Thyromimetics for treatment of alopecia areata
Thyromimetic compounds effectively treat alopecia areata by interacting with thyroid hormone receptors, offering a safe and long-term solution for hair growth and prevention of hair loss.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/088568
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-12
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-16
AI Technical Summary
There is a strong demand for an effective and safe long-term treatment for alopecia areata that does not cause side effects, as existing treatments often fail to induce hair growth or prevent hair loss effectively and can have adverse side effects.
Administering a therapeutically effective amount of a thyromimetic compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, which is a compound of Formula I, to a subject in need, where the compound is designed to interact with thyroid hormone receptors to address alopecia areata.
The thyromimetic compounds provide an effective and safe long-term treatment for alopecia areata, promoting hair growth and preventing hair loss without significant side effects.
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Figure CN2025088568_16102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
THYROMIMETICS FOR TREATMENT OF ALOPECIA AREATA
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims all the benefits of the PCT Patent Application No. PCT / IB2024 / 053588, entitled “Thyromimetics for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata Diseases” filed April 12, 2024, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.Field
[0003] The present invention is directed toward the use of thyromimetic compounds that are thyroid receptor ligands, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to prodrugs of these compounds for preventing, treating, or ameliorating alopecia areata such as Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) .Background
[0004] The following description of the background is provided to aid in understanding, but is not admitted to be, or to describe, prioart. All publications and their cited references are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0005] Thyroid hormones (TH) are synthesized in the thyroid in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) , which is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to various stimulants (e.g., thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus) . Thyroid hormones are iodinated O-aryl tyrosine analogues excreted into the circulation primarily as 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) . T4 is rapidly deiodinated in local tissues by thyroxine 5'-deiodinase to 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyromne (T3) , which is the most potent TH. T3 is metabolized to inactive metabolites via a variety of pathways, including pathways involving deiodination, glucuronidation, sulfation, deamination, and decarboxylation. Most of the circulating T4 and T3 is eliminated through the liver.
[0006] THs have profound physiological effects in animals and humans.
[0007] Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased body temperature, general nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, muscle weakness and fatigue, increased bone resorption and enhanced calcification, and a variety of cardiovascular changes, including increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardiac index, cardiac hypertrophy, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased pulse pressure. Hypothyroidism is generally associated with the opposite effects.
[0008] The biological activity of THs is mediated largely through thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) . TRs belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which, along with its common partner, the retinoid X receptor, form heterodimers that act as ligand-inducible transcription factors. Like other nuclear receptors, TRs have a ligand binding domain and a DNA binding domain and regulate gene expression through ligand-dependent interactions with DNA response elements (thyroid response elements, TREs) . Currently, the literature shows that TRs are encoded by two distinct genes (TRa and TRβ) , which produce several isoforms through alternative splicing (Williams, MoI. Cell Biol. 20 (22) : S329-42 (2000) ; Nagaya et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 226 (2) : 426-30 (1996) ) . The major isoforms that have so far been identified are TRα-1, TRα-2, TRβ-1 and TRβ-2. TRα-1 is ubiquitously expressed in the rat with highest expression in skeletal muscle and brown fat. TRβ-1 is also ubiquitously expressed with highest expression in the liver, brain and kidney. TRβ-2 is expressed in the anterior pituitary gland and specific regions of the hypothalamus as well as the developing brain and inner ear. In the rat and mouse liver, TRβ-1 is the predominant isoform (80%) . The TR isoforms found in human and rat are highly homologous with respect to their amino acid sequences which suggest that each serves a specialized function.
[0009] Alopecia areata, is a common problem not only in men but also in women. alopecia areata occurs for example due to physiological or pathological processes or is promoted by drugs, e.g. retinoids, chemotherapeutic agents, cholesterol, lowering agents etc., In many cases patients do not only suffer from hair loss, but there is also a lack ofhair regrowth. Both defects can lead to partial or full baldness.
[0010] Hence, there is a strong demand for an effective and safe long-term treatment for inducing hair growth or preventing hair loss. In particular, new therapeutic agents are necessary, which are highly effective in the treatment and / or prevention of alopecia areata and which do not show the side effects.Summary
[0011] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide an effective and safe long-term treatment for alopecia areata, which does not show the above-mentioned side effects.
[0012] One aspect of the present application relates to a method for preventing, treating, or ameliorating alopecia areata , comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a thyromimetic compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof, wherein said thyromimetic compound is a compound of Formula I:
[0013] wherein
[0014] G is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (O) 2-, -Se-, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4 alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4 alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4 alkyl) -, or CH2 linked to any of the preceding groups;
[0015] T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) k-, -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) n-CRb=CRb-, - (CRa2) -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) -, -O (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -S (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rc) (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rb) C (O) (Ra2) n-, - (CRa2) mC (Rb) (NRbRc) -, -C (O) (CRa2) m-, - (CRa2) mC (O) -, - (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) -and- (CH2) pC (O) N (Rb) C (Ra2) -;
[0016] k is an integer from 0-4;
[0017] m is an integer from 0-3;
[0018] n is an integer from 0-2;
[0019] p is an integer from 0-1;
[0020] each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4 alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4 alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Ra is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Ra attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
[0021] each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl;
[0022] each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4 alkyl, and -C (O) H;
[0023] R1, R2, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3 alkyl, hydroxy and cyano; or
[0024] R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3 alkyl, hydroxy, - (CRa2) aryl, - (CRa2) cycloalkyl, - (CRa2) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) aryl, -C (O) cycloalkyl, -C (O) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) alkyl and cyano;
[0025] R3and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, cyano, optionally substituted -C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m aryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m cycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m heterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRg, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) ORh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRg, -N (Rb) S (O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (O) 2NRfRg, and-NRfRg;
[0026] each Rdis selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl and-C (O) NRfRg;
[0027] each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0028] Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocyclo alkyl, or Rf and Rg may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;
[0029] each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0030] R5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted -OC1-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) ORh, -OC (O) NH (Rh) , -F, -NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=O) Re, -NHS (=O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ;
[0031] X is carboxylic acid or esters thereof, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, 6-azauracil, thiazolidi nedione, acylsulfonamide, other carboxylic acid surrogates, phosphonic acid, pho sphonic acid monoester, phosphinic acid, or a prodrug thereof; and pharmaceutic ally acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] Fig 1. shows the Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profile of the compounds of present application;
[0033] Fig 2. shows the Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profile of the compounds of present application;
[0034] Fig 3. shows the Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profile of Compound 31 after subcutaneous injection;
[0035] Fig 4. shows the Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profile of Compound 32 after subcutaneous injection;
[0036] Fig 5. shows the Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profile of Compound 34 after subcutaneous injection;
[0037] Fig 6. shows the Mean Plasma Concentration-Time Profile of Compound 36 after subcutaneous injection;
[0038] Fig. 7. shows the Plasma concentration-time profiles of Compound 54 after subcutaneous injection;
[0039] Fig 8. shows the Plasma concentration-time profiles of Compound 52 after subcutaneous injection;
[0040] Fig 9. shows the Plasma concentration-time profiles of Compound 53 after subcutaneous injection;
[0041] Fig. 10. shows the Plasma concentration-time profiles of Compound 29 and 30 after subcutaneous injection; and
[0042] Fig. 11. shows the Plasma concentration-time profiles of Compound 52 after subcutaneous injection.Detailed Description
[0043] Definitions
[0044] As used herein, the following terms are defined with the following meanings, unless explicitly stated otherwise.
[0045] As used herein, the term “alopecia areata” is an autoimmune condition affecting hair follicles causing hair loss and lack ofhair regrowth. It typically presents with discrete bald patches on the scalp but can cause hair loss from all hair-bearing areas on the body. Alopecia is a Latin term meaning hair loss, and areata refers to the patchy nature of the hair loss. The term alopecia areata is considered an umbrella term, which encompasses a number of variants including alopecia areata totalis or universalis, ophiasis, ophiasis inversus, and diffuse alopecia areata.
[0046] As used herein, the term “Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) ” is a hereditary hair loss condition associated with changes in androgen levels. It is a progressive of hair loss that typically begins in adolescence or just after puberty. AGA is known as male pattern baldness in men and female pattern hair loss in women. This type of hair loss is characterized by a gradual miniaturization of the hair follicles, leading to finer hairs and eventual shedding.
[0047] T groups that have more than one atom are read from left to right wherein the left atom of the T group is connected to the phenyl group bearing the R1 and R2 groups, and the right atom of the T group is linked to the carbon, phosphorus, or other atom in X or E. For example, when T is-O-CH2-or-N (H) C (O) -it means-phenyl-O-CH2-X and-phenyl-N (H) C (O) -X.
[0048] The term "alkyl" refers to a straight or branched or cyclic chain hydrocarbon radical with only single carbon-carbon bonds. Representative examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-bntyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl, all of which maybe optionally substituted. Alkyl groups are C1-C20.
[0049] The term "aryl" refers to aromatic groups which have 5-14 ring atoms and at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted.
[0050] Carbocyclic aryl groups are groups which have 6-14 ring atoms wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are carbon atoms. Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.
[0051] Heterocyclic aryl or heteroaryl groups are groups which have 5-14 ring atoms wherein 1 to 4 heteroatoms are ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and selenium. Suitable heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thienyl. pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, and the like, all optionally substituted.
[0052] The term "biaryl" represents aryl groups which have 5-14 atoms containing more than one aromatic ring including both fused ring systems and aryl groups substituted with other aryl groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable biaryl groups include naphthyl and biphenyl.
[0053] The term "optionally substituted" or "substituted" includes groups substituted by one, two, three, four, five, or six substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower cyclic alkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkoxy, lower heteroaryl, lower heteroaryloxy, lower heteroarylalkyl, lower heteroaralkoxy, azido, amino, halo, lower alkylthio, oxo, lower acylalkyl, lower carboxy esters, carboxyl, -carboxamido, nitro, lower acyloxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower alkylaminoaryl, lower alkylaryl, lower alkylaminoalkyl, lower alkoxyaryl, lower arylamino, lower aralkylamino, sulfonyl, lower-carboxamidoalkylaryl, lower-carboxamidoaryl, lower hydroxyalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower alkylaminoalkylcarboxy-, lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-, cyano, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower arylalkyloxyalkyl.
[0054] "Substituted aryl" and "substituted heteroaryl" refers to aryl and heteroaryl groups substituted with 1-3 substituents. These substituents are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, and amino.
[0055] The term "-aralkyl" refers to an alkylene group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, picolyl, and the like, and may be optionally substituted. "Heteroarylalkyl" refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
[0056] The term "alkylaryl-" refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyl group. "Lower alkylaryl-" refers to such groups where alkyl is lower alkyl.
[0057] The term "lower" referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively refers to 6 carbon atoms or less. Such groups may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic.
[0058] The term "higher" referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively refers to 7 or more carbon atoms. Such groups maybe straight chain, branched, or cyclic.
[0059] The term "cyclic alkyl" or "cycloalkyl" refers to alkyl groups that are cyclic of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in one aspect are 3 to 6 carbon atoms Suitable cyclic groups include norbornyl and cyclopropyl. Such groups may be substituted.
[0060] The term "heterocyclic, " "heterocyclic alkyl" or "heterocycloalkyl" refer to cyclic groups of 3 to 10 atoms, and in one aspect are 3 to 6 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom, in a further aspect are 1 to 3 heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Heterocyclic groups may be attached through a nitrogen or through a carbon atom in the ring. The heterocyclic alkyl groups include unsaturated cyclic, fused cyclic and spirocycHc groups. Suitable heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinoethyl, and pyridyl.
