System for the radiological, chemical and biological protection of people

Abstract

The claimed group of inventions relates to a system and method for the radiological, chemical and biological protection of people in residential and office spaces without personal protective equipment in the event of emergencies at radiation, chemical and biological hazard sites. The claimed system for protecting people in residential and office spaces without personal respiratory protective equipment comprises a control unit, a filtering and ventilating pressurization unit (FVPU) for filtering outside air and generating positive air pressure inside a room, actuating mechanisms for closing ventilation exhaust apertures, an outside air contamination level sensor, a radiation level sensor, a pressure sensor installed inside the room, and a light and sound alarm for signalling that the system is in operation. The control unit provides for automatic and manual control of the FVPU to maintain a constant pressure in a room. The result is the more timely and reliable sealing of rooms to maintain a constant pressure in a room both automatically and manually.

Description

[0001] A system and method for providing radiation, chemical and biological protection to people in residential and administrative premises without personal respiratory protective equipment

[0002] The group of inventions relates to a system and method for providing radiation, chemical and biological protection to people located in residential and administrative premises without personal protective equipment during emergency situations at radiation, chemical and biologically hazardous facilities.

[0003] In the Russian Federation, there are approximately 3,000 radiation, chemical, and biologically hazardous facilities, and approximately 60 million people live in potentially contaminated areas, exposed to the risk of radiation, chemical, or biological contamination. The proposed invention is implemented by installing filter and ventilation units to pressurize residential and administrative buildings located in areas of potential radiation, chemical, or biological contamination, as part of state, regional, and industry programs to protect the population and territories from emergency situations, and at the expense of the building owners.

[0004] When an emergency occurs involving the release (spill) of hazardous substances into the environment, radioactive, chemical, or biological contamination of the atmosphere occurs at concentrations exceeding maximum permissible levels, posing a threat to human life and health. Inhaling contaminated air can cause harm to human health or even death. Those most at risk are those living and working near hazardous facilities in potentially contaminated areas.

[0005] In the event of an emergency at a hazardous facility, accompanied by the formation of a cloud of contaminated air and its spread beyond the hazardous facility, a local warning system is activated, using sirens and loudspeakers to alert those living or working nearby of the threat of radioactive, chemical, or biological contamination, as well as the need to take preventative measures. Since these emergencies are fleeting, the immediate distribution of personal respiratory protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, self-rescuers) to the public, as well as the emergency evacuation of people from potentially contaminated areas (especially at night), is not possible.In the current situation, the only ways to protect people in residential and administrative buildings are ineffective methods such as sealing the premises with improvised means and using simple personal respiratory protective equipment (cotton-gauze bandages, medical masks, etc.).

[0006] From the source RU 2389520 Cl, A62B 13 / 00, 20.05.2010, a method is known for rescuing people in a room when the outside air is polluted, which consists of activating a starting device and supplying clean air at excess pressure into the room through a supply line, characterized in that before supplying clean air into the room, it is first charged into a high-pressure container.

[0007] A disadvantage of the known method is the need to create a technologically complex and expensive network, which requires periodic inspection by process control authorities. This network includes vessels and process pipelines operating under pressure. Furthermore, compressed air vessels (containers) must be periodically recharged in accordance with industrial safety and sanitary-epidemiological regulations. Due to its technological complexity and high cost, this method can only be applied to an entire apartment building and precludes its use in individual apartments, offices, etc. From source RU 2031667 Cl, A62B 13 / 00, 27.03.In 1995, a method was developed for rescuing the population of cities in buildings equipped with a water supply network during accidents at chemical industry plants, during gas emissions from volcanoes and leaks of toxic substances, which consists of supplying air to the building using compressors or mine fans, characterized in that the air is supplied to the building through a water supply system after the water has been discharged from it, ensuring the possibility of a personal supply for each resident.

[0008] A disadvantage of this method is the need for assistance from emergency services or specialists located outside the protected area, which is time-consuming and may be delayed. Furthermore, to supply air, the water faucets in the room must be open, and a certain amount of time must be allowed for the water to drain from the water supply. The difficulty of protecting people with this method is also due to the fact that it is impossible to determine in advance the wind strength and direction during an emergency, and therefore the direction of the contaminated air cloud and the depth of its spread. Consequently, it is impossible to determine in advance and properly prepare the connection point for the air compressor to the water supply.

