Reader determination for backscattering transmission
By determining readers based on geometric relations and employing beam sweeping for interference cancellation, the method addresses interference issues in ambient IoT networks, enhancing communication reliability through improved signal-to-interference ratio.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/086058
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
Smart Images

Figure CN2024086058_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
READER DETERMINATION FOR BACKSCATTERING TRANSMISSIONFIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments relate to the field of communication and in particular, to devices, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium for a reader determination for a backscattering transmission.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network.
[0003] Such communication networks operate in accordance with standards, such as those promulgated by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) . Examples of such standards include the so-called 5G (5th Generation) standard or other standards promulgated by 3GPP.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for a reader determination for a backscattering transmission, for example, so as to implement beam-based interference avoidance, such as, in ambient IoT communications.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first terminal device at least to: based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, determine a second device as a reader for the third device, transmit a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device to the determined second device, and the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second terminal device at least to: receive a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device from a first device, and the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device, receive the backscattering transmission based on the first indication and from the third device.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to: receive a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator from a first device; and based on the second indication from the first device, receive at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping from an activator.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a fourth device. The second fourth device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second network device at least to: update at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; and transmit the at least one updated location of the at least one second device to a first device.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method. In the method, a first device determines a second device as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device. The first device then transmits a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device to the determined second device, and the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method. In the method, a second device receives a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device from a first device, and the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device. Based on the first indication and from the third device, the second device receives the backscattering transmission.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method. In the method, a third device receives a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator from a first device. Based on the second indication from the first device, the third device receives at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping from an activator.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method. In the method, a fourth device updates at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device, and transmits the at least one updated location of the at least one second device to a first device.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for determining a second device as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, and means for transmitting a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device to the determined second device, and the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for receiving a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device from a first device, and the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device, and means for receiving the backscattering transmission based on the first indication and from the third device.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for receiving a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator from a first device, and means for receiving at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping from an activator based on the second indication from the first device.
[0016] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for updating at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; and means for transmitting the at least one updated location of the at least one second device to a first device.
[0017] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the above fourth to sixth aspect.
[0018] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: determine a second device as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device; and transmit a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device to the determined second device, wherein the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0019] In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device from a first device, and the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device; and based on the first indication and from the third device, receive the backscattering transmission.
[0020] In a sixteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator from a first device, and receive at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping from an activator based on the second indication from the first device.
[0021] In a seventeenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: update at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; and transmit the at least one updated location of the at least one second device to a first device.
[0022] In an eighteenth aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises determining circuitry configured to determine a second device as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device to the determined second device, and the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0023] In a nineteenth aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises first receiving circuitry configured to receive a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device from a first device, and the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device; and second receiving circuitry configured to receive the backscattering transmission based on the first indication and from the third device.
[0024] In a twentieth aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device comprises first receiving circuitry configured to receive a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator from a first device; and second receiving circuitry configured to receive at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping from an activator based on the second indication from the first device.
[0025] In a twenty-first aspect, there is provided a fourth device. The fourth device comprises updating circuitry configured to update at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the at least one updated location of the at least one second device to a first device.
[0026] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of example embodiments of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0028] Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0029] Fig. 1B illustrates a first example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0030] Fig. 1C illustrates a second example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0031] Fig. 1D illustrates a third example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0032] Fig. 1E illustrates a fourth example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0033] Fig. 1F illustrates example bi-static scenarios associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0034] Fig. 1G illustrates the link budget of bi-static scenarios associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0035] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling chart illustrating an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0036] Fig. 3 illustrates an example beam in the backscattering communication according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0037] Fig. 4 illustrates an example procedure of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0038] Fig. 5 illustrates another example procedure of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0039] Fig. 6 illustrates yet another example procedure of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0040] Fig. 7 illustrates example implementation at a first device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0041] Fig. 8 illustrates example implementation of a reader determination according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0042] Fig. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0043] Fig. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] Fig. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a third device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] Fig. 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a fourth device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0046] Fig. 13 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0047] Fig. 14 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0048] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0049] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement example embodiments of the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The example embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0050] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0051] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0052] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0053] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0054] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0055] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0056] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0057] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0058] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0059] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0060] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0061] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0062] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a new radio (NR) NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0063] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a subscriber station (SS) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an internet of things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0064] As a non-limiting example, the term “A-IoT device” can refer to an ambient IoT device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. A-IoT device can also be called zero-power terminals, near-zero power terminals, passive IoT device, ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, enhance machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
[0065] Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment 100A in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The environment 100A, which may be a part of a communication network, comprises terminal devices, network devices. As illustrated in Fig. 1A, the network environment 100A may comprise a first device 110, a second device 120, a third device 130, and a fourth device 140. The first device 110, the second device 120 and the third device 130 may communicate with each other. It is to be understood that the type of devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The first device 110 may comprise a base station or a user equipment. The second device 120 may comprise a base station or a user equipment. The third device 130 may comprise a device with the capability of backscattering transmission, such as an A-IoT device. The third device 130 may also be a non-A-IoT device, a massive IoT device, or other new device types. The third device 130 may further have the capability of small data transmission (SDT) , slicing, or other new capabilities. The fourth device 140 may be a core network node.
[0066] It is to be understood that the number of devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The system 100A may include any suitable number of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more terminal devices or second network devices may be located in the environment 100A.
[0067] Communications in the communication system 100A may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) and the fifth generation (5G) and on the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: code division multiple access (CDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division duplex (FDD) , time division duplex (TDD) , multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , orthogonal frequency division multiple (OFDM) , discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0068] A-IoT study relies on ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption for the very-low end IoT applications. Two different device definitions are provided based on whether there is amplification or not, and whether there is backscattering transmission or active frequency (RF) transmission. The overall objective shall be to study a harmonized air interface design with minimized differences (where necessary) for Ambient IoT to enable the following devices:
[0069] Type I: which has a peak power consumption of approximately 1 μW, energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, neither downlink (DL) nor uplink (UL) amplification in the device. The UL transmission of the device i is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally. Type II: which has a peak power consumption of no more than a few hundred μW, energy storage, initial SFO up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The UL transmission of the type II of an A-IoT device may be generated internally by the type II of an A-IoT device itself, or be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0070] The topologies for A-IoT networks and devices are defined for the purposes of the study. In all these topologies, the A-IoT device may be provided with a carrier wave from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. The links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional. The BS, UE, assisting node, or intermediate node could be multiple BSs or UEs, respectively.
[0071] FIG. 1B illustrates a first example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, the ambient IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally. The communication between the BS 122 and the ambient IoT device 121 includes ambient IoT data and / or signalling. This topology 1 includes the possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the ambient IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the ambient IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
[0072] Fig. 1C illustrates a second example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 1C, the ambient IoT device 131 communicates bi-directionally with an intermediate node 132 between the ambient IoT device 131 and the BS 133. In the second example of topology, the intermediate node 132 can be a relay, IAB node, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of an ambient IoT. The intermediate node 131 transfers ambient IoT data and / or signaling between the BS 133 and the ambient IoT device 131.
