology associated with an anchorage-independent phenotype; or e) is or has any combination of two or more of any of a) to d) above; or f) is and has each of a) to c) above; or g) is and has each of a) to d) above. In various examples, including examples of the mammalian adipose stromal cells, the population of mammalian adipose stromal cells, or the compositions comprising same as contemplated herein, one or more of said anchorage-independent mammalian adipose stromal cells: a) is capable of accumulating lipid droplets (lipid droplet positive); or b) is Ki67 negative; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) has a morphology associated with an anchorage-independent phenotype; or e) is or has any combination of two or more of any of a) to d) above; or f) is and has each of a) to c) above; or g) is and has each of a) to d) above. In various examples, the mammalian cell is selected from the group consisting of: a bovine cell, a caprine cell, a cervine cell, an equine cell, an ovine cell, a porcine cell, a murine cell, a feline cell, a canine cell, a leporine cell, and a primate cell. In one example, the mammalian primary cell is a bovine primary cell, a caprine primary cell, an ovine primary cell, or a porcine primary cell. In one example, the mammalian primary myosatellite cell is a bovine primary myosatellite cell, a caprine primary myosatellite cell, an ovine primary myosatellite cell, or a porcine primary myosatellite cell. In one example, the fibroblast is a bovine fibroblast, a caprine fibroblast, an ovine fibroblast, or a porcine fibroblast. In one example, the adipose stromal cell is a bovine adipose stromal cell, a caprine adipose stromal cell, an ovine adipose stromal cell, or a porcine adipose stromal cell. In one example, the mammalian primary cell is a human primary cell. In one example, the mammalian primary myosatellite cell is a human primary myosatellite cell. In one example, the fibroblast is a human fibroblast. In one example, the adipose stromal cell is a human adipose stromal cell. In various examples, the population of primary mammalian myosatellite cells or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cells selected from the group consisting of: bovine cells, caprine cells, cervine cells, equine cells, ovine cells, porcine cells, murine cells, feline cells, canine cells, leporine cells, and primate cells. In various examples, the population of primary mammalian myosatellite cells or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cells selected from the group consisting of: bovine cells, caprine cells, ovine cells, and porcine cells. In one example, the population of primary mammalian myosatellite cells or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of human cells. In various examples, the population of fibroblasts or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cells selected from the group consisting of: bovine cells, caprine cells, cervine cells, equine cells, ovine cells, porcine cells, murine cells, feline cells, canine cells, leporine cells, and primate cells. In various examples, the population of fibroblasts or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cells selected from the group consisting of: bovine cells, caprine cells, ovine cells, and porcine cells. In one example, the population of fibroblasts or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of human cells. In various examples, the population of adipose stromal cells or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cells selected from the group consisting of: bovine cells, caprine cells, cervine cells, equine cells, ovine cells, porcine cells, murine cells, feline cells, canine cells, leporine cells, and primate cells. In various examples, the population of adipose stromal cells or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cells selected from the group consisting of: bovine cells, caprine cells, ovine cells, and porcine cells. In one example, the population of adipose stromal cells or the composition as contemplated herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of human cells. In various examples, the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells are selected from the group consisting of quiescent primary mammalian myosatellite cells, Ki67 negative Desmin negative primary mammalian myosatellite cells, activated primary mammalian myosatellite cells, Ki67 positive Desmin negative primary mammalian myosatellite cells, committed primary mammalian myosatellite cells, and Ki67 negative Desmin positive primary mammalian myosatellite cells. In various examples, the one or more mammalian fibroblasts are selected from the group consisting of mammalian fibroblasts capable of synthesizing extracellular matrix, CD31 negative mammalian fibroblasts, CD45 negative mammalian fibroblasts, and CD31 negative CD31 negative mammalian fibroblasts. In various examples, the one or more mammalian adipose stromal cells are selected from the group consisting of mammalian adipose stromal cells capable of accumulating lipid droplets (lipid droplet positive), Ki67 negative mammalian adipose stromal cells, and lipid droplet positive Ki67 negative mammalian adipose stromal cells. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of culturing mammalian tissue, the method comprising: a) providing a suspension of one or more primary mammalian cells prepared in a method as disclosed herein; b) optionally maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to proliferate; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable for adherence; thereby to provide mammalian tissue. In various examples, the one or more mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof. In one example, the maintaining is of one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and is in the presence of one or more cells other than primary mammalian myosatellite cells. In one example, the maintaining is of one or more fibroblasts and is in the presence of one or more cells other than fibroblasts. In one example, the maintaining is of one or more adipose stromal cells and is in the presence of one or more cells other than adipose stromal cells. In one example, the maintaining is for a time and under conditions suitable for differentiation. In one example, the differentiation is of one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells. For example, the maintaining is of one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and the differentiation is of one or more of the primary mammalian myosatellite cells. In one example, the differentiation is of one or more fibroblasts. For example, the maintaining is of one or more fibroblasts and the differentiation is of one or more of the fibroblasts. In one example, the differentiation is of one or more adipose stromal cells. For example, the maintaining is of one or more adipose stromal cells and the differentiation is of one or more of the adipose stromal cells. In one example, the maintaining is of one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells and the adherence comprises one or more of: a) adherence of or to one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells; or b) adherence of or to one or more cells other than a mammalian primary myosatellite cell; or c) adherence of or to one or more differentiated primary mammalian myosatellite cells; d) adherence to a surface; or e) any combination of two or more of a) to d) above. In one example, the maintenance is of one or more fibroblasts and the adherence comprises one or more of: a) adherence of or to one or more fibroblasts; or b) adherence of or to one or more cells other than a fibroblast; or c) adherence of or to one or more differentiated fibroblasts; d) adherence to a surface; or e) any combination of two or more of a) to d) above. In one example, the maintenance is of one or more adipose stromal cells and the adherence comprises one or more of: a) adherence of or to one or more adipose stromal cells; or b) adherence of or to one or more cells other than a adipose stromal cell; or c) adherence of or to one or more differentiated adipose stromal cells; d) adherence to a surface; or e) any combination of two or more of a) to d) above. In various examples, the surface comprises a culture vessel, such as a culture flask, bottle, or plate such as a microtitre plate or multi-well plate; a bead or microbead, such as a magnetic bead; a structure, support, scaffold, or form, such as a 3D structure, a 3D support, a 3D scaffold, or a 3D form used for preparing a tissue such as 3D tissue; and / or a biomaterial. In various examples, the method (such as a method of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells or a method of adapting one or more primary mammalian cells to suspension culture) is carried out whereby the one or more mammalian cells are maintained in or (re)placed into the same culture vessel, including for example when used the same well of a multi-well plate. In one example, the method (such as a method of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells or a method of adapting one or more primary mammalian cells to suspension culture) is carried out whereby the one or more mammalian cells are maintained in or (re)placed into the same culture vessel in which they were first maintained (for example in step b)), for example for more than one step, including for example for each of the steps of the method, including for example throughout the method and / or throughout the method prior to any recovery step. In another aspect, the invention relates to a tissue or tissue product comprising tissue prepared in a method as contemplated herein. In another aspect, the invention relates to a tissue or tissue product comprising one or more mammalian cells, for example the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, prepared in a method as contemplated herein or a cell derived therefrom. In another aspect, the invention relates to a tissue or tissue product comprising a mammalian cell, such as a mammalian primary myosatellite cell, as contemplated herein or a population of mammalian cells, for example the one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells, as contemplated herein, or a cell derived therefrom. In one example, the tissue or tissue product as contemplated herein comprises one or cells other than a mammalian primary myosatellite cell or a cell derived therefrom. In another aspect, the invention relates to a primary mammalian cell as contemplated herein or a cell derived therefrom for use in culture or in the preparation of a mammalian tissue or tissue product. In