[0009] From the source RU 2707602 Cl, BOID 46 / 44, 11 / 28 / 2019, a universal filter and ventilation kit is known for providing air supply in a fortification structure, containing a filter and ventilation unit including an explosion-proof device for preliminary cleaning from coarse dust, an air flow stimulant - an electric hand fan, a pre-filter and an absorber filter for cleaning the air from radioactive, bacterial, toxic substances (TS) and highly toxic substances (HTS) to the required parameters, while the absorber filter is made in the form of a collapsible structure including a sorbing unit for absorbing TS and HTS and an anti-aerosol filter from fine dust and aerosols, while the elements are placed in two cases of the same size, made with the possibility of installing them on top of each other and connecting with tie locks,wherein the pre-filter with the filter-absorber, arranged in series, are mounted with an air duct and with a diffuser with a branch pipe and are placed in the lower case, the air flow activator is located in the upper case, also equipped with a control and monitoring panel, and the explosion-proof device is connected to the air intake duct outside the fortification structure.

[0010] The disadvantages of the known kit include insufficient protection against potent substances, the inability to simultaneously automatically close the exhaust ventilation openings when the pressurization filter / ventilation unit is activated, which leads to a loss of room sealing and the possibility of contaminated outside air entering the room, and the lack of a rigid end of the exhaust hose for connection to the room's exhaust duct, which requires the use of an additional device to connect the exhaust hose to the contaminated room, and, consequently, increases the time required to start the kit. Furthermore, the claimed invention, unlike the aforementioned analogue, is intended for stationary use in facilities where unsuitable air for breathing may occur.

[0011] The objective of the claimed invention is to provide radiation, chemical, and biological protection to people in residential and administrative buildings who do not have personal respiratory protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, or self-rescuers) by creating an air pressurization system within the building. The technical result achieved by the claimed invention is to increase the efficiency and reliability of room sealing, maintaining constant pressure in both automatic and manual modes, thereby providing radiation, chemical, and biological protection to people in residential and administrative buildings without personal respiratory protective equipment.

[0012] The specified technical result is achieved through the use of a system and method for providing radiation, chemical and biological protection for people located in residential and administrative premises without personal respiratory protective equipment, wherein the people protection system comprises a control unit, a pressurized filter and ventilation unit (FVUP) for filtering outside air and creating an air pressurization inside the premises, wherein the system comprises sensors installed outside the premises for measuring the level of pollution of outside air and the level of radiation, and also comprises a pressure sensor installed in the premises, a light and sound alarm signaling the operation of the system, and actuators for closing ventilation exhaust openings, wherein the control unit is configured to control the FVUP for maintaining a constant pressure in the premises both automatically and manually,the control unit is configured to transmit control signals for automatically turning on the FVUP and for automatically closing the ventilation exhaust openings simultaneously with the receipt of a warning signal about the occurrence of an emergency and / or when the specified air parameters determined by the outdoor air pollution level sensor and / or the radiation level sensor are exceeded; when operating in manual mode, the control unit is configured to transmit control signals for turning on light and sound signals about the occurrence of an emergency and the need to turn on the FVUP and close the ventilation exhaust openings; wherein the FVUP is a combination of a coarse filter configured to be installed outside or inside the ventilation duct, a cassette filter installed inside the room, and a fan installed in the ventilation duct,wherein the cassette filter comprises a housing with a lid and consists of an anti-dust and anti-aerosol filter and an anti-chemical filter-absorber, wherein a gasket made of porous rubber is located along the perimeter of each filter, and inside the lid there is a seal made of heat-resistant elastomer, inside which a magnetic tape is soldered, ensuring a hermetic seal of the lid and compression of the filters when the lid is closed on the housing, wherein electromagnetic and / or electromechanical closers with a drive and a lock are used as actuators for automatic or manual closing / opening of ventilation exhaust openings.

[0013] The essence of the invention is explained by drawings.

[0014] Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the people protection system.

[0015] Fig. 2 shows an example of the design of a cassette filter and an example of replacing the filter elements of the filter.

[0016] The system for providing radiation, chemical and biological protection for people (see Fig. 1) located in residential and administrative premises without personal respiratory protective equipment comprises a control unit (10) located in the premises and connected by wire or wirelessly to a pressurized filter and ventilation unit (hereinafter referred to as FVPU) (1-5), which is designed to filter outside air and create an air pressurization (excess pressure) inside the premises, with outdoor air pollution level sensors (6), radiation level sensors (7) and a gas analyzer (8) placed outside the premises, which periodically takes air samples to determine whether chemical substances exceed specified parameters, with a pressure sensor (9), a light and sound alarm (not shown in the figure), an air purification level sensor (not shown in the figure) placed inside the premises, installed at the outlet of the cassette filter,with actuators (10) for closing the ventilation exhaust openings (11) (the number of actuators corresponds to the number of exhaust openings that need to be closed) and a fan control unit (12).,

[0017] The FVUP is a combination of a coarse filter (2) installed outside or inside the ventilation duct, a cassette filter installed inside the room, and a fan (1) installed in the ventilation duct. The cassette filter (see Fig. 2) contains a housing (13) with a cover (14) and consists of anti-dust and anti-aerosol filters (4) and an anti-chemical filter-absorber (5).

