Method and apparatus for communication between apparatuses in wireless communication system

Abstract

Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for communication between apparatuses in a wireless communication system. The method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise the steps of: transmitting, by a first apparatus, a first transmission to a second apparatus; and receiving, by the first apparatus from the second apparatus, a second transmission including a specific sequence in response to the first transmission.

Description

Method and device for device-to-device communication in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method and device for communication between devices in a wireless communication system.

[0002] The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system, the successor to 4G LTE (long-term evolution), is a new, clean-slate mobile communication system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR (New Radio) can utilize all available spectrum resources, from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz, to intermediate-frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and to high-frequency (or millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. 6G wireless communication systems are being developed based on the underlying technologies of 5G wireless communication.

[0003] The 6G wireless communication system is being developed with the goals of (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free Internet of Things (IoT) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity. Considering the requirements of the 6G system, such as a peak data rate of 1 Tbps per device, an end-to-end latency of 1 ms, a maximum spectrum efficiency of 100 bps / Hz, support for mobility of 1000 km / h, satellite integration, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles, extended reality (XR), and haptic communication, various technologies are being researched.

[0004] The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and device for device-to-device communication in a wireless communication system supporting the ambient internet of things (A-IoT).

[0005] In addition, an additional technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and device for transmitting and receiving at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble in a wireless communication system supporting A-IoT.

[0006] In addition, an additional technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and device for communication between devices in a situation where the frequency of a carrier wave (CW) is changed.

[0007] The technical problems to be achieved in the present disclosure are not limited to the technical problems mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the technical field to which the present disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0008] A method according to an aspect of the present disclosure may include: transmitting, by a first device, a first transmission to a second device; and receiving, by the first device, a second transmission from the second device in response to the first transmission, the second transmission comprising a specific sequence. The specific sequence may be used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very beginning of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very end of the second transmission, and the specific sequence may be determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on indication information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

[0009] A method according to an additional aspect of the present disclosure may include: receiving, by a second device, a first transmission from a first device; and transmitting, by the second device, a second transmission to the first device in response to the first transmission, the second transmission comprising a particular sequence. The particular sequence may be used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very beginning of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very end of the second transmission, and the particular sequence may be determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on indication information included in the first transmission or a predetermined rule.

[0010] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in a wireless communication system supporting A-IoT, transmission and reception between devices can be smoothly performed by appropriately determining a sequence for at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble for communication between devices.

[0011] In addition, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, transmission and reception between devices can be smoothly performed by appropriately determining a sequence for at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble in consideration of channel estimation performance and resource overhead.

[0012] In addition, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, transmission and reception between devices can be performed stably even in a situation where the frequency of a carrier wave (CW) is changed.

[0013] The effects that can be obtained from the present disclosure are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects that are not mentioned will be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure pertains from the description below.

[0014] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and are part of the detailed description to aid in understanding the present disclosure, provide embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the detailed description, describe the technical features of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0018] FIG. 4 exemplarily illustrates a communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0019] FIG. 5 exemplarily illustrates a functional framework for AI / ML operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a communication procedure based on an AI / ML model between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0022] FIG. 8 exemplarily illustrates a system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0024] Figure 10 illustrates examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0025] Figure 11 illustrates examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0026] FIG. 12 illustrates examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0027] FIG. 13 illustrates an ambient IoT device architecture in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure may be applied.

[0028] FIG. 14 illustrates an overall procedure between an A-IoT device and a reader in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0029] FIG. 15 illustrates a logical system architecture in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0030] FIG. 16 illustrates the operation of a device for device-to-device communication in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0031] FIG. 17 illustrates the operation of a device for device-to-device communication in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0032] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description set forth below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to explain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.

[0033] In some cases, to avoid obscuring the concepts of the present disclosure, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in block diagram form focusing on the core functions of each structure and device.

[0034] In the present disclosure, when a component is said to be "connected," "coupled," or "connected" to another component, this may include not only a direct connection but also an indirect connection in which another component exists between them. Furthermore, the terms "comprises" or "has" in the present disclosure specify the presence of the mentioned features, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0035] In this disclosure, terms such as "first," "second," etc. are used only to distinguish one component from another, are not used to limit the components, and do not limit the order or importance of components unless specifically stated otherwise. Accordingly, within the scope of this disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and similarly, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0036] The terminology used in this disclosure is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0037] In this disclosure, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." In other words, "A or B" in this disclosure can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, "A, B or C" in this disclosure can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0038] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B, or C."

[0039] In the present disclosure, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in the present disclosure, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

[0040] Additionally, in the present disclosure, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0041] Additionally, parentheses used in the present disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0042] In the following description, 'when, if, in case of' can be replaced with 'based on'.

[0043] Technical features individually described in one drawing in this disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0044] In the present disclosure, a terminal or user equipment (UE) may be a portable device and may be a first node that receives a signal from a base station / second node / IAB (integrated access backhaul) node.

[0045] In the present disclosure, a base station (BS) may be a second node / IAB node / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP).

[0046] In the present disclosure, higher layer parameters may be parameters configured, pre-configured, or pre-defined for the terminal. For example, a base station or a network may transmit higher layer parameters to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameters may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0047] In the present disclosure, "setting or defining" may be interpreted as being set to a device through predefined signaling (e.g., SIB (system information block), MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In the present disclosure, "setting or defining" may be interpreted as being set to a device through separate signaling or being defined in advance without separate signaling.

[0048] In the present disclosure, transmitting or receiving a channel means transmitting or receiving information or a signal through the channel. For example, transmitting a control channel means transmitting control information or a signal through the control channel. Similarly, transmitting a data channel means transmitting data information or a signal through the data channel.

[0049] The technology described in the present disclosure can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications) / GPRS (general packet radio service) / EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), 5G NR, and the like.

[0050] The technology described in the present disclosure can be implemented with 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, the 6G system can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), artificial intelligence (AI) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0051] Network structure

[0052] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0053] To compensate for incomplete network coverage areas, a network topology that allows for more flexible and resilient split radio access networks (RANs) may be considered. For this purpose, various nodes, such as integrated access backhaul (IAB) nodes, relays, and radio frequency (RF) repeaters, as illustrated in Figure 1, may be applied, or a non-terrestrial network (NTN) may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, and in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that simply performs the function of signal amplification and forwarding, or in the case of a network-controlled repeater, it may not only amplify and forward signals but also adjust its transmission and reception settings based on information provided by the network. For example, NTN nodes could be satellites or aircraft that provide NTN coverage that terrestrial networks struggle to provide. Beyond these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0054] Referring to Figure 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into a centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DUs). The CU and DU can correspond to logical units. The CU can be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DUs, various intermediate points can be introduced to compensate for this.

[0055] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station, depending on its relationship to other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a unit (DU). The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The unit (DU) of an IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to the terminal. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relationship to a user-side node, and to a terminal in its relationship to a network-side node.

[0056] In some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a terminal may equally apply not only to a user-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in a relative relationship with a network-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a base station may equally apply not only to a network-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in a relative relationship with a user-side endpoint. In most cases where there is no additional description of the operations of three or more entities, the communicating entities in the present disclosure are briefly described as terminals and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes), where the terms terminal and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes) are interpreted to include / replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0057] As such, in some examples of the present disclosure, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the subjects of the operation may be referred to as terminals and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes). In addition, the terms terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node) may also be interpreted / replaced as in the following examples: For example, the terminal (or first node) and the base station (or second node) may respectively correspond to the first endpoint and the second endpoint; may respectively correspond to the endpoint and the intermediate point; may respectively correspond to the intermediate point and the endpoint; or may respectively correspond to the first intermediate point and the second intermediate point.

[0058] In the present disclosure, there may be zero or more intermediate points between the base station and the terminal. If an intermediate point exists, it may correspond to an IAB node / relay / RF repeater / NTN node, or a node supporting other functions. The intermediate point may be a node with a fixed location or a node with an unfixed location.

[0059] Systems applicable to this disclosure

[0060] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0061] The communication system (100) applied to the present disclosure includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Things) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device, and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.), etc. The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may act as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0062] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) via a network device (120). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) via a network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR), or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) can communicate with each other via the network device (120) / network (130), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Additionally, an IoT device (110f) (e.g., a sensor) can communicate directly with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or another wireless device (110a to 110f).

[0063] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120), network devices (120) / network devices (120). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless device and the network device / wireless device, and the network device and the network device can transmit / receive wireless signals to each other. For example, the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), resource allocation processes, etc., may be performed.

[0064] Device applicable to the present disclosure

[0065] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0066] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals via various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0067] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate first information / signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (206). In addition, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may store software code including instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0068] Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., a functional layer such as physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio resource control (RRC), and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP)). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and / or at least one Service Data Unit (SDU) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) can generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) comprising a PDU, an SDU, a message, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed in this document, and provide the signal to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) can receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and obtain the PDU, SDU, message, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

[0069] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. The at least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the at least one processor (202), or may be stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions and / or sets of instructions.