[0061] The terms "arylamino" (a) , and "aralkylamino" (b) , respectively, refer to the group-NRR'wherein respectively, (a) R is aryl and R'is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aryl, and (b) R is aralkyl and R'is hydrogen, aralkyl, aryl, alkyl or heterocycloalkyl.
[0062] The term "acyl" refers to-C (O) R where R is alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aryl.
[0063] The term "carboxy esters" refers to-C (O) OR where R is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyclic alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, all optionally substituted.
[0064] The term "carboxyl" refers to-C (O) OH.
[0065] The term "oxo" refers to=0 in an alkyl or heterocycloalkyl group.
[0066] The term "amino" refers to-NRR'where R and R'a re independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocycloalkyl, all except H are optionally substituted; and R and R'can form a cyclic ring system.
[0067] The term "-carboxylamido" refers to-CONR2 where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
[0068] The term "-sulphonylatnido" or "-sulfonylamido" refers to
[0069] -S (=O) 2NR2 where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
[0070] The term "halogen" or "halo" refers to-F, -Cl, -Br and-I.
[0071] The term "alkylaminoalkylcarboxy" refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk-C (O) -O-where "alk" is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.
[0072] The term "sulphonyl" or "sulfonyl" refers to-SO2R, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
[0073] The term "sulphonate" or "sulfonate" refers to-SO2OR, where R is-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
[0074] The term "alkenyl" refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms and contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyi. "1-Alkenyl" refers to alkenyl groups where the double bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkenyl group is attached to another group, e.g., it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosphonate, it is attached at the first carbon.
[0075] The term "alkynyl" refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms and contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl. "1-Alkynyl" refers to alkynyl groups where the triple bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkynyl group is attached to another group, e.g., it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosphonate, it is attached at the first carbon.
[0076] The term "alkylene" refers to a divalent straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic group. In one aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 10 atoms. In another aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 6 atoms. In a further aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 4 atoms. The alkylene group can be either straight, branched or cyclic.
[0077] The term "acyloxy" refers to the ester group-0-C (O) R, where R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
[0078] The term "aminoalkyl-" refers to the group NR2-alk-wherein "alk" is an alkylene group and R is selected from-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
[0079] The term "alkylaminoalkyl-" refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk-wherein each "alk" is an independently selected alkylene, and R is H or lower alkyl. "Lower alkylaminoalkyl-" refers to groups where the alkyl and the alkylene group is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.
[0080] The term "arylaminoalkyl-" refers to the group aryl-NR-alk-wherein
[0081] "alk" is an alkylene group and R is-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. In "lower arylaminoalkyl-, " the alkylene group is lower alkylene.
[0082] The term "alkylaminoaryl-" refers to the group alkyl-NR-aryl-wherein
[0083] "aryl" is a divalent group and R is-H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. In "lower alkylaminoaryl-, " the alkyl group is lower alkyl.
[0084] The term "alkoxyaryl-" refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyloxy group. In "lower alkyloxyaryl-, " the alkyl group is lower alkyl.
[0085] The term "aryloxyalkyl-" refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryloxy group.
[0086] The term "aralkyloxyalkyl-" refers to the group aryl-alk-O-alk-wherein "alk" is an alkylene group. "Lower aralkyloxyalkyl-" refers to such groups where the alkylene groups are lower alkylene.
[0087] The term "alkoxy-" or "alkyloxy-" refers to the group alkyl-O-.
[0088] The term "alkoxyalkyl-" or "alkyloxyalkyl-" refer to the group alkyl-O-alk-wherein "alk" is an alkylene group. In "lower alkoxyalkyl-, " each alkyl and alkylene is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.
[0089] The term "alkylthio-" refers to the group alkyl-S-.
[0090] The term "alkylthioalkyl-" refers to the group alkyl-S-alk-wherein
[0091] "alk" is an alkylene group. In "lower alkylthioalkyl-, " each alkyl and alkylene is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.
[0092] The term "alkoxycarbonyloxy-" refers to alkyl-O-C (O) -O-.
[0093] The term "aryloxycarbonyloxy-" refers to aryl-O-C (O) -O-.
[0094] The term "alkylthiocarbonyloxy-" refers to alkyl-S-C (O) -O-.
[0095] The term "amido" refers to the NR2 group next to an acyl or sulfonyl group as in NR2-C (O) -, RC (O) -NR1-, NR2-S (=O) 2-and RS (=O) 2-NR1-, where
[0096] R and R1 include-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
[0097] The term "carboxamido" refer to NR2-C (O) -and RC (O) -NR1-, where
[0098] R and R1 include-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. The term does not include urea, -NR-C (O) -NR-.
[0099] The terms "sulphonamido" or "sulfonamido" refer to NR2-S (=O) 2-and
[0100] RS (=O) 2-NR1-, where R and R1 include-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. The term does not include sulfonylurea, -NR-S (=O) 2-NR-.
[0101] The term "carboxamidoalkylaryl" and "carboxamidoaryl" refers to an aryl-alk-NR1- (C=O) , and ar-NR1- (C=O) -, respectively where "ar" is aryl,
[0102] "alk" is alkylene, R1 and R include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
[0103] The term "sulfonamidoalkylaryl" and "sulfonamidoaryl" refers to an aryl-alk-NR1-S (=O) 2-, and ar-NR1-S (=O) 2-, respectively where "ar" is aryl,
[0104] "alk" is alkylene, R1 and R include-H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
[0105] The term "hydroxyalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with one-OH.
[0106] The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with halo.
[0107] The term "cyano" refers to-C≡N.
[0108] The term "nitro" refers to-NO2.
[0109] The term "acylalkyl" refers to an alkyl-C (O) -alk-, where "alk" is alkylene.
[0110] The term "aminocarboxamidoalkyl-" refers to the group
[0111] NR2-C (O) -N (R) -alk-wherein R is an alkyl group or H and "alk" is an alkylene group. "Lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-" refers to such groups wherein "alk" is lower alkylene.
[0112] The term "heteroarylalkyl" refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
[0113] The term "perhalo" refers to groups wherein every C-H bond has been replaced with a C-halo bond on an aliphatic or aryl group. Suitable perhaloalkyl groups include -CF3 and-CFCI2.
[0114] The term "co-crystal" as used herein means a crystalline material comprised of two or more unique solids at room temperature, each containing distinctive physical characteristics, such as structure, melting point and heats of fusion. The co-crystals of the present invention comprise a co-crystal former H-bonded to a compound of the present invention. The co-crystal former may be H-bonded directly to the compound of the present invention or may be H-bonded to an additional molecule which is bound to the compound of the present invention. The additional molecule may be H-bonded to the compound of the present invention or bound ionically to the compound of the present invention. The additional molecule could also be a second API. Solvates of compounds of the present invention that do not further comprise a co-crystal former are not "co-crystals" according to the present invention. The co-crystals may however, include one or more solvate molecules in the crystalline lattice. That is, solvates of co-crystals, or a co-crystal further comprising a solvent or compound that is a liquid at room temperature, is included in the present invention as a co-crystal.
[0115] The co-crystals may also be a co-crystal between a co-crystal former and a salt of a compound of the present invention, but the compound of the present invention and the co-crystal former are constructed or bonded together through hydrogen bonds. Other modes of molecular recognition may also be present including, pi-stacking, guest-host complexation and van der Waals interactions. Of the interactions listed above, hydrogen-bonding is the dominant interaction in the formation of the co-crystal, (and a required interaction according to the present invention) whereby a non-covalent bond is formed between a hydrogen bond donor of one of the moieties and a hydrogen bond acceptor of the other.
[0116] Crystalline material comprised of solid compound of the present invention and one or more liquid solvents (at room temperature) are included in the present invention as "solvates. "A "hydrate" is where the solvent is water. Other forms of the present invention include, but are not limited to, anhydrous forms and de-solvated solvates.
[0117] The ratio of the compound of the present invention to co-crystal former or solvent may be specified as stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric. 1: 1, 1.5: 1, 1: 1.5, 2: 1, 1: 2, and 1: 3 ratios of APLco-crystal former / solvent are examples of stoichiometric ratios.
[0118] The term "binding" means the specific association of the compound of interest to the thyroid hormone receptor. One method of measuring binding in this invention is the ability of the compound to inhibit the association of 125I-T3 with a mixture of thyroid hormone receptors using nuclear extracts or purified or partially purified thyroid hormone receptor (for example, alpha or beta) in a heterologous assay.
[0119] The term "energy expenditure" means basal or resting metabolic rate as defined by Schoeller et al, JAppl Physiol. 53 (4) : 955-9 (1982) . Increases in the resting metabolic rate can also be measured using increases in O2 consumption and / or CO2 efflux and / or increases in organ or body temperature.
[0120] The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of a compound or a combination of compounds that ameliorates, attenuates or eliminates one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition or prevents, modifies, or delays the onset of one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition.
[0121] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" includes salts of compounds of Formula I and its prodrugs derived from the combination of a compound of this invention and an organic or inorganic acid or base. Suitable acids include acetic acid, adipic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, (+) -7, 7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-l-methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, 1, 2-ethanedisulfonic acid, dodecyl sulfonic acid, fumaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, hippuric acid, hydrochloride hemiethanolic acid, HBr, HCl, HI, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, methylbromide acid, methyl sulfuric acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, 4, 4'-methylenebis [3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid] , phosphoric acid, polygalacturonic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfosalicylic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, terphthalic acid, andj9-toluenesulfonic acid.
[0122] “Effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount that is effective to elicit the desired biological or medical response, including the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect such treatment for the disease. The effective amount will vary depending on the compound, the disease, and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. The effective amount can include a range of amounts. As is understood in the art, an effective amount may be in one or more doses, i.e., a single dose or multiple doses may be required to achieve the desired treatment endpoint. An effective amount may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable or beneficial result may be or is achieved. Suitable doses of any co-administered compounds may optionally be lowered due to the combined action (e.g., additive or synergistic effects) of the compounds.
[0123] "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of a compound or a combination of compounds that ameliorates, attenuates or eliminates one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition or prevents, modifies, or delays the onset of one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition.
[0124] "Prevently effective amount" usually refers to the amount of a drug dose or intervention measure that can effectively prevent the occurrence of a disease or control the risk of a disease.
[0125] "Amelioratly effective amount" refers to the minimum dose or level of a drug, therapeutic method, or intervention that can produce a positive improvement effect on a disease in the medical field.
[0126] A compound of the present disclosure may be combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of the present disclosure (e.g., from 1 mg to 1000 mg of the compound) . Therapeutically effective amounts may include from about 1 mg per dose to about 1000 mg per dose, such as from about 50 mg per dose to about 500 mg per dose, or such as from about 100 mg per dose to about 400 mg per dose, or such as from about 150 mg per dose to about 350 mg per dose, or such as from about 200 mg per dose to about 300 mg per dose. Other therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the present disclosure are about 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, or about 500 mg per dose. Other therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the present disclosure are about 100 mg per dose, or about 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450, or about 500 mg per dose. A single dose can be administered hourly, daily, or weekly. For example, a single dose can be administered once every 1 hour, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 or once every 24 hours. A single dose can also be administered once every 1 day, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or once every 7 days. A single dose can also be administered once every 1 week, 2, 3, or once every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, a single dose can be administered once every week. A single dose can also be administered once every month.