[0018] The operation of the people protection system is carried out as follows.

[0019] In the event of an emergency, the control unit (10) receives a control signal from the supervisory authority (e.g., the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service, or other executive authorities) to initiate the operation of the human protection system. A signal to initiate the system may also be sent to the control unit (10) when preset air parameters (set depending on the location of nearby hazardous objects) are exceeded. These parameters are determined by outdoor air pollution level sensors (6) and / or radiation level sensors (7), and / or a gas analyzer (8) installed outside the room in which the declared system is used. Upon receiving a signal from the said sensors (6-8) regarding exceeding the preset air parameters, the control unit (10) notifies the supervisory authority of the emergency.Simultaneously with receiving a signal about the occurrence of an emergency, the control unit (10) sends control signals for the automatic activation of the FVUP and for the automatic closing of the ventilation exhaust openings (11), for creating an air pressure (excess pressure) inside the room, as well as to the light and sound alarm to notify people about the occurrence of an emergency.

[0020] The protection system also features manual operation. In this mode, if an emergency occurs or if the air temperature exceeds preset parameters determined by sensors (6-8) installed outside the room, occupants receive a visual and audible signal indicating the need to manually activate the pressurization filter and ventilation unit (FVUP) and close windows, vents, transoms, and doors to prevent contaminated air from entering the room and the possibility of creating pressurization (overpressure) inside. To do this, the user manually closes windows, vents, transoms, and doors or activates actuators. Manual activation of actuators can be accomplished by pressing buttons, switches, toggle switches, etc. to activate actuators.

[0021] Upon receiving a signal from the control unit (10), all ventilation exhaust openings, such as vents, windows, transoms, doors, etc., are closed automatically or manually. In order to prevent contaminated air from entering the room through the ventilation exhaust openings (11) and to quickly close the openings, electromagnetic and / or electromechanical closers with a drive and locks (10) are used, moving the vents, window frames, transoms, or doors, etc., for the timely, rapid, and hermetically sealed closure of the said openings. Thus, when the FVUP is turned on, the control unit (10) sends a signal to the actuator (10) to close the ventilation exhaust openings (11), while the closing speed of the electromagnetic and / or electromechanical closers with a drive and locks is 3-6 seconds.

[0022] Thus, the use of the above-mentioned actuators for closing ventilation exhaust openings ensures the possibility of prompt and hermetically sealed automatic or manual closing of the room.

[0023] Contaminated air forced into the room by the fan (1) passes through the coarse filter (2) installed outside or inside the ventilation duct, thereby removing large debris (leaves, insects, etc.). The fan (1) is installed in the ventilation duct (in Fig. 1). Then, the forced air through the ventilation duct enters the cassette filter, which consists of an anti-dust filter (3), an anti-aerosol filter (4), and an anti-chemical filter-absorber (5). In this case, the housing (13) of the cassette filter fits tightly and hermetically to the ventilation duct, allowing air forced by the fan (1) to enter through the ventilation duct into the filter housing (13) and further into the room. The above-mentioned filter elements (3-5) are located inside the housing. Outside the housing (13), the filter elements are closed with a cover (14).

[0024] Since the claimed solution utilizes a set of different filters, it is necessary to ensure reliable airtightness of the cassette filter in order to prevent contaminated air from entering the room through gaps that may arise between the filter elements (3-5) of the cassette filter, the housing (13), and the cover (14) (e.g., if the filters do not fit tightly enough to each other or to the inner surface of the housing or the cover of the filter). For this purpose, a porous rubber gasket (not shown in the figure) is located along the perimeter of each filter (3-5). On the inner surface of the cover (14), a heat-resistant elastomer seal is located, inside which a magnetic tape is soldered, located along the perimeter of the cover where the cover is adjacent to the walls of the housing, i.e., in such a way that when the cover (14) is closed, the magnetic tape is magnetized to the walls of the open surface of the housing (see Fig. 2).A neodymium magnetic strip can be used to more securely magnetize the lid to the filter housing. When closed, the lid (14) is magnetized and fits snugly against the metal filter housing (13). The seal forms a hermetically sealed seal against the housing walls, compressing the filters. The filters, through gaskets, fit snugly against each other and the inner surface of the filter housing. This eliminates gaps between the housing and the filter lid, preventing contaminated air that has not passed through the filter elements from entering the room.The use of a heat-resistant elastomer seal maintains the seal's elasticity, as it maintains its properties at temperatures ranging from -50°C to +100°C. It can also quickly regain its shape after deformation processes that occur when opening and closing the lid to replace filter elements and when compressing them. This facilitates smooth opening and closing of the lid, which increases the service life of the cartridge filter without compromising its seal.