[0073] Fig. 1D illustrates a third example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 1D, the ambient IoT device 141 receives data and / or signalling from the assisting node 142 and transmits data and / or signalling to the BS 143. Fig. 1E illustrates a fourth example of topology associated with aspects of the present disclosure. The ambient IoT device 141 receives data and / or signalling from the BS 143 and transmits data / signalling to the assisting node 142. In the topologies in Figs. 1D and 1E, the assisting node 142 can be a relay node, a IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of ambient IoT.
[0074] There are monostatic and bi-static scenarios for the backscattering transmission. In other words, the backscattering transmission may comprise monostatic backscattering and / or bi-static backscattering. For the monostatic scenario, there may be a configuration consists of two components, i.e., an activator and a backscatter device, e.g., a tag. The activator as the carrier emitter first releases RF signals to activate the backscatter device. Once activated, the backscatter device performs modulation utilizing the same RF signals from an interrogator. The reflected modulated backscatter signals are then captured by the activator which also acts as the reader. Since the carrier emitter and the backscatter reader are co-located, the backscattered signal suffers from a round-trip path loss. The monostatic configuration is mostly adopted for short-range radio frequency identification (RFID) applications.
[0075] For the bi-static backscattering, compared to the monostatic counterpart, the single activator is replaced by a separate carrier emitter and a separate reader. The configuration of bi-static backscattering allows setting up more flexible network topologies. For example, a carrier emitter can be placed at an optimal location for backscatter device and readers. Fig. 1F illustrates example bi-static scenarios associated with aspects of the present disclosure. as shown in Fig. 1F, the base stations 151 and 154 and the UEs 157 and 160 may be a carrier emitter, the base stations 153 and 162 and the UEs 156 and 159 may be a reader, and the devices 152, 155, 158 and 161 may be a backscatter device.
[0076] For the first example of topology where the activator and reader are different base stations, for second example of topology where the activator and reader are different UEs, the third example of topology and fourth example of topology are typical bi-static scenario. The ambient IoT data is activated by a base station or an assisting node, and the backscattering signal is received by another node.
[0077] Bi-static scenario introduces flexibility to device-reader distance by allowing the adjusting of activator location and can provide longer device-reader distance (e.g., the distance between device 152 and base station 153 or the distance between device 155 and UE 156) . The activator-device distance is limited by received power at device, which should be adequate to wake up the device and decode command message. On the other hand, the device-reader distance is not constrained by this requirement. The activator-device distance and device-reader distance depend on each other. The main advantage of the bi-static scenario is that it provides longer range compared to monostatic so as to allow operation in commercial cellular deployments. Fig. 1G illustrates the link budget of the bi-static in which the far distance device could be activated by the gNB.
[0078] As backscattering IoT devices co-exist with other devices in 3GPP networks, the ambient IoT and 5G NR share the 5G time-frequency resources. As shown in Fig. 1G, when a device 161 is far from the gNB, for example the distance is much larger than the maximum working range (10m) in RFID, the device 161 still can be activated by the base station (BS) , i.e., the gNB using the topology depicted in Figs. 1D and 1E, which requires downlink transmission by the BS such that bi-static scenario will share the downlink resources, and which requires uplink transmission by the UE such that bi-static scenario will share the uplink resources.
[0079] To coexist with 3GPP technologies, the activation signal could be the OFDM signal transmitted from a gNB or a UE. The activation signal will naturally generate interference at the receiver node, for example, the intermediate UE in the serving cell in case the intermediate UE is receiving the backscatter signal, or another gNB in case the gNB in the other cell is receiving it due to the spatial propagation of wireless activation signal.
[0080] In an interference cancellation method, the data of device modulated in the reflected activation signal is detected, identical interference is generated and subtracted from the total received signal in reader. If a OFMD signal has been used for modulating the original data of normal traffic, it needs a complex method to eliminate such interference from activator to reader (e.g., gNB to UE) since the data is agnostic. From the link budget analysis, the interference of the direct path of activation signal will be more than 30dB higher the backscattering signal. At such an ultra-low signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) , any interference cancellation method is very sensitive to the Doppler effect, which means that a small frequency difference can sharply degrade the performance of successive interference cancellation (SIC) .
[0081] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a solution is provided for the reader determination for a backscattering transmission. In one aspect of this solution, based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, a first device determines a second device as a reader for the third device. The first device then transmits a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device to the determined second device, and the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator. In this way, the original activation signal may be isolated from the backscattering signal through space division multiplexing. Therefore, interference between the activation signal and the backscattering transmission can be minimized, the SIR can be maximized as much as possible. Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to Figs. 2-14.
[0082] Fig. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1A. The process 200 may involve the first device 110, the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140. It would be appreciated that although the process 200 has been described in the communication environment 100A of Fig. 1A, this process may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios with similar issues.
[0083] The status of the third device 130 may be a stationary device or a semi-static device. In one case, the third device 130 is stationary, and the location of the third device 130 is known at the first device 110, and even though the associated second devices are considered mobile, the first device 110 also can know the instant location of the associated second devices.
[0084] In the process 200, the fourth device 140 may update 210 at least one location of at least one second device associated with the third device 130. The third device 130 may be an A-IoT device. In an example, the at least one second device associated with the third device 130 may refer to at least one device that may act as at least one reader for the third device 130. The network knows the association relationship between readers (e.g., the at least one second device) and A-IoT devices (e.g., the third device 130) . This association information implies that the at least one second device are aware of A-IoT devices in their surroundings through a procedure established in advance.
[0085] In some embodiments, in order to update the at least one location, the fourth device 140 may update the at least one location in a predefined cycle. For example, a mechanism may be designed in the fourth device 140 (e.g., location management function, LMF) which can periodically update. In some embodiments, in order to update the at least one location, the fourth device 140 may update the at least one location based on determining that at least one condition is fulfilled. For example, the fourth device 140 may perform event trigger based updating for the location of the readers (e.g., the at least one second device) to the first device 110. These devices with reader capability in the cell may be enrolled in the LMF.
[0086] Additionally, the at least one second device may be registered at the fourth device 140, and the at least one location of the at least one second device may be authorized to be exposed by the fourth device 140. For instance, if a device has the A-IoT reader capability, the device should register in the LMF and authorize LMF to expose its location information for A-IoT communication and positioning purpose.
[0087] In addition, once the first device 110 receives an A-IoT service request (e.g., request query for the third device) , the first device 110 acquires the location of the third device 130 associated readers from the LMF. If the density of A-IoT devices is high, the overall frequency of queries is correspondingly higher, and when there are many readers associated with an A-IoT device, frequent reader location requests will occur in the first device 110.