[0127] The term "patient" means an animal.
[0128] The term "animal" includes birds and mammals. In one embodiment a mammal includes a dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, sheep, pig or human. In one embodiment the animal is a human. In another embodiment the animal is a male. In another embodiment the animal is a female.
[0129] The term "prodrug" as used herein refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates a biologically active compound as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction (s) , enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction (s) , and / or metabolic chemical reaction (s) , or a combination of each. Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to functionality, e.g., HO-, HS-, HOOC-, R2N-, associated with the drug, that cleave in vivo. Standard prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters ofhydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate. The groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs. Such prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention fall within this scope. Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound. In some cases, the prodrug is biologically active, usually less than the drug itself, and serves to improve drug efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, and / or pharmacodynamic half-life, etc. Prodrug forms of compounds may be utilized, for example, to improve bioavailability, improve subject acceptability such as by masking or reducing unpleasant characteristics such as bitter taste or gastrointestinal irritability, alter solubility such as for intravenous use, provide for prolonged or sustained release or delivery, improve ease of formulation, or provide site-specific delivery of the compound. Prodrugs are described in The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, by Richard B. Silverman, Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. Chapter 8: "Prodrugs and Drug delivery Systems" pp. 352-401; Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1985; Design of Biopharmaceutical Properties through Prodrugs and Analogs, Ed. by E. B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, 1977; and Drug Delivery Systems, ed. by R. L. Juliano, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1980.
[0130] Prodrugs of carboxylic acid-containing thyromimetics are convertible by solvolysis or under physiological conditions to the free carboxylic acids. Examples of prodrugs include carboxylic acid esters, and are preferably lower alkyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, lower alkenyl esters, benzyl esters, aryl esters, mono-or di-substituted lower alkyl esters, e.g., theω- (amino, mono-or di-lower alkylamino, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl) -lower alkyl esters, and theα- (lower alkanoyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl) -lower alkyl esters, such as the pivaloyloxy-methyl ester.
[0131] Prodrugs of phosphorus-containing thyromimetics breakdown chemically or enzymatically to a phosphonic acid or phosphinic acid group or a monoester thereof in vivo. As employed herein the term includes, but is not limited to, the following groups and combinations of these groups:
[0132] Acyloxyalkyl esters which are well described in the literature
[0133] (Farquhar et al., J. Pharm. ScL 72: 324-325 (1983) ) .
[0134] Other acyloxyalkyl esters are possible in which a cyclic alkyl ring is formed. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus-containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions (e.g., Freed et al, Biochem. Pharm, 35: 3193-3198 (1989) ) .
[0135] Another class of these double esters known as alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl esters, as shown in formula A, where R is alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, and arylamino; R', and R" are independently-H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and heterocycloalkyl have been studied in the area of β-lactam antibiotics (Nishimura et al., J. Antibiotics 40 (l) : 8l-90 (1987) ; for a review see Ferres, H., Drugs of Today, 19: 499 (1983) ) . More recently Cathy, M. S. et al. (Abstract from AAPS Western Regional Meeting, April, 1997) showed that these alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs on (9- [ (R) -2-phosphonomethoxy) propyl] adenine (PMPA) are bioavailable up to 30%in dogs.
[0136] The term "phosphorus-containing compounds" refers to compounds that contain PO3H2, PO32", PO2HR, PO2R", and monoesters and phosphamic acid derivatives thereof.
[0137] The term "surrogates of carboxylic acid" refers to groups that possess near equal molecular shapes and volumes as carboxylic acid and which exhibit similar physical and biological properties. Examples of surrogates of carboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, tetrazole, 6-azauracil, acylsulphonamides, sulfonic acids, thiazolidinedione, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, and carboxylic acid amides. Because phosphorus-containing thyromimetics (e.g., phosphoric acid-, phosphonic acid monoester-, and phosphinic acid-containing compounds) have a markedly different biological activity as compared to carboxylic acid-containing thyromimetics, phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, and phosphinic acid are not considered to be surrogates of carboxylic acid in these compounds.
[0138] The term "enhanced oral bioavailability" refers to an increase of at least 50%of the absorption of the dose of the parent drug, unless otherwise specified. In an additional aspect the increase in oral bioavailability of the prodrug (compared to the parent drug) is at least 100%, that is a doubling of the absorption. Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drug metabolite in blood, plasma, tissues, or urine following oral administration compared to measurements following systemic administration of the compound administered orally.
[0139] The terms "treating" or "treatment" of a disease includes a slowing of the progress or development of a disease after onset or actually reversing some or all of the disease effects. Treatment also includes palliative treatment.
[0140] The term "preventing" includes a slowing of the progress or development of a disease before onset or precluding onset of a disease.
[0141] As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to human and non-human mammals, including but, not limited to, primates, rabbits, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, sheep, and cows. In particular embodiments, a subject or patient is a human. In some embodiments, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to a human being who is diseased with the condition ( / . e., disease or disorder) described herein and who would benefit from the treatment. As used herein, a subject is “in need of’ a treatment if such subject (patient) would benefit biologically, medically or in quality of life from such treatment. In particular embodiments, the subject is an adult human at least about 18 years of age. In particular embodiments, the subject is an adult human from about 18 to about 75 years of age. In some embodiments, the subject is a human child up to about 18 years of age.
[0142] The term "thyroid hormone receptors" (TR) refers to intracellular proteins located in cell nuclei that, following the binding of thyroid hormone, stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to DNA sequences called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) . In this manner TR regulates the expression of a wide variety of genes involved in metabolic processes (e.g., cholesterol homeostasis and fatty acid oxidation) and growth and development in many tissues, including liver, muscle and heart. There are at least two forms of TR; TR alpha (on chromosome 17) and TR beta (on chromosome 3) . Each of these isoforms also has two main isoforms: TR alpha-1 and TR alpha-2; and TR beta-1 and TR beta-2, respectively. TRs are high affinity receptors for thyroid hormones, especially triiodothyronine.
[0143] In another aspect, the thyromimetic compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the prodrugs used in these methods cause at least a 50%, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 6 fold or 8 fold increase or decrease in the expression of one or more thyroid hormone-responsive genes. Changes in gene expression can be detected in cells or in vivo. Prodrugs of the thyromimetics can increase cellular uptake but in some cases are poorly converted to the active compound due to low levels of the enzymes required for the conversion. Changes in gene expression in vivo require either the compounds of the invention to be taken up by the tissue following administration or for the prodrug to remain intact after administration long enough to distribute to the target organ and cell. Following distribution to the cell, enzymes or other conditions responsible for cleaving the prodrug must act on the prodrug and convert it to the active compound. The compound must then be able to be transported to the nucleus. If a portion of the compound is excreted from the cell it must be retransported back across the cellular membrane and nuclear membrane. The prodrugs of the present invention that are activated in the alopecia areata and excreted by the liver as active compounds are retransported back across the cellular and nuclear membrane and into the nucleus.
[0144] Provided are pharmaceutical compositions a compound useful in the present invention. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention having an oral bioavailability of least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%75%or at least 80%.
[0145] Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a first compound useful in the present invention and a second compound useful for decreasing alopecia areata, useful for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of a alopecia areata such as Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) .
[0146] In some embodiments, a composition comprising said first and second compound is a single unit dose.
[0147] In another embodiment, said unit does is in the form of a tablet, hard capsule or soft gel capsule.
[0148] Also provided are kits for decreasing that alopecia areata or for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of a alopecia areata disease such as Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) , the kits comprising:
[0149] a) a first pharmaceutical composition comprising a thyromimetic compound or a prodrug thereof;
[0150] b) a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an additional compound useful for decreasing the fat content of the liver, useful for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of a alopecia areata such as steatosis, NASH, or NAFLD, or useful for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of a disease or disorder that is related to or results in alopecia areata; and
[0151] c) at least one container for containing said first or second or both first and second pharmaceutical composition.
[0152] Also provided is the use of a compound of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for decreasing the alopecia areata or for the prevention, , treatment or amelioration of a alopecia areata such as Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) .
[0153] In some embodiments, compounds used in the present methods are compounds that selectively distribute to the liver. In some embodiments, the compounds have at least 10 fold, 25 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 600 fold, 700 fold, 800 fold, 900 fold, 1000 fold, 2000 fold, 3000 fold, 4000 fold, 5000 fold 6000 fold, 7000 fold, 8000 fold, 9000 fold, 10,000 fold, 20,000 fold, 30,000 fold, 40,000 fold or 50,000 fold greater selectivity. In one embodiment the selectivity for the liver is compared to the heart. In another embodiment the selectivity for the liver is compared to the pituitary. In another embodiment the selectivity for the liver is compared to the kidney.
[0154] In a further embodiment, compounds used in the present methods are compounds of the present invention that bind at least one thyroid hormone receptor with an Ki of <100 nM, <90nM, <80nM, ≤70nM, <60nM, <50nM, <40nM, <30nM, <20nM, <10nM, <5nM, ≤1nM, or<0.5 nM relative to T3. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRa. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRβ. Also provided are compounds that bind at least one thyroid hormone receptor with an Ki of>100 nM, >90nM, >80nM, >70nM, >60nM, >50nM, >40nM, >30nM, > 20nM, >10nM, >5nM, ≥1nM, or>0.5 nM relative to T3, but in each case<150nM. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRa. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRβ. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRαl. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRβl. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRα2. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRβ2.
[0155] Novel methods described herein describe the use of thyromimetic compounds that bind to TRs. In one aspect, compounds described below include compounds of Formula I-BC. The compounds of the present invention can he used in the methods described herein.
[0156] Compounds Useful in the Disclosure
[0157] The compounds useful in the invention are thyromimetic compounds that bind to and activate thyroid receptors in the liver. The present invention relates to compounds of Formula I-IX, including stereoisomers and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, co-crystals thereof, and prodrugs (including stereoisomers and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof) thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and co-crystals of the prodrugs.
[0158] The compounds of the present invention may be either crystalline, amorphous or a mixture thereof. Compositions comprising a crystalline form a compound of the present invention may contain only one crystalline form of said compound or more than one crystalline form. For example, the composition may contain two or more different polymorphs. The polymorphs may be two different polymorphs of the free form, two or more polymorphs of different co-crystal forms, two or more polymorphs of different salt forms, a combination of one or more polymorphs of one or more co-crystal forms and one or more polymorphs of the free form, a combination of one or more polymorphs of one or more salt forms and one or more polymorphs of the free form, or a combination of one or more polymorphs of one or more co-crystal forms and one or more polymorphs of one or more salt forms.
[0159] Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of the compounds herein are included in the present invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to: sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, trimethamine, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like.
[0160] Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds herein having a base functional group (e.g., a prodrug whereby the carboxylic acid or surrogate thereof is protected with a group comprising a base functional group) are also included in the present invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts refer to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free base, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic acid or an organic acid to the free base. Salts derived from inorganic acids include, but are not limited to: acistrate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, besylate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate. bromide, fumarate, pamoate, glucuronate, hydroiodide, iodide, sulfate, xinofoate and chloride salts.