[0025] Thus, the use of a cassette filter of the above design ensures maximum filtration of contaminated air entering the room, and also has an increased tightness of the design, and prevents the possibility of contaminated air passing through the housing cover.

[0026] An air purification level sensor (not shown in the figure) is installed at the cassette filter outlet. It measures the level of purified air entering the room through the FVUP. If the filters (3-5) become dirty and / or the preset maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air entering the room are exceeded, the sensor sends a signal to the control unit (10), and a visual and audible signal alerts the user to replace the filters.

[0027] At the same time, the above-mentioned design of the cassette filter provides the ability to quickly remove the cover (14) from the filter housing (13) and to easily and quickly replace the filter elements (3-5), which allows for a reduction in the time spent on replacing filters and, therefore, does not lead to a long shutdown of the FVUP, allowing for maintaining a constant pressure in the room (a long-term replacement of filters leads to a stop in the operation of the FVUP for a long time and leads to a decrease in the pressure in the room, and, therefore, to the possibility of contaminated air entering the room).

[0028] After passing through the filter and ventilation unit, the air entering the room is already disinfected and suitable for human life.

[0029] The control unit (10), in accordance with the readings of the pressure sensor (9), which monitors the level of air pressure in the room, provides automatic regulation of the rotation speed of the fan (1) (via the fan control unit (12)), for automatic regulation of the pressure of the pumped air and, accordingly, maintaining the required air pressure (excess pressure) in the room.

[0030] According to standards and recommendations, the optimal pressure in the room should be between 20 and 25 Pa.

[0031] To create positive air pressure (overpressure) in a room, a pressure of 35-45 Pa is required. A pressure of 20 Pa corresponds to an air velocity of approximately 6 m / s.

[0032] When the maximum permissible air pressure in the room is exceeded, the pressure sensor (9) transmits a signal to the control unit (10), which sends a control signal to reduce the fan speed by 5-10%, maintaining the set level of air pressure.

[0033] Thus, to create the required air pressure in the declared solution, the FVUP can use, for example, an AIR 50 MV2 electric motor with a power of 0.12 kW.

[0034] The maximum air pressure created by the fan is 30 m / s. - UOP.

[0035] Table of dependence of fan blade rotation speed on indoor pressure:

[0036] Throughout the entire operation of the occupant protection system, outdoor air pollution level sensors (6) and radiation level sensors (7), along with a gas analyzer (8), measure the concentration of chemicals or radiation in the air. When the level returns to normal, the sensors signal the control unit (10), which then sends control signals to shut down the FVUP and open the exhaust ventilation openings. Simultaneously, an audible and visual alarm is triggered, indicating the shutdown of all equipment. Thus, the proposed technical solution ensures a minimal reduction in the air exchange rate in the room and creates an air pressure inside the room that is greater than outside air pressure (air backpressure or excess air pressure), preventing contaminated air from entering the room through leaks in the enclosing structures or due to the untimely closure of the exhaust ventilation openings.

Claims

Invention formula 1. A system for providing radiation, chemical and biological protection to people located in residential and administrative premises without personal respiratory protective equipment, comprising a control unit, a pressurized filter and ventilation unit (FVUP) for filtering outside air and creating an air pressurization inside the premises, characterized in that the system contains sensors installed outside the premises for measuring the level of outside air pollution and the level of radiation, and also contains a pressure sensor installed inside the premises, a light and sound alarm signaling the operation of the system, and actuators for closing ventilation exhaust openings, wherein the control unit is configured to control the FVUP to maintain a constant pressure in the premises both automatically and manually,the control unit is configured to transmit control signals for automatically turning on the FVUP and for automatically closing the ventilation exhaust openings simultaneously with the receipt of a warning signal about the occurrence of an emergency and / or when the specified air parameters determined by the outdoor air pollution level sensor and / or the radiation level sensor are exceeded, when operating in manual mode, the control unit is configured to transmit control signals for turning on light and sound signals about the occurrence of an emergency and the need to turn on the FVUP and close the ventilation exhaust openings, wherein the FVUP is a combination of a coarse filter configured to be installed outside or inside the ventilation duct, a cassette filter installed inside the room, and a fan installed in the ventilation duct, when, This cassette filter is made in the form of a housing with a lid and consists of an anti-dust and anti-aerosol filter and an anti-chemical filter-absorber, while along the perimeter of each filter there is a gasket made of porous rubber, and on the inner surface of the lid there is a seal made of heat-resistant elastomer, inside of which a magnetic tape is soldered, ensuring a hermetic fit of the lid and pressing of the filters when the lid is closed on the housing, while electromagnetic or electromechanical closers with a drive and a lock are used as actuators for automatic or manual closing / opening of ventilation exhaust openings.