one example, the primary mammalian cell is a mammalian primary myosatellite cell as contemplated herein or a cell derived therefrom for use in culture or in the preparation of a mammalian tissue or tissue product. In another aspect, the invention relates to a primary mammalian cell as contemplated herein or a cell derived therefrom when used in culture or in the preparation of a mammalian tissue or tissue product. In various aspects, the invention relates to mammalian primary myosatellite cell as contemplated herein or a cell derived therefrom, such as a mammalian primary myosatellite cell prepared in a method as contemplated herein or a population thereof, when used in culture or in the preparation of a mammalian tissue or tissue product. Other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred examples of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. The invention is exemplified in the following non limiting examples and with reference to the accompanying figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 presents a photomicrograph of bovine myosatellite cells grown in Media X at passage 1, as described herein in Example 1. Figure 2 presents a photomicrograph of bovine myosatellite cells grown in Media X at passage 7, as described herein in Example 1. Figure 3 presents a photomicrograph of bovine myosatellite cells grown in Media X at passage 8, as described herein in Example 1. Figure 4 presents a photomicrograph of bovine myosatellite cells grown in Media X undergoing division when in suspension as a single cell, as described herein in Example 1. Figure 5 presents a line graph showing the proliferation of cells during adaptation to and growth in suspension. Cell number is normalised to the cell number at day 0. A) Muscle satellite cells in culture, n=3. B) Fibroblasts in culture, n=6. C) Adipocyte stromal cells in culture, n=6. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Figure 6 presents microscopy images showing the morphological changes during adaptation of myosatellite cells using the culturing method in media A over time, during which the cells change from adherent to suspension growth, as described herein in Example 2. Images are representative and taken from an experiment with at least six biological replicates. The scale bar represents 100 µM. A) Control wells with adherent cells in serum-containing media at the start of the experiment. B) Control wells with adherent cells in serum-containing media at the end of the experiment. C) Adherent cells in media A. D) Adaptation to suspension in media A. E) Suspension cells in media A. F) Cell viability. Figure 7 presents microscopy images showing the morphological changes during adaptation of fibroblasts and using the culturing method in media A over time, during which the cells change from adherent to suspension growth, as described herein in Example 4. Images are representative and taken from an experiment with at least six biological replicates. The scale bar represents 100 µM. A) Control wells with adherent cells in serum-containing media at the start of the experiment. B) Control wells with adherent cells in serum-containing media at the end of the experiment. C) Adherent cells in media A. D) Adaptation to suspension in media A. E) Suspension cells in media A. F) Cell viability. Figure 8 presents microscopy images showing the morphological changes during adaptation of adipose stromal cells and using the culturing method in media A over time, during which the cells change from adherent to suspension growth, as described in Example 5 herein. Images are representative and taken from an experiment with at least six biological replicates. The scale bar represents 100 µM. A) Control wells with adherent cells in serum-containing media at the start of the experiment. B) Control wells with adherent cells in serum-containing media at the end of the experiment. C) Adherent cells in media A. D) Adaptation to suspension in media A. E) Suspension cells in media A. F) Cell viability. Figure 9 presents a bar graph showing a comparison of the cell counts obtained by in-house image analysis methods and standard cell counting using DAPI staining. No significant difference was observed between the methods below 10,000 cells. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention relates in one aspect to methods of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells, for example one or more primary mammalian muscle satellite cells (also referred to herein as primary myosatellite cells), one or more fibroblasts, or one or more adipose stromal cells, in suspension. In further aspects the invention relates to cells, tissues, and tissue products produced using the methods disclosed herein, and to compositions for use in such methods. Various methods and uses for the cells, tissues, tissue products, and compositions described herein are also contemplated. The methods contemplated herein are directed in various aspects to the culturing in suspension of mammalian cells that previously have not been amenable to suspension culture, and thus not previously amenable to culturing methods and downstream applications utilising or reliant on large scale liquid culture production. The mammalian cells contemplated for use in the methods and compositions contemplated herein are, when provided, primary cells and / or are not immortalized. For example, the one or more mammalian cells provided have not been modified to overcome replicative senescence, and / or are not able to replicate indefinitely under in vitro conditions. In certain examples, the one or more mammalian cells when provided are adherent mammalian primary cells. In various examples, the one or more mammalian cells in suspension and / or the one or more mammalian cells recovered comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of mammalian cells that have not been immortalized. For example, the one or more mammalian cells maintained in suspension are primary mammalian cells. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells maintained in suspension are primary mammalian cells expressing one or more cell markers or having one or more characteristics associated with primary mammalian cells, such as one or more of the group consisting of: low or undetectable levels of telomerase activity; normal cell cycle regulation; expression of one or more cell cycle regulators, such as p16 and p21; expression of one or more tumour suppressors; one or more functional tumour suppressor pathways, such as the Rb pathway; or a combination of any two or more thereof. For example, the one or more mammalian cells maintained in suspension have not been modified to overcome replicative senescence, and / or are not able to replicate indefinitely under in vitro conditions. In another example, the one or more mammalian cells recovered (for example, in step e) of a representative method disclosed herein) are primary mammalian cells. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells recovered are primary mammalian cells expressing one or more cell markers or having one or more characteristics associated with primary mammalian cells, such as one or more of the group consisting of: low or undetectable levels of telomerase activity; normal cell cycle regulation; expression of one or more cell cycle regulators, such as p16 and p21; expression of one or more tumour suppressors; one or more functional tumour suppressor pathways, such as the Rb pathway; or a combination of any two or more thereof. In another example, the one or more mammalian cells recovered (for example, in step e) of a representative method disclosed herein) have not been modified to overcome replicative senescence, and / or are not able to replicate indefinitely under in vitro conditions. In one example, the one or more mammalian cells when recovered are adherent primary mammalian cells. In various examples, the mammalian cells provided, maintained in suspension, and / or recovered are not immortalized and / or do not express a cell marker or have one or more characteristics associated exclusively with immortalization, such as but not limited to one or more of the group consisting of: telomerase reactivation and / or loss or suppression of tumour suppressors such as p16, p53, and the Rb pathway. Selected definitions It is intended that reference to a range of numbers disclosed herein (for example, 1 to 10) also incorporates reference to all rational numbers within that range (for example, 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also any range of rational numbers within that range (for example, 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7). These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the meaning of various terms of degree used herein. For example, as used herein in the context of referring to an amount (e.g., “about 9%”), the term “about” represents an amount close to and including the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result, e.g. “about 9%” can include 9% and amounts close to 9% that still perform a desired function or achieve a desired result. For example, the term “about” can refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, or within less than 0.01% of the stated amount. It is also intended that where the term "about" is used, for example with reference to a figure, concentration, amount, integer or value, the exact figure, concentration, amount, integer or value is also specifically contemplated. The term "and / or" can mean "and" or "or". The term "comprising" and grammatical equivalents thereof (including “comprise” and “comprises”) as used in this specification means "consisting at least in part of". When interpreting each statement in this specification that includes the term "comprising", features other than that or those prefaced by the term may also be present. Related terms such as "comprise" and "comprises", and the terms "including", "include" and "includes" are to be interpreted in the same manner. The term "consisting essentially of" when used in this specification refers to the features stated and allows for the presence of other features that do not materially alter the basic characteristics of the features specified. The term “consisting” and grammatical equivalents thereof (including “consist” and “consists”) as used in this specification means the specified materials or steps (for example of the claimed invention), excluding any element, step, or ingredient not specified. “Collagenase” as used herein refers to a group of enzymes which break down collagen, for example the collagen holding animal