[0161] The compounds of the present invention may be pure or substantially pure or have a purity of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or a purity at least 99.5%. The compounds may also be part of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition. The compounds may also be part of a biological material or sample. Thus, included in the present invention are cells and tissues comprising a compound of the present invention. The cells or tissues can be in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro. Examples include liver or liver cells (e.g., hepatocytes) , blood, gastric fluid (simulated or actual) , intestinal fluid (simulated or actual) and urine.
[0162] In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for preventing, treating, or ameliorating alopecia areata, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a thyromimetic compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof, wherein said thyromimetic compound is a compound of Formula I:
[0163] wherein
[0164] G is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (O) 2-, -Se-, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4 alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4 alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4 alkyl) -, or CH2 linked to any of the preceding groups;
[0165] T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) k-, -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) n-CRb=CRb-, - (CRa2) -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) -, -O (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -S (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rc) (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rb) C (O) (Ra2) n-, - (CRa2) mC (Rb) (NRbRc) -, -C (O) (CRa2) m-, - (CRa2) mC (O) -, - (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) -and- (CH2) pC (O) N (Rb) C (Ra2) -;
[0166] k is an integer from 0-4;
[0167] m is an integer from 0-3;
[0168] n is an integer from 0-2;
[0169] p is an integer from 0-1;
[0170] each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4 alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4 alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Ra is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Ra attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
[0171] each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl;
[0172] each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4 alkyl, and -C (O) H;
[0173] R1, R2, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3 alkyl, hydroxy and cyano; or
[0174] R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3 alkyl, hydroxy, - (CRa2) aryl, - (CRa2) cycloalkyl, - (CRa2) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) aryl, -C (O) cycloalkyl, -C (O) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) alkyl and cyano;
[0175] R3and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, cyano, optionally substituted -C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m aryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m cycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m heterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRg, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) ORh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRg, -N (Rb) S (O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (O) 2NRfRg, and-NRfRg;
[0176] each Rdis selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl and-C (O) NRfRg;
[0177] each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0178] Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocyclo alkyl, or Rf and Rg may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;
[0179] each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0180] R5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted -OC1-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) ORh, -OC (O) NH (Rh) , -F, -NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=O) Re, -NHS (=O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ;
[0181] X is carboxylic acid or esters thereof, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, 6-azauracil, thiazolidi nedione, acylsulfonamide, other carboxylic acid surrogates, phosphonic acid, pho sphonic acid monoester, phosphinic acid, or a prodrug thereof; and pharmaceutic ally acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
[0182] In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a compound of Form ula III:
[0183] wherein:
[0184] G is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (=O) 2-, -Se-, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4alkyl) -, or CH2linked to any of the preceding groups;
[0185] T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) k-, -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) n-CRb=CRb-, - (CRa2) -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) -, -O (CRb2χCR32) n-, -S (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rc) (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rb) C (O) (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) mC (Rb) (NRbRc) -, -C (O) (CRa2) m-, - (CRa2) mC (O) -, - (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) -and - (CH2) pC (O) N (Rb) C (Ra2) -;
[0186] k is an integer from 0-4;
[0187] m is an integer from 0-3;
[0188] n is an integer from 0-2;
[0189] p is an integer from 0-1;
[0190] each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Rais attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Raattached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
[0191] each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl;
[0192] each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4alkyl, and -C (O) H;
[0193] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-S-Ci-C3alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3alkyl, and cyano; with the proviso that at least one of R1and R2is not hydrogen;
[0194] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, cyano, optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) maryl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) mcycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) mheterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRs, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) ORh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRg, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2NRfRs, and-NRfRg;
[0195] each Rdis selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl and-C (O) NRfRg;
[0196] each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0197] Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocyclo alkyl, or Rf and Rg may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;
[0198] each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0199] R5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted -OC1-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) ORh, -0C (O) NH (Rh) , -F, -NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=O) Re, -NHS (=O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ; or R3and R5are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R3and R5are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from-NRh-, -O-, and-S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; and
[0200] X is carboxylic acid or esters thereof, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, 6-azauracil, thiazolidinedione, acylsulfonamide, other carboxylic acid surrogates, phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, phosphinic acid, or a prodrug thereof.
[0201] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
[0202] In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula IX:
[0203] wherein:
[0204] G is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (=O) 2-, -Se, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4alkyl) -, or CH2linked to any of the preceding groups;
[0205] T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) nC (Rb2) O-, - (CRa2) nC (Rb2) N (Rb) -, - (CRa2) nC (Rb2) S-, -C (O) (CRa2) pC (Rb2) O-, -C (O) (CRa2) pC (Rb2) N (Rb) -, -C (O) (CRa2) pC (Rb2) S-, - (CRa2) pC (O) C (Rb2) O-, - (CRa2) pC (O) C (Rb2) N (Rb) -, and- (CRa2) pC (O) C (Rb2) S-,
[0206] k is an integer from 0-4;
[0207] m is an integer from 0-3;
[0208] n is an integer from 0-2;
[0209] p is an integer from 0-1;
[0210] each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Rais attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Raattached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
[0211] each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl;
[0212] each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4alkyl, and -C (O) H;
[0213] R1, R2, R6, and R7are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C1-C3alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C4alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted -O-C1-C3alkyl, and cyano; with the proviso that at least one of R1and R2is not hydrogen;
[0214] R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-CrC3alkyl, hydroxy, - (CRa2) aryl, - (CRa2) cycloalkyl, - (CRa2) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) aryl, -C (O) cycloalkyl, -C (O) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) alkyl and cyano; or
[0215] R3 and R4are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F5cyano, optionally substituted -Cj-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) maryl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) mcycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) mheterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRg, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) 0Rh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRs, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2NRfRg, and-NRfRg;
[0216] each Rd is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl, and-C (O) NRfRg;
[0217] each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) ncycIoalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;
[0218] Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl, or Rfand Rgmay together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;
[0219] each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-Q2alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl; or
[0220] R3 and R8 are taken together along with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R3and R8are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from-NRh-, -O-, and-S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; or R5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted -OCi-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) 0Rh, -OC (O) NH (Rh) , -F5-NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=0) Re, -NHS (O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ; or
[0221] R3 and R5 are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R3and R5are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from-O-, and-S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom;
[0222] X is P (O) (YR11) Y”;
[0223] Y” is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted -C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2NRfRg, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg and- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, optionally substituted -O-C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted-O- (CRa2) n-aryl; optionally substituted -O- (CRa2) n-heteroaryl;
[0224] Y is selected from the group consisting of-O-, and-NRV-;
[0225] when Y is-O-, R11 attached to-O-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH2-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted-alkylaryl, -C (RZ) 2OC (O) NRZ2, -NRz-C (O) -Ry, -C (Rz) 2-OC (O) Ry, -C (R2) 2-O-C (O) ORy, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) SRy, -alkyl-S-C (O) Ry, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;
[0226] when Y is-NRV-, then R11 attached to-NRV-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) ORy, -C (Rx) 2C (O) ORy, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) SRy, and-cycloalkylene-C (O) ORy;
[0227] q is an integer 2 or 3;
[0228] each Rz is selected from the group consisting of Ry and-H;
[0229] each Ry is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
[0230] each Rx is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, and alkyl, or together Rx and Rx form a cycloalkyl group;
[0231] each Rv is selected from the group consisting of-H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;
[0232] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
[0233] In some embodiments, X is P (O) (YR11) (Y’R11) or P (O) (YR11) Y”;
[0234] Y” is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted -C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2NRfRg, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg and- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, optionally substituted -O-C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted-O- (CRa2) n-aryl; optionally substituted -O- (CRa2) n-heteroaryl;
[0235] Y and Y’ axe each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NRv-;
[0236] when Y is-O-and Y” is hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F5-CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C6alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CR32) kS (=O) 2NRfRs, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg, or- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, or when Y and Y’ are both-O-, R11 attached to-O-is independently selected from the group consisting of -H,alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH2-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted-alkylaryl, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) NRz2, -NRz-C (O) -Ry, -C (R2) 2-OC (O) Ry, -C (Rz) 2-O-C (O) ORy, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) SRy, -alkyl-S-C (O) Ry, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and-alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;
[0237] when Y is-NRV-and Y” is hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6alkenyl, optionally substituted -C2-C6alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) n cycloalkyl, optionally substituted - (CRa2) n heterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2NRfRg, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg, or- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, or when Y and Y’ are both-NRV-, then R11attached to-NRV-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, -[C (R2) 2] q-C (O) ORy, -C (Rx) 2C (O) 0Ry, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) SRy, and -cycloalkylene-C (O) ORy;
[0238] when Y is-O-and Y’ is NRV, then R11 attached to-O-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH2-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted-alkylaryl, -C (RZ) 2OC (O) NRz2, -NRz-C (O) -Ry, -C (Rz) 2-OC (O) Ry, -C (Rz) 2-O-C (O) 0Ry, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) SRy, -alkyl-S-C (O) Ry, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;
[0239] and R11 attached to-NRV-is independently selected from the group consisting of -H,- [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) ORy5-C (Rx) 2C (O) ORy5- [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) SRy, and -cycloalkylene-C (O) ORy;
[0240] or when Y and Y’ are independently selected from-O-and-NRV-, then R11and R11 together form a cyclic group comprising-alkyl-S-S-alkyl-, or R11and R11together form the group:
[0241] wherein:
[0242] V, W, and W’ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or
[0243] together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or
[0244] together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus; or
[0245] together V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms or carbon substituted by hydrogen and substituted with one substiruent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus; or
[0246] together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or
[0247] together W and W’ are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-2 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
[0248] Z is selected from the group consisting of-CHRZOH, -CHRzOC (O) Ry, -CHRzOC (S) Ry, -CHR2OC (S) OR*, -CHRzOC (O) SRy, -CHR2OCO2R*, -ORZ, -SRZ, -CHR2N3, -CH2aryl, -CH (aryl) OH, -CH (CH=CRZ2) OH, -CH (C=CRZ) OH, -Rz, -NRZ2, -OCORy, -OCO2Ry, -SCORy, -SCO2Ry, -NHCOR2, -NHCO2Ry, -CH2NHaryl, - (CH2) q-ORz, and- (CH2) q-SRz;
[0249] q is an integer 2 or 3;
[0250] each Rz is selected from the group consisting of Ry and-H;
[0251] each Ry is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
[0252] each Rx is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, and alkyl, or together Rxand Rx form a cycloalkyl group;
[0253] each Rv is selected from the group consisting of-H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;
[0254] with the provisos that:
[0255] a) V, Z, W, W’ are not all-H; and
[0256] b) when Z is-Rz, then at least one of V, W, and W’ is not-H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;
[0257] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
[0258] In some embodiments,
[0259] X is
[0260] wherein each of R13 and R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C6-10 aryl, heteroaryl, C1-6 alkyl-C6-10 aryl, and C1-6 alkyl-heteroaryl, or R13 and R14 are combined with the atoms to which they are attached to form a C3-10 cycloalkyl or a heterocyclyl;
[0261] wherein R15 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-30 alkyl, C5-10 cycloalkyl, C1-30 haloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, and C6-10 aryl-C1-8 alkyl, wherein R3 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, NH2, NO2, OH, CN, -C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, and O-C1-6alkyl;
[0262] wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of C6-10 aryl, C1-6 alkyl-C6-10 aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein R4 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, NH2, NO2, OH, CN, -C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, and O-C1-6alkyl;
[0263] In some embodiments, said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
[0264] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
[0265] In some embodiments, said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
[0266] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
[0267] In some embodiments, said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
[0268] In some embodiments, the thyromimetic compound is compound 29, which structure is as follow:
[0269] or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0270] In some embodiments, the alopecia areata is selected from hair loss, lack ofhair regrowth and androgenetic alopecia.