[0070] At least one memory (204) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions and / or commands. The at least one memory (204) can be configured as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard drive, a register, a cache memory, a computer readable storage medium and / or a combination thereof. The at least one memory (204) can be located internally and / or externally to the at least one processor (202). In addition, the at least one memory (204) can be connected to the at least one processor (202) via various technologies such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0071] At least one transceiver (206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., mentioned in the methods and / or flowcharts of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Furthermore, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. Additionally, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document via at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using at least one processor (202).At least one transceiver (206) may convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed by at least one processor (202) from a baseband signal to an RF band signal. For this purpose, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0072] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by different terms in terms of functionality. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as a control unit, the transceiver (206) as a communication unit, and the memory (204) as a storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a portion of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0073] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least a portion of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 can be at least a portion of various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR device (110c), a portable device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT device (110f), an AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3, the device may further include other components.

[0074] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting image information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input from a user.

[0075] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a driving unit including at least one of an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, brakes, and a steering unit of the device, a power supply unit including a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. that supplies power, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting, and a position measurement unit that obtains location information of the mobile device through a global positioning system (GPS) and various sensors.

[0076] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that obtains control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs the generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0077] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc. types depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a driving unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving the robot joints.

[0078] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, a projector, a smartphone, a PC, a laptop, a digital broadcasting terminal, a tablet PC, a wearable device, a set-top box (STB), a radio, a washing machine, a refrigerator, digital signage, a robot, a vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that trains a model composed of an artificial neural network using learning data.

[0079] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as a part of a terminal (or first node), or as a part of an intermediate point, or as a part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communications. If the front haul and / or back haul communications are based on wireless communications, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 may be used for front haul and / or back haul communications, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0080] Communication procedures

[0081] FIG. 4 exemplarily illustrates a communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0082] FIG. 4 illustrates operations of a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmitting and / or receiving data and operations performed prior thereto.

[0083] In step S101, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal can include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal, a secondary synchronization signal) classified according to a structure or purpose. Through this, the terminal (110) can confirm the boundaries of the frame, subframe, slot, and / or symbol of the base station (120) and obtain information (e.g., a cell identifier) ​​about the base station (120).

[0084] In step S103, the first node (110) can obtain system information transmitted from the second node (120). For example, the system information is information related to the properties, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to access the base station (120) and use the service, and can be classified according to the content (e.g., whether it is essential for access), transmission structure (e.g., channel used, whether it is provided in an on-demand manner), etc., and can be classified into, for example, a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). If necessary, the terminal (110) can transmit a signal requesting system information before receiving the system information. Such requesting and providing of system information may be performed after a random access procedure described below.

[0085] In step S105, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform a random access procedure. For example, the terminal (110) can transmit and / or receive at least one message (e.g., a random access preamble, a random access response (RAR) message, etc.) for a random access procedure based on information related to a random access channel of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., channel position, channel structure, structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) may transmit a preamble (e.g., message 1 (MSG1)) over a random access channel, receive a random access response (RAR) message (e.g., message 2 (MSG2)), transmit a message (e.g., message 3 (MSG3)) including information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) using scheduling information included in the RAR message to the base station (120), and receive a message for contention resolution and / or connection establishment (e.g., message 4 (MSG4)). As another example, MSG1 and MSG3 may be transmitted and received as one message (e.g., message A (MSG A)), or MSG2 and MSG4 may be transmitted and received as one message (e.g., message B (MSG B)).

[0086] In step S107, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform signaling of control information. For example, the control information can be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls a connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transmission channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can perform at least one of signaling for establishing a connection, signaling for determining settings related to communication, and signaling for indicating allocated resources.

[0087] In step S109, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can transmit and / or receive data. For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process, transmit, and / or receive data based on signaling of control information. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on information bits. For example, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of signal extraction from resources, waveform demodulation for each antenna, signal arrangement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0088] 6G system core technologies

[0089] As core implementation technologies of the 6G system, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, free space optics (FSO) backhaul network, massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0090] artificial intelligence

[0091] Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analytics to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. This means AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays. Time-consuming tasks such as handovers, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0092] The following describes a functional framework for AI / ML operations.

[0093] Below, to explain AI (or AI / ML) more specifically, the terms can be defined as follows.

[0094] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0095] - AI Model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0096] - AI / ML Training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent the data and obtain a trained AI / ML model for inference.

[0097] - AI / ML Inference: The process of making predictions or inducing decisions based on collected data and the AI ​​model using a trained AI model.

[0098] Life Cycle Management (LCM) procedures for AI / ML models (i.e., model training, model deployment, model inference, model monitoring, model updates, etc.) can be divided into functionality-based LCM and model-based LCM. In functionality-based LCM, AI / ML models may not be identified by the network, and the network can direct the activation / deactivation / fallback / switching of AI / ML functionality. In model-ID (identifier)-based LCM, AI / ML models can be identified by the network, and the network / terminal can activate / deactivate / select / switch AI / ML models based on the model ID.

[0099] FIG. 5 exemplarily illustrates a functional framework for AI / ML operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0100] Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture relevant to both Functionality-based LCM and Model-based LCM. Some of the functions or some of the data / information / command flows (i.e., arrows) illustrated in Figure 5 may be omitted.

[0101] Referring to FIG. 5, a general functional framework can be configured to include a data collection function (10), a model training function (20), a management function (30), an inference function (40), and a model storage function (50).

[0102] The Data Collection function (10) is a function that provides input data to the Model Training function (20), Management function (30), and Inference function (40). The Data Collection function (10) can perform data preparation based on raw data and provide input data processed through data preparation. Examples of raw data may include received data / measurement data from terminals or other network entities, inference / output of AI / ML models, etc. The Data Collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., terminal, network node, etc.) or may be performed by multiple entities.

[0103] Here, training data (11) refers to data required as input for the AI / ML Model Training function (20). Monitoring data (12) refers to data required as input for the Management (30) of the AI / ML model or AI / ML function. Inference data (13) refers to data required as input for the AI / ML Inference function (30).

[0104] The Model Training function (20) is a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the AI / ML model testing procedure. The Model Training function (20) can perform data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, forming, and transformation) based on the Training Data (11) transferred from the Data Collection function (10), if necessary.

[0105] Trained / Updated Model (21): If there is a Model Storage function (50), it is used to pass a trained, validated and tested AI / ML model to the Model Storage function (50) or to pass an updated version of the model to the Model Storage function (50).

[0106] The Management function (30) is a function that supervises the operation of the AI / ML model or AI / ML function. In addition, the Management function (30) may perform decisions to ensure appropriate inference operations based on data received from the Data Collection function (10) (i.e., Monitoring Data (12)) and / or data received from the Inference function (40) (i.e., Inference Output (41)).

[0107] Management Instruction (32) is information required as input to manage the Inference function (40). The relevant information may include selection / (de)activation / switching of an AI / ML model or AI / ML-based function, and may also include fallback to non-AI / ML operations (i.e., not relying on the inference process).

[0108] A Model Transfer / Delivery Request (33) can be used to request model(s) from Model Storage (50).

[0109] A Performance Feedback / Retraining Request (31) refers to information required as input to the Model Training function (20) (e.g., for the purpose of (re)training or updating the model).

[0110] The Inference function (40) is a function that provides output from the process of applying an AI / ML model or AI / ML function using data (i.e., Inference Data (13)) provided by Data Collection (10) as input. Data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) may also be performed based on the Inference Data (13) delivered by Data Collection (10). If necessary, the Inference function (40) may also perform data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, forming, and transformation) based on the Inference Data (13) provided by Data Collection function (10).

[0111] Inference Output (41) is data used in the Management function (30) to monitor the performance of an AI / ML model or AI / ML function. Inference Output (41) may include the inference output of the AI / ML model generated by the Inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0112] The Model Storage function (50) stores a learned / updated model that can be used to perform the Inference function (40). The Model Storage function (50) illustrated in FIG. 2 can be used as a reference point (if any) when applicable to protocol termination, model transmission / delivery, and related processes. Furthermore, the Model Storage function (50) is merely an example and is not intended to limit the storage location of actual AI / ML models, and may be omitted.

[0113] Model Transfer / Delivery (51) is used to transfer AI / ML models to inference functions.

[0114] The level of cooperation can be defined as follows depending on the capability of AI / ML functions between multiple nodes, and variations due to combination of multiple levels or separation of any one level are also possible.

[0115] Cat 0a) No collaboration framework: AI / ML algorithms are purely implementation-based and do not require any changes to the wireless interface.

[0116] Cat 0b) This level corresponds to a framework with a modified wireless interface tailored to efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms, but without collaboration.

[0117] Category 1) involves inter-node support to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, this applies when a specific node receives support from another node (for training, adaptation, etc.) and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0118] Category 2) Joint AI / ML tasks can be performed across multiple nodes. This level requires the exchange of AI / ML model commands or network nodes.

[0119] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an overall functional framework for an AI / ML model, and not all functions and / or all data / information / command signals illustrated in FIG. 5 may be performed within a specific node, but only some of them may be performed.

[0120] AI / ML models can be divided into one-side models and two-side models depending on whether training and / or inference are performed on a single node or jointly / sequentially on multiple nodes.

[0121] A one-side model can refer to an AI / ML model in which inference is performed entirely by a single node (e.g., a terminal or network). Here, AI / ML model training can also be performed entirely by a single node. AI / ML model training and inference can be performed by the same node, or they can be performed by separate nodes.

[0122] A two-side model can refer to an AI / ML model in which joint inference is performed across multiple nodes (e.g., terminals and networks). Joint inference refers to inference being performed jointly across multiple nodes. For example, the first part of the inference may be performed by a first node, and the remaining part by a second node. Two-side models can be categorized into several types depending on the training method of the AI / ML model, as follows:

[0123] - First type: AI / ML models can be trained on a single node. In this case, joint training can be performed. The trained model can then be distributed to other nodes / objects.

