A bullet with a pass-through channel and an ammunition having a propulsion piston

Abstract

The invention relates to a bullet or projectile equipped with at least one pass-through channel, and also relates to ammunition containing this bullet, where the ammunition alternatively also includes a cartridge for seating the bullet, and also includes a drive piston which separates the chamber of the cartridge with the ejection mixture from the bullet, and where the piston separates the bullet after firing, in particular by loss of kinetic energy and by the pressure of air flowing through the pass-through channel, thereby enabling the bullet to achieve the desired properties. The channel is located in the longitudinal axis of the bullet, and in the case of multiple channels, these channels are concentrated symmetrically around the longitudinal axis of the bullet. The invention also relates to a bullet or projectile equipped with a pass-through channel, and further relates to a cartridge containing this bullet, where the cartridge alternatively also includes a cartridge case for sealing the bullet, and further includes a drive piston with anti-deformation treatment, which separates the chamber of the cartridge with the ejection mixture from the bullet, and where the piston separates after firing, in particular by loss of kinetic energy and by the pressure of air flowing through the pass-through channel from the bullet, allowing the bullet to achieve the desired properties. The bullet according to this invention allows active lubrication of the weapon to be achieved by means of technical elements ensuring lubrication of the barrel when the bullet is used.

Description

A bullet with a pass-through channel and an ammunition having a propulsion pistonTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The invention relates to a bullet or projectile equipped with at least one pass-through channel, and also relates to ammunition containing this bullet, where the ammunition alternatively also includes a cartridge for seating the bullet, and also includes a drive piston which separates the chamber of the cartridge with the ejection mixture from the bullet, and where this piston separates the bullet after firing, in particular by loss of kinetic energy and by the pressure of air flowing through the pass-through channel from the bullet, allowing the bullet to achieve the desired properties.

[0002] The invention also relates to a bullet or projectile equipped with a pass-through channel, and to ammunition containing this bullet, where the ammunition also optionally includes a cartridge for seating the bullet, and also includes a drive piston with antideformation treatment, which separates the chamber of the cartridge with the ejection mixture from the bullet, and where this piston separates the bullet after firing, in particular by loss of kinetic energy and by the pressure of air flowing through the pass-through channel from the bullet, thereby enabling the bullet to achieve the desired properties. The bullet according to this invention allows active lubrication of the weapon to be achieved by means of technical elements ensuring lubrication of the barrel when the bullet is used.BACKGROUND ART

[0003] Currently, there are bullets known to have a solid head, i.e. they do not contain a pass-through channel allowing air to flow through the bullet, and they are the primary sealing element in the ammunition assembly. According to the current state of the art, the air flowing onto the bullet acts on its outer walls and the friction caused by the air pressure on the front of the bullet, as well as the vacuum created behind the bullet, is a key factor influencing the performance and accuracy of the bullet.

[0004] Existing bullets contain at most a hollow opening, which is not continuous and is not intended to achieve better ballistic and aerodynamic properties, but rather the desired deformation and expansion of the bullet upon impact. An expert faced with the problem of achieving the best possible aerodynamic properties of a bullet would therefore bediscouraged from creating a through hole in the bullet, which is the primary sealing element of the ammunition assembly.

[0005] This ammunition design requires that the diameter of the bullet always be smaller than the depth of the grooves in the barrel of the weapon, i.e. the largest measured diameter in the cross-section of the barrel bore. This condition is necessary in the current state of the art to prevent weapon failure due to bullet jamming in the barrel or enormous energy loss due to bullet friction during mechanical movement. From the above, it is clear that the necessary design gap causes some of the energy generated by the combustion of the ejection mixture of the ammunition to escape. This energy loss is significant in some types of weapon and ammunition designs and has a fundamental impact on their final efficiency and performance.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The subject of the invention is a bullet provided with at least one pass-through channel, where the ammunition also alternatively includes a cartridge (but this is not a requirement, it can also be used in a so-called cartridge-less design) for seating the bullet, and further includes a drive piston, also referred to as a so-called lost piston, which closes the bullet channel and separates the bullet from the propellant charge. This piston separates the bullet from the ejection mixture after firing due to the loss of kinetic energy and the pressure of the air flowing through the pass-through channel of the bullet, thus allowing the bullet to achieve the desired parameters. For this reason, it is referred to as a "lost piston" because it does not continue the entire trajectory of the bullet after leaving the barrel.

[0007] This design of ammunition opens up completely new possibilities in weapon design. Ammunition based on this invention allows the design of firearms with characteristics and performance that are not possible with conventional ammunition. For the purposes of further description, the terms "ammunition" and "bullet" are considered equivalent.

[0008] The bullet and piston, or as part of ammunition according to this invention, are designed in particular to optimize the physical and mechanical relationships in the field of ballistics and firearms mechanics. This is an ammunition design intended to achieve maximum accuracy and maximum bullet flight path length. Thanks to this design, it is possible to use ammunition of all speed categories very effectively, including for sport shooting and hunting, as the use of ammunition and a piston according to this inventionincreases energy efficiency and accuracy in these shooting activities. The possible shape of the bullet is not limited to the accompanying illustrative images, which serve primarily to visualize the claimed design features of this patent application. The exact shape of the bullet and piston cannot be expressed by verbal description.

[0009] One of the reasons for designing, constructing, and developing a new type of bullet, or ammunition, was the possibility of hitting and stopping a ground or air target before it reaches the effective range of its own weapons. This added value provides several advantages. Firstly, it significantly reduces the threat of enemy fire, reduces ammunition consumption thanks to more accurate firing, and also has a psychological effect.

[0010] The design primarily pursued two objectives: to increase the bullet velocity, i.e. to increase the effective range without increasing the energy required for firing, or, conversely, to maintain the high impact energy of a subsonic bullet. Emphasis was also placed on increasing firing accuracy by achieving the best possible aerodynamic properties of the bullets. The secondary objective was to find suitable materials and production technology with an emphasis on savings and optimization. Another possible benefit is a reduction in the environmental impact of ammunition production and use.

[0011] The piston inserted between the bullet and the explosive mixture also acts as a heat shield. Thanks to the reduced diameter of the bullet or the larger bore, there is less friction of the bullet as it moves through the barrel, and it is possible to use materials for the production of bullets that are unsuitable for conventional ammunition designs.

[0012] The presence of a piston in the ammunition assembly also has a positive effect on the transition phase of ballistics. Because the piston has a lower weight than the bullet and is in direct contact with its rear part during this phase, it forms a movable shield that is able to absorb the negative effects of transition ballistics normally acting on the rear part of the bullet.

[0013] The cavity created in the ammunition between the rear part of the bullet and the front part of the piston, along their circumference, should be filled with a special plastic lubricant with anti-corrosion and decarbonization properties during assembly. The lubricant applied in this way lubricates the moving piston with each shot and leaves a light film in the barrel of the weapon. With each subsequent shot, the barrel and grooves are lubricated for the next bullet. The applied lubricant also prevents moisture from penetrating the ammunition, thuspreventing the explosive charge from becoming damp, which would reduce its performance or cause it to fail completely.

[0014] As mentioned above, the invention of this unconventional ammunition allows for the design of weapons with characteristics and performance that are not possible with conventional ammunition due to their physical and mechanical limitations. It is precisely the bullet with a pass-through channel according to this invention, i.e., unconventional, that pushes the performance and design limits of ammunition and, therefore, of weapons. It goes without saying that this ammunition also has its limits, but these have been significantly pushed back. Thanks to its performance and efficiency, this innovative weapon arsenal offers completely new possibilities and approaches to combat tactics or special forces operations in a way that is not currently common and not possible with conventional weapons.

[0015] The production of prototypes and subsequent test firing were intended to prove the feasibility of this design solution, the practical functionality of the ammunition, and to reveal any undesirable effects on the function or components of the weapon used. The functionality of the ammunition was duly verified. No undesirable effects on the function or components of the weapon were observed. According to a highly experienced test shooter, the performance and accuracy of the prototype ammunition provided for testing were excellent. This was supported by the "concentration" of the shots when hitting a target at a distance of 100 m.

[0016] Based on the physical and mechanical relationships between the ammunition and the gun barrel, it can be assumed that the service life of the gun barrel will be significantly longer. This is achieved by the significantly smaller contact surfaces between the ammunition according to this invention and the gun barrel compared to conventional ammunition.