tissues together. Collagenases are made by a variety of different microorganisms and by many different animal cells. Crude collagenase preparations contain several isoforms of two different collagenases, a sulfhydryl protease, clostripain, a trypsin-like enzyme, and an aminopeptidase. This combination of collagenolytic and proteolytic activities is effective at breaking down intercellular matrices, the essential part of tissue dissociation. Where collagenase is used as a cell dissociation reagent, for example in a method as contemplated herein, a more purified preparation, such as one having lower proteolytic activity, will in certain circumstances be utilised. “Accutase” as used herein refers to a mixture of enzymes having proteolytic and collagenolytic activities for use in cell detachment and tissue disruption, for example as an additive to cell detachment media. Accutase preparations are readily available from ThermoFisher Scientific. “Dispase” as used herein refers to a bacterial protease which targets collagen IV, collagen I, and fibronectin, and is widely used in cell culturing and other cell biology and molecular biological methods. It is available for a variety of suppliers, including ThermoFisher Scientific, Gibco, and Sigma- Aldrich. As used herein, the term "confluent" when used with reference to cells in culture indicates that the cells have formed a coherent and contiguous layer, for example on a growth surface, where each cell is in contact with other cells so that virtually all the available growth surface is covered. In this context, available growth surface means sufficient surface area to accommodate a cell, such that small interstices between adjacent cells that are not able to accommodate another cell do not constitute the available growth surface. It will be appreciated that the various methods contemplated herein will typically embody the administration or use of an effective amount of the one or more agents contemplated herein. An "effective amount" as contemplated herein is an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including clinical results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations by various routes of administration. The effective amount will vary depending on, among other factors, the disease or condition indicated, the severity of the disease or condition, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the agent administered, the mode of administration and the treatment desired. A person skilled in the art will be able to determine appropriate dosages having regard to these any other relevant factors. “Foetal bovine serum” or FBS is the most widely used animal serum supplement for the culture of eukaryotic cells and is applicable to many different cell culture applications. This is largely due to the very low level of antibodies present and the presence of a number of growth factors. Particular examples of the compositions and methods disclosed herein utilise a culture medium containing foetal bovine serum, but the skilled person would recognise that other types of serum can also be used, for example bovine serum albumin (BSA), foetal ovine serum, human platelet lysates and iron- supplemented bovine calf serum (ICS). For serum-containing media, 10% (v / v) serum is typically used but other concentrations may also be used, for example depending on the type of serum or the particular culture method or step in a multi-step culturing method such as that disclosed herein. In certain examples, the concentration of serum may be, for example, 0.1% to 20% (v / v), such as 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20%. The term “mammalian adipose stromal cell” as used herein means a stromal cell capable of accumulating lipid droplets (lipid droplet positive, Ki67 negative). These cells have been reported to be committed to adipogenesis, but still able to proliferate (Yeun 2022). Mammalian adipose stromal cells have been isolated from stromal vascular cell fraction of tissue following mechanical and enzymatic dissociation (see Yeun 2022). The term “mammalian fibroblast” as used herein means a primary cell that synthesises extracellular matrix and is CD31 negative and CD45 negative. Mammalian fibroblasts are spindle shaped cells that can be isolated from various tissue types including skin, connective tissue, and muscle. The term “mammalian primary myosatellite cell” as used herein means a myogenic stem cell – a unipotent mammalian stem cell normally giving rise to myoblasts. Primary mammalian myosatellite cells typically express Pax7. It has been proposed that primary myosatellite cells are resident in myofibers beneath the basal lamina, providing a localised source of myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes during muscle growth and repair. The term “pharmaceutical composition” is defined herein to refer to a composition comprising at least one therapeutic agent to be administered to a subject in order to treat a particular disease or condition affecting the subject or to elicit a therapeutic or prophylactic response in the subject, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” is defined herein to refer to those compounds, carriers, materials, compositions and / or dosage forms, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues a subject without excessive toxicity, irritation allergic response and other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a carrier, such as but not limited to an excipient, diluent, adjuvant or vehicle, that may be administered to a subject and will usually be administered together with the therapeutic agent. Such carriers are well known in the art, and may be as simple as water or saline, or may in certain examples comprises a number of different excipients, diluents, adjuvants and / or vehicles as may be required, for example for effective formulation. The term “adherent cell” and grammatical equivalents thereof means a cell that requires attachment to a solid substrate—such as a tissue culture-treated surface or an extracellular matrix component—for its survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Typically, when cultured under appropriate conditions, these cells will attach and spread out, often forming a monolayer, as opposed to remaining suspended in the culture medium. The term “primary cell” as used herein means a cell that has not undergone immortalization, and encompasses a cell that is freshly isolated from a tissue source and which closely mimics its in vivo state. Primary cells typically have a finite lifespan in culture due to natural senescence, which limits their replication capacity. Their phenotype is more representative of the original tissue than that of immortalized cells, such that primary cells are desirable for applications requiring high physiological relevance. A “subject” as used herein is an animal, usually a mammal, including a mammalian companion animal or a human. Representative companion animals include feline, equine, and canine. Representative agricultural animals include bovine, ovine, caprine, cervine, and porcine. The term “treating” or “treatment” and related terms such as "treat" as used herein broadly includes any kind of treatment activity in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, including the amelioration, diagnosis, cure, mitigation, delay of onset or of progression, or prevention of a disease or condition in a subject, or any activity that otherwise affects the structure or any function of the body of the subject, and includes a treatment relieving, reducing or alleviating at least one symptom or sequelae in a subject or effecting a delay of onset or of progression of a disease or condition or symptom or sequelae thereof. For example, treatment can be the diminishment of one or several symptoms or sequelae of a disorder or complete eradication of a disorder. Within the meaning of the present disclosure, the term “treat” also denotes to arrest, delay the onset (i.e., the period prior to clinical manifestation of a disease) and / or reduce the risk of developing or worsening a disease. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment, for example, an increase in overall survival (OS) compared to a subject not receiving treatment as described herein, and / or an increase in progression-free survival (PFS) compared to a subject not receiving treatment as described herein. The term “treating” can also mean an improvement in the condition of a subject having a disease or condition, e.g., one or more of a decrease in a marker for the disease or condition in a subject, a decrease or no substantial increase in the rate of disease progression in a subject, and an improvement in one or more physiological or metabolic responses or metrics in a subject (e.g., as compared to the one or more metric(s) in a subject having a similar disease or condition receiving no treatment or a different treatment, or as compared to the one or more metric(s) in the same subject prior to treatment). Prophylactic treatments, including those in which treatment is administered before one or more indicia or symptoms of a disease or condition manifest, are particularly contemplated. The term “tissue” is used herein to refer to an aggregation of usually similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function. Tissue is intended to encompass all types of biological tissue including both hard and soft tissue. In certain contexts, a tissue is a collection or aggregation of particular cells embedded within its natural matrix, wherein the natural matrix is produced by the particular living cells. Tissue may also refer to ex vivo aggregations of usually similarly specialized cells, for example those which have been cell-based and grown in vitro, for example to produce an artificial tissue, organoid, or organ. “Trypsin” as used herein (EC number 3.4.21.4) is a serine protease found in the digestive system, such as in the pancreas of many vertebrates where it hydrolyses proteins. Trypsin cleaves peptides primarily at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine. Trypsin is widely used in cell culture and tissue culture methods, for example to dislodge adherent cells from the surface to which they are adherent or from one another. Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions included herein, will be preferred. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the invention, examples of suitable methods and materials are described below. The materials, methods, and examples described herein are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. Mammalian adipose stromal cells Mammalian adipose stromal cells are stromal cells capable of accumulating lipid droplets (lipid droplet positive) and are Ki67 negative. It has been reported that adipose stromal cells are committed to adipogenesis but are still able to proliferate (Yeun, J.S.K., et al., 2022). Representative mammalian adipose stromal cells for use in the preparative methods disclosed herein are readily available, for example from commercial suppliers or can be isolated from mammalian tissues, for example from a vascular cell fraction of tissue following mechanical and enzymatic dissociation as described in, for example, Yeun, J.S.K., et al., 2022 and publications cited therein. Mammalian fibroblasts Mammalian fibroblasts are primary cells that synthesises extracellular matrix and are CD31 negative and CD45 negative. Mammalian fibroblasts are spindle shaped cells that can be isolated from various tissue types including skin, connective tissue, and muscle. Representative mammalian fibroblasts for use in the preparative methods disclosed herein are readily available, for example from commercial suppliers, from tissue culture collections, or isolated directly from mammalian tissues, such as livestock muscle tissue. Methods for isolating mammalian fibroblasts are discussed in, for example, Abade dos Santos, F.A., et al., 2021. Mammalian primary myosatellite cells Primary mammalian myosatellite cells are myogenic stem cells capable of differentiating into myoblasts associated with skeletal muscle and are involved in myogenesis. It has been proposed that primary myosatellite cells are resident in myofibers beneath the basal lamina, providing a localised source of myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes during muscle growth and repair. Representative primary mammalian myosatellite cells for use in the preparative methods disclosed herein are readily available, for example from commercial suppliers, from tissue culture collections, or isolated directly from mammalian muscle tissue, such as livestock muscle tissue. Methods for isolating primary mammalian myosatellite cells are discussed in, for example, Yablonka- Reuveni, Z., 2011 and publications cited therein. In certain examples, the cells, compositions, methods and uses disclosed herein are applied in conjunction with one or more cells other than primary mammalian myosatellite cells. In various examples, for instance in examples relating to the production of a tissue or tissue product, such as a cell-based meat product, one or more cells typically found in such tissues is present. In one example, one or more other cells and / or one or more cells of other tissue types, for example, melanocytes, macrophages, monocytes, leukocytes, plasma cells, neuronal cells, adipocytes, induced and non- induced precursor cells of Langerhans cells, Langerhans cells and other immune cells, endothelial cells, more particularly sebocytes or sebaceous gland tissue or sebaceous gland explantates, cells of the sweat glands or sweat gland tissue or sweat gland explantates, hair follicle cells or hair follicle explantates; and cells from or of other organs, may be present, for example, may be cell-based together with the primary mammalian myosatellite cells. Culturing techniques The methods and compositions disclosed herein are directed to the culturing of primary mammalian myosatellite cells in suspension under conditions that seek to minimise aggregation and clumping usually found in suspension culture, thereby to optimise growth and proliferation. A representative method for introducing primary mammalian myosatellite cells to suspension culture is presented herein in the Examples, in which primary mammalian myosatellite cells in adherent culture are removed from their growth surface by enzymatic action, for example by trypsinization or by contact with a comparable enzyme, followed by the inactivation of the enzyme or by removal of the enzyme by washing the cells, or both, and then placing the cells in suspension culture in a suitable vessel. Alternatively, primary mammalian myosatellite cells cell-based in adherent culture may be dislodged from growth surfaces by non-enzymatic procedures, such as by gentle tapping of the culture vessel or by treatment with solutions containing divalent ion chelators. For example divalent ion chelators, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), may be used. As discussed herein, the methods disclosed here advantageously do not require agitation or shear to be applied to initially dislodge the primary mammalian myosatellite cells from a surface, but once in suspension gentle rolling, stirring, shaking or other gentle agitation may be employed to maintain the cells in suspension. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain cell types tend to grow as cell clumps in suspension culture, especially in a culture originally derived from an adherent cell line, and that cultures with varying levels of cell aggregation will frequently display different growth kinetics. The control of aggregate size is an important issue. Cell death and necrosis may occur within aggregates, for example due to hypoxia. Severe aggregation may result in poor cell growth, for example due to hypoxia, as a result of steric hinderance, and / or due to limited diffusion of metabolites and waste products. Furthermore, the monitoring of cell growth and quantification of biomass can be challenging in an aggregated suspension culture. Advantageously, as shown herein in the Examples, the methods disclosed herein provide suspension cultures of typically adherent cells as single cells or cells undergoing division, without substantial clumping or aggregation, and without recourse to aggressive agitation during suspension culture. Again, gentle rolling, stirring, shaking or other gentle agitation may be employed to maintain the cells in suspension, but need not be applied so as to disrupt clumps or aggregates. The presence of single cells, cells undergoing division, and of cell aggregates or clumps, in the culture may be determined by any method known in the art. For example, the presence of single cells and cells undergoing division can readily be visualized microscopically (as exemplified herein) or by use of a cell sizing apparatus such as a Coulter Counter (Beckman Coulter, Inc.) or similar device such as a Countess Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher). Cells may be seeded into culture medium at any reasonable density, and this will vary according to, for example, the particular application to which the cells produced in the culturing method are to be put, the desired number of cells to be produced, the culture volumes available, and so on. The number and concentration of primary mammalian myosatellite cells provided and maintained under adherent conditions, for example when initially seeded into a culture vessel or onto a support or form, can be varied by modifying the concentration of cells in suspension, or by modifying the quantity of suspension that is present in a given volume. In various examples, the seeding density is about 1 x 102cells / cm2of surface or higher, such as 1.5 x 102cells / cm2, 2.0 x 102cells / cm2, 2.5 x 102cells / cm2, 3.0 x 102cells / cm2, 3.5 x 102cells / cm2, 4.0 x 102cells / cm2, 4.5 x 102cells / cm2, 5.0 x 102cells / cm2, 5.5 x 102cells / cm2, 6.0 x 102cells / cm2, 6.5 x 102cells / cm2, 7.0 x 102cells / cm2, 7.5 x 102cells / cm2, 8.0 x 102cells / cm2, 8.5 x 102cells / cm2, 9.0 x 102cells / cm2, 9.5 x 102cells / cm2, or 9.9 x 102cells / cm2of surface. In one example, the seeding density is about 1 x 103cells / cm2of surface or higher, such as 1.5 x 103cells / cm2, 2.0 x 103cells / cm2, 2.5 x 103cells / cm2, 3.0 x 103cells / cm2, 3.5 x 103cells / cm2, 4.0 x 103cells / cm2, 4.5 x 103cells / cm2, 5.0 x 103cells / cm2, 5.5 x 103cells / cm2, 6.0 x 103cells / cm2, 6.5 x 103cells / cm2, 7.0 x 103cells / cm2, 7.5 x 103cells / cm2, 8.0 x 103cells / cm2, 8.5 x 103cells / cm2, 9.0 x 103cells / cm2, 9.5 x 103cells / cm2, or 9.9 x 103cells / cm2of surface. In one example, the seeding density is about 10 x 103cells / cm2of surface or higher, such as 15 x 103cells / cm2, 20 x 103cells / cm2, 25 x 103cells / cm2, 30 x 103cells / cm2, 35 x 103cells / cm2, 40 x 103cells / cm2, 45 x 103cells / cm2, 50 x 103cells / cm2, 55 x 103cells / cm2, 60 x 103cells / cm2, 65 x 103cells / cm2, 70 x 103cells / cm2, 75 x 103cells / cm2, 80 x 103cells / cm2, 85 x 103cells / cm2, 90 x 103cells / cm2, 95 x 103cells / cm2, or 100 x 103cells / cm2of surface. In various examples, the seeding density, for example of suspension cultures or of a culture for adaptation to growth in suspension, is from about 2 x 104cells / mL to about 5 x 105cells / mL. In one example, the seeding density is about 1 x 103cells / cm3of media or higher, such as 1.5 x 103cells / cm3, 2.0 x 103cells / cm3, 2.5 x 103cells / cm3, 3.0 x 103cells / cm3, 3.5 x 103cells / cm3, 4.0 x 103cells / cm3, 4.5 x 103cells / cm3, 5.0 x 103cells / cm3, 5.5 x 103cells / cm3, 6.0 x 103cells / cm3, 6.5 x 103cells / cm3, 7.0 x 103cells / cm3, 7.5 x 103cells / cm3, 8.0 x 103cells / cm3, 8.5 x 103cells / cm3, 9.0 x 103cells / cm3, 9.5 x 103cells / cm3, or 9.9 x 103cells / cm3of media. In one example, the seeding density is about 10 x 103cells / cm3of media or higher, such as 15 x 103cells / cm3, 20 x 103cells / cm3, 25 x 103cells / cm3, 30 x 103cells / cm3, 35 x 103cells / cm3, 40 x 103cells / cm3, 45 x 103cells / cm3, 50 x 103cells / cm3, 55 x 103cells / cm3, 60 x 103cells / cm3, 65 x 103cells / cm3, 70 x 103cells / cm3, 75 x 103cells / cm3, 80 x 103cells / cm3, 85 x 103cells / cm3, 90 x 103cells / cm3, 95 x 103cells / cm3, or 100 x 103cells / cm3of media. Those skilled in the art will recognise that mammalian cell suspension cultures can attain cell densities of from 2 x 106cells / mL up to about 6 x 107cells / mL or sometimes more, depending on the cell type, media, and other conditions. Growth media Those skilled in the art will understand that the choice of growth media has a significant if not critical impact on success or failure of the resulting cell or tissue culture, and must be made in cognisance of the cells being cell-based and the purpose to which those cells will be put. Those skilled in the art will recognise on reading this disclosure that a number of industries and applications utilising culturing technologies would prefer media that does not contain serum. Accordingly, the methods and compositions disclosed herein utilise serum-free media when culturing the primary mammalian myosatellite cells in suspension, thereby enabling the recovery of serum-free primary mammalian myosatellite cells. As contemplated herein, a serum-free media is capable of supporting growth and proliferation of mammalian cells. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises a basal media and media additives, where the basal media provides a base of essential components, such as but not limited to a sugar source, amino acids, inorganic salts, vitamins, and buffer. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises one or more additives, such as one or more proteins, polypeptides, or peptides, In certain examples, the one or more proteins, polypeptides, or peptides comprise one or more proteins, polypeptides, or peptides associated with cell proliferation, such as the promotion of cell proliferation. In certain examples, the one or more proteins, polypeptides, or peptides comprise one or more proteins, polypeptides, or peptides do not promote surface adhesion of cultured cells. In various examples, the serum-free media comprises one or more protease inhibitors, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin, aprotinin, bestatin, leupeptin, pepstatin, and / or EDTA. In various examples, the serum-free media comprises a growth factor, for example, the serum- free media comprises one or more of the group comprising: albumin, Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF), Epidermal growth factor (EGF), Fetuin, Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Glial growth factor, Insulin, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Prepro-insulin-like growth factor I, Nerve growth factor (NGF), Neuregulin-1 (NRG1), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Transferrin, and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), such as TGFβ3. In one example, the serum-free media is substantially free of one or more of the group comprising: an extracellular matrix protein, such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin, and a cell adherence-promoting fragment thereof; a cell adherence-promoting polypeptide; and an attachment reagent, such as poly-lysine or poly-ornithine. In certain examples, the serum-free media used for suspension culturing in the methods contemplated herein comprises Hams F-10, DMEM / F-12, Proliferum M, Aim-V, Ultroser-G, and / or Essential 8+. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises one or more antibiotics and / or one or more growth factors. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises one or more growth factors selected from the group consisting of bFGF, FGF2, TGFβ3, NRG1. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises insulin. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises transferrin. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises bFGF. In certain examples, the serum-free media comprises one or more trace elements, such as iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and / or selenium. In one example, the serum-free media is or comprises Proliferum M (Multus Biotechnology). In one example, the serum-free media is or comprises Aim-V (ThermoFisher Scientific). In one example, the serum-free media is or comprises Ultroser-G (Sartorius). The methods disclosed herein in their initial steps utilise serum-containing media, for example to enable the rapid proliferation of the primary mammalian myosatellite cells prior to induction of a non-adherent phenotype. In one example, the serum-containing media comprises one or more sera from the group comprising: bovine serum, foetal bovine serum, equine serum, foetal equine serum, ovine serum, foetal ovine serum, porcine serum, and foetal porcine serum. In certain examples, the serum-containing media used for initial culturing in the methods contemplated herein comprises Hams F-10. In certain examples, the serum-containing media comprises one or more antibiotics, and / or one or more growth factors. Various additional agents can be included in the growth media and / or attached to the vessels, surfaces, substrates, or forms utilised in various examples of the present disclosure. The term “attached” includes, but is not limited to, coating, embedding or incorporating by any means the additional agent(s), and attached can refer to incorporating such agents on the entire vessel, surface, substrate or form or only a portion thereof. In one example, one or more cell factors are present in the media and / or coated or attached to the vessel, surface, substrate or form. As used herein, the term “cell factors” refers to substances that are synthesized by living cells (e.g. stem cells) and which produce a beneficial effect in the body (e.g. mammalian or human body). Cell factors include, but are in no way limited to, growth factors, regulatory factors, hormones, enzymes, lymphokines, peptides and combinations thereof. Cell factors may have varying effects including, but not limited to, influencing the growth, proliferation, commitment, and / or differentiation of cells (e.g. stem cells) either in vivo and / or in vitro. Some non-limiting examples of cell factors include, but are not limited to, cytokines (e.g. common beta chain, common gamma chain, and IL-6 cytokine families), vascular endothelial growth factor (e.g. VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, and -E), adrenomedullin, insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor EGF, fibroblast growth factor FGF, autocrin motility factor, GDF, IGF, PDGF, growth differentiation factor 9, erythropoietin, activins, TGF-α, TGF-β, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Hedgehog molecules, Wnt-related molecules, and combinations thereof. In one example, a growth factor such as EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), IGF-I (Insulin-like Growth Factor), a member of Fibroblast Growth Factor family (FGF), Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), PDGF (Platelet-derived Growth Factor AA, AB, BB), TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor family - βl, β2, β3), CIF (Cartilage Inducing Factor), any one of BMP1 to BMP14 (Bone Morphogenic Proteins 1 to 14)), Granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or combinations thereof, which may promote tissue regeneration, can be present in the media and / or attached to or coated to the vessel, surface, substrate or form contemplated herein. In one example, the growth factor is VEGF. In another example, the growth factor is PDGF. The skilled addressee is aware of various other agents, including other biological molecules, which may be present in the media and / or attached to or used to coat a vessel, surface, substrate, or form as herein contemplated, and can be selected for a particular application as needed. In one example, one or more extracellular matrix protein, such as, fibronectin, laminin, and / or collagen, is present in the media and / or attached to or coated on the vessel, surface, substrate, or form. Thus, in one example, the vessel, surface, substrate, or form is coated with collagen IV, collagen I, laminin, and / or fibronectin, or any combination of two or more thereof. It will be understood that a protein, such as one of the extracellular matrix proteins discussed above, may be in the form of full length proteins, or peptides thereof, for example synthetic peptides. In another example, a therapeutic agent is present in the media and / or attached to or coated on the vessel, surface, substrate, or form. The term "therapeutic agent" as used herein refers to any of a variety of agents that exhibit one or more beneficial therapeutic effects when used in conjunction with methods, cells, compositions, or uses as disclosed herein. Examples of therapeutic agents that may be used include, without limitation, proteins, peptides, drugs, cytokines, extracellular matrix molecules, and / or growth factors. One of skill in the art will be aware of other suitable and / or advantageous therapeutic agents that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure. In one example, the therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory agent or an antibiotic. Examples of anti-inflammatory agents that can be present in the media and / or attached to or coated on the vessel, surface, substrate, or form include, but are not limited to, steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as betamethasone, triamcinolone dexamethasone, prednisone, mometasone, fluticasone, beclomethasone, flunisolide, and budesonide; and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, oxaprozin, diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin, ketorolac, nabumetone, sulindac tolmetin meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, and suprofen. Various antibiotics can also be employed in accordance with the presently-disclosed subject matter. Non-limiting examples include aminoglycosides, such as amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, streptomycin, or tobramycin; carbapenems, such as ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem; chloramphenicol; fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, or trovafloxacin; glycopeptides, such as vancomycin; lincosamides, such as clindamycin; macrolides / ketolides, such as azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, or telithromycin; cephalosporins, such as cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefprozil, cefuroxime, loracarbef, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime; monobactams, such as aztreonam; nitroimidazoles, such as metronidazole; oxazolidinones, such as linezolid; penicillins, such as amoxicillin, amoxicillin / clavulanate, ampicillin, ampicillin / sulbactam, bacampicillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, mezlocillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, piperacillin, piperacillin / tazobactam, ticarcillin, or ticarcillin / clavulanate; streptogramins, such as quinupristin / dalfopristin; sulfonamide / folate antagonists, such as sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim; tetracyclines, such as demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, or tetracycline; azole antifungals, such as clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, or voriconazole; polyene antifungals, such as amphotericin B or nystatin; echinocandin antifungals, such as caspofungin or micafungin, or other antifungals, such as ciclopirox, flucytosine, griseofulvin, or terbinafine. Culturing vessels In principle, the culturing methods disclosed herein are amenable to use with any culture vessel in which liquid culturing is possible. Representative examples of suitable culture vessels