[0124] - Second type: Joint training of AI / ML models can be performed on multiple nodes / entities (e.g., networks and terminals). Joint training can mean that model generation (e.g., CSI generation part) and model reconstruction (CSI compression by sub-use case) are trained in the same loop for forward activation and backward gradient. In this type, joint training can include both simultaneous training (i.e., model generation training and model reconstruction training are performed simultaneously) and sequential training (i.e., model reconstruction training is performed after model generation training).

[0125] - Third type: Separate training of AI / ML models can be performed on multiple nodes (e.g., networks and terminals). Separate training may mean that training begins sequentially on one node and continues on other nodes. In this case, the first node first performs the AI / ML model and shares the training data with the second node. The second node can then use the shared training data to perform the AI / ML model. For example, training for the CSI generation part may be performed by the terminal, while CSI reconstruction may be performed by the network.

[0126] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a communication procedure based on an AI / ML model between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0127] Step 1: In the description of the present disclosure described below, signaling (e.g., information / data / channel / signal, etc.) or a set of signaling between a specific node (e.g., a terminal, a network, etc.) and another node may be interpreted as the signaling or set of signaling of Step 1 used to perform an operation based on an AI / ML model, even if not otherwise mentioned. For example, it may correspond to training data for training (i.e., generation and / or reconstruction) the AI / ML model of FIG. 2, or correspond to inference data used for inference of the AI / ML model, or correspond to feedback for the AI / ML model, etc. If signaling between nodes is not required prior to an operation based on an AI / ML model in the present disclosure, Step 1 may be omitted. If a one-side model is used in the present disclosure, the unidirectional / bidirectional signaling (set) in the present disclosure may correspond to the signaling of Step 1. In addition, when a two-side model is used in the present disclosure, the one-way / two-way signaling in the present disclosure may correspond to one-stage signaling, and also, a repetitive signaling operation may correspond to one-stage signaling.

[0128] For example, in AI / ML model-based beam management (BM), if a base station predicts (i.e., infers) beam(s) with good quality based on an AI / ML model, the base station can receive quality / intensity information for multiple beams from a terminal. Furthermore, if a terminal predicts (i.e., infers) beam(s) with good quality based on an AI / ML model, the terminal can receive multiple beams from the base station.

[0129] Step 2: In the description of the present disclosure described below, an operation (e.g., calculation, selection, prediction, etc.) in a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) or a joint operation (e.g., calculation, selection, prediction, etc.) in multiple nodes (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) may correspond to a step 2 operation based on one or more functions in the functional framework of the AI / ML model, even if not mentioned separately. For example, it may correspond to training (i.e., generation and / or reconstruction) of the AI / ML model in FIG. 2, or it may correspond to inference of the AI / ML model, etc. When a one-side model is used, an operation performed by a single node in the present disclosure may correspond to a step 2 operation, and also, when a two-side model is used, a joint operation performed by multiple nodes in the present disclosure may correspond to a step 2 operation.

[0130] For example, in an AI / ML model-based BM, the base station can use quality / intensity information for multiple beams received from the terminal as inference data to predict (i.e., infer) beam(s) with good quality based on the AI / ML model. Furthermore, the terminal can measure multiple beams received from the base station and use the measurement results as inference data to predict (i.e., infer) beam(s) with good quality based on the AI / ML model.

[0131] Step 3: In the description of the present disclosure described below, the signaling (e.g., information / data / channel / signal, etc.) or set of signaling between a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) and another node may be interpreted as a three-step signaling or set of signaling generated due to (as a result of) an operation based on an AI / ML model, even if not otherwise mentioned. For example, it may correspond to an output resulting from inference of the AI / ML model in FIG. 2. If signaling between nodes is not required as a result of an operation based on an AI / ML model in the present disclosure, Step 3 may be omitted. If a one-side model is used in the present disclosure, the one-way / two-way signaling (set) in the present disclosure may correspond to the three-step signaling. In addition, if a two-side model is used in the present disclosure, the one-way / two-way signaling in the present disclosure may correspond to the three-step signaling, and furthermore, a repetitive signaling operation may correspond to the three-step signaling.

[0132] For example, in an AI / ML model-based BM, the base station can transmit to the terminal the beam(s) predicted based on the AI / ML model as candidates so that the terminal can determine the optimal beam. Furthermore, the terminal can report to the base station the beam(s) predicted based on the AI / ML model to request the base station to transmit the candidate beams as candidates for determining the optimal beam.

[0133] THz communication (terahertz communication)

[0134] Data transmission rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (the sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0135] FIG. 7 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0136] Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates, and (ii) the high path loss at high frequencies (which necessitates highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

[0137] Transmitting system information (e.g., MIB) in a cell in the THz frequency band can be inefficient because the beam width in high-frequency bands narrows, requiring more beam sweeps to cover the entire cell area. This method is particularly inefficient when there are only a few users within the cell.

[0138] FIG. 8 exemplarily illustrates a system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0139] The example of Fig. 8 is applicable not only to THz communication environments but also to 6G communication environments where THz communication is not applicable. Furthermore, the procedure illustrated in Fig. 8 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, the embodiments described below can be performed based on system information acquired through the procedure illustrated in Fig. 8.

[0140] In step S810, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) can transmit system information of cell #1 through cell #2. For example, the base station provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one of an SFN (system frame number), a PDCCH configuration for SIB1, cell barring, cell re-selection, and subcarrier spacing generated in a higher layer, and may include at least one of an SFN, a half frame indicator, and an SSB index (synchronization signal / PBCH (physical broadcast channel) block index) generated in a physical layer. For this purpose, as an example, cell #1 and cell #2 may have a relationship of a secondary cell and a primary cell.

[0141] At step S830, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) can acquire synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Typically, synchronization is acquired before receiving system information. However, since the system information for cell #1 is received from cell #2, synchronization acquisition for cell #1 can be performed after receiving the system information. For example, the terminal can acquire synchronization based on the system information. Alternatively, synchronization acquisition can be performed before step S1010.

[0142] At step S850, the first node (110) may transmit a signal for accessing cell #1. For example, the signal may include a random access preamble. The structure of this signal and the resources (e.g., channels) for transmitting the signal may be identified through system information. Thereafter, at step S1070, the first node (110) and the second node (120) may perform an access procedure for cell #1 and communicate.

[0143] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 8 may be performed when the first node (110) initially connects to cell #1 of the second node (120). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the first node (110) performs a handover to cell #1 of the second node (120). However, in the case of a handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a base station other than cell #2 of the second node (120).

[0144] Communications in the THz band are expected to experience extremely severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations may be required to use very sharp beams. The use of sharp beams means that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, and the number of beams used increases significantly. Consequently, it takes a very long time to align the transmit and receive beams between the base station and terminals. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and terminals is misaligned due to movement or movement of the terminals, frequent re-alignment is required, which can lead to link instability.

[0145] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0146] Although FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, this procedure is not limited to a THz environment and can also be applied to a 6G communication environment where THz communication is not applied.

[0147] Here, beam may be interpreted as other terms having equivalent technical meanings that can distinguish beams, such as 'spatial domain filter', 'spatial domain transmit filter', 'spatial domain receive filter', reference signal (RS) resource that distinguishes beams, SSB index, etc.

[0148] In step S910, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) can set resources for beam management to the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal). Here, the resources may include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station may utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from an existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS may be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port may be a different port from a port for transmitting an existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., SSB, PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel), etc.). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. For example, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / set for beam search may be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0149] In step S930, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmits measurement signals using a plurality of transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams that require measurement, and may also be transmitted in a multi-beam transmission method that forms a plurality of beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, the multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, and a true time delay (TTD).

[0150] At step S950, a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) may transmit a feedback signal to a second node (120) (e.g., a base station). The feedback signal may indicate at least one beam selected by the terminal. The terminal may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received at step S1030.

[0151] In step S970, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform communication. For example, the second node (120) can perform transmission to the first node (110) using the reception beam of the first node (110) selected in step S1050. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the first node (110) can also be determined through steps S1030 and S1050, so that the transmission operation from the first node (110) can also be performed using a beam that has a reciprocal relationship with the beam selected in step S1050. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including transmission of measurement signal(s) by the first node (110) and transmission of feedback signal(s) by the second node (120) may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the first node (110).

[0152] non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

[0153] Figures 10 and 11 illustrate examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0154] NTN can represent a network or network segment that uses radio frequency (RF) resources mounted on a satellite (or unmanned aerial system (UAS) platform).

[0155] Figure 10 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a transparent payload, and Figure 11 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a regenerative payload.

[0156] Referring to Figure 10, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. The satellite can be connected to a data network via the gateway. The beam footprint can refer to the area where the signal transmitted by the satellite can be received.

[0157] Referring to Figure 11, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. A satellite (or UAS platform) connected to a terminal can be connected to another satellite (or UAS platform) via an inter-satellite link (ISL). The other satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. Based on the regenerated payload, the satellite can be connected to a data network through another satellite and the gateway. If an ISL does not exist between the satellite and another satellite, a feeder link between the satellite and the gateway may be required.