[0017] Without the use of a drive piston, or plug, in this design, the desired effect, i.e., firing the bullet from the cartridge and the barrel of the weapon, could not be achieved, as the pressure acting on the bullet would pass through its pass-through channel without effect. For this reason, the piston plays an important role in exerting pressure on the rear of the bullet after the explosion of the ejection or explosive mixture (charge), e.g. gunpowder. The piston is designed to form a perfect seal between the combustion chamber and the bullet and to effectively seal the expansion of gases pushing the bullet out of the chamber in theaxis of the gun barrel. Perfect sealing of the piston during movement along the entire length of the barrel is ensured by the fact that the piston is inserted into the cartridge assembly with partial pre-tension. Its rear part (considered in the direction of bullet flight) has a larger diameter at its widest point than the depth of the grooves in the gun barrel - i.e. the largest measured diameter in the cross-section of the barrel bore. Dynamic sealing along the entire length of the barrel is achieved by the rear flexible part of the piston being pressed steadily against the inner wall of the barrel by the pressure and temperature of the ejection mixture. Thanks to this feature, the piston is able to accommodate dimensional instability of the bore caused by temperature increase during repeated firing, wear, or damage.

[0018] The bullet in the ammunition shown in Fig. 1 contains a pass-through channel of various cross-sectional shapes, typically circular. The bullet may contain multiple pass- through channels (not shown). This pass-through channel or channels extend along the entire length of the bullet in its longitudinal axis. The channel or channels are arranged symmetrically (but not exclusively) with respect to the longitudinal axis of the bullet so that the axis of one channel or the radical center of several channels passes through the center of the longitudinal axis of the bullet, thereby ensuring the symmetry of the bullet. At least one channel may be divided into several chambers passing through the bullet. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the channel with a circular cross-section is at least 1 / 4 of the diameter of the bullet and does not exceed 2 / 3 of the diameter of the bullet, measured at the widest point of the bullet. Even more advantageously, the diameter of the pass-through channel of circular cross-section is 1 / 2 of the diameter of the bullet at the widest point of the bullet. In the case of a different shape of the pass-through channel or channels, it is necessary to express the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the bullet to the total area occupied by the channel or channels, whereby the same ratios expressed above apply, i.e. the cross-sectional area of the channel or channels as a whole is preferably 1 / 2 of the total cross-sectional area of the bullet at its widest point.

[0019] It is advantageous, but not necessary, for the outer diameter of the bullet to be reduced by 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the size of the structural overlap into the barrel grooves, or for the diameter of the barrel bore to be adjusted (enlarged) while maintaining the same outer diameter of the bullet. As will be shown in the example below, this protrusion into the barrel grooves is usually a few hundredths of a millimeter. The advantageous reduction of the bullet protrusion is therefore typically in the range of hundredths of a millimeter, but this reduction clearly reduces bullet friction. The reduction of the bullet protrusion relative to the internal grooves of the barrel is made possible by the use of a drive piston.

[0020] The bullet in the variant design shown in Fig. 3 contains stabilizing grooves on its outer surface in addition to the pass-through channel mentioned above. This bullet design is only supplementary - it is not necessary for the bullet to function correctly according to this invention. The grooves may be symmetrical with the central axis of the bullet, as can be seen in the first variant shown in Fig. 3, or the grooves on the bullet casing may be deviated from the central axis when viewed from the side, usually by no more than 10 degrees. This deviation allows the bullet to achieve the desired properties, in particular to achieve the intended speed of rotation of the bullet around the central axis.

[0021] An example of an intensively designed piston is shown in Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b under designation A.

[0022] An example of an extensive design piston is shown in Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b under designation B.

[0023] In Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b, the extensive design piston with an anti-deformation zone at the bottom is shown under the designation C. In larger caliber ammunition (approx. 14 mm and above) with a larger channel volume ratio, there is a risk of deformation or rupture of the wall due to the pressure acting at the point of the channel cavity. This can be prevented by sufficient piston wall strength or by using the bottom design element shown above. The use of an anti-deformation zone can achieve significantly greater bottom strength with less piston wall strength compared to a flat bottom. The result is a lower piston weight, which is one of the important factors in the design of ammunition according to this invention. This is therefore an advantageous variant of the extensive piston design.

[0024] The invention also relates to a bullet provided with a pass-through channel, where the ammunition alternatively includes a cartridge (but this is not a prerequisite, as it can also be used in a so-called cartridge-less design) for seating the bullet, and also includes a drive piston, also referred to as a so-called lost piston, which closes the bullet channel and separates the bullet from the ejection mixture. After firing, this piston separates due to the loss of kinetic energy and the pressure of the air flowing through the pass-through channel of the bullet, thus allowing the bullet to achieve the desired parameters. For this reason, it is also referred to as a "lost piston," as it does not continue along the entire trajectory of the bullet after leaving the barrel. The bullet according to this invention allows active lubrication of the weapon by means of technical elements ensuring lubrication of the barrel when using bullets, the description of which will be given below.

[0025] This design of ammunition opens up completely new possibilities in weapon design. Ammunition based on this invention allows the design of firearms with characteristics and performance that are not possible with conventional ammunition. For the purposes of further description, the terms "ammunition" and "bullet" are considered equivalent.

[0026] The bullet and piston, or as part of ammunition according to this invention, are designed in particular to optimize the physical and mechanical relationships in the field of ballistics and firearms mechanics. This is an ammunition design intended to achieve maximum accuracy and maximum bullet flight path length. Thanks to this design, it is possible to use ammunition of all speed categories very effectively, including for sport shooting and hunting, as the use of ammunition and a piston according to this invention increases energy efficiency and accuracy in these shooting activities. The possible shape of the bullet is not limited to the accompanying illustrative images, which serve primarily to visualize the claimed design features of this patent application. The exact shape of the bullet and piston cannot be expressed in words.

[0027] One of the reasons for designing, constructing, and developing a new type of bullet, or ammunition, was the possibility of hitting and stopping a ground or air target before it reaches the effective range of its own weapons. This added value provides several advantages. Firstly, it significantly reduces the threat of enemy fire, reduces ammunition consumption thanks to more accurate firing, and also has a psychological effect.

[0028] The design primarily pursued two objectives: to increase the bullet velocity, i.e. to increase the effective range without increasing the energy required for firing, or, conversely, to maintain the high impact energy of a subsonic bullet. Emphasis was also placed on increasing firing accuracy by achieving the best possible aerodynamic properties of the bullets. The secondary objective was to find suitable materials and production technology with an emphasis on savings and optimization. Another possible benefit is a reduction in the environmental impact of ammunition production and use.

[0029] The piston inserted between the bullet and the explosive mixture also acts as a heat shield. Thanks to the reduced diameter of the bullet or the larger bore of the barrel, there is less friction of the bullet when moving in the barrel, and it is possible to use materials for the production of bullets that are not usable in conventional ammunition designs. The piston is also equipped with an anti-deformation treatment that ensures its dimensional stability and prevents the piston from tearing.

[0030] The presence of a piston in the ammunition assembly also has a positive effect on the transition phase of ballistics. Because the piston has a lower weight than the bullet and is in direct contact with its rear part during this phase, it forms a movable shield that is able to absorb the negative effects of transition ballistics normally acting on the rear part of the bullet.

[0031] The cavity created in the ammunition between the rear part of the bullet and the front part of the piston, along their circumference, should be filled with a special plastic lubricant with anti-corrosion and decarbonization properties during assembly. The lubricant applied in this way lubricates the moving piston with each shot and leaves a light film in the barrel of the weapon. With each subsequent shot, the barrel and grooves are lubricated for the next bullet. The applied lubricant also prevents moisture from penetrating the ammunition, thus preventing the explosive charge from becoming damp, which would reduce its performance or cause it to fail completely.

[0032] As mentioned above, the invention of this unconventional ammunition allows for the design of weapons with characteristics and performance that are not possible with conventional ammunition due to their physical and mechanical limitations. It is precisely the bullet with a pass-through channel according to this invention, i.e., unconventional, that pushes the performance and design limits of ammunition and thus also of weapons. It goes without saying that this ammunition also has its limits, but these have been significantly pushed back. Thanks to its performance and efficiency, this innovative weapon arsenal offers completely new possibilities and approaches to combat tactics or special forces operations in a way that is not currently common and not possible with conventional weapons.

[0033] The production of prototypes and subsequent test firing were intended to prove the feasibility of this design solution, the practical functionality of the ammunition, and to reveal any undesirable effects on the function or components of the weapon used. The functionality of the ammunition was duly verified. No undesirable effects on the function or components of the weapon were observed. According to a highly experienced test shooter, the performance and accuracy of the prototype ammunition provided for testing were excellent. This was supported by the "concentration" of the shots when hitting a target at a distance of 100 m.

[0034] Based on the physical and mechanical relationships between the ammunition and the gun barrel, it can be assumed that the service life of the gun barrel will be significantly longer. This is achieved by the significantly smaller contact surfaces between the ammunition according to this invention and the gun barrel compared to conventional ammunition.