[0088] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the fourth device 140 may transmit 215 the at least one updated location 220 of the at least one second device to the first device 110. Correspondingly, the first device 110 may receive 225 the at least one updated location 220 of the at least one second device from the fourth device 140.
[0089] In another case, both the third device 130 and associated second devices are mobile, and the accurate real-time location of the third device 130 is not known of the fourth device 140 (e.g., the LMF) . However, the information on beam direction for activating A-IoT device is accurate since the instant location is definite. The best or reliable reader is uncertain since the received SIR in each reader is not known. Thus, a beam sweeping mechanism is designed in the system to enable the SIR measurement of each associated second device.
[0090] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the third device 130 may receive 240 a second indication 235 for beam sweeping of an activator from the first device 110. On the side of the communication, the first device 110 may transmit 230 the second indication 235 to the third device 130. For instance, the first device 110 may initiate a beam sweeping procedure to determine which associated reader is the best or reliable reader for a backscatter receiving.
[0091] The activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node. In some embodiments, the first device 110 and the activator may be different devices. Additionally or alternatively, the first device 110 may transmit the second indication for beam sweeping to the activator, and the second indication is to be forwarded to the third device 130. For example, the first device 110 may send a beam sweeping indication to the A-IoT device associated activator. Once receiving the beam sweeping indication, the activator also needs to send the beam sweeping indication to the A-IoT device.
[0092] In some embodiments, the first device 110 and the activator may be the same device. Additionally or alternatively, the first device 110 may transmit the second indication for beam sweeping to the third device 130. For example, the first device 110 may send the beam sweeping indication to the A-IoT device directly.
[0093] In addition, the beam sweeping may be performed by the activator in an order and a cycle. In some embodiments, the order and the cycle may be indicated by the second indication. In other words, the order and cycle are indicated to the at least one second device in the beam sweeping indication. In some embodiments, the order and the cycle may be predefined. For example, the order and the cycle may be predefined in the specification.
[0094] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, based on the second indication 235 from the first device 110, the third device 130 may receive 245 at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping from the activator. For example, the third device 130 may receive the activation signals on each beam in a predefined order and cycle when it enters the beam sweeping phase.
[0095] In some embodiments, the third device 130 may modulate the at least one activation signal to generate at least one OOK signal. The third device 130 then may perform at least one backscatter transmission of the at least one OOK signal.
[0096] In an example, the third device 130 reflects the activation signal on each cycle and modulates the data as “0101…” , then the SIR may be measured by (P [n] –P [n-1] ) / P [n-1] in the reader. The P [n] is the received power of the symbol n corresponding to “0101…” . For example, n corresponds to 1 which means there is a modulated signal, and n-1 corresponds to 0 which means there is no modulated signal and no reflected signal base on the rule of OOK modulation. P [n] refers to the power of the modulated signal plus the power of the interfering signal, and the P [n-1] refers to the power of only the interfering signal. In this way, the SIR may be obtained by (P [n] –P [n-1] ) / P [n-1] .
[0097] Additionally, the first device 110 may transmit a third indication to the at least one second device for measuring at least one SIR and reporting at least one SIR measurement during beam sweeping.
[0098] On the other side of the communication, the second device 120 may receive a third indication from the first device 110 for measuring an SIR and reporting an SIR measurement during beam sweeping. The second device 120 may then transmit a measurement report comprising the SIR to the first device.
[0099] Additionally or alternatively, if the SIR is greater than a second threshold, the second device 120 may transmit the measurement report. It is a mechanism to block these readers’ reporting with a low SIR. A threshold may be configured at the reader side and the reader reports an SIR if the SIR is greater than the threshold.
[0100] Correspondingly, the first device 110 may receive at least one measurement report from the at least one second device. The at least one measurement report may comprise at least one SIR for the at least one second device.
[0101] Additionally, the at least one measurement report may further comprise: at least one AoA for the at least one second device, at least one ToA for the at least one second device, at least one PDP for the at least one second device, or any combination of two or more the above-mentioned items.
[0102] In other words, instead of just SIR, the readers may also calculate the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP, etc. if needed. The readers may report the SIR, the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP with a certain PDP-length (PDP-length to be configured by the network) to the first device 110. It is to be understood that the PDP is a function that provides information how the power of a received signal is distributed as a function of time delay.
[0103] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, based on a geometric relation between the third device 130, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device 130, the first device 110 determines 250 a second device as a reader for the third device 130.
[0104] Additionally or alternatively, the geometric relation may be determined based on locations of the activator, the third device 120, and the at least one second device; an SIR of a second device among the at least one second device; an AoA of a second device among the at least one second device, a ToA of a second device among the at least one second device; a PDP of a second device among the at least one second device; or any combination of two or more the above-mentioned items.
[0105] In some embodiments, in order to determine the second device 120, based on the geometric relation, the first device 110 may determine an angle between the activator pointing towards the third device and the activator pointing towards a second device among the at least one second device. For example, the gNB calculates the angle of each reader (or a reader or a selected set of readers) based on the geometric relation of location and determines which reader to be selected as the best / reliable reader.
[0106] In an example, the first device 110 may determine the best / reliable reader (s) from the received or its newly computed characteristics (i.e., which could be a dynamic time wrapping index (DTW-index) for similarity check) . It is to be understood that DTW is an algorithm for measuring the similarity between two temporal sequences. In general, it is a method that calculates an optimal match between two given sequences. To measure similarities between PDPs in occasions O (t) and O (t-n) . Then compare the DTW (of PDPs at occasions O (t) and O (t-n) ) with respect to a given threshold.
[0107] Fig. 3 illustrates an example beam in the backscattering communication according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 3, the activation signal is transmitted from activators (i.e., 310 and 340) to A-IoT devices (i.e., tags 320 and 350) , the backscattering signal is transmitted from the A-IoT device to readers (i.e., 330 and 360) , the interference is from the activators to readers, and the beam relationship is shown in two difference topologies.
[0108] According to the width of the beam, the angles (315 or 345) between the activator pointing towards the reader and the activator pointing towards the tag will be greater than a certain threshold, i.e., the SIR at the reader is less than a certain threshold. At this point, the selected reader will be the appropriate node to participate in the backscattering transmission.
[0109] If the angle associated with the second device 120 is greater than a first threshold, the first device 110 may select the second device 120 as the reader for the third device 130. Alternatively, if the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than angles of other second devices among the at least one second device, the first device 110 may select the second device 120 as the reader for the third device 130.
[0110] Additionally, for at least one occasion of beam sweeping of the activator, the first device 110 may store the at least one of the SIR, the AoA, the ToA, the PDP of the at least one second device. In an example, the first device 110 may save all the beam characteristics for each beam sweeping, for instance, SIR, PDP, AoA, are examples of such beam characteristics. The first device 110 may save all the channel characteristics for each occasion O (t) e.g., at least the new O (t) and the previous values O (t-1) .