[0158] Figures 10 and 11 are only examples of NTN scenarios, and NTN can be implemented based on various scenarios. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can implement a transparent or regenerative (e.g., with onboard processing) payload. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can generate multiple beams across a designated service area depending on the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform). For example, the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) can vary depending on the onboard antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.

[0159] For example, a transparent payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload may remain unchanged.

[0160] For example, a regenerative payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. For example, a regenerative payload may be substantially equivalent to mounting all or part of a base station function on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0161] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0162] Wireless sensing is a technology that uses radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (or range) of an object, and thus obtain information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment. Because radio frequency sensing does not require a networked device to connect to the object, it can provide a service for object positioning without a device. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can enable a wide range of new capabilities, such as various object detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), and high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to a variety of industries (e.g., drones, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.), enabling applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing can utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of wireless sensing services, such as sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing offers an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from a communications network to a wireless communication and sensing network.

[0163] FIG. 12 illustrates examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0164] Specifically, Fig. 12(a) shows an example of a monostatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located in the same location. Fig. 12(b) shows an example of a bistatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located in separate locations. A sensing signal transmitted from a sensing transmitter is reflected / scattered by a sensing object, and the sensing receiver can receive the signal, and extract / obtain sensing data based on the received signal. A sensing result can be generated / determined through appropriate processing of the sensing data. The sensing result can be provided to a trusted third-party entity / service outside the 3GPP system via an entity / service within the 3GPP system.

[0165] Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT)

[0166] IoT has recently attracted a lot of attention in the wireless communications field, and it is expected that more things will be interconnected to improve productivity efficiency.

[0167] Most existing wireless communication devices are powered by batteries that require manual replacement or recharging. Therefore, powering all IoT devices with these batteries is impossible, leading to high maintenance costs and serious environmental impacts.

[0168] To address these challenges, new IoT technologies are needed that support battery-less devices without energy storage capabilities, or devices with energy storage capabilities that do not require manual replacement or recharging. As one type of application, most industries currently rely primarily on barcodes and RFID (radio frequency identification). However, their limited read range (a few meters) and lack of interference management systems can lead to serious interference between RFID readers and capacity issues, making it difficult to support large-scale networks with seamless RFID coverage.

[0169] 3GPP is discussing a new IoT technology called Ambient IoT. Ambient IoT technology can enable connections and / or device densities orders of magnitude higher than existing 3GPP IoT technologies, while offering complexity and power consumption orders of magnitude lower than existing 3GPP LPWA (low power wide area) technologies, such as narrow band (NB)-IoT and LTE-MTC (machine type communication).

[0170] FIG. 13 illustrates an ambient IoT device architecture in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure may be applied.

[0171] - Antenna: The antenna may be shared or separate for the radio frequency (RF) energy harvester and receiver / transmitter.

[0172] - Matching network: The matching network matches the impedance between the antenna and other components (including RF energy harvester and receiver-related blocks).

[0173] - RF energy harvester: The RF energy harvester may include a rectifier that converts an RF signal (i.e., alternating current (AC)) into direct current (DC).

[0174] - Energy storage (e.g., capacitor): Stores energy harvested from RF energy harvesters.

[0175] - Power Management Unit (PMU): The PMU manages the storage of energy in the energy harvester and the supply of power to the active component blocks that require power supply.

[0176] - (Digital) BB (balanced-balanced) logic: BB logic includes functional blocks such as encoder, decoder, and controller.

[0177] - Memory: Memory can include two types of memory: i) non-volatile memory (NVM), such as electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), for permanently storing device IDs, etc., and 2) registers, for temporarily storing information necessary for operation only while energy is present in the energy storage.

[0178] - Clock generator: The clock generator provides the required clock signal(s). Here, the clock signal is a periodic signal used for timing and synchronization. In on-off-keying (OOK) modulation, the time for transmitting a bit (0 or 1) is determined by the chip duration, and this chip duration is precisely controlled by the clock signal and can be defined as a multiple of the clock period, for example. In other words, based on the clock signal, a TARI (Type A Reference Interval) for setting a time interval that serves as a reference for communication can be determined, and based on the TARI, the chip duration can be determined.

[0179] The receiving related blocks include:

[0180] - RF band pass filter (BPF) to improve selectivity: RF BPF may not exist depending on the implementation.

[0181] - RF envelope detector: The RF envelope detector converts the RF signal to baseband.

[0182] - BB low-pass filter (LPF): The BB LPF can improve the quality of the input signal to the comparator by filtering out harmonics and high-frequency components. The BB LPF may not be present depending on the implementation.

[0183] - Comparator: The comparator determines whether the input signal is high or low.

[0184] The receiving related blocks include:

[0185] - Backscatter modulator: The backscatter modulator modulates the backscatter signal into a signal transmitted from the BB logic by switching the impedance.

[0186] Figure 13 illustrates a device with a peak power consumption of ~1 μW, no reader-to-device (R2D) (i.e., receiving) or device-to-reader (D2R) (i.e., transmitting) amplification within the device, and where the device's D2R transmission backscatters (i.e., uses the energy of the received CW to transmit a signal) against an externally provided carrier wave (CW).

[0187] Although not shown in FIG. 13, for devices with peak power consumption of ~ hundreds of μW and R2D or D2R amplification within the device, a reflection amplifier and / or a low noise amplifier (LNA) may be further included to amplify at least one of the R2D / CW2D (Carrier-wave, or carrier-wave node, to device) and D2R.

[0188] Also, although not shown in FIG. 13, if the D2R transmission of the device is generated internally by the device, the transmission-related blocks of FIG. 13 can be replaced with blocks for generating and transmitting the following D2R signal.

[0189] - Transmission modulator: The transmission modulator modulates baseband bits according to a modulation method.

[0190] - Digital-to-analog converter (DAC): A DAC converts a digital signal into an analog signal.

[0191] - Low pass filter (LPF): LPF filters out unwanted signals.

[0192] - Mixer: The mixer upconverts the baseband signal to the RF range.

[0193] - Local oscillator (LO): LO generates the carrier frequency.

[0194] - Frequency locked loop (FLL) / phase-locked loop (PLL): Can be used for frequency synthesis, but may not be present depending on the implementation.

[0195] - Power amplifier (PA): The PA amplifies the transmission signal.

[0196] Below, we describe solutions for ambient IoT.

[0197] A-IoT processing time can be defined by the following timing relationship:

[0198] TR2D_min: Minimum time between an R2D transmission and the corresponding D2R transmission.

[0199] TD2R_min: Minimum time between a D2R transmission and its corresponding R2D transmission.

[0200] TD2R_max: Maximum time between a D2R transmission and its corresponding R2D transmission.

[0201] TR2D_R2D_min: Minimum time between two different consecutive R2D transmissions to the same A-IoT device.

[0202] TD2R_D2R_min: Minimum time between two different consecutive D2R transmissions from the same A-IoT device.

[0203] 1. R2D (reader-to-device)

[0204] 1) R2D waveform, modulation, and numerology

[0205] Dedicated physical broadcast channels (e.g., PBCH-like) and reference signals including DMRS, PTRS (phase tracking reference signal), and CSI-RS / TRS may not be considered for R2D.

[0206] An OFDM-based OOK waveform with a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of 15 kHz is considered. For this waveform, the start of the R2D transmission from the reader's perspective can be assumed to be aligned with the boundary of an NR OFDM symbol (including the CP) for in-band / guard-band operation. Both CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM are possible to generate this waveform. Both CP-OFDM (cyclic prefix-OFDM) and DFT-s-OFDM (DFT-spread OFDM) are possible when M=1, i.e., using On-off keying (OOK)-1 or OOK-4 for single-chip transmission per OFDM symbol. DFT-s-OFDM is possible when M>1, i.e., using OOK-4 for M-chip transmission per OFDM symbol.

[0207] 2) PRDCH (physical reader-to-device channel)

[0208] For R2D, the PRDCH can be defined as the sole physical channel. The PRDCH can carry all upper-layer payloads (including system information, if defined) and L1 R2D control information, if defined. For example, if no L1 R2D control information is transmitted via the PRDCH, a PRDCH transmission carrying only R2D data is also possible.

[0209] 3) R2D timing

[0210] An R2D timing acquisition signal (R-TAS) preceding the PRDCH may be included at least for timing acquisition, and the R-TAS may indicate the start of an R2D transmission in the time domain. The structure of the R-TAS using a preamble is being discussed, and may include a start-indicator part that provides the start of an R2D transmission and a clock-acquisition part that is used to determine the OOK chip duration of a subsequent PRDCH transmission. Here, the preamble may not be part of the PRDCH.

[0211] The R-TAS start-indicator part is not included in TD2R_min, and an ON / OFF pattern (i.e., high / low voltage transmission) can be applied. An ON-OFF transmission based on energy / edge detection can be considered for the R-TAS start-indicator part. In this case, a single ON-OFF transmission or multiple ON-OFF transmissions can be included. Here, ON and OFF can have the same or different time intervals. Alternatively, an ON-OFF sequence-based design consisting of a predefined sequence for detecting the R-TAS start-indicator part based on digital correlation can be considered.

[0212] The clock-acquisition portion is based on OOK without line coding, and the device may include rising / falling edges including at least two rising or two falling edges to determine the OOK chip time interval.

[0213] To determine or induce the end of a PRDCH transmission, information may be transmitted via implicit / explicit L1 R2D control information or a postamble may be included at the end of the PRDCH.