[0035] Without the use of a drive piston or plug in this design, the desired effect, i.e. , firing the bullet from the cartridge and the barrel of the weapon, could not be achieved, as the pressure acting on the bullet would pass through its pass-through channel without effect. For this reason, the piston plays an important role in exerting pressure on the rear of the bullet after the explosion of the ejection or explosive mixture (charge), e.g. gunpowder. The piston is designed to form a perfect seal between the combustion chamber and the bullet and to effectively seal the expansion of gases pushing the bullet out of the chamber in the axis of the gun barrel. Perfect sealing of the piston during movement along the entire length of the barrel is ensured by the fact that the piston is inserted into the cartridge assembly with partial pre-tension. Its rear part (considered in the direction of bullet flight) has a larger diameter at its widest point than the depth of the grooves in the gun barrel - i.e. the largest measured diameter in the cross-section of the barrel bore. Dynamic sealing along the entire length of the barrel is achieved by the rear flexible part of the piston being pressed steadily against the inner wall of the barrel by the pressure and temperature of the ejection mixture. Thanks to this feature, the piston is able to accommodate dimensional instability of the bore caused by temperature increase during repeated firing, wear, or damage.

[0036] The bullet in the ammunition according to Fig. 1 contains a pass-through channel of various cross-sectional shapes, usually circular. Fig. 1 shows a schematic arrangement of the bullet and piston in the ammunition without showing some essential elements related to the bullet and ammunition. This pass-through channel runs along the entire length of the bullet in its longitudinal axis. The channel is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the bullet so that the axis of the channel passes through the center of the longitudinal axis of the bullet, thereby ensuring the symmetry of the bullet. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the channel with a circular cross-section is at least 1 / 4 of the diameter of the bullet and does not exceed 2 / 3 of the diameter of the bullet, measured at the widest point of the bullet. Even more advantageously, the diameter of the pass-through channel with a circular cross-section is 1 / 2 of the diameter of the bullet at the widest point of the bullet. In the case of a different shape of the pass-through channel, it is necessary to express the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the bullet to the total area occupied by the channel or channels, whereby the sameratios expressed above apply, i.e. the cross-sectional area of the channel or channels as a whole is preferably 1 / 2 of the total cross-sectional area of the bullet at its widest point.

[0037] It is advantageous, but not necessary, for the outer diameter of the bullet to be reduced by 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the size of the design overlap into the barrel grooves, or for the diameter of the barrel bore to be adjusted (enlarged) while maintaining the same outer diameter of the bullet. As will be shown in the example below, this protrusion into the barrel grooves is usually a few hundredths of a millimeter. The advantageous reduction of the bullet protrusion is therefore typically in the range of hundredths of a millimeter, but this reduction clearly reduces bullet friction. The reduction of the bullet protrusion relative to the internal rifling is made possible by the use of a drive piston.

[0038] The bullet in the variant design shown in Fig. 3 contains stabilizing grooves on its outer surface in addition to the pass-through channel mentioned above. This bullet design is only supplementary - it is not necessary for the bullet to function correctly according to this invention. The grooves may be symmetrical with the central axis of the bullet, as can be seen in the first variant shown in Fig. 3, or the grooves on the bullet casing may be deviated from the central axis when viewed from the side, usually by no more than 10 degrees. This deviation allows the bullet to achieve the desired properties, in particular to achieve the intended speed of rotation of the bullet around the central axis.

[0039] An example of a piston of intensive design with a reinforced bottom wall is shown in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b under designation D.

[0040] An example of an extensive design piston with an anti-deformation depression is shown in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b under the designation E.In larger caliber ammunition (approx. 14 mm and above) with a larger channel volume ratio, there is a risk of deformation or rupture of the wall due to pressure acting at the point of the channel cavity. This can be prevented by a modification according to this invention, consisting of reinforcing the bottom wall of the piston or modifying the shape of the bottom, i.e., this anti-deformation modification can be performed on both extensive and intensive types of pistons. By using an anti-deformation zone, significantly greater bottom strength can be achieved with a lower piston wall thickness compared to a flat bottom. This results in a lower piston weight, which is one of the important factors in the design of ammunition according to this invention.Detailed description of the bullet and piston function:

[0041] After ignition of the explosive mixture, the bullet pushed by the piston moves forward in the barrel. The sealing function of the cartridge assembly in this design is performed by the drive piston and not by the bullet, as is the case with conventional cartridges. Due to the very short contact surface between the piston and the barrel, friction losses are minimal compared to conventional sealing using the bullet body. The outer diameter of the bullet can thus be reduced compared to currently used ammunition, which is advantageous in terms of bullet velocity and barrel wear. However, the outer diameter of the bullet must not be reduced disproportionately, so that the bullet does not lose contact with the rifling and thus prevent the bullet from obtaining the necessary rotation required for stabilization during forward movement through the air.

[0042] An example is the 9x19 Luger ammunition, caliber 9 mm for the CZ75 pistol, which was modified during the testing phase in the development of the bullet and ammunition according to this invention. In this case, the bore has a diameter of 8.82 mm and the diameter of the grooves is 9.02 mm. According to the design of this invention, the optimal outer diameter of the bullet for this barrel design is 8.87-8.90 mm, which means an overlap of 0.05-0.08 mm into the barrel grooves. However, it is much more advantageous to modify the bore to a diameter of 8.90-8.92 mm while maintaining the same diameter in the grooves and the same outer diameter of the bullet. This option is advantageous in terms of reducing friction losses and barrel wear, but it is not necessary for the proper functioning of the ammunition according to the design of this invention.

[0043] The drive piston pushes the bullet forward even after it leaves the barrel until the kinetic energy is lost due to air pressure in the bullet channel, negative pressure behind the bullet, and the flow of air around the bullet caused by its forward movement. After performing its work, the piston detaches from the bullet and is pulled to the ground by gravity. From the bullet / piston relationship described above, it follows that part of the energy obtained by igniting the ejection mixture (charge) transformed into the mass of the bullet / piston assembly is partially lost after the piston detaches. For this reason, it is particularly advantageous to design and use a piston that is as small and light as possible. The lowest piston weight can be achieved by using suitable materials (both metallic and non-metallic), an optimal design shape and dimensions, designed just above the destruction limit of the material used. The extensive design piston is structurally suitable for cutting, pressing, and shaping, mainly from sheets and strips of metal materials. The intensive design piston is structurally moresuitable for production by pressing and die casting, using alternative materials such as plastics, thermoplastics, and composite materials. When using such materials, it is possible to achieve very interesting results.

[0044] The fastest possible separation of the piston from the bullet allows for the most effective use of the bullet's design advantages. The first results of testing this ammunition design clearly demonstrate improved tightness in the barrel of the weapon. This fact is proven by measured values, where the bullet velocity was measured 1 m from the muzzle. This means that the use of a piston in the cartridge assembly is not necessarily linked to a direct connection with a pass-through channel bullet, but can also be used effectively in combination with a conventional bullet (i.e. with a solid rear section). The effectiveness of this connection can be further enhanced by reducing the "tightness" of the conventional bullet in the barrel, which is associated with reduced friction, according to the formula described above.Description of the structural elements of the ammunition according to this invention:Bullet:

[0045] The channel or channels pass through the body of the bullet along its longitudinal axis. The walls of the channel do not necessarily have to be parallel; the channel may taper from one end to the other or widen, or it may form a cavity of any shape. Its cross-section is preferably circular for ease of manufacture, but other cross-sections may also be used. The ideal cross-section of the channel is calculated from the length, diameter (calibre), shape and weight of the bullet (depending on the material used for its manufacture). When designing the bullet and piston, it is necessary to observe basic design rules with regard to the strength limits of the materials used in such an application. The minimum diameter of the channel or channels must be such that the intended functionality of the channel or channels is guaranteed. The maximum diameter of the channel or channels must be such that the bullet design is not disproportionately light, or that the piston is not destroyed or broken by the expanding gases of the ejection mixture. In general, it is not advisable to design a channel or channels whose total volume is less than 1 % of the volume of the bullet or more than 95 % of the volume of the bullet. A new calculation model was designed for this ammunition design according to this invention due to the very different parameters compared to conventional ammunition. This model has been verified by data obtained from practical tests. For example, when applying the technical features according to this inventionto conventional 9 x 19 mm Luger ammunition, the modified ammunition was proven to be more effective than the current state of the art. The design of the ammunition according to this invention allows a wider range of usable parameters to be covered when designing specific, targeted and required ammunition properties. Specific data are provided in the examples of designs presented.