2. The human protection system according to paragraph 1, characterized in that it additionally contains an air purification level sensor installed at the outlet of the cassette filter and configured to determine the level of purification of the air entering the room through the FVUP.

3. A system for protecting people according to paragraph 1, characterized in that it additionally contains a gas analyzer installed outside the premises, designed with the possibility of periodically taking air samples to determine whether the specified parameters of chemical substances are exceeded.

4. The human protection system according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the control unit is configured to transmit control signals for automatic or manual activation of the FVUP and for closing the ventilation exhaust openings when the specified air parameters determined by the gas analyzer are exceeded.

5. The human protection system according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the control unit, in accordance with the readings of the pressure sensor monitoring the air pressure level in the room, is designed with the ability to provide automatic adjustment of the fan rotation speed for regulating the pressure of the pumped air.

6. The people protection system according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the ventilation exhaust openings are openings for vents, windows, transoms or doors.

7. A system for protecting people according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the adjustment of the rotation speed of the fan blades makes it possible to create a pressure in the room from 20 to 45 Pa.

8. A method for providing radiation, chemical and biological protection for people in residential and administrative premises without personal respiratory protective equipment by creating an air pressurization inside the premises, characterized in that a constant pressure in the premises is maintained both automatically and manually; upon receiving an alert signal about the occurrence of an emergency and / or upon exceeding the specified air parameters determined by an outdoor air pollution level sensor and / or a radiation level sensor installed outside the premises, the control unit of the people protection system simultaneously sends control signals for the automatic activation of a pressurization filter and ventilation unit (FVUP), for the automatic closing of ventilation exhaust openings, as well as to a light and sound alarm located inside the premises,When operating in manual mode, the control unit sends signals to users via a light and sound alarm about the occurrence of an emergency and the need to turn on the FVUP and close the ventilation exhaust openings; electromagnetic or electromechanical closers with a drive and locks are used for automatic or manual closing of the ventilation exhaust openings; the air from outside the room is pumped through a coarse filter installed outside or inside the ventilation duct by the FVUP fan, then through the ventilation duct it enters, The air passes through a cassette filter and passes through an anti-dust and anti-aerosol filter and an anti-chemical filter-absorber, located in the cassette filter housing and closed with a lid; the air forced into the cassette filter is prevented from escaping through the cassette filter cover by a heat-resistant plastic seal with a magnetic tape, located on the inner surface of the cover, which ensures a tight fit of the cover when it is closed on the housing; after passing through the cassette filter, the air enters the room; automatic regulation of the pressure of the forced air and maintaining the required air pressure in the room is ensured by a control unit, which regulates the rotation speed of the fan in accordance with the readings of the pressure sensor located inside the room.

9. The method according to paragraph 8, characterized in that the level of purification of air entering the room through the FVUP is determined by an air purification level sensor installed at the outlet of the cassette filter; when the filters are contaminated and / or the pre-established maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air entering the room are exceeded, a warning is issued by a light and sound signal.

10. The method according to paragraph 8, characterized in that the determination of the excess of specified parameters of chemical substances can be additionally determined by a gas analyzer installed outside the room and periodically collecting air samples.

11. The method according to paragraph 10, characterized in that when the specified air parameters determined by the gas analyzer are exceeded, the control unit sends control signals for automatic or manual activation of the FVUP and closing of the ventilation exhaust openings.

12. The method according to paragraph 8, characterized in that the signal to alert about the occurrence of an emergency situation for starting the operation of the system is received from the control structure.

13. The method according to item 12, characterized in that upon receipt of the alert signal, an automatic light signal is issued to indicate the start of the system operation.

14. The method according to item 8, characterized in that the actuators provide the ability to move windows and / or vents and / or transoms and / or doors to close the said openings.

15. The method according to paragraph 8, characterized in that the fan provides the ability to create a pressure in the room from 20 to 45 Pa.

Images