[0214] 4) R2D scheduling

[0215] For R2D reception, the device may explicitly / implicitly indicate to the device via the PRDCH the ID associated with the device(s) for R2D reception (potentially including all devices (if supported)).

[0216] 2. D2R (device-to-reader)

[0217] 1) Waveform and modulation

[0218] Reference signals, including DMRS, PTRS, and SRS, may not be considered for D2R. Additionally, CSI feedback and autonomous scheduling requests (SRs) may not be considered for L1 (layer-1) D2R control information.

[0219] For D2R by backscattering, the waveform can be provided by a CW (carrier wave). The D2R baseband signal (distinguished from the inner or outer carrier wave) can be non-OFDM.

[0220] The following D2R baseband modulations are discussed for all devices:

[0221] - OOK

[0222] - BPSK (binary phase shift keying)

[0223] - BFSK (binary frequency shift keying), MSK (minimum shift keying)

[0224] 2) PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel)

[0225] For D2R, the physical channel PDRCH can carry upper layer payload, responses sent from the device to the leader during contention-based access procedures, and L1 D2R control information (if defined).

[0226] 3) D2R timing

[0227] A D2R timing acquisition signal (D-TAS) preceding each PDRCH may be included at least for timing acquisition purposes and may indicate the start of a D2R transmission in the time domain. A D-TAS structure using a preamble is being discussed, and a binary signal may be considered. Here, the preamble may not be part of the PDRCH.

[0228] To ensure that the leader obtains the end of a PDRCH transmission, a D2R postamble may be included immediately after the PDRCH or may be based on control information.

[0229] 4) D2R scheduling

[0230] For D2R scheduling, the following information can be explicitly / implicitly indicated to the device via the PRDCH:

[0231] - Time domain resources

[0232] - Frequency domain resources

[0233] - MCS-like information

[0234] - Chip duration

[0235] - ID associated with the device(s)

[0236] - Repeat

[0237] - Information about midamble (if supported)

[0238] 3. Overall procedure

[0239] FIG. 14 illustrates an overall procedure between an A-IoT device and a reader in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0240] - Step A: A-IoT Paging. Based on the service request, the leader transmits an A-IoT paging message indicating the device(s) that should respond.

[0241] Here, the A-IoT paging function can use A-IoT paging messages to indicate the device(s) that require a response.

[0242] An identifier may be included in this trigger message within the A-IoT paging message to identify the device / device group. Additionally, the A-IoT paging message may include additional information that allows the device to determine the resources to use in the D2R response message.

[0243] A leader can transmit multiple (subsequent) A-IoT paging messages related to the same service request in the core network (CN). Duplicate responses from devices to the same service request must be avoided. Information to avoid such duplicate responses from devices to the leader can be included in the A-IoT paging message. Based on this information, the device can decide whether to skip sending a response to the A-IoT paging message.

[0244] - Step B: D2R data (device ID) transmission. The triggered A-IoT device(s) perform device ID transmission with or without the A-IoT random access procedure.

[0245] The A-IoT random access procedure is used by A-IoT devices to access the network for data transmission. The A-IoT random access procedure is triggered by the leader and can trigger access for a single A-IoT device, a group of A-IoT devices, or all A-IoT devices within the leader's coverage area.

[0246] Slotted-ALOHA (slotted-additive links on-line Hawaii area) can be used as an A-IoT random access procedure.

[0247] After the A-IoT device considers contention resolution successful when contention-based random access is used, or when contention-free access is used, the A-IoT device may perform upper layer data transmission with the leader (e.g., device ID and / or other upper layer data, if any).

[0248] In the event of a D2R data transmission failure and contention-based random access contention resolution failure, the A-IoT device is supported to re-access at another opportunity (i.e., random access retry) controlled / provided by the leader. Note that the A-IoT device cannot autonomously re-access, and re-access is always controlled by the leader. The leader can use an optional explicit R2D failure / success feedback indication to determine whether the A-IoT device should re-access.

[0249] - Step C1: Possible R2D data transfer (e.g. command transfer).

[0250] - Step C2: Possible D2R data transmission (e.g., response to a command).

[0251] Subsequent R2D data transmissions following a D2R data transmission can be considered as not requiring retransmission of the D2R data. In the event of a D2R data transmission failure, the A-IoT device can follow the leader's subsequent R2D instructions. For example, the leader can repeat an R2D upper-layer "command" to trigger the A-IoT device to resend the same D2R upper-layer "response" (i.e., the A-IoT device can transmit a D2R following the received R2D).

[0252] The A-IoT MAC layer can only support simplified segmentation and can support a maximum TB size of approximately 1000 bits in both R2D and D2R directions.

[0253] Additionally, A-IoT devices can report their energy status to the leader. For example, an A-IoT device can report a 1-bit energy status indicator to the leader in a D2R message. The leader can consider this indicator in the remaining / follow-up procedures. For example, the leader may not transmit subsequent messages for a while, or the leader may not take any action.

[0254] From a higher-level perspective, an "AS (access stratum) ID" can be used for D2R scheduling and R2D reception purposes. Any ID used in the first D2R message can be reused as the "AS ID," or the leader can assign this "AS ID" to an A-IoT device.

[0255] 4. RAN Architecture

[0256] FIG. 15 illustrates a logical system architecture in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0257] The RAN architecture for supporting ambient IoT can support a logical system architecture for topology 1 as in Fig. 15(a) and a logical system architecture for topology 2 as in Fig. 15(b).

[0258] - A-IoT device: A device that supports ambient IoT.

[0259] - A-IoT RAN: Hosts specific functions for A-IoT as part of the RAN's functionality.

[0260] - A-IoT radio: Radio interface between A-IoT devices and A-IoT RAN nodes in topology 1, and between A-IoT devices and A-IoT enabled UEs in topology 2.

[0261] - A-IoT CN: Hosts specific functions for A-IoT in terms of CN's functional aspects.

[0262] - XX Interface: Interface between A-IoT RAN / A-IoT supporting gNB and A-IoT CN where specific A-IoT specific functions are performed.

[0263] - Common reader function: Ability to communicate with A-IoT devices via A-IoT wireless.

[0264] - A-IoT RAN node functions: Functions including, for example, control of A-IoT radio resources used for A-IoT devices.

[0265] FIG. 15(a) shows that both the common reader function and the A-IoT RAN node function can be supported by the A-IoT RAN node. Conversely, FIG. 15(b) shows that the common reader function is supported by the A-IoT-enabled UE, and the A-IoT RAN node function can be supported by the A-IoT-enabled gNB.

[0266] 5. Information exchanged between the A-IoT CN (core network) and the A-IoT RAN (radio access network).

[0267] Information about A-IoT service types (e.g., inventory, commands) can be directed to the leader from the CN.

[0268] 1) Inventory: This refers to the service that the network provides to discover and obtain identifiers of A-IoT devices.

[0269] A-IoT CN can transmit inventory for a single device, a group of devices, or all devices.

[0270] An inventory request transmitted from an A-IoT CN to an A-IoT RAN may include:

[0271] - A-IoT device identification (to find a single device, a group of devices, or all devices)

[0272] - The scope of the inventory request (e.g. the specific area where the inventory will be triggered)

[0273] Multiple individual A-IoT device IDs (one ID per device) can be provided to the A-IoT CN via a single inventory report.

[0274] 2) Command: This refers to the service (e.g., read, write, etc.) that the network provides to send work instructions to A-IoT devices.

[0275] A-IoT CN can transmit commands to a single device.

[0276] Design and transmission / reception method of preamble, midamble, and postamble in A-IoT system

[0277] Hereinafter, the methods proposed in this disclosure can be commonly applied to both topologies 1 and 2. Furthermore, for convenience of explanation in this disclosure, the gNB and UE1 as an IN are referred to as a reader. Furthermore, this disclosure can be commonly applied to both cases, where the leader receiving the BSS directly generates and transmits a CW, or where the node transmitting the CW is a separate node from the leader.

[0278] A-IoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, CW may be used to power A-IoT devices or as CW for downlink transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0279] For example, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the CW waveform type can be a single-tone CW waveform type or a more complex multi-tone CW waveform type. For example, single-tone CW can be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference because it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages such as being able to transfer more energy when transmitting CW in DL, and also securing greater coverage from a single device.

[0280] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types can be supported in the A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / assisting node (AN: node assisting DL transmission or UL transmission) / UE can configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system can be configured / defined in advance, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure / instruct / indicate the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0281] Additionally, the ambient IoT BS (base station) (e.g., reader) used in the present disclosure may correspond to a base station (e.g., gNB) in topology 1, and may correspond to a specific UE in topology 2. Additionally, the ambient IoT device (e.g., tag) used in the present disclosure may be interpreted as an ambient IoT device in both topology 1 and / or topology 2.

[0282] This disclosure proposes methods for designing and transmitting / receiving a preamble, midamble, and postamble that can be used for Ambient IoT transmission / reception. In this disclosure, the term "x-amble" can be used as a word indicating all of the preamble, midamble, and postamble.

[0283] Meanwhile, the preamble, midamble, and postamble mentioned in this specification may be transmitted together with D2R, R2D transmission (e.g., PDRCH, PRDCH) (i.e., not included in D2R, R2D transmission, but transmitted together before / middle / after D2R, R2D transmission) or may be transmitted while being included in the corresponding D2R, R2D transmission.