[0046] For bullets with an extremely long flight path, it is advantageous, but not necessary, to provide their surface with grooves, as shown in Fig. 3. The length, depth, angle of rotation in relation to the longitudinal axis, and location on the surface of the bullet are directly dependent on the length, caliber, weight, and expected flight path of the bullet. They must be designed to meet optimization requirements. They can be placed in the longitudinal direction of the bullet parallel or obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the bullet, in which case the bullet achieves better rotational movement due to air flow. This design feature helps maintain the bullet's rotation intensity over long periods of forward motion. This achieves greater flight accuracy over longer distances without the need to impart this energy to the bullet at the beginning of its trajectory (internal ballistics - reduced barrel rifling).

[0047] The bullet may alternatively be produced by additive 3D printing of metals. In this case, it is possible to create a pass-through channel or channels of various shapes in the bullet, which would not be possible to achieve by subsequent drilling. In one embodiment, the channel may contain fins or blades concentrated in such a way that these elements cause the bullet to rotate and can replace or supplement the grooves in the casing.

[0048] In a variant embodiment, the pass-through channel of the bullet according to the invention comprises, at the entrance to the channel at the bullet head, an extension of the end part of the pass-through channel directed outwards from the bullet. This extension may have a different profile, for example it may be arcuate or straight, as shown, for example, in Figures 5a and 5f.

[0049] The pass-through channel of the bullet according to this invention also includes, at the exit from the pass-through channel towards the bottom of the bullet, an extension of the end part of the pass-through channel directed outwards from the bullet. As in the case of the extension of the end part of the channel at the bullet head, this extension may have a different profile, e.g. arcuate, as shown, for example, in Fig. 5c, or straight, as shown, for example, in Fig. 5f.

[0050] Another essential feature of the bullet according to this invention in a variant design is the provision of at least one lubrication groove on the bottom of the bullet. The lubrication grooves are designed so that they extend into the end part of the pass-through channel at the inner edge of the bottom and connect it to the outer edge of the bottom, as can be seen, for example, in Fig. 5e. This feature allows for active lubrication of the moving components of the ammunition and the barrel of the weapon, as lubricant can be applied to the pass- through channel, which is a very advantageous feature that extends the service life of the weapon and would not be possible without the pass-through channel and grooves.

[0051] The grooves can be made, for example, in the shape of a U or V cross-section and can be made, for example, with a tool in the final pressing of the bullet (for pressed bullets). The number, shape, and depth of the grooves must be suitable for the intended application according to the use of the ammunition.

[0052] It is advantageous if the number of grooves is derived from the circumference of the wall. From this it follows that the larger the outer diameter of the bullet, the more grooves will be used in the design, and vice versa. No further changes or modifications to the ammunition assembly and design according to this invention are necessary to utilize this advantage. The bullet should optimally contain at least 3 symmetrically arranged grooves, optimally directed towards the longitudinal axis of the channel. In a preferred embodiment, the bullet has 6 to 12 grooves, most preferably 8 grooves. A higher number of grooves appears to be superfluous, as their number can be compensated for by the depth of the groove for a sufficient lubrication effect. However, this invention is not limited by the number and design of the grooves, provided that the basic condition that the groove connects the pass-through channel with the outer edge of the bottom of the bullet is met. If there is only one groove, this groove is also beneficial in view of the rotational movement of the bullet in the barrel.

[0053] In the case of applying lubricant with the aim of subsequent use of these grooves, it can be stated that this can be performed as the last operation in the production of ammunition before packaging and distribution. Of course, each user of this ammunition design has the option of deciding for themselves whether to use active lubrication and to what extent before using the ammunition.

[0054] Lubrication using a bullet according to this invention consists in applying pressure to the lubricant, whereby grooves create distribution channels through which the lubricant flowsto the walls of the gun barrel after firing. The lubricant, which has an optimally stable semisolid consistency, i.e. is resistant to gravity and dripping, shocks and ambient temperature, is applied to the pass-through channel near the inner edge of the bottom of the bullet. These conditions relate to the intended use of the weapon, i.e. it is obvious to the average expert that different properties are required under different temperature conditions in a given environment, e.g. on hot summer days and, conversely, during winter. When the bullet is accelerated after ignition of the ejection mixture, the lubricant applied in this way is pressed through grooves between the upper part of the piston and the bottom of the bullet into the barrel of the weapon. Since this is a loss lubrication system, where a certain amount of lubricant remains on the barrel walls, each subsequent shot ensures that the bullet is lubricated by the lubricant from the previous application. The use of this design feature thus increases the effectiveness of the ammunition and reduces mechanical stress and wear on the barrel of the weapon. However, it is necessary to avoid using an inappropriate amount of lubricant and / or lubricant with unsuitable characteristics, which may have a counterproductive effect on achieving optimal ammunition parameters.Piston:

[0055] As mentioned above, the piston can also be used with the existing type of bullet without a pass-through channel. Its use allows for a slight reduction in the diameter of the bullet, thereby reducing friction inside the barrel. The piston is a cup-shaped body with an upper part provided with a surface designed to come into contact with the bullet and a lower part with a bottom designed to capture energy from the ammunition's explosive mixture, the edge part of the piston sloping towards the terminal edge or top of the projection, which forms the widest part of the piston, The edge or projection is designed to come into contact with the inside of the gun barrel and at the same time protrudes beyond the bottom of the piston, forming a cup-shaped container with the bottom of the piston, which is designed to capture the energy from the ammunition's ignition mixture. The piston pushes the bullet out of the barrel and its outer edges touch the inside of the barrel with a significantly smaller area than in the case of unmodified bullet dimensions. At the same time, the modification of the bullet diameter still allows contact with the barrel grooves. The widest outer diameter of the piston is therefore slightly larger than the diameter of the bullet, as the drive piston, as the primary driving element, pushes the bullet out of the barrel and the bullet does not have to be in such close contact with the inner walls of the barrel, which saves the life of the barrel and reduces friction.

[0056] This invention discloses two types of pistons for ammunition, i.e. , an extensive type and an intensive type, wherein the extensive type also includes another advantageous variant with an anti-deformation zone.

[0057] In the case of an extensive piston type (see, for example, Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b under B and C), the design and construction of the drive piston depend on the design of the bullet used. Due to the very short contact surface of the piston with the main weapon, friction losses against the bullet seal are minimal. The piston is inserted into the cartridge assembly so that its upper surface is adjacent to the bottom of the projectile (bullet). The design of the extensive piston is such that its lower flexible part expands towards the barrel wall under the influence of temperature and pressure around its circumference, thereby increasing its sealing efficiency. In the direction of the bullet, the lower part of the piston is therefore its rear part.

[0058] This piston design perfectly ensures ideal tightness even under non-standard conditions that may occur during the use of a firearm. It is capable of completely eliminating dimensional instability of the barrel caused by the effects of temperature, repeated firing, barrel wear, or damage. Since the piston is the primary sealing element in the ammunition assembly according to this invention, it can completely eliminate the reduction in ammunition performance caused by dimensional instability in the manufacture of conventional ammunition or bullets. Maintaining the dimensional stability of the bullet or the ideal bullet / barrel ratio is essentially impossible in practice (see description above). With this type of piston, it is advantageous, but not necessary, for the material to be compacted by pressing at the point of contact with the barrel during manufacture.

[0059] In the basic embodiment, the extensive type of piston is usually a circular piece of material, the upper part of which has a surface designed to come into contact with the bullet and the lower part has a bottom designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture. The edge part of the piston is bent around the entire circumference from the surface of the upper part towards the lower part and extends below the level of the bottom, with the bend of the edge part starting at least at a distance of 2 / 3 of the piston radius from the center of the piston. The deviation of the end part of the piston bend from the central axis of the piston passing perpendicularly through the center of the piston is not less than 5 degrees and does not exceed 50 degrees, preferably 25 to 35 degrees, which aims to minimize the area of the outermost part of the piston that comes into contact with the inner part of the barrel. The terminal edge of the bend extends beyond the bottom of the piston, and the bottom togetherwith the lower part form a cup-shaped container for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture. The diameter of the piston is therefore widest at the terminal edge of the bend in the lower part of the piston.

[0060] In a preferred embodiment, in order to limit deformation of the piston, the bottom of the piston includes a protrusion or bulge, which is usually formed by pressing the upper surface of the piston and forming a depression therein, as shown in Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b in the piston variant marked C. The diameter of this depression on the upper surface of the piston depends on the diameter of the pass-through channel of the ammunition at the point where the bullet channel opens into the piston, where the channel may be provided with a drainage edge consisting of a rounded edge between the channel and the bottom of the bullet.

[0061] In a preferred embodiment, the piston has the same number of depressions as the bullet channels, with the location of the depressions on the upper surface of the piston corresponding to the location of the channel openings at the bottom of the bullet.