[0111] In addition, the first device 110 may store an ID of the determined second device in a first occasion for a service request of the third device 130 in a second occasion. In an example, the third device 130 is semi-static. In this case, the first device 110 may take the reliable reader of last session as the receiver and initiate a backscatter transmission. For instance, the first device 110 may attempt to acquire a device identity acknowledge. If the identity acknowledge reception is successful, the first device 110 may still select it is as the reliable reader.
[0112] Reference is made back to Fig. 2, the first device 110 transmits 255 a first indication 260 for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device 130 to the determined second device (i.e., the second device 120) , and the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0113] In addition, the first indication 260 may indicate an ID of the third device 130, receiving a signal from the third device 130, receiving a signal on a target time-frequency resource, or any combination of two or more the above-mentioned items. Additionally, the first indication may be carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) .
[0114] For instance, the first indication 260 may be a backscatter receiving indication. The backscatter receiving indication indicates the selected reader to receive the backscattering signal of a specific backscattering communication. The information in the indication may include but not limited to: (1) receiving the signals reflected from the specific A-IoT device, (2) receiving the signals backscattered from a specific activator, (3) receiving the signals carried on the specific time-frequency resource.
[0115] In an example, the information (1) and (2) may be provided to the reader by the RRC signaling, since it does not involve the real-time resource allocation issues. In another example, all kinds of information could be provided to the reader by the resource scheduling, i.e., the DCI in physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . In other words, the backscatter receiving indication may be provided to the reader together in the scheduling information.
[0116] On the other side of the communication, the second device 120 receives 265 the first indication 260 from the first device 110. The second device 120 is determined as a reader for the third device based on the geometric relation between the third device 130, an activator and the at least one second device associated with the third device 130. The at least one second device comprises the second device 120.
[0117] Additionally, the second device 120 may store the ID of the third device 130. For example, the reader may store the A-IoT device ID included in the backscatter receiving indication.
[0118] Based on the first indication 260, the second device 120 receives 280 the backscattering transmission 275 from the third device 130. For the indicated A-IoT device, the reader should detect the data once it receives the backscattering signal from it. For others A-IoT devices, the reader may ignore the backscattering signal from them. Correspondingly, the third device 130 transmit 270 the backscattering transmission 275 to the second device 120.
[0119] In general, a solution is provided for A-IoT backscattering transmission co-existing with 3GPP systems, and avoidance of the interference of the activation signal direct path to the backscattering path. Three types of topology are supported by the solution. An appropriate device is chosen as the activator or reader in a topology. The information about directionality of the beam to or from a certain device could be very helpful in 5G system (5GS) to exploit for interference avoidance. The direction of the activation signal with narrow beam as far away as possible from the direction of the backscattering signal, such that the activation signal will generate little interference on the backscattering signal in reader.
[0120] The original activation signal from the backscattering signal through space division multiplexing to minimize the interference and maximize SIR as much as possible, and then the signal may be decoded after improved SIR using direct decoding method or using successive interference cancellation (SIC) separately. The intermediate UE may be the activator and the reader, and the base station may also be the activator and the reader.
[0121] For stationary A-IoT device, a gNB may select the appropriate device as the activator and reader based on the angle between the activator pointing towards reader and the beam of the activator pointing towards A-IoT device, for example be greater than a certain threshold. The gNB may compute the angle defined above of each / asubset of associated readers based on the geometric relation of location of the A-IoT device and readers. Then gNB determines which device to be selected as the best / reliable activator and reader.
[0122] For semi-static A-IoT device, a beam sweeping mechanism is designed in the system to enable the SIR measurement of each associated reader for interference avoidance in backscattering transmission. Based on these operations, a UE or a gNB could be determined to be selected as the best / reliable reader because the maximum SIR is always obtained when the angle of the beam of activator and interference to reader are largest.
[0123] The beam sweeping may be a periodic behavior from the UE point of view. The activator may initiate the beam sweeping in a predefined period for example one-hour cycle, and sending the beam sweeping indication and signal which are effective for all devices.
[0124] Rel-19 Ambient IoT study is FR1 frequency division duplex (FDD) which sets limits to how narrow beams can be. Rel-20 and 6G may extend to the FR2 band for A-IoT. If aim is to reuse NR UL / DL signals as narrow beam device activation signal the device has to be located on the line (line of sight, LOS, assumed) between two NR entities (UEs and / or gNBs) for which the reader entity, device and activator entity needs to be located at an angle. If the number of readers is large enough and the distribution is uniform enough, the angle greater than the width of the beam is relatively easy to obtain. Anyway, UE beams are not that narrow even in mmWave. Not more than 10-20dB gain delta outside main direction of a beam should be expected so other cancellation techniques are still required to bring out the weak device backscatter signal which at the reader can be 30-60dB lower than the direct path activation signal. Nevertheless, an up to 20dB gain is still very important in interference elimination for backscatter signal receiving and is a prerequisite for implementing other cancellation techniques.
[0125] Fig. 4 illustrates an example procedure of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The procedure 400 may involve a reader UE 401, a device 402, an activator UE 403, a gNB 404, and LMF 405. It is understood that the process 400 can be considered as a more specific example of the process 200 in Fig. 2. Thus, the gNB 404 in Fig. 4 may be an example of the first device 110 in Fig. 2, the reader UE 401 in Fig. 4 may be an example of the second device 120 in Fig. 2, the device 402 may be an example of the third device 130 in Fig. 2, and the LMF 405 in Fig. 4 may be an example of the fourth device 140 in Fig. 2.
[0126] As shown in Fig. 4, at 410, the many to many associations between reader UEs and devices are established. This association information implies that UEs are aware of devices in their surroundings through a procedure established in advance.
[0127] In procedure 400, the device 402 is stationary, and the location of device 402 is known at gNB 404. But the associated reader UEs are considered mobile, so gNB 404 also need to know the instant location of reader UEs. In option 1, at 412, the LMF 405 may periodically or event trigger updates the location of the associated reader UEs to the gNB 404. These reader capability UE in the cell are enrolled in LMF. In option 2, at 414, gNB 404 requests the query for devices. At 416, gNB 404 acquires the location of device associated reader UEs from the LMF 405.
[0128] At 418, the gNB 404 calculates the angle of each reader (or a reader or a selected set of readers) UE based on the geometric relation of location and determines which reader UE to be selected as the best / reliable reader. The criterion is that the angle between the gNB 404 pointing towards reader UE and the beam of the gNB 404 pointing towards device 402 is largest or be greater than a certain threshold.
[0129] At 420, the gNB 404 sends the backscatter receiving indication to the selected reader UE 401 which includes at least the device ID. At 422, the reader UE 401 stores the device ID included in the backscatter receiving indication. For these indicated devices, reader UE 401 should detect the data once it receives the backscattering signal from them. For others, UE could ignore the backscattering signals.