[0284] In the present disclosure, a preamble may mean something that is transmitted before (immediately before) a specific D2R or R2D transmission, or something that is transmitted at the very beginning of a specific D2R or R2D transmission. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a midamble may mean something that is transmitted between specific D2R or R2D transmissions, or something that is transmitted in the middle of a specific D2R or R2D transmission. Furthermore, a postamble may mean something that is transmitted after a specific D2R or R2D transmission, or something that is transmitted at the very end of a specific D2R or R2D transmission.

[0285] In this disclosure, ' / ' means 'and', 'or', or 'and / or' depending on the context.

[0286] Example 1: How to define the preamble, midamble, and postamble of an Ambient IoT system

[0287] - For x-ambles (i.e., preamble, midamble, and postamble), sequences of the same form and / or length are used, and only specific values ​​constituting each sequence can be set differently. Therefore, the reader and the device can distinguish the x-amble based on the specific values.

[0288] For example, one could consider using a binary sequence with the same length of N bits (where N is an integer greater than 0) for all x-ambles. Here, N=6 could be applied to all of the preamble, midamble, and postamble, but the values ​​could be set differently. As a specific example, the preamble could be “101011,” the midamble “010111,” and the postamble “100111.”

[0289] Alternatively, the binary sequence may contain a violation value (i.e., v) (e.g., when FM0 is used as the encoding method for D2R transmission). In this case, each x-amble sequence may have a different violation value, and each x-amble may be distinguished based on the position of the violation value. For example, the preamble may be “1010v1”, the midamble “0101v1”, the postamble “1001v1”, etc.

[0290] Alternatively, if pulse interval encoding (PIE) is considered for R2D transmission, at least one of the position, order, and length of TRcal (i.e., reader calibration time) and RTcal (i.e., tag calibration time) may be defined differently for each x-amble. Here, the length of TRcal and RTcal of the midamble / postamble may be determined based on the length of TRcal and RTcal of the preamble. For example, if the length of TRcal and RTcal for the preamble is defined as A and B, respectively, the length of TRcal and RTcal for the midamble may be defined as Al and Bm, respectively, and the length of TRcal and RTcal for the postamble may be defined as An, Bp, etc., respectively. Here, specifically, TRcal and / or RTcal may be omitted in the midamble, and both TRcal and RTcal may be omitted in the postamble.

[0291] Alternatively, a method of using the values ​​of the sequence used in the preamble as the sequence of the midamble by inverting them (i.e., inverting 0 to 1, 1 to 0) may also be considered. For example, if the preamble is defined as “101011”, the midamble can be used as “010100”, and for another example, if the preamble is defined as “010111”, the midamble can be used as “101000”. In this case, the postamble can be defined as a separate value (i.e., regardless of the sequence values ​​of the preamble / midamble or without applying the inversion of the values ​​of the sequences of the preamble / midamble).

[0292] Alternatively, a method may be considered in which the values ​​of the sequence used in the preamble are circularly shifted right (or left) by X samples (i.e., the value of each bit in the sequence is shifted right / left by X, with the rightmost / leftmost bits being circularly shifted to the leftmost / rightmost bits) (where X is an integer greater than 0) and used as the midamble. As a concrete example, if the preamble is defined as “101011” and a 2-sample right circular shift is applied, the midamble can be used as “111010”. Here, the corresponding cyclic shift can also be applied to the postamble, in which case the postamble can be used as “101110” by circularly shifting 2 samples right from the midamble. Here, the value of X can be determined based on the length of the sequence of x-amble.

[0293] - In addition, it may be defined that sequences of different shapes and / or lengths are used for each of the x-ambles (i.e., preamble, midamble, and postamble). That is, it may be defined that an A-bit binary sequence is used for the preamble, a B-bit binary sequence is used for the midamble, and a C-bit binary sequence is used for the postamble (where A, B, and C are integers greater than 0). As a specific example, if the values ​​of A, B, and C are set to be different (e.g., A=6, B=4, C=2, etc.), the sequence “101011” may be used for the preamble, the sequence “1011” may be used for the midamble, and the sequence “11” may be used for the postamble.

[0294] - In addition, it can be defined that the same shape / length sequence is used for the preamble and midamble, and a separate sequence is used only for the postamble. This is because the preamble and / or midamble can perform timing acquisition functions, channel estimation functions, and / or information indication functions, whereas the main function of the postamble is to notify the end of transmission. For example, a binary sequence having at least one of the same shape, length, and value can be set for the preamble and midamble, and a dummy value can be set for the postamble. As a specific example, a 6-bit binary sequence can be defined as “101011” or “1010v1” for the preamble and midamble, respectively (wherein v is a violation value), and the postamble can be defined as “dummy 1.” As another example, although binary sequences of the same shape and / or length are set / used for the preamble and the midamble, the values ​​of the binary sequences may be set / defined differently. The sequence length A of the preamble and the sequence length B of the midamble may be set / defined to be the same (for example, A=B=6). For example, the sequence for the preamble may be “101011”, and the sequence for the midamble may be “010111”. In addition, only the sequence length C of the postamble may be set / defined to be a different length (for example, C=2), and may be set / defined to be used as, for example, “dummy1”. Alternatively, only the sequence for the postamble may be defined / configured as a sequence of a different shape, and may be set / defined to be used as, for example, the binary sequence “11”.Alternatively, the sequence for the postamble can be set / defined to be the same length as the sequence length of the preamble / midamble, but with a violation value (i.e., v), for example, the binary sequence “0101v1”. Consequently, setting it this way is equivalent to defining the preamble to perform the role of the midamble as well, without defining the midamble separately.

[0295] - In addition, it can be defined that the same format and / or length sequence is used for the midamble and postamble, and a separate sequence is used only for the preamble. This is because the preamble is always transmitted at the beginning of each transmission, but the midamble and / or postamble are included during R2D or D2R transmission. For example, binary sequences of the same format and / or length can be set for the midamble and postamble, and the values ​​can be set differently. In addition, the sequence for the preamble can be set to a different format or a different length. That is, the length B of the sequence for the midamble and the length C of the sequence for the postamble can be set / defined to be the same (for example, B=C=6). For example, the sequence for the midamble can be "101011", and the sequence for the postamble can be "010111". In addition, only the sequence length A of the preamble can be set / defined to a different length (e.g., A=12), for example, "101010101111" can be used. In addition, only the sequence length A of the preamble can be defined / set to a different type of sequence, for example, the sequence for the preamble can be defined / set to use RTcal / TRcal, etc. Consequently, by setting it like this, the reader and / or device can determine whether to receive subsequent data depending on which sequence is transmitted between the midamble and the postamble. In other words, if the reader and / or device receives the midamble, it can expect subsequent data to be transmitted, and if it receives the postamble, it can expect no subsequent data to be transmitted.

[0296] Alternatively, the sequence for the midamble may be defined to have a specific shape, specific length, and / or specific value, and may be used as the sequence for the postamble by adding an additional end bit (e.g., a dummy bit) to the midamble. For example, a 6-bit binary sequence of "101011" may be defined / set to be used for the midamble. And, a 2-bit end bit of "11" may be defined / set to be used for the postamble, and a 6-bit binary sequence of "101011" + "11" + 2-bit dummy bit1 may be defined / set to be used.

[0297] - In addition, for each x-amble, a plurality of different sequences are defined in advance according to at least one of shape, length, and value, and a method may be considered in which a reader or device transmits the x-amble by applying a sequence having a specific shape / length / value for each x-amble according to the reader's setting / instruction (or according to a specific situation). For example, for the x-amble, a binary sequence of N bits (e.g., N=6) and a binary sequence of M bits (e.g., M=12) may be defined in advance, and either the binary sequence of N bits or the binary sequence of M bits may be set / defined to be transmitted according to the reader's setting / instruction.

[0298] Also, a sequence with a larger length can be referred to as an extended x-amble, and the extended x-amble can be set / indicated in complex situations where the channel condition of the device is poor (e.g., below a threshold) or there are multiple readers around the device. Alternatively, an N-bit sequence can be defined for the x-amble, and a K+N-bit sequence can be defined for the extended x-amble, in which case zero padding of K bits can be defined to be performed. Alternatively, an N-bit sequence can be defined for the x-amble, and the extended x-amble can be defined to be transmitted by repeating the sequence of the N-bit x-amble M times, resulting in a M*N-bit sequence. Alternatively, one or more binary sequences of the same length but with different values ​​can be set / defined for a specific x-amble (e.g., a preamble). For example, "101011" and "010111" are defined for the preamble, and the reader can set / instruct which sequence the reader or device will use for a specific situation.

[0299] - In addition, the reader can set / instruct enable / disable for a specific x-amble. The reader or device can decide whether to transmit the x-amble accordingly. For example, if the device considers the forward error correction (FEC) method during D2R transmission, it can be set to enable for the preamble and / or the midamble and / or the postamble, etc., and if the device does not consider the forward error correction (FEC) method during D2R transmission (e.g., if the line coding method is considered), it can be set to disable for the preamble and / or the midamble and / or the postamble, etc.

[0300] Meanwhile, in the proposed methods described above in the present embodiment, at least one of the shape, length, and value of each x-amble can be independently defined / set / indicated according to each D2R link and each R2D link. And / or at least one of the shape, length, and value of each x-amble can be independently defined / set / indicated according to the device type, device capacity (e.g., whether to use FEC), etc. Or, at least one of the shape, length, and value of the sequence of x-ambles used in the D2R link can be independently defined / set / indicated according to whether the device is in an idle / inactive state or a connected state.