[0062] In the case of an intensive piston type (see, for example, Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b under designation A), the design and construction of the drive piston also depend on the design of the bullet used. Due to the very short contact surface of the piston with the main weapon, friction losses against the bullet body seal are again minimal. The piston is also inserted into the cartridge assembly with its bottom facing down. The upper surface of the piston faces the projectile. The design of the intensive piston is adapted to the expected manufacturing technologies and the use of alternative manufacturing materials. The design of this piston differs from that of an extensive piston and is better suited to manufacturing technologies used in plastics production or machine tooling. Under the influence of temperature and pressure around its circumference, this type of piston expands towards the barrel wall to a lesser extent than an extensive piston.

[0063] This intensive piston design is intended as a low-cost alternative to the extensive design, naturally with lower energy efficiency in the overall performance of the ammunition assembly. This piston is not capable of eliminating the dimensional instability of the barrel caused by the effects of temperature during repeated firing, barrel wear, or damage to the barrel to the same extent as an extensive type piston. Of course, this type of piston can also eliminate the reduction in ammunition performance caused by dimensional instability in the manufacture of conventional ammunition, namely bullets. This fact has been verified inpractice during test firing, where intensive-type pistons were used for the test ammunition assembly based on this invention. The results of testing the intensive piston are included in the examples of embodiments of this invention.

[0064] In the basic embodiment, the intensive type of piston is usually a circular piece of material with an upper part designed to come into contact with the bullet and a lower part with a bottom designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture. It differs from the extensive piston type in that there is no bending of the edge parts of the piston, but rather the part of the bottom adjacent to the edge of the piston and the edge of the piston are provided with a projection around the entire circumference, the opposite tops of which are the widest point of the piston. The diameter of the piston on the upper surface is therefore slightly smaller than the diameter of the piston on the opposite projections of the piston, which can be seen in detail in Fig. 4a on piston variant A. Together with the bottom, this circular projection forms a cup-shaped container for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture.

[0065] The pistons can be made of various materials that can withstand the pressure and temperature after the ammunition is fired for the required time before leaving the barrel. As a rule, these can be various metals and their alloys, heat-resistant plastics that do not leave residues in the barrel that could reduce the effectiveness of the weapon.

[0001] In the variant embodiment of the piston in the case of an extensive type of piston (see Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b under designation E), the design and construction of the drive piston depends on the design of the bullet used. Due to the very short contact surface of the piston with the main weapon, friction losses against the seal by the bullet body are minimal. The piston is inserted into the cartridge assembly so that its upper surface is adjacent to the bottom of the projectile (bullet). The design of the extensive piston is such that its lower flexible part expands towards the barrel wall under the influence of temperature and pressure around its circumference, thereby increasing its sealing efficiency. In the direction of the bullet, the lower part of the piston is therefore its rear part.

[0002] This piston design perfectly ensures ideal tightness even under non-standard conditions that may occur during the use of a firearm. It is capable of completely eliminating dimensional instability of the barrel caused by the effects of temperature, repeated firing, barrel wear, or damage. Since the piston is the primary sealing element in the ammunition assembly according to this invention, it can completely eliminate the reduction in ammunitionperformance caused by dimensional instability in the manufacture of conventional ammunition or bullets. Maintaining the dimensional stability of the bullet or the ideal bullet / barrel ratio is essentially impossible in practice (see description above). With this type of piston, it is advantageous, but not necessary, for the material to be compacted by pressing at the point of contact with the barrel during manufacture.

[0003] In the basic embodiment, the extensive type of piston is usually a circular piece of material, the upper part of which has a surface designed to come into contact with the bullet and the lower part has a bottom designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture. The edge part of the piston is bent around the entire circumference from the surface of the upper part towards the lower part and extends below the level of the bottom, with the bend of the edge part starting at least at a distance of 2 / 3 of the piston radius from the center of the piston. The deviation of the end part of the piston bend from the central axis of the piston passing perpendicularly through the center of the piston is not less than 5 degrees and does not exceed 50 degrees, preferably 25 to 35 degrees, which aims to minimize the area of the outermost part of the piston that comes into contact with the inner part of the barrel. The terminal edge of the bend extends beyond the bottom of the piston, and the bottom together with the lower part form a cup-shaped container for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture. The diameter of the piston is therefore widest at the terminal edge of the bend in the lower part of the piston.

[0004] At the same time, the edge part of the piston towards the terminal edge is advantageously thinned, which results in smoother movement of the piston in the barrel due to the flexible bend of the edge part.

[0005] The extensive type piston according to this invention is modified so that the bottom of the piston contains a protrusion or bulge, which is usually formed by pressing through the upper surface of the piston and forming a depression therein, as can be seen in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b in the piston variant marked E. The diameter of this depression on the upper surface of the piston depends on the diameter of the pass-through channel of the ammunition at the point where the bullet channel opens at the piston, this diameter being determined by the widest point of the extension of the end part of the channel at the bottom of the bullet, as can be seen, for example, in Fig. 5f. The diameter of the piston depression on the upper surface of the piston is 5 to 15% larger than the diameter of the bullet channel before the outlet of the channel at the bottom of the bullet; even more advantageously, the diameter ofthe piston depression corresponds to 10% of the diameter of the bullet channel at the given location.

[0006] In the case of an intensive piston type (see, for example, Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b under designation D), the design and construction of the drive piston also depend on the design of the bullet used. Due to the very short contact surface of the piston with the main weapon, friction losses against the bullet body seal are again minimal. The piston is also inserted into the cartridge assembly with its bottom. The upper surface of the piston faces the projectile. The design of the intensive piston is adapted to the expected production technologies or the use of alternative production materials. The design of this piston differs from that of an extensive piston and is better suited to manufacturing technologies used in plastics production or machine tooling. Under the influence of temperature and pressure around its circumference, this type of piston expands towards the barrel wall to a lesser extent than an extensive piston.

[0007] This intensive piston design is intended as a low-cost alternative to the extensive design, naturally with lower energy efficiency in the overall performance of the ammunition assembly. This piston is not capable of eliminating the dimensional instability of the barrel caused by the effects of temperature during repeated firing, barrel wear, or damage to the barrel to the same extent as an extensive type piston. Of course, this type of piston can also eliminate the reduction in ammunition performance caused by dimensional instability in the manufacture of conventional ammunition, namely bullets. This fact has been verified in practice during test firing, where intensive-type pistons were used for the test ammunition assembly based on this invention. The results of testing the intensive piston are included in the examples of embodiments of this invention.

[0008] In the basic design, the intensive piston type is usually a circular piece of material with an upper part designed to come into contact with the bullet and a lower part with a bottom designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture. It differs from the extensive piston type in that there is no bending of the edge parts of the piston, but rather the part of the bottom adjacent to the edge of the piston and the edge of the piston are provided with a projection around the entire circumference, the opposite tops of which are the widest point of the piston. The diameter of the piston on the upper surface is therefore slightly smaller than the diameter of the piston on the opposite projections of the piston, which can be seen in detail in Fig. 6a on piston variant D. Together with the bottom, this circular projection formsa cup-shaped container for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture.

[0009] The intensive type piston according to this invention is modified so that it has a wall thickness in the central part of the bottom that is 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 thicker than the wall thickness of the piston in its edge part, as can be seen, for example, in Fig. 6a in the piston variant D, this thickening of the bottom wall forming 40 to 80% of the length of the bottom diameter.