[0130] At 424, the gNB 404 sends the query indication to the activator UE 403 and to the device 402 in addition to the device ID which is queried. The Query indication may contain these parameters: device ID, Query command, for example sensor data report or identity acknowledge.
[0131] At 428, activator UE 403 sends the activation signal to the device 402. Before the activation signal, activator UE 403 sends the preamble sequence which is used by device 402 to achieve the synchronization in symbol level. If gNB 404 sends activation signal, it simultaneously modulates the device ID and query on top of the signal.
[0132] At 430, the device 402 backscatters the activation signal by, e.g., OOK or amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation of its data. The downlink signal is not only limited to the OFDM symbol but can also be a narrowband signal.
[0133] At 432, the reader UE 401 detects data of the device 402, and the data may comprise sensor data report, identity acknowledge, or both. If the SIR of the received signal is good enough by using the beam-based interference avoidance, reader UE 401 could directly decode the data. Even if the signal received at the best / reliable reader UE 401 is not sufficient for direct decoding, the reader UE 401 still could decode the backscatter signal by using some advanced methods, e.g., a joint detection or a successive interference cancellation. At 434, reader UE 401 sends the data response to gNB 404 including whether the sensor data report or identity acknowledge.
[0134] Fig. 5 illustrates an example procedure of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The procedure 500 may involve a reader UE2 501, a reader UE1 501, a device 503, an activator UE 504, and a gNB 505. It is understood that the process 500 can be considered as a more specific example of the process 200 in Fig. 2. Thus, the gNB 505 in Fig. 5 may be an example of the first device 110 in Fig. 2, the reader UE1 502 in Fig. 5 may be an example of the second device 120 in Fig. 2, and the device 503 may be an example of the third device 130 in Fig. 2.
[0135] It is assumed that the network knows the association relationship between reader UEs and devices. At 510, the gNB 505 receives an A-IoT service request, for example request query of device service.
[0136] At 512, the gNB 505 initiates the beam sweeping procedure by sending the beam sweeping indication to the device associated activator UE 504. At 514, once receiving the beam sweeping indication, activator UE 504 also needs to send the beam sweeping indication to the device 503. In another example of embodiment, the gNB 505 can send the beam sweeping indication to device 503 directly.
[0137] At 516, the gNB 505 sends the beam sweeping involved SIR reporting indication to indicate the associated reader UEs 501 and 502, 1) doing the SIR measurements, 2) reporting the measurement results.
[0138] At 520, activator UE 504 sends the activation signals to device 503 on each beam in a predefined order and cycle when it enters the beam sweeping phase. At 522, device 503 reflects the activation signal on each cycle and modulates the data as “0101…” .
[0139] At 526, reader UE2 501 measure the SIR in each beam sweeping. At 528, reader UE1 502 measure the SIR in each beam sweeping. Instead of just SIR, the reader UEs will also calculate the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP, etc. if needed.
[0140] At 530, reader UE1 502 reports SIR, the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP with a certain PDP-length (PDP-length to be configured by the network) to gNB 505. At 532, reader UE2 501 reports SIR, the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP with a certain PDP-length (PDP-length to be configured by the network) to gNB 505.
[0141] At 534, gNB 505 saves all the beam characteristics for each beam sweeping and determine the best / reliable reader UE (s) from the received or its newly computed characteristics.
[0142] At 536, the gNB 505 sends the backscatter receiving indication to the selected reader UE1 502 which includes at least the device ID. At 538, reader UE1 502 stores the device ID included in the backscatter receiving indication. For these indicated devices, reader UE1 502 should detect the data once it receives the backscattering signal from them. For others, UE could ignore the backscattering signals.
[0143] At 540, the gNB 505 sends the query indication to the activator UE 504 and to the device 503 in addition to the device ID which is queried. The Query indication may contain these parameters: device ID, Query command, for example sensor data report or identity acknowledge.
[0144] At 544, activator UE 504 sends the activation signal and preamble to the device 503. At 546, the device 503 backscatters the activation signal by, e.g., OOK or ASK modulation of its data. The downlink signal is not only limited to the OFDM symbol but can also be a narrowband signal.
[0145] At 548, the reader UE1 502 detects the device 503’s data comprising sensor data report or identity acknowledge. If the SIR of the received signal is good enough by using the beam-based interference avoidance, reader UE1 502 could directly decode the data. Even if the signal received at the best / reliable reader UE1 502 is not sufficient for direct decoding, reader UE1 502 still could decode the backscatter signal by using some advanced methods, e.g., a joint detection or a successive interference cancellation. At 550, reader UE1 502 sends the data response to gNB 505 including whether the sensor data report or identity acknowledge.
[0146] Fig. 6 illustrates an example procedure of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The procedure 600 may involve a UE2 601, a UE1 601, a device 603, and a gNB 604. It is understood that the process 600 can be considered as a more specific example of the process 200 in Fig. 2. Thus, the gNB 604 in Fig. 6 may be an example of the first device 110 in Fig. 2, the UE1 602 in Fig. 6 may be an example of the second device 120 in Fig. 2, and the device 603 may be an example of the third device 130 in Fig. 2.
[0147] It is assumed that the network knows the association relationship between reader UEs and devices. At 610, the gNB 604 receives an A-IoT service request, for example request query of device service.
[0148] At 612, the gNB 604 initiates the beam sweeping procedure by sending the beam sweeping indication to both the target device 603 and all device associated reader UE.
[0149] At 614, the gNB 604 sends the beam sweeping involved SIR reporting indication to indicate the associated reader UEs 601 and 602, 1) doing the SIR measurements, 2) reporting the measurement results.
[0150] At 618, activator UE 604 sends the activation signals to device 603 on each beam in a predefined order and cycle when it enters the beam sweeping phase. At 620, device 603 reflects the activation signal on each cycle and modulates the data as “0101…” .
[0151] At 622 UE2 601 measure the SIR in each beam sweeping. At 624, UE1 602 measure the SIR in each beam sweeping. Instead of just SIR, the reader UEs will also calculate the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP, etc., if needed.
[0152] At 626, UE1 602 reports SIR, the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP with a certain PDP-length (PDP-length to be configured by the network) to gNB 604. At 628, UE2 601 reports SIR, the AoA, the ToA, and the PDP with a certain PDP-length (PDP-length to be configured by the network) to gNB 604.
[0153] At 630, gNB 604 saves all the beam characteristics for each beam sweeping and determine the best / reliable reader UE (s) from the received or its newly computed characteristics.
[0154] At 632, gNB 604 sends the backscatter receiving indication to the selected UE1 602 which includes at least the device ID. At 634, UE1 602 stores the device ID included in the backscatter receiving indication. For these indicated devices, UE1 602 should detect the data once it receives the backscattering signal from them. For others, UE could ignore the backscattering signals.
[0155] At 636, gNB 604 sends the query indication to the device 603 in addition to the device ID which is queried. The Query indication may contain these parameters: device ID, Query command, for example sensor data report or identity acknowledge.