include multi- well plates, dishes, flasks (with or without agitation), spinner flasks, bioreactors including stirred tank reactors, rotating wall vessels, and the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the cells, methods, and compositions contemplated herein are particularly amenable to application at scale, such as can be facilitated by the use of bioreactors. Suspension culture, and particularly mid- to large-scale suspension culture, is conveniently and commonly performed using a variety of bioreactor technologies, for example with airlift bioreactors, bubble or bubble column bioreactors, stirred tank and continuous stirred tank bioreactors, and fluidized-bed or packed-bed bioreactors. Commercially-available examples of such culturing systems are readily obtained. Those skilled in the art will recognise that specific culture methods, such as those directed to the production and / or use of cells for or in particular applications, such as tissue engineering, will frequently utilise specialised culture vessels configured for such purposes. Applications While it will be appreciated that the cells, compositions, methods and uses disclosed herein are amenable to use in any application or industry in which mammalian cells, and particularly mammalian muscle cells and / or mammalian adipose cells are of interest, a particularly contemplated application is in the development and production of cell-based tissues and cell-based foods, and in particular cell- based meat. The cells, compositions, methods and uses contemplated herein enable the production of mammalian cells, and particularly mammalian muscle cells, mammalian adipose cells, and tissues comprising such cells, in serum-free media and at large scale. In principle, the provision of mammalian cells such as mammalian primary muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, and / or adipose stromal cells, able to grow and replicate in suspension and do so as single cells substantially free of aggregation or clumping enables production in a liquid culture of any volume, and particularly in culture volumes that are not bound by an optimised surface / volume ratio or by the availability of culturing surfaces to which cells must adhere in order to proliferate. Accordingly, the cells, compositions, methods and uses disclosed herein are particularly suited to the commercially-viable production of cell-based meats (also commonly referred to as cultured meats or cultivated meats) and related products. The cells, compositions, methods and uses disclosed herein are also amenable to application in other technologies that benefit from the availability of high density suspension cell culture, particularly cell culturing applications that require or benefit from cell proliferation whilst in suspension. Examples of such other technologies and fields of use include the development and production of cosmetic ingredients, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. The invention is further described with reference to the following examples. It will be appreciated that the invention as claimed is not intended to be limited in any way by these examples. EXAMPLES Example 1: Preparation of Myosatellite cells in Suspension Culture This example presents an investigation of methods to culture adherent bovine myosatellite cells in suspension cultures and the provision of single myosatellite cells in suspension that are able to proliferate. Materials and methods Media ● F10 / 20% Multus Proliferum M / / Penicillin / Streptomycin (Media X) ● F10 / 20% FBS / 5 ng / ml bFGF / Penicillin / Streptomycin (FF20+) ● F10 / 20% FBS / Penicillin / Streptomycin (FF20-) ● T75 flasks ● TrypleTMCells: ● NBP006SM01 P2 Methods: 450,000 cells were seeded in 12 ml of FF20+ into a T75 flask and incubated overnight at 37 °C / 5% CO2. All medium was removed and replaced with 12 ml of Media X and incubated overnight at 37 °C / 5% CO2. The medium was then changed every 2-3 days, by complete removal and replacement with 12 ml of Media X. Cells were split 1:10 when they reached 60-80% confluence using the following method. Media was removed, then 2.5 mL of pre-warmed Tryple was added to each culture flask. The flasks were placed in an incubator for 5 min. Cell detachment was monitored using a microscope. Flasks were tapped to encourage detachment. 7.5 mL of FF20- was then added to each flask, pipetted up and down 5 times to wash any remaining cells off the bottom of the flask. The remaining cells were transferred to a 15 mL centrifuge tube, and centrifuged at 400 x g for 5 minutes at RT. The supernatant was removed to leave ~500 µL or as much as possible remaining without disturbing cell pellet. 1 mL of FF20- to the tube and resuspend the cells by pipetting with a 5 mL or P1000 pipette. 10 µL of cells were removed into a 1.5 mL tube for cell counting of the cell suspension. Cell concentration was calculated and volume required to transfer 300,000 cells was pipetted into the new T75 flask containing 12 mL media. After 3 months of culture in T75 flasks the cells were transferred into 6 well plates for continued culture. Results The doubling time of cells grown in Media X medium increased over time, from approximately 30 hours at the start of the experiment up to over 300 hours after 40 days. Following the 3 months of culturing in T75 flasks and transferal into 6 well plates for continued culture, the cells (see Figure 1) then began changing from adherent cells (see Figure 2) to cells that grew in clusters (Figure 3), and then into cells that proliferated as single cells in suspension (Figure 4). As can be seen in Figure 4, cells were observed growing as large clusters but also as single cells in suspension – that is, individual round / spheroid cells that were not attached to a surface. Notably, Figure 4 provides clear evidence of the proliferation of single cells in suspension. As can be seen, there are several examples where a single cell in suspension is in the process of dividing to form two daughter cells - two round cells that are still attached to each other. This example clearly shows that the representative method exemplified herein provides a way of growing and proliferating single primary mammalian myosatellite cells in suspension. Example 2: Preparation of Myosatellite Cells in Suspension Culture This example presents an investigation of methods to culture adherent bovine myosatellite cells in suspension cultures and the provision of single myosatellite cells in suspension that are able to proliferate. Materials and methods Reagents: ● Serum containing media. Standard, commercially available, serum containing media (DMEM / F12; 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS); 1% penicillin-streptomycin) with the addition of basic growth factor (bFGF, 0.005ug / mL) ● Neutralisation media. Standard, commercially available, low serum media (DMEM / F12; 10% FBS; 1% penicillin-streptomycin). ● Serum free media - (Media A) o DMEM / F12 (basal) o GlutaMax (1%) o P / S (1%) o Insulin (33.33 ug / mL) o Transferrin (18.33 ug / mL) o Sodium selenite (0.0223 ug / mL) o L-Ascorbic acid (64 ug / mL) o NaHCO3 (1238 ug / mL) o rHSA (800 ug / mL) o TS bFGF (0.005 ug / mL) o NRG (0.0001 ug / mL) o TGF-b (0.0001 ug / mL) o TrypLE select Cells: Primary cell lines were isolated from New Zealand livestock and are commercially available from Opo Bio Ltd. Specifically, the cell lines used in this example are muscle satellite cells isolated from the semimembranosus muscle of New Zealand bovine (cow) and New Zealand ovine (sheep), respectively. Cell lines used in these experiments were primary cell lines, of passage number less than five. Methods: Cells were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well into tissue culture treated 6-well plates. The same plate is used for the entirety of the method for suspension adaptation. Cells were seeded in 2 mL of serum-free media (Media A) per well. Control wells contained serum-containing media. Cell cultures are incubated at 37 C / 5% CO2. The method used herein comprised the following steps: Step 1. Carry out the first media change approximately 24 hours after seeding. When cells reach confluency (70-80%), transfer media from each well into 15 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 minutes. Live cells present in this fraction will be those that are no longer adhered to the culture surface and have adapted to growth in suspension. Step 2. Detach adherent cells using 1-2 mL of pre-warmed TrypLE for 5-15 minutes, with cell detachment monitored using a microscope. Neutralise TrypLE using low serum media and transfer the cell suspension into 15 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 minutes. Remove supernatant and resuspend in 500 uL of growth media. Step 3. Count cells using an automated cell counter such as the Countess III. Seed 35,000 cells back into their original well. Also re-seed the cell pellet harvested from the media fraction (suspension cells) into the same well. Repeat steps 1-3 until there is an increase in cell number. Once cells have adapted to suspension culture, cells may also be counted using the method outlined in Example 3. Results As can be seen in Figure 5A, this method provided increased numbers of myosatellite cells in single-cell suspension over the 30 day time course assessed in this Example, resulting in a viable population of proliferative cells. The micrographs presented in Figure 6 clearly show the morphological changes observed over the culturing period, with the myosatellite cells showing a typical morphology with a high nuclear-to- cytoplasm ratio and minimal cytoplasm when grown in serum containing media (Figure 6A, 6B) and during the adherent stage (see Figure 6C). The gross cell morphological change as the myosatellite cells adapt to growth in suspension (Figure 6D) and then come adapted to growth in suspension / acquire anchorage-independency (Figure 6E), all while remaining viable (Figure 6F) can clearly be seen. Example 3: Quantification of cells in suspension culture This example presents a method for quantification of cells in suspension culture. During the suspension adaptation and culture process, cells undergo substantial morphological change. These changes in cell morphology may present problems for cell quantification using standard techniques, for example the use of a Countess Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific). In order to reliably quantify both cell size and number in suspension cell cultures, a bright-field imaging-based method was used, with images analysed using an Image J macro. This