[0066] The pistons can be made of various materials that can withstand the pressure and temperature after the ammunition is fired for the required time before leaving the barrel. As a rule, these can be various metals and their alloys, heat-resistant plastics that do not leave residues in the barrel that could reduce the effectiveness of the weapon.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESFig. 1 shows a longitudinal sectional view of ammunition containing a bullet according to the invention with a pass-through channel and an extensive piston according to the invention located between the bullet and the ejection mixture in ammunition according to the invention; Fig. 2a shows an axonometric view of examples of different types of bullets provided with a pass-through channel according to the present invention;Fig. 2b shows a longitudinal section of the bullets according to Fig. 2a with the pass-through channel marked;Fig. 3 shows an axonometric view of bullets according to the invention provided with lateral grooves in different parts of the bullet casing;Fig. 4a shows a mainly lateral, but partially axonometric, view of a longitudinal section of pistons in different variants A, B and C;Fig. 4b shows an axonometric view of the upper part of the pistons in different variants A, B and C;Fig. 5a shows a side section of a bullet with a pass-through channel provided with lubrication grooves and an intensive type drive piston;Fig. 5b shows a side view of a bullet with a pass-through channel equipped with lubrication grooves and an intensive drive piston;Fig. 5c shows an axonometric view from below of a bullet with a pass-through channel equipped with lubrication grooves;Fig. 5d shows an almost side view of a bullet with a pass-through channel equipped with lubrication grooves;Fig. 5e shows a bottom view of a bullet with a pass-through channel equipped with lubrication grooves;Fig. 5f shows an axonometric view of a side section of the bullet with a pass-through channel and an extensive drive piston;Fig. 6a shows a mainly side, but partially axonometric view of a longitudinal section of the pistons in different variants D and E;Fig. 6b shows an axonometric view of the upper part of the pistons in different variants D and E;Fig. 7 shows a graph of the efficiency of the bullet according to this invention with channels with a diameter of 3 and 3.5 mm demonstrating the influence of the channel on the bullet velocity;Fig. 8 shows a graph of the effect of a pass-through channel with a diameter of 4.5 mm on the aerodynamics of the bullet according to this invention;Fig. 9 shows a graph from test firing comparing different types of 9 mm caliber bullets of different weights with and without pass-through channels of different sizes.EXAMPLES OF THE EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTIONExample 1

[0067] The ammunition 1 according to this invention, fitted with a bullet 2 with a pass- through channel 21 , was tested for the effect of the pass-through channel 21 , as can be seen from the graph in Fig. 7. The ammunition 1 was created by modifying standard conventional 9 x 19 Luger ammunition manufactured by Sellier and Bellot. In this ammunition 1 , the weight of the bullet 2 was deliberately reduced in order to enable a direct comparison of the effectiveness of the design, i.e. in one case, the material removed by creating channel 21 in bullet 2 according to this invention was compensated by removing material from the bullet head in accordance with the current state of the art, while retaining all the aerodynamic properties of ammunition 1. The other components of ammunition 1, i.e. cartridge 11 , fuse 13, composition and quantity of ejection mixture 12, remained unchanged. The standard bullet according to the state of the art with reduced weight without a pass- through channel is designated as "SaB 9 mm 6.1 g".

[0068] Bullet 2 according to this invention with a pass-through channel 21 is marked in the graph as "Sp 9 average of 6.3 and 5.8 g". The resulting data in the graph are based on theaverage of the measured values of flying bullets 2 according to this invention with the above- mentioned weights, where a certain number of bullets 2 were provided with a channel 21 with a diameter of 3.0 mm and the remaining number were provided with a channel 21 with a diameter of 3.5 mm. These diameters of channel 21 of both bullets 2 are not optimal for achieving the maximum performance of ammunition 1 according to this invention, or are undersized in relation to the given caliber, and neither of these cross-sections of channel 21 is sufficiently large, but even so, it is evident that a higher bullet 2 velocity is achieved according to this invention compared to a standard bullet weighing 6.1 g.

[0069] In the embodiment according to this example, the cross-sectional diameters of the channels correspond to 1 / 3 of the diameter of bullet 2 in the case of a channel diameter of 3.0 mm, or 7 / 18 of the diameter of bullet 2 in the case of a channel diameter of 3.5 mm.

[0070] To manufacture bullet 2 according to this invention, conventional bullets weighing 7.5 grams were dismantled from the ammunition assembly of the above-mentioned manufacturer and subsequently provided with a pass-through channel 21 . The outer diameter of 9 mm and the shape, i.e. the profile of bullet 2, remained unchanged. The creation of pass-through channels 21 with a diameter of 3.0 mm affected the final weight of bullets 2 to 6.3 grams, while with channel 21 with a diameter of 3.5 mm, the weight of bullets 2 was 5.8 grams. In the ammunition assembly, or ammunition 1 , according to this invention, intense-type pistons 3_weighing 0.32 grams were used, which were machined from CuSn8material. The other components of the ammunition 1 , i.e. the cartridge 11 , fuse 13, composition and quantity of the ejection mixture 12, also remained unchanged.

[0071] The comparative ammunition test was conducted at intervals of approximately one hour under the same weather conditions at the same location and using the same firearm - a CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Carbine 9x19.

[0072] The results measured so far clearly demonstrate the higher effectiveness of ammunition designed according to this invention. The higher initial velocity of bullet 2, which has the same outer diameter and weight as the bullet according to the state of the art, confirms the higher performance in terms of internal ballistics, caused by more efficient use of the energy potential of the explosive (ejection) mixture of the ammunition. Subsequently, a higher bullet 2 velocity is also demonstrable at the measured points, where not only the higher initial energy gain is utilized, but also more effective aerodynamics. This fact is clearfrom the measured values, where the difference in velocity increases with the distance traveled by the bullet.Example 2

[0073] The ammunition 1 according to this invention, equipped with a bullet 2 with a pass- through channel 21 , was tested for the effect of the pass-through channel 21 on the aerodynamics of the bullet 2, as shown in the graph in Fig. 6. In this case, a standard bullet with reduced weight as in Example 1 was selected as a comparative bullet, but unlike Example 1 , bullet 2 according to the present invention was provided with a channel 21 with a diameter of 4.5 mm, which reduced the weight of the bullet 2 to 5.0 g.

[0074] The graph shows both the higher initial velocity of bullet 2 and, in particular, the lower velocity drop at distances greater than 50 m from the point of discharge. The piston 3 used was of the intensive type. The higher initial velocity of bullet 2 with pass-through channel 21 is achieved partly by piston 3 due to its greater sealing capacity and partly by the lower weight of bullet 2 by 1 .1 grams.

[0075] The further movement of bullet 2 clearly shows the effect of lower air resistance, where the difference in speed between the flying bullet 2 and a standard bullet increases with distance. Bullet 2 with pass-through channel 21 according to this invention maintains a higher velocity at the measured points than a conventionally designed bullet, even with a noticeable weight handicap.Example 3

[0076] On 27 December 2023, comprehensive testing was carried out on the ammunition 1 according to this invention, equipped with a bullet 2 with a pass-through channel 21 , to determine the effect of the pass-through channel 21 on the aerodynamics and velocity of the bullet 2. A relationship between weight and resulting velocity was observed for standard bullets and bullets 2 according to this invention, as can be seen in the graph in Fig. 9.

[0077] In this case, standard 9 mm ammunition without reduced weight, weighing 7.5 g, was tested, further identical standard ammunition with a reduced weight of 6.1 g as in examples 1 and 2, and further modified ammunition 1 according to this invention with a bullet 2provided with a pass-through channel 21 with a diameter of 2.5 mm to 4.5 mm, graded by increasing the diameter of channel 21 by 0.5 mm, which corresponded to the gradually decreasing weight of bullet 2 to 5.0 g in the case of pass-through channel 21 with a diameter of 4.5 mm.

[0078] The graph shows that bullet 2, weighing 5.0 g and with a pass-through channel diameter of 4.5 mm, had the highest muzzle velocity of all bullets, as well as the highest velocity during the measured section and the highest final velocity at a distance of 70 m. The standard unmodified bullet weighing 7.5 g had the lowest muzzle velocity, but thanks to its kinetic energy, it had a higher velocity at a distance of 70 m than the standard bullet with a reduced weight of 6.1 g. The graph shows that all bullets 2 according to this invention had higher velocities in all measured sections than standard ammunition, despite the fact that they had a lower weight.

[0079] Due to the use of pistons 3 according to this invention, measurement failures occurred during the measurement, which in some cases was reflected in the graph by zero values for bullet 2 according to this invention. The graph also contains a table of values measured by the Labradar device and light gates during test firing on a CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Carbine 9x19 weapon. The table is a transcription of handwritten readings from the devices used during test firing. It contains only a transcription of the manually recorded displayed values. The weight of the machined drive piston 3 is 0.32 g.

[0080] Table legend and abbreviations used:SaB = bullet without channel; sp = bullet with intense type machined piston; caliber is given in millimeters; k = channel and its diameter; bullet weight is given in grams;

[0081] Errors in measurements made by the Labradar system using the Doppler effect were caused by the system recording two objects during the measurement. At the beginning, bullet 2 together with piston 3, and later piston 3 flying at a lower speed and in a different direction. The Labradar was placed close to the muzzle of the weapon and tracked and measured bullet 2 moving away from it. This system is not optimal for tracking multipleobjects and evaluating the results separately. Therefore, for example, bullet 2 with a pass- through channel 21 with a diameter of 2.5 mm resulted in an inconclusive measurement already at a distance of 10 m. For other bullets 2 with a pass-through channel 21 with a diameter of 3 to 4 mm, inconclusive measurements were obtained only at a distance of 70m.