[0156] At 638, gNB 604 sends the activation signal and preamble to the device 603. At 640, the device 603 backscatters the activation signal by, e.g., OOK or ASK modulation of its data. The downlink signal is not only limited to the OFDM symbol but can also be a narrowband signal.
[0157] At 642, the UE1 602 detects the device 603’s data comprising sensor data report or identity acknowledge. At 644, UE1 602 sends the data response to gNB 604 including whether the sensor data report or identity acknowledge.
[0158] Fig. 7 illustrates example implementation at the first device 110 (e.g., gNB) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In the procedure 700, at 702, the first device 110 receives a query request of a device (e.g., A-IoT device) from the core network. At 704, the first device 110 determines the device or service associated readers, which is a candidate set of the readers. For example, such candidate set stores in a kind of context. Due to the different deployments of the A-IoT devices, activator and readers, not all associated readers need to respond and receive backscattering signal from the device and decode it. At 706, the first device 110 checks the mobile status of device. Based on decision that device is stationary or semi-static, the first device 110 adopts two different routes to determine the best / reliable reader (s) according to the beam direction of the activation path and direction path.
[0159] If the device is stationary, at 708, the first device 110 will check whether the location of the reader in last session is moved for example through the periodically or even-triggered updating.
[0160] If it is not moved, at 716, the first device 110 still selects it is as the reliable reader. If it is move, the first device 110 should initiate the reliable reader determination procedure based on the geometric relation of location. At 710, the first device 110 acquires the location of all associated readers. At 712, the first device 110 calculates the incidence angle of each reader. At 714, the first device 110 determines which to be selected as the reliable reader.
[0161] If the device is semi-static, at 718, the first device 110 may take the reliable reader of last session as the receiver and initiate a search. For example, gNB attempts to acquire a device identity acknowledge.
[0162] If the identity acknowledge reception is successful, at 728, the first device 110 still selects it is as the reliable reader. If the identity acknowledge reception is unsuccessful, the first device 110 should initiate the reliable reader determination procedure based on the beam sweeping. At 722, the first device 110 requires all associated readers to report beam sweeping measurements. At 724, the first device 110 saves all the beam characteristics for each sweeping (SIR, AoA, PDP) . At 726, the first device 110 determines which reader to be selected as the best / reliable reader. At 730, the first device 110 indicates the determined reliable reader (s) for backscatter receiving and initiate the query service to the Ambient IoT device.
[0163] To present more implementation details, Fig. 8 illustrates example implementation of a reader determination according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 8 is the implementation details of blocks 724 and 726.
[0164] As shown in Fig. 8, at 804, the first device 110 saves all the beam characteristics for each sweeping. At 802, the first device 110 checks the received beam characteristics.
[0165] If the received beam characteristics is SIRs, at 806, the first device 110 composes a two-dimensional matrix of SIR [beam, reader] . At 808, the first device 110 selects the highest SIRs based on the maximizing or minimizing principle.
[0166] If the received beam characteristics is PDP, at 810, the first device 110 saves all the channel characteristics for each occasion O (t) . At 812, the first device 110 measures similarities between PDPs in occasions O (t) and O (t-n) . At 814, the first device 110 compares PDPs at occasions O (t) and O (t-n) with respect to a threshold.
[0167] If the received beam characteristics is AOA, at 816, the first device 110 calculates and composes the matrix of the angle between the direct path and the reflection path. At 818, the first device 110 selects the highest angles based on the maximizing or minimizing principle.
[0168] Based on decision the received beam characteristics, the first device 110 adopts three different routes to determine the best / reliable reader (s) , for example according to the highest SIRs, dynamic time wrapping or highest angles. At 820, the first device 110 determines the best / reliable reader (s) .
[0169] Fig. 9 shows a flowchart of an example method 900 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 900 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 with reference to Fig. 1A.
[0170] At block 910, the first device 110 determines, based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, a second device as a reader for the third device. At block 920, the first device 110 transmits, to the determined second device, a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device, wherein the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0171] In some embodiments, the geometric relation may be determined based on at least one of the following: locations of the activator, the third device, and the at least one second device; a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a second device among the at least one second device; an angle of arrival (AoA) of a second device among the at least one second device; a time of arrival (ToA) of a second device among the at least one second device; or a power delay profile (PDP) of a second device among the at least one second device.
[0172] In some embodiments, in order to determine the second device, the first device 110 may determine, based on the geometric relation, an angle between the activator pointing towards the third device and the activator pointing towards a second device among the at least one second device; select the second device based on determining that the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than a first threshold; or select the second device based on determining that the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than angles of other second devices among the at least one second device.
[0173] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may further store, for at least one occasion of beam sweeping of the activator, the at least one of the SIR, the AoA, the ToA, the PDP of the at least one second device.
[0174] In some embodiments, the first indication may indicate at least one of the following: an identity (ID) of the third device; receiving a signal from the third device; or receiving a signal on a target time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, the first indication may be carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) .
[0175] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may further receive, from a fourth device, locations of the at least one second device. In some embodiments, the first device and the activator may be the same device; or the first device and the activator may be different devices.
[0176] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may further transmit, to the activator, a second indication for beam sweeping, wherein the first device and the activator are different devices, and the second indication is to be forwarded to the third device; or transmit, to the third device, a second indication for beam sweeping, wherein the first device and the activator are the same device.
[0177] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may further transmit, to the at least one second device, a third indication for measuring at least one SIR and reporting at least one SIR measurement during beam sweeping.
[0178] In some embodiments, the beam sweeping may be performed by the activator in an order and a cycle. In some embodiments, the order and the cycle may be indicated by the second indication; or the order and the cycle may be predefined.
[0179] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may further receive, from the at least one second device, at least one measurement report comprising at least one SIR for the at least one second device. In some embodiments, the at least one measurement report may further comprise at least one of the following: at least one AoA for the at least one second device; at least one ToA for the at least one second device; or at least one PDP for the at least one second device. In some embodiments, the first device may further store an ID of the determined second device in a first occasion for a service request of the third device in a second occasion.
[0180] In some embodiments, the activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the second device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; or the fourth device may comprise a core network node.
[0181] Fig. 10 shows a flowchart of an example method 1000 implemented at a second device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1000 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 with reference to Fig. 1A.
[0182] At block 1010, the second device 120 receives, from a first device, a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device, wherein the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device. At block 1020, the second device 120 receives, based on the first indication and from the third device, the backscattering transmission.
[0183] In some embodiments, the first indication may indicate at least one of the following: an identity (ID) of the third device; receiving signals from the third device; receiving signals on a target time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, the first indication may be carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) . In some embodiments, the second device 120 may further store the ID of the third device.
[0184] In some embodiments, the geometric relation may be determined based on at least one of the following: locations of the activator, the third device, and the at least one second device; a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a second device among the at least one second device; an angle of arrival (AoA) of a second device among the at least one second device; time of arrival (ToA) of a second device among the at least one second device; or a power delay profile (PDP) of a second device among the at least one second device.