[0271] In some embodiments, the alopecia areata is androgenetic alopecia (AGA) .
[0272] In some embodiments, the androgenetic alopecia is selected from male pattern baldness, female pattern baldness and chemotherapy-induced hair loss.
[0273] In some embodiments, the subject is a human being.
[0274] In some embodiments, the thyromimetic compound is applied topically on the skin of a mammal.
[0275] In some embodiments, the thyromimetic compound is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
[0276] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for preventing, treating, or ameliorating alopecia areata comprising administering a effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof,
[0277] wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises:
[0278] (a)
[0279] or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs;
[0280] (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0281] In some embodiments, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises:
[0282] (a) compound 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and
[0283] (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0284] In some embodiments, for the pharmaceutical composition for use, the alopecia areata is selected from hair loss, lack ofhair regrowth and androgenetic alopecia, wherein androgenetic alopecia is selected from male pattern baldness, female pattern baldness and chemotherapy-induced hair loss.
[0285] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.0001 to about 10 wt. %of compound 29, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
[0286] In some embodiments, for the pharmaceutical composition for use, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, buffers, surfactants, detergents, oils, alcohols, emulsifiers, solubilizers, humectants, fillers and bioadhesives.
[0287] In another aspect, the invention relates to non-therapeutic use of compound 29 in the treatment and / or prevention of hair loss in mammals.
[0288] Example 1 the Synthesis of compounds
[0289] The synthesis of some compounds refers to PCT publication WO2006 / 128058A2 Preparation example 1: Preparation of compound 1
[0290] 4- (4- ( ( ( ( (S) -1-isopropoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl) amino) (phenoxy) phosphoryl) met hoxy) -2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) -2-isopropylphenyl pentadecanoate (compound 1)
[0291] (1) Synthesis of intermediate 1-3:
[0292] NaH (153 mg, 3.816mmol) was added to a solution of 1-1 (1 g, 3.18 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0℃and stirred for 0.5 h, then a solution of 1-2 (1.60 g, 3.816 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added to above reaction. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. The reaction was quenched by H2O, extracted with EA. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 1-3 (1.0 g, yield 56%) .
[0293] (2) Synthesis of intermediate 1-4:
[0294] 1N NaOH (5 ml) was added to a solution of 1-3 (1 g, 1.78 mmol) in MeOH (10 ml) and stirred for 16 h at room temperature (RT) . The reaction was extracted with EA. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 1-4 (0.56 g, yield 65%) .
[0295] (3) Synthesis of intermediate 1-6:
[0296] A reaction mixture of 1-4 (0.56 g, 1.15 mmol) , (COCl) 2 (0.439 g, 3.46 mmol) and DMF (cat) in DCM (10 ml) was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo, then added DCM (10 ml) , TEA (0.929 g, 9.2 mmol) , DAMP (14 mg, 0.115 mmol) and 1-5 (0.384 g, 2.3 mmol) The reaction was stirred for 2 h at RT, quenched by H2O, extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 1-6. (0.35 g, yield 50%) .
[0297] (4) Synthesis of intermediate 1-7:
[0298] A reaction mixture of 1-6 (0.35 g, 0.58 mmol) and TsOH (0.3 g, 1.74 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) was stirred for 4 h at 50℃. The reaction was quenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 1-7 (0.21 g, yield 65%) .
[0299] (5) Synthesis of compound 1:
[0300] A reaction mixture of 1-7 (0.21 g, 0.38 mmol) , TEA (77 mg, 0.76 mmol) , DAMP (5 mg, 0.038 mmol) and 1-8 (0.114 g, 0.418 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) was stirred for 2 h at RT, then quenched by H2O, extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain compound 1 (150 mg, yield 50%) .
[0301] Preparation example 2: Synthesis of compound 6
[0302] 4- (4- ( ( (benzyloxy) ( ( (S) -1-isopropoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl) amino) phosphoryl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) -2-isopropylphenyl docosanoate (compound 6)
[0303] (1) Synthesis of intermediate 6-3:
[0304] NaH (153 mg, 3.816 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-1 (1 g, 3.18 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0℃ and stirred for 0.5 h, then a solution of 6-2 (1.7g, 3.816 mmol, refer to Example 4) in THF (10 ml) was added to above reaction. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was quenched by H2O, extracted with EA. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 6-3 (1.2 g, yield 64%) .
[0305] (2) Synthesis of intermediate 6-4:
[0306] 1N NaOH (5 ml) was added to a solution of 6-3 (1.2 g, 2.03 mmol) in MeOH (10 ml) and stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was extracted with EA. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 6-4 (0.50 g, yield 49%) .
[0307] (3) Synthesis of intermediate 6-6:
[0308] A reaction mixture of 6-4 (0.50 g, 1.0 mmol) , (COCl) 2 (0.254 g, 2 mmol) and DMF (cat) in DCM (10 ml) was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo, then DCM (10 ml) , TEA (0.929 g, 9.2 mmol) , DAMP (14 mg, 0.115 mmol) and 1-5 (0.384 g, 2.3 mmol) were added and stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction wasquenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 6-6 (0.27 g, yield 44%) .
[0309] (4) Synthesis of intermediate 6-7:
[0310] A solution of 6-6 (0.27 g, 0.44 mmol) , TsOH (0.151 g, 0.88 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) was stirred for 4 h at 50℃. The reaction was quenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 6-7 (0.15 g, yield 60%) .
[0311] (5) Synthesis of compound 6:
[0312] A solution of 6-7 (0.15 g, 0.26 mmol) , TEA (55 mg, 0.53 mmol) , DAMP (5 mg, 0.028 mmol) and 6-8 (0.112 g, 0.418 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) was stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain compound 6 (100 mg, yield 43%) .
[0313] Preparation example 3: Synthesis of compound 13
[0314] octadecyl ( ( (4- (4-hydroxy-3-isopropylbenzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) methyl) (phenoxy) phosp horyl) -L-alaninate (compound 13)
[0315] (1) Synthesis of intermediate 13-6:
[0316] The solution of 1-4 (0.50 g, 1.0 mmol) , (COCl) 2 (0.254 g, 2 mmol) and DMF (cat) in DCM (10 ml) was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo, then DCM (10 ml) , TEA (0.929 g, 9.2 mmol) , DAMP (14 mg, 0.115 mmol) and 13-5 (0.756 g, 2.0 mmol) were added and stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction wasquenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 13-6 (0.30 g, yield 37%) .
[0317] (3) Synthesis of compound 13:
[0318] The solution of 13-6 (0.30 g, 0.37 mmol) and TsOH (0.128 g, 0.75 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) was stirred for 4 h at 50℃. The reaction was quenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to give the compound 13 (0.17 g, yield 60%) .
[0319] Preparation example 4: Synthesis of intermediate 1-2 (diphenoxyphosphoryl) methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (intermediate 1-2)
[0320] (1) Synthesis of intermediate 1-2-B:
[0321] A solution of 1-2-A (1 g, 3.1 mmol) and TMSBr (3.3 g, 21.7 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) was stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo. MTBE and 2-3N NaOH were added and extracted with MTBE. The pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH=1-2 with 3N HCl. After extraction with EA, the organic phase was concentrated in vacuo to obtain intermediate 1-2-B (0.6 g, yield 72%) .
[0322] (2) Synthesis of intermediate 1-2:
[0323] The solution of intermediate 1-2-B (0.6 g, 2.25 mmol) , (COCl) 2 (0.856 g, 6.75 mmol) and DMF (cat) in DCM (10 ml) was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. DCM (10 ml) , TEA (1.36 g, 13.5 mmol) , DAMP (27 mg, 0.225 mmol) and phenol (0.528 g, 5.625 mmol) were then added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was quenched by H2O, and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain intermediate 1-2 (0.36 g, yield 38%) .
[0324] Preparation example 5: amino-acid ester (Int A)
[0325] Pentan-3-ol (28 g, 318 mmol) was added to a solution of Int A-1 (60 g, 317 mmol) , Imidazole (21 g, 323 mmol) , HATU (180 g, 473 mmol) and TEA (64 g, 633 mmol) in DMF / DCM (500ml / 500ml) , and stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo to remove the DCM. The residue was added into water and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was filtrated to obtain a solid. The solid was dried to obtain Int A-2 (80.0g, yield 97.3%) .
[0326] The Int A-2 (50 g, 193 mmol) was dissolved into the solution of HCl in dioxane (4 M, 500 ml) at 0-5℃, and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo to obtain a solid. The solid was added into DCM (500 ml) and saturated sodium carbonate solution (500 ml) , and stirred for 15 mins. The organic layer was separated and concentrated in vacuo to obtain Int A (27.0 g, yield 87.9%) .
[0327] Preparation example 6: (4-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethylphenyl) (3-isopropyl-4- (methoxymethoxy) phenyl) methan one(Int B)
[0328] A solution of Compound 1-1 (1.0 g, 3.18 mmol) , Pd / C (0.05 g, 30 wt%) , H2O (0.2 ml) in DMA (2 ml) was stirred for 48 h at 130-135℃under N2. After cooling, the mixture solution was filtrated to get a filtrate. The filtrate was added into ethyl acetate (15 ml) and washed with brine, then concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica to obtain Int B (0.35 g, yield 33.5%) .
[0329] Preparation example 7: 4- ( (3-isopropyl-4- (methoxymethoxy) phenyl) methyl-d2) -3, 5-dimethylphenol (Int C)
[0330] LiAlD4 (25.6 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added to a solution of Int B (0.1 g, 0.3 mmol) in THF (1 ml) at 0℃ and stirred for 1 h. The mixture reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution, then EtOAc (20 ml) was added into the mixture reaction. The organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain Int C (56 mg, yield 58.1%) .
[0331] Preparation example 8: 4- (difluoro (3-isopropyl-4- (methoxymethoxy) phenyl) methyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenol (Int D)
[0332] A mixture of Int B (0.1 g, 0.3 mmol) in 1, 2-Dichlorethan (1 ml) was added BAST (0.2 g, 0.9 mmol) was stirred for 72 hours at RT under N2. The reaction as quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (1 ml) . Then the organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain Int D (66mg, yield 61.9%) .
[0333] Preparation example 9: 4- (4- (methoxymethoxy) -3- (propan-2-yl-1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-d6) benzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenol (Int E)
[0334] iPrMgCl (1 M in THF, 50 ml) was added dropwisely to a solution of Int E-1 (5.0 g, 16.7 mmol) in THF (50 ml) at-20℃ and stirred for 2 hours. Acetone-D6 (0.5 ml)was added dropwisely into the solution and stirred for 2 h, then naturally warm to room temperature. The mixture reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution (30 ml) and EtOAc (50 ml) was added into the mixture reaction. Then the organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain Int E-2 (3.2g, yield 80.1%) .
[0335] Et3SiH (2.94 g, 25.3 mmol) was added to a solution of Int E-2 (3.0 g, 12.6 mmol) and TFA (0.1 ml) in DCE (30 ml) and stirred for 4 h. Water (30ml) was added into the mixture reaction. Then the organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to obtain Int E-3 (2.6 g, yield 92.9%) .