[0082] This error did not occur with bullets with a channel 21 diameter of 4.5 mm, because thanks to the large channel 21 diameter, the piston 3 detached from the bullet very quickly and there was no long-term signal duplication. According to an experienced shooter, the accuracy repeatability of bullets 2 according to this invention was excellent.Example 4

[0083] The above examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the ammunition 1 and bullet 2 and piston 3 according to this invention and the advantages achieved over existing ammunition. In this and the following examples, further design details of the individual elements of the ammunition 1 comprising the piston 3 according to this invention and the ammunition 1 comprising both elements, i.e. the piston 3 and the bullet 2 according to this invention, will be given.

[0084] Ammunition 1 containing an intensive type drive piston 3 according to Fig. 4a on piston variant A, where the piston 3 is a circular piece of metal and contains an upper part 31 designed to come into contact with the bullet 2 and a lower part 32 designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture 12, where the upper part 31 has an upper surface 34 and the lower part contains a bottom 35, part of which adjacent to the edge of the piston and the edge of the piston is provided around its entire circumference with a projection 38, the opposite tops 39 of which are the widest point of the piston 3.

[0085] The diameter of the piston 3 on the upper surface 35 is therefore slightly smaller than the diameter of the piston at the opposite tops 39 of the piston projections. Together with the bottom 35, this circular projection 38 forms a cup-shaped container for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture 12.Example 5

[0086] Ammunition 1 containing an extensive type drive piston 3 according to Fig. 4a on piston variant B, where piston 3 is a circular piece of metal with an upper part 31 with asurface 34 designed to come into contact with bullet 2 and a lower part 32 with a bottom 35 designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture 12. The edge part 33 of the piston is bent around the entire circumference from the surface 35 of the upper part 31 towards the lower part 32 and extends below the level of the bottom 35, with the bend 36 of the edge part 33 starting at a distance of 4 / 5 of the radius of the piston 3 from the center of the piston 3.

[0087] The deviation of the end part of the bend 36 of the piston, through which the axis Op2of the piston bend passes, relative to the central axis Op1of the piston passing perpendicularly through the center of the piston 3, is 30 degrees, which aims to minimize the area of the edge part 33 of the piston that comes into contact with the inner part of the barrel. The terminal edge 37 of the bend extends beyond the bottom 35 of the piston, and the bottom 35 together with the lower part 32 form a cup-shaped vessel for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture 12, the diameter of the piston being widest at the terminal edge 37 of the bend 36 in the lower part of the piston 32.Example 6

[0088] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 of the extensive type according to Fig. 4a on piston variant C, which is identical to the piston according to example 6, with the difference that it contains a depression 341 in the middle of the upper surface 34 of the piston, formed by pressing through the material of the piston 3, the diameter of the depression 341 corresponding to 1 / 3 of the diameter of the upper surface 34 of the piston.Example 7

[0089] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 5 to 7, further comprising a bullet 2 whose outer casing 22 is provided with grooves 24.Example 8

[0090] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 5 to 7, further comprising a bullet 2 which contains a pass-through channel 21 according to any of examples 1 to 4.Example 9

[0091] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 5 to 7, further containing a bullet 2 which symmetrically contains four pass-through channels 21, the total cross-sectional area of which corresponds to 1 / 3 of the cross-sectional area of the bullet 2 at its widest point.Example 10

[0092] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 5 to 7, further comprising a bullet 2 which contains a pass-through channel 21 according to example 8, which is longitudinally divided into three symmetrical chambers.Example 11

[0093] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 5 to 7, further comprising a bullet 2 which is formed by additive 3D printing of metals and contains curved blades in a pass-through channel 21 for imparting a rotational movement to the bullet 2.Example 12

[0094] The ammunition 1 according to this invention, providing a bullet 2 with a pass-through channel 21 , was tested for the effect of the pass-through channel 21 , as shown in the graph in Fig. 7. The ammunition 1 was created by modifying standard conventional 9 x 19 Luger ammunition manufactured by Sellier andBellot. In this ammunition the weight of the bullet 2 was deliberately reduced in order to enable a direct comparison of the effectiveness of the design, i.e. in one case, the material removed by creating channel 21 in bullet 2 according to this invention was compensated by removing material from the bullet head in accordance with the current state of the art, while retaining all the aerodynamic properties of ammunition 1. The other components of ammunition 1 , i.e. cartridge 11 , fuse 13, composition and quantity of ejection mixture 12, remained unchanged. The standard bullet according to the state of the art with reduced weight without a pass-through channel is designated as "SaB 9 mm 6.1 g".

[0095] Bullet 2 according to this invention with a pass-through channel 21 is marked in the graph as "Sp 9 average of 6.3 and 5.8 g". The resulting data in the graph are based on the average of the measured values of flying bullets 2 according to this invention with the above- mentioned weights, where a certain number of bullets 2 were provided with a channel 21 with a diameter of 3.0 mm and the remaining number were provided with a channel 21 with a diameter of 3.5 mm. These diameters of channel 21 of both bullets 2 are not optimal for achieving the maximum performance of ammunition 1 according to this invention, or are undersized in relation to the given caliber, and neither of these cross-sections of channel 21 is sufficiently large, but even so, it is evident that a higher bullet 2 velocity is achieved according to this invention compared to a standard bullet weighing 6.1 g.

[0096] In the embodiment according to this example, the cross-sectional diameters of the channels correspond to 1 / 3 of the diameter of bullet 2 in the case of a channel diameter of 3.0 mm, or 7 / 18 of the diameter of bullet 2 in the case of a channel diameter of 3.5 mm.

[0097] To manufacture bullet 2 according to this invention, conventional bullets weighing 7.5 grams were dismantled from the ammunition assembly of the above-mentioned manufacturer and subsequently provided with a pass-through channel 21 . The outer diameter of 9 mm and the shape, i.e. the profile of bullet 2, remained unchanged. The creation of pass-through channels 21 with a diameter of 3.0 mm affected the final weight of bullets 2 to 6.3 grams, while with channel 21 with a diameter of 3.5 mm, the weight of bullets 2 was 5.8 grams. In the ammunition assembly, or rather the ammunition 1 , according to this invention, three pistons 3 of the intensive type weighing 0.32 grams were used, which were machined from CuSn8material. The other components of the ammunition 1 , i.e. the cartridge 11 , fuse 13, composition and quantity of the ejection mixture 12, also remained unchanged.

[0098] The comparative ammunition test was conducted at intervals of approximately one hour under the same weather conditions at the same location and using the same firearm - a CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Carbine 9x19.

[0099] The results measured so far clearly demonstrate the higher effectiveness of ammunition designed according to this invention. The higher initial velocity of bullet 2, which has the same outer diameter and weight as the bullet according to the state of the art, confirms the higher performance in terms of internal ballistics, caused by more efficient use of the energy potential of the explosive (ejection) mixture of the ammunition. Subsequently, a higher bullet 2 velocity is also demonstrable at the measured points, where not only thehigher initial energy gain is utilized, but also more effective aerodynamics. This fact is clear from the measured values, where the difference in velocity increases with the distance traveled by the bullet.Example 13

[0100] The ammunition 1 according to the present invention, equipped with a bullet 2 with a pass-through channel 21 , was tested for the effect of the pass-through channel 21 on the aerodynamics of the bullet 2, as shown in the graph in Fig. 8. In this case, a standard bullet with reduced weight as in Example 1 was selected as a comparative bullet, but unlike Example 1 , bullet 2 according to the present invention was provided with a channel 21 with a diameter of 4.5 mm, which reduced the weight of bullet 2 to 5.0 g.

[0101] The graph shows both the higher initial velocity of bullet 2 and, in particular, the lower velocity drop at distances greater than 50 m from the point of discharge. The piston used 3 was of the intensive type. The higher initial velocity of bullet 2 with pass-through channel 21 is achieved partly by piston 3 due to its greater sealing capacity and partly by the lower weight of bullet 2 by 1 .1 grams.

[0102] The further movement of bullet 2 clearly shows the effect of lower air resistance, where the difference in speed between the flying bullet 2 and a standard bullet increases with distance. Bullet 2 with pass-through channel 21 according to this invention maintains a higher velocity at the measured points than a conventionally designed bullet, even with a noticeable weight handicap.Example 14

[0103] On 27 December 2023, comprehensive testing was carried out on the ammunition 1 according to this invention, equipped with a bullet 2 with a pass-through channel 21 , to determine the effect of the pass-through channel 21 on the aerodynamics and velocity of the bullet 2. The relationship between the weight and the resulting velocity of the standard bullet and the bullet 2 according to this invention was observed, as can be seen in the graph in Fig. 9.