macro outputted the size and number of cells / clusters present. This number was then extrapolated to quantify the entire population, similar to as would be done when using, for example, a hemocytometer and trypan blue staining to count cells. Materials and methods Reagents: ● DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) ● Methanol Methods: Cells were seeded in triplicate at three different densities in a 96-well adherent plate. They were then left to settle to the bottom of the well but not adhere (approximately 30 mins). A stitched image of the whole well was taken of each well and these images were analysed with image analysis software (ImageJ). This image-based counting method was validated against cell counting using DAPI (4′,6- diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining of cell nuclei. To do this, cells were left for a further two hours to adhere to the bottom of the well. Once cells were adhered, the cells were fixed with methanol and stained with DAPI. Wells were imaged at 10x magnification using a high content screening system (e.g. Molecular Devices ImageXpress Micro XLS or similar), with the number of DAPI-positive nuclei counted per well. Results Triplicate cell counts from image analysis and DAPI staining were compared using a T-test, with no significant difference in the two methods for up to 10,000 cells (see Figure 9). At higher cell concentrations, the software can overestimate the number of cells, therefore the working range of this method is between 0 and 12,000 cells. Example 4: Preparation of fibroblast cells in suspension culture This example presents an investigation of methods to culture adherent bovine fibroblast cells in suspension cultures and the provision of single fibroblast cells in suspension that are able to proliferate. Materials and methods Reagents: ● Serum containing media / neutralisation media. Standard, commercially available, serum containing media (DMEM; 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS); 1% Glutamax; 1% penicillin- streptomycin). ● Serum free media - (Media A) ○ DMEM / F12 (basal) ○ GlutaMax (1%) ○ P / S (1%) ○ Insulin (33.33 ug / mL) ○ Transferrin (18.33 ug / mL) ○ Sodium selenite (0.0223 ug / mL) ○ L-Ascorbic acid (64 ug / mL) ○ NaHCO3 (1238 ug / mL) ○ rHSA (800 ug / mL) ○ TS bFGF (0.005 ug / mL) ○ NRG (0.0001 ug / mL) ○ TGF-b (0.0001 ug / mL) ● TrypLE select Cells: Primary cell lines were isolated from New Zealand livestock and are commercially available from Opo Bio Ltd. Specifically, the cell lines used in this example are dermal fibroblasts isolated from the skin New Zealand bovine (cow) and New Zealand ovine (sheep), respectively. Cell lines used in these experiments were primary cell lines, of passage number less than five. Methods: Cells were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well into tissue culture treated 6-well plates. The same plate is used for the entirety of the method for suspension adaptation. Cells were seeded in 2 mL of serum-free media (Media A) per well. Control wells contained serum-containing media. Cell cultures are incubated at 37 C / 5% CO2. The method used herein comprised the following steps: Step 1. Carry out the first media change approximately 24 hours after seeding. When cells reach confluency (70-80%), transfer media from each well into 15 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 minutes. Live cells present in this fraction will be those that are no longer adhered to the culture surface and have adapted to growth in suspension. Step 2. Detach adherent cells using 1-2 mL of pre-warmed TrypLE for 5-15 minutes, with cell detachment monitored using a microscope. Neutralise TrypLE using serum-containing media and transfer the cell suspension into 15 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 minutes. Remove supernatant and resuspend in 500 uL of growth media. Step 3. Count cells using an automated cell counter such as the Countess III. Seed 35,000 cells back into their original well. Also re-seed the cell pellet harvested from the media fraction (suspension cells). Repeat steps 1-3 until there is an increase in cell number. Once cells have adapted to suspension culture, cells may also be counted using the method outlined in Example 3. Results As can be seen in Figure 5B, this method provided increased numbers of fibroblast cells in single-cell suspension over the 30 day time course assessed in this Example, resulting in a viable population of proliferative cells The micrographs presented in Figure 7 clearly show the morphological changes observed over the culturing period, with the fibroblast cells showing a typical spindle-shaped morphology when grown in serum containing media (Figure 7A, 7B) and during the adherent stage (see Figure 7C). The gross cell morphological change as the fibroblast cells adapt to growth in suspension (Figure 7D) and then come adapted to growth in suspension / acquire anchorage-independency (Figure 7E), all while remaining viable (Figure 7F) can clearly be seen. Example 5: Preparation of adipose stromal cells in suspension culture This example presents an investigation of methods to culture adherent bovine adipose stromal cells in suspension cultures and the provision of single adipose stromal cells in suspension that are able to proliferate. Materials and methods Reagents and cell culture media ● Serum containing media / neutralisation media. Standard, commercially available, serum containing media (DMEM / F12; 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS); 1% penicillin-streptomycin) ● Serum free media - (Media A) ○ DMEM / F12 (basal) ○ GlutaMax (1%) ○ P / S (1%) ○ Insulin (33.33 ug / mL) ○ Transferrin (18.33 ug / mL) ○ Sodium selenite (0.0223 ug / mL) ○ L-Ascorbic acid (64 ug / mL) ○ NaHCO3 (1238 ug / mL) ○ rHSA (800 ug / mL) ○ TS bFGF (0.005 ug / mL) ○ NRG (0.0001 ug / mL) ○ TGF-b (0.0001 ug / mL) ● TrypLE select Cells: Primary cell lines were isolated from New Zealand livestock and are commercially available from Opo Bio Ltd. Specifically, the cell lines used in this example are adipose stromal / progenitor cells isolated from the subcutaneous adipose tissue New Zealand bovine (cow) and New Zealand ovine (sheep), respectively. Cell lines used in these experiments were primary cell lines, of passage number less than five. Methods: Cells were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well into tissue culture treated 6-well plates. The same plate is used for the entirety of the method for suspension adaptation. Cells were seeded in 2 mL of serum-free media (Media A) per well. Control wells contained serum-containing media. Cell cultures are incubated at 37 C / 5% CO2. The method used herein comprised the following steps: Step 1. Carry out the first media change approximately 24 hours after seeding. When cells reach confluency (70-80%), transfer media from each well into 15 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 minutes. Live cells present in this fraction will be those that are no longer adhered to the culture surface and have adapted to growth in suspension. Step 2. Detach adherent cells using 1-2 mL of pre-warmed TrypLE for 5-15 minutes, with cell detachment monitored using a microscope. Neutralise TrypLE using neutralisation media and transfer the cell suspension into 15 mL centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 minutes. Remove supernatant and resuspend in 500 uL of growth media. Step 3. Count cells using an automated cell counter such as the Countess III. Seed 35,000 cells back into their original well. Also re-seed the cell pellet harvested from the media fraction (suspension cells). Repeat steps 1-3 until there is an increase in cell number. Once cells have adapted to suspension culture, cells may also be counted using the method outlined in Example 3. Results As can be seen in Figure 5C, this method provided increased numbers of adipose stromal cells in single-cell suspension over the 30 day time course assessed in this Example, resulting in a viable population of proliferative cells. The micrographs presented in Figure 8 clearly show the morphological changes observed over the culturing period, with the adipose stromal cells showing a typical compact spindle-like morphology when grown in serum containing media (Figure 8A, 8B) and during the adherent stage (see Figure 8C). The gross cell morphological change as the adipose stromal cells adapt to growth in suspension (Figure 8D) and then come adapted to growth in suspension / acquire anchorage-independency (Figure 8E), all while remaining viable (Figure 8F) can clearly be seen. Publications Abade dos Santos FA, et al., Simple method for establishing primary leporidae skin fibroblast cultures. Cells. 2021 Aug; 10(8): 2100. doi: 10.3390 / cells10082100 Yablonka-Reuveni, Z., The Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell: Still Young and Fascinating at 50. J Histochem Cytochem 2011 Dec; 59(12): 1041–1059. doi: 10.1369 / 0022155411426780 Yeun, J.S.K., et al., Perspectives on scaling production of adipose tissue for food applications. Biomaterials, Volume 280, January 2022, 121273. doi.org / 10.1016 / j.biomaterials.2021.121273 *** The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications cited above and below, if any, are herein incorporated by reference. Where in the foregoing description reference has been made to integers or components having known equivalents thereof, those integers are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. It should be noted that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred examples described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be included within the present invention. The invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, in any or all combinations of two or more of said parts, elements or features. Aspects of the invention have been described by way of example only, and it should be appreciated that variations, modifications and additions may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, for example when present the invention as defined in the claims. Furthermore, where known equivalents exist to specific features, such equivalents are incorporated as if specifically referred in this specification.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A method of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more adherent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more adherent primary mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adherent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the primary mammalian cells from suspension.