[0336] tBuOK (1.98 g, 17.6 mmol) was added to a solution of Int E-3 (2.6 g, 11.7 mmol) in THF (30 ml) at 0℃ and stirred for 1 h. Then the MOMBr (1.62 g, 12.9 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h. The mixture reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution (30 ml) and EtOAc (50 ml) was added into the mixture reaction. Then the organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain Int E-4 (1.9 g, yield 60.9%) .
[0337] n-BuLi (4.3 ml, 2.5 M in hexane) was added to a solution of Int E-4 (1.9 g, 7.16 mmol) in THF (20 ml) at-78℃ and stirred for 30 min. Then 2, 6-dimethyl-4- ( (triisopropylsilyl) oxy) benzaldehyde (2.31 g, 7.52 mmol) was added dropwisely and for stirred 1 h at-78℃. The mixture reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution (20 ml) and EtOAc (40 ml) was added into the mixture reaction. Then the organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to obtain Int E-5 (2.43 g, yield 68.8%) .
[0338] A solution of TBAF (5 ml, 1 M in EA) was added to a solution of Int E-5 (2.43 g, 4.93 mmol) in EtOAc (20 ml) and stirred for 30 min. Water (20 ml) was added and stirred for 15 min. Then the organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was crystalized by n-heptane to obtain Int E-6 (1.32 g, yield 79.6%) .
[0339] Pd / C (0.1 g, 30 wt%) was added to a solution of Int E-6 (1.32 g, 3.92 mmol) and TFA (2 drops) in DCM (15 ml) . The solution was stirred for 4 h under H2at RT. After filtraction, the solution was concentrated in vacuo to obtain Int E (1.15 g, yield 91.5%) .
[0340] Preparation example 10: phenyl hydrogen ( (4- (4-hydroxy-3-isopropylbenzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) methyl) phosphonate (Int F)
[0341] Potassium carbonate (3.30 g, 23.85 mmol) was added to a solution of 4- [ (4- (methoxymethoxy) -3- (propan-2-yl) phenyl) methyl] -3, 5-dimethylphenol (5 g, 15.90 mmol) , and diethyl [ (4-methylbenzenesulfonyl) oxy] methanephosphonate (5.12 g, 15.9 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 ml) , and stirred for 4 h at 80-85℃. After cooling, water and ethyl acetate were added to the mixture. The organic layer was separated and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide diethyl [ (4- [ (4- (methoxymethoxy) -3- (propan-2-yl) phenyl) methyl] -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) met hyl] phosphonate (7.2 g, yield 97.47%) as an oil.
[0342] TMSBr (3.30 g, 21.6 mmol) was add dropwise to a solution of diethyl [ (4- [ (4- (methoxymethoxy) -3- (propan-2-yl) phenyl) methyl] -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) met hyl] phosphonate (5 g, 10.76 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 ml) and stirred for 4 h at 10-15℃. Water was added dropwise to the mixture. The organic layer was separated and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound A (3.6g, yield 92%) .
[0343] Pyridine (200 ml) , DCC (92 g, 451 mmol) and DMAP (18 g, 147 mmol) were added to a solution of compound A (55 g, 151 mmol) and phenol (28.4 g, 302 mmol) in DMF (1L) and stirred overnight at 80-85℃. After cooling, ethyl acetate was added to the mixture and adjust the pH 3.0 by the 1N HCl solution. The orgaic layer was separated, washed with water, dried over (Na2SO4) and evaporated to dryness to afford crude product. Then the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with PE: EtOAc=10: 1 to obtain Int F (26g, yield: 39%) as a white solid.
[0344] Preparation example 11: Pentan-3-yl ( (R) - ( (4- (4-hydroxy-3-isopropylbenzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) methyl) (phenoxy) p hosphoryl) -L-alaninate (29) and Pentan-3-yl ( (S) - ( (4- (4-hydroxy-3-isopropylbenzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) methyl) (phenoxy) phosphoryl) -L-alaninate (30)
[0345] Oxalyl chloride (8.6 g, 67.7 mmol) was added dropwisely to a solution of Int F (10 g, 22.7 mmol) and DMF (166 mg, 2.27 mmol) in DCM (100 ml) and stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness to afford an oil. The oil was dissolved into DCM (100 ml) , followed by addition of pentan-3-yl L-alaninate (18.05 g, 113.5 mmol) and stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction mixture was concentrated, purified by silica gel chromatography, and eluted with PE: EtOAc=10: 1 to obtain compound 25 (3.0 g, yield) The compound 25 was purified by chiral column (Welch XT C18150 mm*21.2 mm, 5 um) to afford compound 28, (1.5 g, yield) and compound 29 (1.2 g, yield) .
[0346] Preparation example 12: pentan-3-yl ( ( (4- (3- (4-fluorobenzyl) -4-hydroxybenzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenoxy) methyl) (phenoxy) phosphoryl) -L-alaninate (52)
[0347] To a stirred solution of 1- (benzyloxy) -2-bromobenzene (21 g, 79.81 mmol) in THF(S0, 100 mL) were added butyllithium (5.62 g, 87.79 mmol) dropwise at-70℃under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at-70℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture was added 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (R1, 9.91 g, 79.81 mmol, Purity 100%) dropwise over 15 min at-70℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at 0℃. The reaction was quenched by the addition of [water] (50 mL) at 25℃. The resulting mixture was extrated with EA (3 x 100 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with [brine] (2 x 50 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
[0348] A solution of (2- (benzyloxy) phenyl) (4-fluorophenyl) methanol (27 g, 87.56 mmol) , hydrogen chloride (0.32 g, 8.76 mmol) and Pd / C (4.92 g, 35.02 mmol) in methanol (60 mL) was stirred for 16 h at 25℃under H2 atomosphere. The resulting mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed with MeOH (3 x 20 mL) . The filtrate was neutralized to pH 7-8 with NaHCO3 (aq. ) . The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The aqueous layer was extrated with DCM (3 x 50 mL) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification.
[0349] To a stirred solution of 2- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] phenol (15 g, 74.18 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) were added Tetrabutylammonium tribromide (37.56 g, 77.89 mmol) in portions at 0℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 25℃. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at 25℃. The resulting mixture was extrated with EA (2 x 100 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 20 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA: PE (1: 10) to afford 4-bromo-2- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] phenol (12 g, yield 57.55%) as a yellow oil.
[0350] To a stirred solution of 4-bromo-2- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] phenol (12 g, 42.69 mmol) in THF (50 mL) were added Sodium hydride (2.22 g, 55.50 mmol, Purity 60%) in portions at 0℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 25℃. To the above mixture was added chloro (methoxy) methane (4.12 g, 51.23 mmol) dropwise over 15 min at 0℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at 25℃. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) at 25℃. The resulting mixture was extrated with EA (3 x 30 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 20 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with [EA: PE (1: 10) ] to afford 4-bromo-2- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -1- (methoxymethoxy) benzene (10 g, yield 72.04%) as a yellow oil.
[0351] To a stirred solution of 4-bromo-2- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -1- (methoxymethoxy) benzene (15 g, 46.13 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added butyllithium (3.10 g, 48.44 mmol) dropwise at-70℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at-70℃under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture was added 2, 6-dimethyl-4- [ (tris (propan-2-yl) silyl) oxy] benzaldehyde (14.14 g, 46.13 mmol) dropwise over 15 min at-70℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at 0℃. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) at 25℃. The resulting mixture was extrated with EA (2 x 50 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 20 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA: PE (0-1: 10) to afford (2, 6-dimethyl-4- [ (tris (propan-2-yl) silyl) oxy] phenyl) (3- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -4- (m ethoxymethoxy) phenyl) methanol (10 g, yield 39.22%) as a yellow oil.
[0352] To a stirred solution of 4- [ (3- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -4- (methoxymethoxy) phenyl) (hydroxy) methyl] -3, 5-di methylphenol (3.5 g, 9.20 mmol) and Pd / C (0.26 g, 1.84 mmol) in methanol (40 mL) were added hydrogen chloride (0.050 g, 1.38 mmol) dropwise at 25℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 25℃ under H2 atmosphere. The resulting mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed with MeOH (3 x 10 mL) . The filtrate was The residue was basified to pH 7-8 with NaHCO3 (aq. ) . The resulting mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed with DCM (3 x 10 mL) . The filtrate was extrated with DCM(3 x 50 mL) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in 4- [ (3- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -4- (methoxymethoxy) phenyl) methyl] -3, 5-dimethylphe nol (2 g, yield 54.84%) as a yellow oil.
[0353] To a stirred solution of (2, 6-dimethyl-4- [ (tris (propan-2-yl) silyl) oxy] phenyl) (3- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -4- (m ethoxymethoxy) phenyl) methanol (10 g, 18.09 mmol) in THF (50 mL) were added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (4.73 g, 18.09 mmol) dropwise at 0℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 25℃. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL) . The organic layers were washed with water (2 x 30 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by trituration with Heptane (20 mL) . The precipitated solid were collected by filtration and washed with Heptane (3 x 5 mL) . This resulted in 4- [ (3- [ (4-fluorophenyl) methyl] -4- (methoxymethoxy) phenyl) (hydroxy) methyl] -3, 5-di methylphenol (5.5 g, yield 76.69%) as a yellow solid.
[0354] The following Synthesis method can follow the Preparation example 10 and example 11, the compound 52 was obtained.
[0355] Preparation example 13: pentan-3-yl ( (4- (3- (sec-butyl) -4-hydroxybenzyl) -3, 5-dimethylphenethyl) (phenoxy) phosphoryl) -L-alaninate (53)
[0356] To a solution of 4-bromo-2- (butan-2-yl) -1- (methoxymethoxy) benzene (6.11 g, 22.37 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added butyllithium (1.58 g, 24.61 mmol) drop-wise at-70℃, then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1h. Then a solution of 4-bromo-2, 6-dimethylbenzaldehyde (4.77 g, 22.37 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added to above solution at-70℃ under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at-70℃ for 0.5 hours. After warming to room temperature, NH4Cl (aq. ) was added and stirred 30 mins, and extract with ethyl acetate. The reaction mixture was concentrated, purified by silica gel chromatography, and eluted with PE: EtOAc=20: 1 to obtain compound 53-2, 5.23g, yield: 57.4%.
[0357] 53-2 (3.78 g, 9.28 mmol) , diethyl ethenylphosphonate (1.68 g, 10.21 mmol) , palladium (II) acetate (0.21 g, 0.93 mmol) , potassium carbonate (1.54 g, 11.14 mmol) and Tri (m-tolyl) phosphine (0.28 g, 0.93 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was de-gassed and then heated to 110℃ for 16 hours under N2. The reaction was cool to rt and H2O was added to above solution. The mixture was extracted with EA (100mL*3) . The combined organic phsae was washed with brine, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE: EA=5: 1-1: 2) to give the pure product as yellow oil, 53-3, 2.78g, yield: 61.1%.
[0358] 53-3 (40 mg, 0.082 mmol) , Pd / C (0.00087 g, 0.0082 mmol) , trifluoroacetic acid (0.00047 g, 0.0041 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) . The reaction was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by TLC (PE: EA=1: 1) to give the pure product as white oil, 53-4, 21mg, yield: 54.04%.
[0359] The following Synthesis method canbe follow the Preparation example 10 and example 11, the compound 53 was obtained.