[0185] In some embodiments, the second device 120 may further receive, from the first device, a third indication for measuring an SIR and reporting an SIR measurement during beam sweeping; and transmit, to the first device, a measurement report comprising the SIR. In some embodiments, the measurement report may further comprise at least one of a AoA, ToA, a PDP.
[0186] In some embodiments, in order to transmit the measurement report, the second device 120 may transmit the measurement report based on determining that the SIR is greater than a second threshold. In some embodiments, the second device 120 may further register at the fourth device; and authorize the fourth device to expose the location of the second device.
[0187] In some embodiments, the activator may comprise one of a base station or, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the second device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; or the fourth device may comprise a core network node.
[0188] Fig. 11 shows a flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at a third device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the third device 130 with reference to Fig. 1A.
[0189] At block 1110, the third device 130 receives, from a first device, a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator. At block 1120, the third device 130 receive, from an activator, based on the second indication from the first device, at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping.
[0190] In some embodiments, the second indication may further indicate an order and a cycle of the beam sweeping. In some embodiments, the third device 130 may further modulate the at least one activation signal to generate at least one on-off keying (OOK) signal; and perform at least one backscatter transmission of the at least one activation signal with the at least one OOK signal.
[0191] In some embodiments, the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; or the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.
[0192] Fig. 12 shows a flowchart of an example method 1200 implemented at a fourth device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1200 will be described from the perspective of the fourth device 140 with reference to Fig. 1A.
[0193] At block 1210, the fourth device 140 updates at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device. At block 1220, the fourth device 140 transmits, to a first device, the at least one updated location of the at least one second device.
[0194] In some embodiments, in order to update the at least one location, the fourth device may update the at least one location in a predefined cycle; or update the at least one location based on determining that at least one condition is fulfilled.
[0195] In some embodiments, the at least one second device may be registered at the fourth device, and the at least one location of the at least one second device may be authorized to be exposed by the fourth device.
[0196] In some embodiments, the activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the second device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; or the fourth device may comprise a core network node.
[0197] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 900 (for example, the first device 110) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 900. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0198] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining, based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, a second device as a reader for the third device; and means for transmitting, to the determined second device, a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device, wherein the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.
[0199] In some embodiments, the geometric relation may be determined based on at least one of the following: locations of the activator, the third device, and the at least one second device; a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a second device among the at least one second device; an angle of arrival (AoA) of a second device among the at least one second device; a time of arrival (ToA) of a second device among the at least one second device; or a power delay profile (PDP) of a second device among the at least one second device.
[0200] In some embodiments, means for determining the second device may comprise means for determining, based on the geometric relation, an angle between the activator pointing towards the third device and the activator pointing towards a second device among the at least one second device; means for selecting the second device based on determining that the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than a first threshold; or means for selecting the second device based on determining that the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than angles of other second devices among the at least one second device.
[0201] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for storing, for at least one occasion of beam sweeping of the activator, the at least one of the SIR, the AoA, the ToA, the PDP of the at least one second device.
[0202] In some embodiments, the first indication may indicate at least one of the following: an identity (ID) of the third device; receiving a signal from the third device; or receiving a signal on a target time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, the first indication may be carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) .
[0203] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a fourth device, locations of the at least one second device. In some embodiments, the first device and the activator may be the same device; or the first device and the activator may be different devices.
[0204] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the activator, a second indication for beam sweeping, wherein the first device and the activator are different devices, and the second indication is to be forwarded to the third device; or means for transmitting, to the third device, a second indication for beam sweeping, wherein the first device and the activator are the same device.
[0205] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the at least one second device, a third indication for measuring at least one SIR and reporting at least one SIR measurement during beam sweeping.
[0206] In some embodiments, the beam sweeping may be performed by the activator in an order and a cycle. In some embodiments, the order and the cycle may be indicated by the second indication; or the order and the cycle may be predefined.
[0207] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the at least one second device, at least one measurement report comprising at least one SIR for the at least one second device.
[0208] In some embodiments, the at least one measurement report may further comprise at least one of the following: at least one AoA for the at least one second device; at least one ToA for the at least one second device; or at least one PDP for the at least one second device. In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for storing an ID of the determined second device in a first occasion for a service request of the third device in a second occasion.
[0209] In some embodiments, the activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the second device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; or the fourth device may comprise a core network node.
[0210] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 900. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0211] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1000 (for example, the second device 120) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 1000. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0212] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first device, a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device, wherein the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device; and means for receiving, based on the first indication and from the third device, the backscattering transmission.
[0213] In some embodiments, the first indication may indicate at least one of the following: an identity (ID) of the third device; receiving signals from the third device; receiving signals on a target time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, the first indication may be carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) . In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for storing the ID of the third device.
[0214] In some embodiments, the geometric relation may be determined based on at least one of the following: locations of the activator, the third device, and the at least one second device; a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a second device among the at least one second device; an angle of arrival (AoA) of a second device among the at least one second device; time of arrival (ToA) of a second device among the at least one second device; or a power delay profile (PDP) of a second device among the at least one second device.
[0215] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for receiving, from the first device, a third indication for measuring an SIR and reporting an SIR measurement during beam sweeping; and means for transmitting, to the first device, a measurement report comprising the SIR. In some embodiments, the measurement report may further comprise at least one of a AoA, ToA, a PDP.
[0216] In some embodiments, means for transmitting the measurement report may comprise means for transmitting the measurement report based on determining that the SIR is greater than a second threshold. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for registering at the fourth device; and means for authorizing the fourth device to expose the location of the second device.
[0217] In some embodiments, the activator may comprise one of a base station or, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the second device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; or the fourth device may comprise a core network node.
[0218] In some embodiments, the device further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 10000. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the device.
[0219] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1100 (for example, the third device 130) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0220] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first device, a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator; and means for receiving, from an activator, based on the second indication from the first device, at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping.
[0221] In some embodiments, the second indication may further indicate an order and a cycle of the beam sweeping. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for modulating the at least one activation signal to generate at least one on-off keying (OOK) signal; and means for performing at least one backscatter transmission of the at least one activation signal with the at least one OOK signal.
[0222] In some embodiments, the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; or the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.
[0223] In some embodiments, the device further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1100. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the device.
[0224] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1200 (for example, the fourth device 140) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 1200. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0225] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for updating at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; and means for transmitting, to a first device, the at least one updated location of the at least one second device.
[0226] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for updating the at least one location in a predefined cycle; and means for updating the at least one location based on determining that at least one condition is fulfilled.
[0227] In some embodiments, the at least one second device is registered at the fourth device, and the at least one location of the at least one second device is authorized to be exposed by the fourth device.
[0228] In some embodiments, the activator may comprise one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; the first device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the second device may comprise one of a base station or a user equipment; the third device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; or the fourth device may comprise a core network node.