[0301] Example 2: Device behavior according to changes in transmission frequency position during D2R transmission in an Ambient IoT system

[0302] In an Ambient IoT system, a leader or CW node transmits CW, and devices use the CW to perform backscattering transmissions. During D2R transmission, the leader or CW node may change the frequency band in which the CW transmission is performed, or a frequency shift may occur for the device's backscattering. In this regard, the device may operate as follows:

[0303] - The device may transmit by appending or including an x-amble (e.g., a preamble or midamble) in front of each transmitted D2R transmission, such that the backscattering frequency position changes as the frequency of the CW changes (i.e., the frequency of the backscattered D2R transmission changes).

[0304] Specifically, if the device determines that the D2R transmission transmitted due to a change in the backscattering frequency position is a new transmission, the device may transmit the D2R transmission by adding or including a preamble in front of the D2R transmission. Furthermore, if the device determines that the D2R transmission transmitted due to a change in the backscattering frequency position is a transmission that continues a previous transmission, the device may transmit the D2R transmission by adding or including a midamble in front of the D2R transmission.

[0305] Additionally, if the frequency of the CW is changed in a situation where only a portion of the entire D2R transmission has been transmitted (e.g., less than the threshold (TH) set / instructed by the base station), the device may ignore the previously transmitted D2R transmission (i.e., a portion of the D2R transmission) and transmit the entire D2R transmission anew.

[0306] Additionally, if the frequency of the CW changes while the device is transmitting an x-amble during D2R transmission, the device can perform transmission at the changed backscattering frequency starting from the x-amble. For example, if the frequency of the CW changes while the device is transmitting a postamble, the device can transmit the remaining part of the postamble at the backscattering frequency before the change, or the device can drop all or part of the postamble that was interrupted during transmission without retransmitting it.

[0307] - Even if the frequency of CW changes and the backscattering frequency position changes, the device can perform D2R transmission without adding or including an x-amble to the D2R transmission. This is because, since the leader or the CW node has changed the CW frequency, the backscattering frequency is also known, and even if the device continues to perform D2R transmission without adding or including a separate x-amble, the leader may not have difficulty receiving the D2R transmission. In addition, even if the frequency of CW changes, the device may appropriately change the frequency shift value for backscattering based on the value of the changed CW frequency, so that the position of the newly set / determined backscattering frequency can be set to be the same as the position of the backscattering frequency at which D2R transmission was performed before the existing CW frequency was changed. With this setup, the device may continue to perform D2R transmission without any problems, without adding or including a separate x-amble, since the backscattering frequency is effectively unchanged even if the frequency of the CW changes.

[0308] - Additionally, the leader or CW node may be defined / configured not to change the CW frequency and / or frequency resources / locations for R2D transmissions during a D2R transmission of the device. In other words, the device may expect that the CW frequency and / or frequency resources / locations for R2D transmissions will not change during a D2R transmission.

[0309] If the leader or CW node is allowed to change the frequency of the CW transmitted and / or the frequency resources / location for R2D transmission, it can be defined / configured not to change the frequency of the CW and / or the frequency resources / location for R2D transmission during the x-amble transmission section, which is not data (and / or control information) during D2R transmission of the device. In other words, the device can expect that the CW frequency and / or the frequency resources / location for R2D transmission will not be changed in the middle of transmitting the x-amble during D2R transmission. On the other hand, it can be configured to exclude and not apply the above proposed method while the device is transmitting the postamble.

[0310] - On the other hand, since it may not be easy for Ambient IoT devices to detect the frequency change of CW on their own and to attach or include an x-amble in the D2R transmission for this purpose, a method for the leader and / or CW node to notify the devices of the CW change may be considered.

[0311] For example, if the leader and / or CW node changes the CW frequency for R2D transmission during an R2D transmission, the leader and / or CW node may configure / instruct the device to skip or hold / wait R2D reception for a certain period of time (e.g., a CW frequency transition period) via x-amble / payload. Thereafter, the device may skip or hold / wait R2D reception according to the instruction of the leader and / or CW node, and then resume R2D reception from the time point configured / instructed by the leader and / or CW node. Here, the payloads for the R2D transmission before and after the skip / hold / wait may be the same TB, or may be different TBs. Therefore, the leader and / or CW node may additionally configure / instruct the device whether the TB before and after the skip / hold / wait is the same. For example, this could be notified via the x-amble / payload of an R2D transmission, or together with or separately from the specific time (e.g., a CW frequency transition period).

[0312] As another example, if the leader and / or CW node changes the CW transmission frequency for D2R backscattering transmission in the middle of a D2R transmission of the device, the device may be configured / instructed to skip or hold / wait the D2R transmission for a certain period of time (e.g., a CW frequency transition period) via an x-amble / payload. Thereafter, the device may skip or hold / wait the D2R transmission according to the instruction of the leader and / or CW node, and then resume the D2R transmission from the time point configured / instructed by the leader and / or CW node. Here, the device may be defined to first transmit an x-amble (e.g., a midamble) and then perform payload transmission at the time point of resuming the D2R transmission.

[0313] Here, the payloads for D2R transmissions before and after skip / hold / wait can be the same TB, or they can be different TBs. If they are the same TB, the device can be defined to retransmit the entire TB after skip / hold / wait, or the remaining portion of the TB (or starting from a predefined payload value / point) can be defined to be transmitted after skip / hold / wait.

[0314] Alternatively, the leader and / or CW node may configure / instruct the device via x-amble / payload whether to split the same TB and transmit it or to retransmit the same TB (i.e., the entire TB). For example, this may be done together with or separately from the above-mentioned specific time (e.g., CW frequency transition period). Here, the device may report to the leader via x-amble whether the TB transmitted in the payload upon resuming transmission after skip / hold / wait is a new transmission of the entire TB or the remaining portion of the TB that was previously transmitted.

[0315] Additionally, for the operation of the above leader (or CW node) / device, the device may expect that the CW frequency will not change during the transmission period of the D2R x-amble or the reception period of the R2D x-amble. In other words, the leader / CW node may be configured not to change the CW frequency during the reception period of the D2R x-amble or the transmission period of the R2D x-amble.

[0316] In addition, if the above proposed method was mainly described for the operation method of the device during D2R transmission, it can be applied to the leader during R2D transmission similarly. For example, the leader may not change the frequency resource while transmitting a specific R2D, and the (active) device may not change the frequency resource while transmitting a specific D2R. Alternatively, when the leader changes the frequency resource while transmitting a specific R2D, it can change the form / length / value, etc. of the x-amble and transmit it. Here, the leader can be defined to transmit the x-amble (e.g., preamble / postamble) after the change of the frequency resource.

[0317] FIG. 16 illustrates the operation of a device for device-to-device communication in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0318] FIG. 16 illustrates the operation of a device (i.e., a leader or an intermediate node) based on the proposed methods in the embodiments described above. The example in FIG. 16 is provided for convenience of explanation and does not limit the scope of the present disclosure. Some of the step(s) illustrated in FIG. 16 may be omitted depending on circumstances and / or settings. In addition, the device in FIG. 16 is only an example and may be implemented as the device illustrated in FIG. 3. For example, the processor (202) in FIG. 3 may control the transceiver (206) to transmit and receive channels / signals / data / information, etc., and may also control the processor (202) in FIG. 3 to store the channels / signals / data / information to be transmitted or received in the memory (204).

[0319] Additionally, the operation of FIG. 16 may be processed by one or more processors (202) of FIG. 3. Additionally, the operation of FIG. 16 may be stored in a memory (e.g., one or more memories (204) of FIG. 3) in the form of a command / program (e.g., an instruction, an executable code) for driving at least one processor (e.g., 202) of FIG. 3.

[0320] In FIG. 16, the second device may be a device that transmits a backscattered signal to the first device based on a carrier wave for energy harvesting or backscattering from the first device or from a CW node, and the first device may be a device that receives a backscattered signal from the second device.

[0321] Referring to FIG. 16, a first transmission (e.g., an R2D transmission including a PRDCH) is transmitted to a second device (S1601).

[0322] The first device receives a second transmission (e.g., a D2R transmission including a PDRCH) containing a specific sequence in response to the first transmission from the second device (S1602).

[0323] Here, the specific sequence may be used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission. For example, a PDRCH may be transmitted following a preamble, and a midamble may be transmitted with the PDRCH interrupted, such that a postamble may be transmitted following the end of the PDRCH.

[0324] Additionally, the specific sequence may be determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on the instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

[0325] Here, the plurality of sequences can be individually defined for the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission.

[0326] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be defined differently with respect to at least one of shape, length, and value.

[0327] In addition, the plurality of sequences may be defined as binary sequences of different lengths, respectively. For example, the plurality of sequences may be defined as a basic sequence of N bits (N is an integer greater than 0) followed by zero padding of K bits (K is an integer greater than 0) respectively. As another example, the plurality of sequences may be defined as a basic sequence of N bits (N is an integer greater than 0) repeated M times (M is an integer greater than 0).

[0328] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be defined to have the same length but different values.

[0329] In addition, whether to transmit at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble may be determined based on whether at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission is indicated as enabled and / or disabled by the first device. For example, at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission may be indicated as enabled based on whether a forward error correction (FEC) scheme is applied to the second transmission. As another example, at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission may be indicated as disabled based on whether a forward error correction (FEC) scheme is not applied to the second transmission.