[0360] The following compounds (in Table 1) were prepared according to the procedures described herein using the appropriate starting material (s) and appropriate protecting group chemistry as needed, and characterized by 1HNMR as follows:
[0361] Table 1. Compound list
[0362] Example 14: Preparation of 4- (4- ( ( (2R, 4S) -4- (3-chlorophenyl) -2-oxido-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) -2-isopropylphenyl stearate (Compound 54)
[0363] Stearoyl chloride (5.0g, 16.5mmol) , Triethylamine (1.67g, 16.5mmol) and DMAP (2mg) were added to a solution of Compound A (4.25g, 8.25mmol) in dichloromethane (50ml) at 0℃and stirred overnight at room temperature. Water (50ml) was added into the mixture, and an organic layer was extracted. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to obtain a solid, which was purified by flash column chromatography (DCM / MeOH 10: 1) to produce Compound 54, 4.6g, yield: 71.3%.
[0364] Example 15: Preparation of 4- (4- ( ( (2R, 4S) -4- (3-chlorophenyl) -2-oxido-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) -2-isopropylphenyl docosyl carbonate (Compound 57)
[0365] n-Docosanol (1.90g, 5.83mmol) , Et3N (3.5g, 35mmol) and DMAP (2mg) was added into dichloromethane (50ml) at 0℃ and stirred 1hour. Then a solution of compound A (2.0g, 3.88mmol, 10ml) was added into the mixture solution, and stirred for 2 hours at 0℃. Water (50ml) was added into the mixture, and an organic layer was extracted. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to obtain an oil, which was purified by flash column chromatography (DCM / MeOH 10: 1) to produce Compound 57, 1.2g, yield: 35.6%.
[0366] Example 16: Preparation of 4- (4- ( ( (2R, 4S) -4- (3-chlorophenyl) -2-oxido-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) -2-isopropylphenyl L-alaninate (Compound 65)
[0367] Compound A (2.5g, 4.85mmol) , HATU (2.21g, 5.82mmol) and Et3N (0.74g, 7.28mmol) was added into dichloromethane (25ml) at room tempreature and stirred 3 hours. Water (50ml) was added into the mixture, and an organic layer was extracted. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to obtain an oil, which was added into the dichloromethane (25ml) . Then Trifluoroacetic acid (6ml) was added into the solution and stirred 2hours, then a white solid was precipitated. After filtration, the compound 65 was obtained, 2.6g, yield: 91.4%.
[0368] Example 17. Preparation of 4- (4- ( ( (2R, 4S) -4- (3-chlorophenyl) -2-oxido-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl) methoxy) -2, 6-dimethylbenzyl) -2-isopropylphenyl 2- ( ( (decyloxy) carbonyl) disulfaneyl) acetate (Compound 70)
[0369] Compound A (5.14g, 10mmol) , Dithiodiglycolic Acid (3.64g, 20mmol) , HATU (3.8g, 10mmol) and Et3N (2.02g, 20mmol) was added into dichloromethane (50ml) at room tempreature and stirred for 3 hours. Water (50ml) was added into the mixture, and an organic layer was extracted. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to obtain an oil, which was purified by flash column chromatography (DCM / MeOH 8: 1) to produce Compound 70-1, 2.3g, yield: 33.9%.
[0370] Compound 70-1 (2.0g, 2.95mmol) , HATU (1.23g, 3.25mmol) and Et3N (0.60g, 5.9mmol) was added into dichloromethane (20ml) at room tempreature and stirred 3 hours. Water (30ml) was added into the mixture, and an organic layer was extracted. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to obtain an oil, which was purified by flash column chromatography (DCM / MeOH 15: 1) to produce Compound 70, 1.5g, yield: 63.3%.
[0371] The following compounds (in Table 2) were prepared according to the procedures described herein using the appropriate starting material (s) and appropriate protecting group chemistry as needed, and characterized by 1HNMR as follows:
[0372] Table 2. The Compound list
[0373] Example 2 Bioactivity of compounds on TRαand TRβBinding in TR-FRET Assay
[0374] 1) Compound screening
[0375] a) Prepare 1×Reaction Buffer.
[0376] b) Prepare diluted T3 and compounds in DMSO in a 96-well plate.
[0377] c) Dilute each 100×compounds serial dilution (prepare at step b) to 4×using 1×Reaction Buffer.
[0378] d) Add 5μL 4×compound serial dilution (prepare at step c) into 384-well plate.
[0379] e) Prepare 4×TRαLBD or 4×TRβ-LBD, 4×RxRαin 1×chilled Reaction buffer.
[0380] f) Add 5μL 4×TRαLBD or 4×TRβ-LBD, 4×RxRα (Prepare at step e) into the assay plate (Prepare at step d) .
[0381] g) Prepare a solution containing Biotin-SRC2-2 (2×) and Europium anti-GST (2×) and Streptavidin-d2 (2×) in 1×Reaction Buffer.
[0382] h) Start the reaction by adding 10μL solution (prepare at step g) into each well of the assay plate.
[0383] i) Centrifuge the assay plates at 1000 rpm for 1 min.
[0384] j) Incubate 1 h at RT, protected from light.
[0385] k) Read the plate at wavelengths of 665 nm and 615 nm on BMG.
[0386] 2) Data analysis
[0387] %Activity is calculated as follow
[0388] Ratio: 665nm / 615nm
[0389] :The average ratio for the positive controls across the plate.
[0390] :The average ratio for negative controls across the plate.
[0391] 3) Calculate EC50 and plot effect-dose curve of compounds
[0392] Calculate EC50 by fitting%Activity values and log of compound concentrations to nonlinear regression (dose response-variable slope) with Graphpad 5.0.
[0393] Y=Bottom+ (Top-Bottom) / (1+10^ ( (LogEC50-x) *HillSlope) )
[0394] X: log of Activator concentration; Y: %Activity.
[0395] The result of the compound
[0396] Example 3 Pharmacokinetic study
[0397] 1. Absorption pharmacokinetics in rats
[0398] The compound of formula I is a prodrug of protide, which would be metabolize into an active moiety compound A or analogues.
[0399] a. Individual plasma concentrations of compound A after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 1, 10, 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40 and 50 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to active moiety) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 1 and Fig 2.
[0400] b. In vivo, Compound 31 would be metabolize into compound C; Compound 32 would be metabolize into compound D; Compound 34 would be metabolize into compound E; Compound 36 would be metabolize into compound F;
[0401] Individual plasma concentrations of compound C after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 31 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to compound C) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 3.
[0402] Individual plasma concentrations of compound D after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 32 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to compound D) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 4.
[0403] Individual plasma concentrations of compound E after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 34 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to compound E) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 5.
[0404] Individual plasma concentrations of compound F after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 36 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to compound F) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 6.
[0405] c. Compounds of formula II were prodrug, which would be metabolize in vivo to compound A. Therefore, individual plasma concentrations of compound A after a single subcutaneous administration of compound 54 to rat (20 mg / kg) were monitored and used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters. The results are shown, in Fig 7.
[0406] d. In vivo, Compound 52 would be metabolize into compound G; Compound 53 would be metabolize into compound H;
[0407] Individual plasma concentrations of compound G after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 52 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to compound G) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 8.
[0408] Individual plasma concentrations of compound H after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 53 to SD rat (14 mg / kg equivalent to compound H) were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 9.
[0409] 2. Absorption pharmacokinetics in Male Cynomolgus Monkeys
[0410] a. Individual plasma concentrations of compound A after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 29 and 30 to Male Cynomolgus Monkeys were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 10.
[0411] Dosing Information: Formulation concentration: 10mg / kg; Formulation concentration: 20mg / ml.
[0412] b. Individual plasma concentrations of compound G after a single subcutaneous administration of Compound 52 to Male Cynomolgus Monkeys were used to calculate the mean pharmacokinetic parameters summarized in Fig 11.
[0413] Dosing Information: Formulation concentration: 10mg / kg; Formulation concentration: 20mg / ml.
[0414] 3. Distribution pharmacokinetics in rats
[0415] The distribution of compound A in plasma and liver was detected after single subcutaneous administration of compounds, summarized as follows:
[0416] Example 4 Pharmacological efficacy in a mouse model
[0417] Animals: Male C57BL / 6J mice
[0418] Experimental Methods: One day before model induction, the animals were depilated on the back in a central area measuring 2.5 cm×2.5 cm. Mice with pink skin color, no dark pigmentation, and no residual hair were selected for model induction. The model was induced by subcutaneous injection of 100 μL of testosterone propionate solution (80 mg / kg) . Seven days after model induction, mice without dark pigmentation and residual hair were grouped into the following categories: blank control group (no model induction after depilation) , blank vehicle group (administer the blank solvent after model induction) , and drug administration group. Drug administration (topical application to the depilated area, once daily) began and lasted for 4 weeks.
[0419] Data Collection:
[0420] New Hair Growth Coverage: The number of days it took for the mice’s skin to darken was recorded by photographing the depilated area. After each photograph, the coverage of new hair growth was measured using ImageJ. New hair growth coverage was calculated as the ratio of the area covered by new hair to the total depilated area, expressed as a percentage (New Hair Growth Coverage=Area of New Hair Growth / Total Depilated Area×100%) .
[0421] Results: The new hair growth coverage in the drug administration group was significantly higher than that in the blank vehicle group.
[0422] Conclusion: The disclosed compounds are capable of significantly promoting hair growth.