2. A method of culturing one or more primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to dissociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells from suspension.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the dissociation into suspension comprises a loss of anchorage dependency.

4. A method of providing a suspension of primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more adherent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more adherent primary mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adherent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the primary mammalian cells in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of primary mammalian cells.

5. A method of providing a suspension of anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to cease to be adherent and / or lose anchorage-dependency and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once, wherein the anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension are predominantly in suspension as single dissociated cells or as single cells undergoing cell division; thereby providing a suspension of anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the number of mammalian cells in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of mammalian cells in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein less than 40% of the mammalian cells in suspension are present in a cluster of more than two cells.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the maintaining of any one or more of step (b), step (c), and / or step (d) is in the absence of an attachment factor.

10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the maintaining of each of step (b), step (c), and step (d) is in the absence of an attachment factor.

11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the conditions suitable for disassociation comprise contacting the one or more mammalian cells with one or more cell dissociation reagents.

12. The method according to claim 11 wherein the one or more cell dissociation reagents comprises one or more enzymatic cell dissociation reagents.

13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the one or more enzymatic cell dissociation reagents comprises one or more of the group consisting of Trypsin, AccutaseTM, Dispase, and Collagenase.

14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the serum-containing media comprises one or more sera from the group comprising bovine serum, foetal bovine serum, equine serum, foetal equine serum, ovine serum, foetal ovine serum, porcine serum, and foetal porcine serum.

15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the serum-free media comprises one or more of the group comprising: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF), Epidermal growth factor (EGF), Glial growth factor, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and Prepro-insulin-like growth factor I.

16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the serum-free media is substantially free of one or more of the group comprising: an extracellular matrix protein, such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin, and a cell adherence-promoting fragment thereof; a cell adherence-promoting polypeptide; and an attachment reagent, such as poly-lysine or poly-ornithine.

17. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the disassociation of said one or more mammalian cells does not comprise scraping, agitation, or shear.

18. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the disassociation of said one or more mammalian cells does not comprise the use of a chelator, such as citrate or EDTA.

19. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more mammalian cells are maintained in suspension for more than one cell division.

20. A method of adapting adherent primary mammalian cells to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more adherent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more adherent primary mammalian cells in serum-containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said adherent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to disassociate into suspension; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once; e) optionally recovering one or more of the primary mammalian cells from suspension; thereby providing one or more primary mammalian cells adapted to suspension cell culture.

21. A method of adapting primary mammalian cells to suspension cell culture, the method comprising: a) providing one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells; b) maintaining the one or more anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells in serum- containing media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-dependent primary mammalian cells to adhere and to undergo cell division at least once; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells in serum-free media for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells to disassociate into suspension and become anchorage-independent; d) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells in suspension to undergo cell division at least once;e) optionally recovering one or more anchorage-independent primary mammalian cells from suspension; thereby providing one or more primary mammalian cells adapted to suspension cell culture.

22. The method according to claim 20 or claim 21 wherein the one or more primary mammalian cells are selected from the group consisting of muscle satellite cells, fibroblasts, adipose stromal cells, and progenitors thereof.

23. A primary mammalian cell prepared in a method according to any one of the preceding claims.

24. A population of primary mammalian cells, said mammalian cells capable of undergoing cell division, wherein one or more of said primary mammalian cells is capable of cell division when in suspension as a single disassociated cell.

25. A composition comprising a primary mammalian cell according to claim 23 or a population of primary mammalian cells according to claim 24, optionally together with a carrier such as a food grade carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

26. A composition comprising one or more primary mammalian cells in suspension, wherein one or more of the primary mammalian cells are capable of undergoing cell division, and wherein the number of primary mammalian cells in suspension as single disassociated cells and as single cells undergoing division is greater than the number of primary mammalian cells in suspension as part of a cluster comprising more than two cells.

27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 22, the primary mammalian cell of claim 23, the population of primary mammalian cells of claim 24, or the composition of claim 25 or 26, wherein one or more of said primary mammalian cells: a) is capable of undergoing further cell division; or b) remains capable undergoing differentiation; or c) is capable of becoming adherent when maintained in serum-containing media; or d) is capable of becoming adherent when maintained in the presence of one or more attachment factors; or e) maintains a disassociated phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of serum; or f) maintains a disassociated phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of vitronectin; or g) maintains a disassociated phenotype in suspension culture in the absence of one of the attachment factors selected from the group consisting of: laminin, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin, poly-lysine, and poly-ornithine; or h) any combination of two or more of any of a) to g) above.

28. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 22, the primary mammalian cell of claim 23, the population of primary mammalian cells of claim 24, or the composition of claim 25 or 26, wherein one or more of said primary mammalian cells is a primary mammalian myosatellite cell that: a) is Desmin negative; or b) is Ki67 positive; or c) has a predominantly spherical morphology; or d) has a morphology associated with an adherent phenotype; or e) any combination of two or more of any of a) to d) above.

29. A method of culturing mammalian tissue, the method comprising: a) providing a suspension of one or more primary mammalian cells prepared in a method according to any one of the preceding claims; b) optionally maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable to allow one or more of said primary mammalian cells in suspension to proliferate; c) maintaining the one or more primary mammalian cells for a time and under conditions suitable for adherence; thereby to provide mammalian tissue.

30. The method according to claim 29 wherein the one or more primary mammalian cells are primary mammalian myosatellite cells, and / or wherein the maintaining is in the presence of one or more cells other than primary mammalian myosatellite cells.

31. The method according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the maintaining is for a time and under conditions suitable for differentiation.

32. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 31, wherein the differentiation is of one or more of the primary mammalian myosatellite cells.

33. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 32, wherein the adherence comprises one or more of: a) adherence of or to one or more primary mammalian myosatellite cells; or b) adherence of or to one or more cells other than a primary mammalian myosatellite cell; or c) adherence of or to one or more differentiated primary mammalian myosatellite cells; d) adherence to a surface; or e) any combination of two or more of a) to d) above.

34. A tissue or tissue product comprising tissue prepared in a method according to any one of claims 29 to 33.

35. A tissue or tissue product comprising one or more primary mammalian cells prepared in a method according to any one of claims 1 to 22 or a cell derived therefrom.

36. A tissue or tissue product comprising a primary mammalian cell according to claim 23 or a population of primary mammalian cells according to claim 24 or a cell derived therefrom.

37. The tissue or tissue product according to any one of claims 34 to 36 comprising one or cells other than a primary mammalian cell or a cell derived therefrom.

38. A primary mammalian cell prepared in a method of or according to any one of the preceding claims or a cell derived therefrom for use or when used in culture or in the preparation of a mammalian tissue or tissue product.

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