[0229] In some embodiments, the device further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1200. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the device.
[0230] FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1200 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1200 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example a first device 110, a second device 120, a third device 130, or a fourth device 140 as shown in Fig. 1A. As shown, the device 1300 includes one or more processors 1310, one or more memories 1320 coupled to the processor 1310, and one or more communication modules 1340 coupled to the processor 1310.
[0231] The communication modules 1340 is for bidirectional communications. The communication modules 1340 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0232] The processor 1310 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1300 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0233] The memory 1320 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM) 1324, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 1322 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0234] A computer program 1330 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 1310. The program 1330 may be stored in the ROM 1324. The processor 1310 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 1330 into the RAM 1322.
[0235] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 1330 so that the device 1300 may perform any process of example embodiments of the disclosure as discussed with reference to Figs. 2 to 12. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0236] In some embodiments, the program 1330 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 1300 (such as in the memory 1320) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 1300. The device 1300 may load the program 1330 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 1322 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. Fig. 14 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1400 in form of CD or DVD. The computer readable medium has the program 1430 stored thereon.
[0237] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0238] Example embodiments of the present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the methods 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 as described above with reference to Figs. 8-11. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0239] Program code for carrying out methods of example embodiments of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0240] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0241] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0242] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0243] Although example embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the example embodiments of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to:determine, based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, a second device as a reader for the third device; andtransmit, to the determined second device, a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device, wherein the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the geometric relation is determined based on at least one of the following:locations of the activator, the third device, and the at least one second device;a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a second device among the at least one second device;an angle of arrival (AoA) of a second device among the at least one second device;a time of arrival (ToA) of a second device among the at least one second device; ora power delay profile (PDP) of a second device among the at least one second device.3.The first device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first device is caused to determine the second device by:determining, based on the geometric relation, an angle between the activator pointing towards the third device and the activator pointing towards a second device among the at least one second device;selecting the second device based on determining that the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than a first threshold; orselecting the second device based on determining that the angle associated with the determined second device is greater than angles of other second devices among the at least one second device.4.The first device of any of claims 1-3, wherein the first device is further caused to:store, for at least one occasion of beam sweeping of the activator, the at least one of the SIR, the AoA, the ToA, the PDP of the at least one second device.5.The first device of any of claims 1-4, wherein the first indication indicates at least one of the following:an identity (ID) of the third device;receiving a signal from the third device; orreceiving a signal on a target time-frequency resource.6.The first device of any of claims 1-5, wherein the first indication is carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) .7.The first device of any of claims 1-6, wherein the first device is further caused to:receive, from a fourth device, locations of the at least one second device.8.The first device of any of claims 1-7, wherein:the first device and the activator are the same device; orthe first device and the activator are different devices.9.The first device of any of claims 1-8, wherein the first device is further caused to:transmit, to the activator, a second indication for beam sweeping, wherein the first device and the activator are different devices, and the second indication is to be forwarded to the third device; ortransmit, to the third device, a second indication for beam sweeping, wherein the first device and the activator are the same device.10.The first device of any of claims 1-9, wherein the first device is further caused to:transmit, to the at least one second device, a third indication for measuring at least one SIR and reporting at least one SIR measurement during beam sweeping.11.The first device of any of claims 1-10, wherein the first device is further caused to:receive, from the at least one second device, at least one measurement report comprising at least one SIR for the at least one second device.12.The first device of claim 11, wherein the at least one measurement report further comprises at least one of the following:at least one AoA for the at least one second device;at least one ToA for the at least one second device; orat least one PDP for the at least one second device.13.The first device of any of claims 1-12, wherein at least one of the following:the activator comprises one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node;the first device comprises one of a base station or a user equipment;the second device comprises one of a base station or a user equipment;the third device comprises an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device; orthe fourth device comprises a core network node.14.A second device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to:receive, from a first device, a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device, wherein the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device; andreceive, based on the first indication and from the third device, the backscattering transmission.15.The second device of claim 14, wherein the first indication indicates at least one of the following:an identity (ID) of the third device;receiving signals from the third device; orreceiving signals on a target time-frequency resource.16.The second device of claim 14 or 15, wherein the first indication is carried by a radio resource control (RRC) message or downlink control information (DCI) .17.The second device of claim 15 or 16, wherein the second device is further caused to:store the ID of the third device.18.The second device of any of claims 14-17, wherein the geometric relation is determined based on at least one of the following:locations of the activator, the third device, and the at least one second device;a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a second device among the at least one second device;an angle of arrival (AoA) of a second device among the at least one second device;time of arrival (ToA) of a second device among the at least one second device; ora power delay profile (PDP) of a second device among the at least one second device.19.The second device of any of claims 14-18, wherein the second device is further caused to:receive, from the first device, a third indication for measuring an SIR and reporting an SIR measurement during beam sweeping; andtransmit, to the first device, a measurement report comprising the SIR.20.The second device of claim 19, wherein the measurement report further comprises at least one of a AoA, ToA, a PDP.21.The second device of any of claims 14-20, wherein the second device is further caused to:register at the fourth device; andauthorize the fourth device to expose the location of the second device.22.A third device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device at least to:receive, from a first device, a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator; andreceive, from an activator, based on the second indication from the first device, at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping.23.The third device of claim 22, wherein at least one of the following:the first device comprises one of a base station or a user equipment;the activator comprises one of a base station, a user equipment or a standalone carrier wave (CW) node; orthe third device comprises an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.24.A fourth device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the fourth device at least to:update at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; andtransmit, to a first device, the at least one updated location of the at least one second device.25.The fourth device of claim 24, wherein the fourth device is caused to update the at least one location by:updating the at least one location in a predefined cycle; orupdating the at least one location based on determining that at least one condition is fulfilled.26.The fourth device of claim 24 or 25, wherein the at least one second device is registered at the fourth device, and the at least one location of the at least one second device is authorized to be exposed by the fourth device.27.A method comprising:determining, at a first device and based on a geometric relation between a third device, an activator and at least one second device associated with the third device, a second device as a reader for the third device; andtransmitting, to the determined second device, a first indication for receiving a backscatter transmission of the third device, wherein the backscatter transmission is based on an activation signal of the activator.28.A method comprising:receiving, at a second device and from a first device, a first indication for receiving a backscattering transmission of a third device, wherein the second device is determined as a reader for the third device based on a geometric relation between the third device, an activator and at least one second device comprising the second device associated with the third device; andreceiving, based on the first indication and from the third device, the backscattering transmission.29.A method comprising:receiving, at a third device and from an activator, a second indication for beam sweeping of the activator; andreceiving, based on the second indication from the activator, at least one activation signal of the beam sweeping.30.A method comprising:updating, at a fourth device, at least one location of at least one second device associated with a third device; andtransmitting, to a first device, the at least one updated location of the at least one second device.
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