[0330] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be individually defined for the link of the first transmission and / or the link of the second transmission.

[0331] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be individually defined for the type and / or capacity of the second device.

[0332] Additionally, the plurality of sequences can be individually defined depending on whether the second device is in a connected state.

[0333] In addition, although not specifically described in FIG. 16, a sequence for at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble may be defined according to the proposed method of the above-described embodiment 1, and a leader (e.g., a first device) and / or a device (e.g., a second device) may transmit at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble using the defined sequence.

[0334] Additionally, although not specifically described in FIG. 16, when the CW transmission frequency is changed by the leader (e.g., the first device) and / or the CW node, communication operations between the leader (e.g., the first device) and the device (e.g., the second device) can be performed according to the proposed method of Embodiment 2.

[0335] FIG. 17 illustrates the operation of a device for device-to-device communication in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

[0336] FIG. 17 illustrates the operation of a device (i.e., an Ambient-IoT device or tag) based on the proposed methods in the embodiments described above. The example in FIG. 17 is provided for convenience of explanation and does not limit the scope of the present disclosure. Some of the step(s) illustrated in FIG. 17 may be omitted depending on the situation and / or setting. In addition, the device in FIG. 17 is only an example and may be implemented as the device illustrated in FIG. 3. For example, the processor (202) in FIG. 3 may control the transceiver (206) to transmit and receive channels / signals / data / information, etc., and may also control the processor (202) in FIG. 3 to store the channels / signals / data / information to be transmitted or received in the memory (204).

[0337] Additionally, the operation of FIG. 17 may be processed by one or more processors (202) of FIG. 3. Additionally, the operation of FIG. 17 may be stored in a memory (e.g., one or more memories (204) of FIG. 3) in the form of a command / program (e.g., an instruction, an executable code) for driving at least one processor (e.g., 202) of FIG. 3.

[0338] In FIG. 17, the second device may be a device that transmits a backscattered signal to the first device based on a carrier wave for energy harvesting or backscattering from the first device or from a CW node, and the first device may be a device that receives the backscattered signal from the second device.

[0339] Referring to FIG. 17, the second device receives a first transmission (e.g., an R2D transmission including a PRDCH) from the first device (S1701).

[0340] The second device transmits a second transmission (e.g., a D2R transmission including a PDRCH) to the first device, which includes a specific sequence in response to the first transmission (S1702).

[0341] Here, the specific sequence may be used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission. For example, a PDRCH may be transmitted following a preamble, and a midamble may be transmitted with the PDRCH interrupted, such that a postamble may be transmitted following the end of the PDRCH.

[0342] Additionally, the specific sequence may be determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on the instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

[0343] Here, the plurality of sequences can be individually defined for the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission.

[0344] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be defined differently with respect to at least one of shape, length, and value.

[0345] In addition, the plurality of sequences may be defined as binary sequences of different lengths, respectively. For example, the plurality of sequences may be defined as a basic sequence of N bits (N is an integer greater than 0) followed by zero padding of K bits (K is an integer greater than 0) respectively. As another example, the plurality of sequences may be defined as a basic sequence of N bits (N is an integer greater than 0) repeated M times (M is an integer greater than 0).

[0346] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be defined to have the same length but different values.

[0347] In addition, whether to transmit at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble may be determined based on whether at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission is indicated as enabled and / or disabled by the first device. For example, at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission may be indicated as enabled based on whether a forward error correction (FEC) scheme is applied to the second transmission. As another example, at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission may be indicated as disabled based on whether a forward error correction (FEC) scheme is not applied to the second transmission.

[0348] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be individually defined for the link of the first transmission and / or the link of the second transmission.

[0349] Additionally, the plurality of sequences may be individually defined for the type and / or capacity of the second device.

[0350] Additionally, the plurality of sequences can be individually defined depending on whether the second device is in a connected state.

[0351] In addition, although not specifically described in FIG. 17, a sequence for at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble may be defined according to the proposed method of the above-described embodiment 1, and a leader (e.g., a first device) and / or a device (e.g., a second device) may transmit at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble using the defined sequence.

[0352] Additionally, although not specifically described in FIG. 17, when the CW transmission frequency is changed by the leader (e.g., the first device) and / or the CW node, communication operations between the leader (e.g., the first device) and the device (e.g., the second device) can be performed according to the proposed method of Embodiment 2.

[0353] The embodiments described above are combinations of components and features of the present disclosure in a predetermined form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise. Each component or feature may be implemented without being combined with other components or features. Furthermore, it is also possible to form embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is self-evident that claims that do not have an explicit citation relationship in the patent claims may be combined to form embodiments or incorporated as new claims through post-application amendments.

[0354] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. Therefore, the above detailed description should not be construed as limiting in any respect, but rather as illustrative. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the scope of equivalents of the present disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0355] The scope of the present disclosure includes software or machine-executable instructions (e.g., an operating system, an application, firmware, a program, etc.) that cause operations according to the methods of various embodiments to be executed on a device or a computer, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having such software or instructions stored thereon and executable on the device or computer. Instructions that can be used to program a processing system to perform the features described in the present disclosure can be stored on / in a storage medium or a computer-readable storage medium, and a computer program product including such a storage medium can be used to implement the features described in the present disclosure. The storage medium can include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices, and can include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the processor(s). The memory or, alternatively, the non-volatile memory device(s) within the memory comprise a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The features described in this disclosure may be incorporated into software and / or firmware stored on any of the machine-readable media, which may control the hardware of the processing system and allow the processing system to interact with other mechanisms that utilize results according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments / containers.

[0356] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device (100, 200) of the present disclosure can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create personal area networks (PAN) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

[0357] The method proposed in this disclosure is explained with a focus on examples applied to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems, but can be applied to various wireless communication systems in addition to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems.

Claims

1. A step of transmitting a first transmission to a second device by a first device; and A step of receiving, by the first device, a second transmission comprising a specific sequence in response to the first transmission from the second device, The specific sequence is used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission, A method in which a specific sequence is determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

2. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the plurality of sequences are individually defined for the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission.

3. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the plurality of sequences are defined differently with respect to at least one of shape, length, and value.

4. In paragraph 3, A method wherein the above plurality of sequences are each defined as binary sequences of different lengths.

5. In paragraph 4, A method in which the above plurality of sequences are defined by performing zero padding of K different bits (K is an integer greater than or equal to 0) on a basic sequence of N bits (N is an integer greater than or equal to 0).

6. In paragraph 4, A method in which the above plurality of sequences are defined by repeating a basic sequence of N (where N is an integer greater than 0) bits M (where M is an integer greater than 0) times.

7. In paragraph 3, A method wherein the above plurality of sequences are defined to have the same length but different values.

8. In paragraph 1, A method in which whether to transmit at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble is determined based on an enable and / or disable instruction for at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission by the first device.

9. In paragraph 8, A method in which enable is indicated for at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission, based on the application of a forward error correction (FEC) method to the second transmission.

10. In paragraph 8, A method in which at least one of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for the second transmission is disabled based on the fact that a forward error correction (FEC) method is not applied to the second transmission.

11. In paragraph 2, A method wherein the plurality of sequences are individually defined for the link of the first transmission and / or the link of the second transmission.

12. In paragraph 2, A method wherein the plurality of sequences are individually defined for the type and / or capacity of the second device.

13. In paragraph 2, A method in which the plurality of sequences are individually defined depending on whether the second device is in a connected state.

14. The first device is: One or more transceivers for transmitting and receiving wireless signals; and comprising one or more processors controlling one or more of the above transceivers, One or more of the above processors: Transmitting the first transmission to the second device; and is configured to receive a second transmission comprising a specific sequence in response to the first transmission from the second device; The specific sequence is used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission, A first device, wherein the specific sequence is determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on the instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions, The one or more instructions are executed by one or more processors, so that the first device: Transmitting the first transmission to the second device; and Control to receive a second transmission including a specific sequence in response to the first transmission from the second device, The specific sequence is used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission, A computer-readable medium in which a specific sequence is determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on instruction information included in the first transmission or a predetermined rule.

16. In a processing device set to control a first device, the processing device: one or more processors; and One or more computer memories operatively connected to said one or more processors and storing instructions for performing operations based on execution by said one or more processors, The above actions are: a step of transmitting a first transmission to a second device; and comprising the step of receiving a second transmission comprising a specific sequence in response to the first transmission from the second device; The specific sequence is used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission, A processing device in which a specific sequence is determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

17. A step of receiving a first transmission from a first device by a second device; and A step of transmitting, by the second device, a second transmission including a specific sequence in response to the first transmission to the first device, The specific sequence is used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission, A method in which a specific sequence is determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

18. The second device is: One or more transceivers for transmitting and receiving wireless signals; and comprising one or more processors controlling one or more of the above transceivers, One or more of the above processors: receiving a first transmission from a first device; and is configured to transmit a second transmission comprising a specific sequence in response to the first transmission to the first device; The specific sequence is used for at least one of a preamble transmitted at the very front of the second transmission, a midamble transmitted in the middle of the second transmission, and a postamble transmitted at the very back of the second transmission, A second device, wherein the specific sequence is determined from among a plurality of predefined sequences based on the instruction information included in the first transmission or a predefined rule.

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