Claims
1.A method for preventing, treating, or ameliorating alopecia areata, comprising administering a effective amount of a thyromimetic compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof, wherein the thyromimetic compound is a compound of Formula I, whereinG is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (O) 2-, -Se-, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4 alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4 alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4 alkyl) -, or CH2 linked to any of the preceding groups;T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) k-, -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) n-CRb=CRb-, - (CRa2) -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) -, -O (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -S (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rc) (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rb) C (O) (Ra2) n-, - (CRa2) mC (Rb) (NRbRc) -, -C (O) (CRa2) m-, - (CRa2) mC (O) -, - (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) -and- (CH2) pC (O) N (Rb) C (Ra2) -;k is an integer from 0-4;m is an integer from 0-3;n is an integer from 0-2;p is an integer from 0-1;each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4 alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4 alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted -C2-C4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Ra is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Ra attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl;each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4 alkyl, and-C (O) H;R1, R2, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3 alkyl, hydroxy and cyano; orR8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4 alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3 alkyl, hydroxy, - (CRa2) aryl, - (CRa2) cycloalkyl, - (CRa2) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) aryl, -C (O) cycloalkyl, -C (O) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) alkyl and cyano;R3and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, cyano, optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m aryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m cycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) m heterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRg, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) ORh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRg, -N (Rb) S (O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (O) 2NRfRg, and-NRfRg;each Rdis selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl and-C (O) NRfRg;each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted - (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocyclo alkyl, or Rf and Rg may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted - (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl;R5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted-OC1-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) ORh, -OC (O) NH (Rh) , -F, -NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=O) Re, -NHS (=O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ;X is carboxylic acid or esters thereof, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid, tetraz ole, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, 6-azauracil, thiazolidinedione, acyl sulfonamide, other carboxylic acid surrogates, phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoe ster, phosphinic acid, or a prodrug thereof; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and p rodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the thyromimetic compound is a compound of Formula III: wherein:G is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (=O) 2-, -Se-, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4alkyl) -, or CH2linked to any of the preceding groups;T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) k-, -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) n-CRb=CRb-, - (CRa2) -CRb=CRb- (CRa2) -, -O (CRb2χCR32) n-, -S (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rc) (CRb2) (CRa2) n-, -N (Rb) C (O) (CRa2) n-, - (CRa2) mC (Rb) (NRbRc) -, -C (O) (CRa2) m-, - (CRa2) mC (O) -, - (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) - (CRa2) p-, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -O- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -S- (CRb2) -, - (CRa2) p- (CRb2) -N (Rc) - (CRb2) -and- (CH2) pC (O) N (Rb) C (Ra2) -;k is an integer from 0-4;m is an integer from 0-3;n is an integer from 0-2;p is an integer from 0-1;each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Ra is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Ra attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl;each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4alkyl, and-C (O) H;R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-S-Ci-C3alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3alkyl, and cyano; with the proviso that at least one of R1and R2is not hydrogen;R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, cyano, optionally substituted -C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) maryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) mcycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) mheterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRs, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) ORh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRg, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2NRfRs, and-NRfRg;each Rdis selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl and-C (O) NRfRg;each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted - (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocyclo alkyl, or Rf and Rg may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C4 alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted - (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl;R5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted-OC1-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) ORh, -OC (O) NH (Rh) , -F, -NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=O) Re, -NHS (=O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ; or R3and R5are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R3and R5are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from-NRh-, -O-, and-S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; andX is carboxylic acid or esters thereof, carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, 6-azauracil, thiazolidinedione, acylsulfonamide, other carboxylic acid surrogates, phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, phosphinic acid, or a prodrug thereof,and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.3.The method of claim. 1, wherein the thyromimetic compound is a compound of Formula IX: wherein:G is selected from the group consisting of-O-, -S-, -Se-, -S (=O) -, -S (=O) 2-, -Se, -CH2-, -CF2-, -CHF-, -C (O) -, -CH (OH) -, -CH (C1-C4alkyl) -, -CH (C1-C4alkoxy) -, -C (=CH2) -, -NH-, and-N (C1-C4alkyl) -, or CH2linked to any of the preceding groups;T is selected from the group consisting of- (CRa2) nC (Rb2) O-, - (CRa2) nC (Rb2) N (Rb) -, - (CRa2) nC (Rb2) S-, -C (O) (CRa2) pC (Rb2) O-, -C (O) (CRa2) pC (Rb2) N (Rb) -, -C (O) (CRa2) pC (Rb2) S-, - (CRa2) pC (O) C (Rb2) O-, - (CRa2) pC (O) C (Rb2) N (Rb) -, and- (CRa2) pC (O) C (Rb2) S-,k is an integer from 0-4;m is an integer from 0-3;n is an integer from 0-2;p is an integer from 0-1;each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted-O-C1-C4alkyl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-S-C1-C4alkyl, -NRbRc, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, and optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl; with the proviso that when one Rais attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other Ra attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl;each Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-C (O) -C1-C4alkyl, and-C (O) H;R1, R2, R6, and R7are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-C1-C3alkyl, and cyano; with the proviso that at least one of R1and R2is not hydrogen;R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted-S-C1-C3alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C4alkynyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F, optionally substituted-O-CrC3alkyl, hydroxy, - (CRa2) aryl, - (CRa2) cycloalkyl, - (CRa2) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) aryl, -C (O) cycloalkyl, -C (O) heterocycloalkyl, -C (O) alkyl and cyano; orR3 and R4are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -OCH2F5cyano, optionally substituted -Cj-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) maryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) mcycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) mheterocycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -aryl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -cycloalkyl, -C (Rb) =C (Rb) -heterocycloalkyl, -C≡C (aryl) , -C≡C (cycloalkyl) , -C≡C (heterocycloalkyl) , - (CRa2) n (CRb2) NRfRg, -ORd, -SRd, -S (=O) Re, -S (=O) 2Re, -S (=O) 2NRfRg, -C (O) NRfRg, -C (O) 0Rh, -C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) Re, -N (Rb) C (O) NRfRs, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2Re, -N (Rb) S (=O) 2NRfRg, and-NRfRg;each Rd is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl, and-C (O) NRfRg;each Re is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycIoalkyl, and optionally substituted - (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl;Rf and Rg are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C12alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted - (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted- (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl, or Rf and Rg may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NRC, and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C4alkyl, -ORb, oxo, cyano, -CF3, optionally substituted phenyl, and-C (O) ORh;each Rh is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted-C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted-C2-C12alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-Q2alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) naryl, optionally substituted- (CRb2) ncycloalkyl, and optionally substituted - (CRb2) nheterocycloalkyl; orR3 and R8 are taken together along with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R3and R8are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from-NRh-, -O-, and-S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; orR5 is selected from the group consisting of-OH, optionally substituted-OCi-C6alkyl, -OC (O) Re, -OC (O) ORh, -NHC (O) 0Rh, -OC (O) NH (Rh) , -F5-NHC (O) Re, -NHS (=0) Re, -NHS (O) 2Re, -NHC (=S) NH (Rh) , and-NHC (O) NH (Rh) ; orR3 and R5 are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R3and R5are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from-O-, and-S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom;X is P (O) (YR11) Y”;Y” is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2NRfRg, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg and- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, optionally substituted-O-C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted-O- (CRa2) n-aryl; optionally substituted-O- (CRa2) n-heteroaryl;Y is selected from the group consisting of-O-, and-NRV-;when Y is-O-, R11 attached to-O-is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH2-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted-alkylaryl, -C (RZ) 2OC (O) NRZ2, -NRz-C (O) -Ry, -C (Rz) 2-OC (O) Ry, -C (R2) 2-O-C (O) ORy, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) SRy, -alkyl-S-C (O) Ry, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and-alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;when Y is-NRV-, then R11 attached to-NRV-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) ORy, -C (Rx) 2C (O) ORy, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) SRy, and-cycloalkylene-C (O) ORy;q is an integer 2 or 3;each Rz is selected from the group consisting of Ry and-H;each Ry is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;each Rx is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, and alkyl, or together Rx and Rx form a cycloalkyl group;each Rv is selected from the group consisting of-H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.4.The method any one of claims 1-3, whereinX is P (O) (YR11) (Y’ R11) or P (O) (YR11) Y”;Y” is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2NRfRg, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg and- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, optionally substituted-O-C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted-O- (CRa2) n-aryl; optionally substituted-O- (CRa2) n-heteroaryl;Y and Y’a xe each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and-NRv-;when Y is-O-and Y” is hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F5-CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C6alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) ncycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CR32) kS (=O) 2NRfRs, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg, or- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, or when Y and Y’a re both-O-, R11 attached to-O-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH2-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted-alkylaryl, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) NRz2, -NRz-C (O) -Ry, -C (R2) 2-OC (O) Ry, -C (Rz) 2-O-C (O) ORy, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) SRy, -alkyl-S-C (O) Ry, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and-alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;when Y is-NRV-and Y” is hydrogen, optionally substituted-C1-C6-alkyl, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -CH2OH, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkenyl, optionally substituted-C2-C6 alkynyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) n cycloalkyl, optionally substituted- (CRa2) nheterocycloalkyl, - (CRa2) kS (=O) Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2Re, - (CRa2) kS (=O) 2NRfRg, - (CRa2) kC (O) NRfRg, or- (CRa2) kC (O) Re, or when Y and Y’a re both-NRV-, then R11attached to-NRV-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, - [C (R2) 2] q-C (O) ORy, -C (Rx) 2C (O) 0Ry, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) SRy, and-cycloalkylene-C (O) ORy;when Y is-O-and Y’ is NRV, then R11 attached to-O-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH2-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted-alkylaryl, -C (RZ) 2OC (O) NRz2, -NRz-C (O) -Ry, -C (Rz) 2-OC (O) Ry, -C (Rz) 2-O-C (O) 0Ry, -C (Rz) 2OC (O) SRy, -alkyl-S-C (O) Ry, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and-alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;and R11 attached to-NRV-is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, - [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) ORy5-C (Rx) 2C (O) ORy5- [C (Rz) 2] q-C (O) SRy, and-cycloalkylene-C (O) ORy;or when Y and Y’a re independently selected from-O-and-NRV-, then R11and R11 together form a cyclic group comprising-alkyl-S-S-alkyl-, or R11and R11together form the group:wherein:V, W, and W’ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; ortogether V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; ortogether V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus; ortogether V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms or carbon substituted by hydrogen and substituted with one substiruent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus; ortogether Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; ortogether W and W’a re connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-2 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;Z is selected from the group consisting of-CHRZOH, -CHRzOC (O) Ry, -CHRzOC (S) Ry, -CHR2OC (S) OR*, -CHRzOC (O) SRy, -CHR2OCO2R*, -ORZ, -SRZ, -CHR2N3, -CH2aryl, -CH (aryl) OH, -CH (CH=CRZ2) OH, -CH (C=CRZ) OH, -Rz, -NRZ2, -OCORy, -OCO2Ry, -SCORy, -SCO2Ry, -NHCOR2, -NHCO2Ry, -CH2NHaryl, - (CH2) q-ORz, and- (CH2) q-SRz;q is an integer 2 or 3;each Rz is selected from the group consisting of Ry and-H;each Ry is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;each Rx is independently selected from the group consisting of-H, and alkyl, or together Rxand Rx form a cycloalkyl group;each Rv is selected from the group consisting of-H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;with the provisos that:a) V, Z, W, W’ are not all-H; andb) when Z is-Rz, then at least one of V, W, and W’ is not-H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.5.The method any one of claims 1 to 3, whereinX iswherein each of R13 and R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C6-10 aryl, heteroaryl, C1-6 alkyl-C6-10 aryl, and C1-6 alkyl-heteroaryl, or R13 and R14 are combined with the atoms to which they are attached to form a C3-10cycloalkyl or a heterocyclyl;wherein R15 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-30 alkyl, C5-10 cycloalkyl, C1-30 haloalkyl, C6-10 aryl, and C6-10 aryl-C1-8 alkyl, wherein R3 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, NH2, NO2, OH, CN, -C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, and O-C1-6 alkyl;wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of C6-10 aryl, C1-6 alkyl-C6-10 aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein R4 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, NH2, NO2, OH, CN, -C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, and O-C1-6 alkyl.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the thyromimetic compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the thyromimetic compound is selected from the group consisting of: or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the thyromimetic compound is selected from the group consisting of: 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the thyromimetic compound is or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.10.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the alopecia areata is selected from hair loss, lack of hair regrowth and androgenetic alopecia.11.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said alopecia areata is androgenetic alopecia (AGA) .12.The method of any one of claim 11, wherein the androgenetic alopecia is selected from male pattern baldness, female pattern baldness and chemotherapy-induced hair loss.13.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the subject is human.14.The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the thyromimetic compound is administered topically on the skin of the subject.15.The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein said thyromimetic compound is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.16.A method for preventing, treating, or ameliorating alopecia areata comprising administering a effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof,wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises:(a) a thyromimetic compound selecting from the group consisting of:or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs;(b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises:(a) compound 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and(b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.18.The method of any one of claims 16 to 17, wherein the alopecia areata is selected from hair loss, lack of hair regrowth and androgenetic alopecia, wherein androgenetic alopecia is selected from male pattern baldness, female pattern baldness and chemotherapy-induced hair loss.19.The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.0001 to about 10 wt. %of compound 29, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.20.The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, buffers, surfactants, detergents, oils, alcohols, emulsifiers, solubilizers, humectants, fillers and bioadhesives.
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