[0104] In this case, standard 9 mm ammunition without reduced weight, weighing 7.5 g, was tested, further identical standard ammunition with a reduced weight of 6.1 g as in examples 1 and 2, and further modified ammunition 1 according to this invention with a bullet 2 provided with a pass-through channel 21 with a diameter of 2.5 mm to 4.5 mm, graded by increasing the diameter of channel 21 by 0.5 mm, which corresponded to the gradually decreasing weight of bullet 2 to 5.0 g in the case of pass-through channel 21 with a diameter of 4.5 mm.

[0105] The graph shows that bullet 2, weighing 5.0 g and with a pass-through channel diameter of 4.5 mm, had the highest muzzle velocity of all bullets, as well as the highest velocity during the measured section and the highest final velocity at a distance of 70 m. The standard unmodified bullet weighing 7.5 g had the lowest muzzle velocity, but thanks to its kinetic energy, it had a higher velocity at a distance of 70 m than the standard bullet with a reduced weight of 6.1 g. The graph shows that all bullets 2 according to this invention had higher velocities in all measured sections than standard ammunition, despite the fact that they had a lower weight.

[0106] Due to the use of pistons 3 according to this invention, measurement failures occurred during the measurement, which in some cases was reflected in the graph by zero values for bullet 2 according to this invention. The graph also contains a table of values measured by the Labradar device and light gates during test firing on a CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Carbine 9x19 weapon. The table is a transcription of handwritten readings from the devices used during test firing. It contains only a transcription of the manually recorded displayed values. The weight of the turned drive piston 3 is 0.32 g.

[0107] Table legend and abbreviations used:SaB = bullet without channel; sp = bullet with intense type machined piston; caliber is given in millimeters; k = channel and its diameter; bullet weight is given in grams;

[0108] Errors in measurements made by the Labradar system using the Doppler effect were caused by the system recording two objects during the measurement. At the beginning, bullet 2 together with piston 3, and later piston 3 flying at a lower speed and in a differentdirection. The Labradar was placed close to the muzzle of the weapon and tracked and measured bullet 2 moving away from it. This system is not optimal for tracking multiple objects and evaluating the results separately. Therefore, for example, bullet 2 with a pass- through channel 21 with a diameter of 2.5 mm resulted in an inconclusive measurement already at a distance of 10 m. For other bullets 2 with a pass-through channel 21 with a diameter of 3 to 4 mm, inconclusive measurements were obtained only at a distance of 70m.

[0109] This error did not occur with bullets with a channel diameter of 21 4.5 mm, because thanks to the large channel 21 diameter, the piston 3 detached from the bullet very quickly and there was no long-term signal duplication. According to an experienced shooter, the group of shots showing repeatability of bullet 2 accuracy according to this invention was excellent.Example 15

[0110] The above examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the ammunition 1 and bullet 2 and piston 3 according to this invention and the advantages achieved over existing ammunition. In this and the following examples, further design details of the individual elements of the ammunition 1 comprising the piston 3 according to this invention and the ammunition 1 comprising both elements, i.e. the piston 3 and the bullet 2 according to this invention, will be given.

[0111] Ammunition 1 containing an intensive type drive piston 3 according to Fig. 6a on piston variant D, where the piston 3 is a circular piece of metal and contains an upper part 31 designed to come into contact with the bullet 2 and a lower part 32 designed to come into contact with the ejection mixture 12, where the upper part 31 has an upper surface 34 and the lower part contains a bottom 35, part of which adjacent to the edge of the piston and the piston is provided around its entire circumference with a projection 38 extending beyond the level of the bottom 35, the opposite tops 39 of which are the widest point of the piston 3.

[0112] The diameter of the piston 3 on the upper surface 35 is therefore slightly smaller than the diameter of the piston at the opposite tops 39 of the piston projections. Together with the bottom 35, this circular projection 38 forms a cup-shaped container for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture 12. The projection 38 tapers towards the top 39.

[0113] The intensive type piston 3 according to this example is modified so that it has a wall thickness in the central part of the bottom 35 reinforced by 1 / 3 compared to the wall thickness of the piston 3 in its edge part, wherein this reinforcement of the bottom 35 wall forms 60% of the diameter length of the bottom 35.Example 16

[0114] Ammunition 1 containing an extensive type drive piston 3 according to Fig. 6a on the piston variant E, where the piston 3 is a circular piece of metal material, which has an upper part 31 with a surface 34 intended for contact with the bullet 2 and a lower part 32 with a bottom 35 intended for contact with the ejection mixture 12. The edge part 33 of the piston is bent around the entire circumference from the surface 35 of the upper part 31 towards the lower part 32 and extends below the level of the bottom 35, with the bend 36 of the edge part 33 beginning at a distance of 4 / 5 of the radius of the piston 3 from the center of the piston 3. The edge part 33 thins towards the terminal edge 37, as can be seen in Fig. 6a.

[0115] The deviation of the end part of the bend 36 of the piston, through which the axis Op2of the piston bend passes, relative to the central axis Op1of the piston passing perpendicularly through the center of the piston 3, is 30 degrees, which aims to minimize the area of the edge part 33 of the piston that comes into contact with the inner part of the barrel. The terminal edge 37 of the bend extends beyond the bottom 35 of the piston, and the bottom 35 together with the lower part 32 form a cup-shaped vessel for capturing the energy released after ignition of the ejection mixture 12, the diameter of the piston being widest at the terminal edge 37 of the bend 36 in the lower part 32 of the piston.

[0116] The piston 3 of this ammunition contains a depression 341 in the middle of the upper surface 34 of the piston, formed by pressing through the material of the piston 3, the diameter of the depression 341 corresponding to 1 / 3 of the diameter of the upper surface 34 of the piston. The bottom 35 contains a protrusion 351 corresponding in shape to the depression 341 , the protrusion 351 serving as an anti-deformation zone preventing the bottom 35 from tearing. The diameter of the depression 341 on the upper surface 34 of the piston is 10% greater than the diameter of the channel 21 of the bullet at the inner edge of the bottom of the bullet 2 at the mouth of the extended end part 28 of the pass-through channel 21.Example 17

[0117] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 15 and 16, further containing a bullet 2 which contains a pass-through channel 21 according to examples 1 to 3, which is further provided at the entrance to channel 21 on the bullet head with an arcuate extension 271 of the upper end part 27 channel 21 , where this extension 271 points outwards from channel 21 , and in the lower part of the bullet at its bottom 25, at the exit from channel 21 , it is provided with an arcuate extension 281 of the lower end part 28 of channel 21 , where this extension 281 points outwards from channel 21 , as both shown in Figs. 5a to 5e. The outer casing 22 of the bullet is provided with stabilizing grooves 24.

[0118] The bullet 2 is further provided at its bottom 25 with eight lubrication grooves 26 in the form of a U-shaped cross-section for distributing lubricant from the pass-through channel 21 into the barrel of the weapon, where these grooves 26 extend into the extension 281 of the pass-through channel at the inner edge of the bottom 25 and connect it to the outer edge of the bottom 25, as can be seen, for example, in Figs. 5c to 5e. This measure enables active lubrication of the moving components of the ammunition and the gun barrel, as the lubricant can be applied to the pass-through channel 21 .

[0119] Practical testing and measurement clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the active lubrication system and its direct influence on the mechanical processes of internal ballistics. The test was performed on 9 x 19 Luger ammunition, according to the design of this invention, using bullets with and without lubrication grooves. A lubricant in the amount of 0.040 grams was applied to the channel 21 of the bullet with lubrication grooves.

[0120] Test procedure:1. Ten rounds of ammunition 1 with bullets 2 according to this invention without lubricant were fired, and the velocity was measured in the range of 450 to 465 m / s.2. The following ten identical rounds of ammunition 1 with bullets 2 according to this invention, but with lubricant applied, were fired and speeds ranging from 530 to 545 m / s were measured, which is 80 m / s more than in the case of the same bullet 2 without lubrication.The speed of the bullets was measured at a distance of 1 meter from the muzzle using light gates - a chronograph, the functionality and accuracy of which was verified by duplication. As in all ongoing tests, the weapon used was a CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Carbine 9x19. Theejection mixture 12 and its volume were not modified; the energy potential at the beginning of the process was identical. The active lubrication system using bullet 2 according to this invention had a very positive effect on the internal ballistics process. No other influences of subsequent processes were observed during this test.Example 18

[0121] Ammunition 1 containing a drive piston 3 according to any of examples 15 and 16, further comprising a bullet 2 which is formed by additive 3D printing of metals and contains curved blades in a pass-through channel 21 for imparting a rotational movement to the bullet 2.INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION

[0122] The invention is industrially applicable in the field of ammunition production, in particular in the defense industry, sport shooting, hunting, and wherever firearms are used.LIST OF REFERENCE MARKS1 - ammunition11 - cartridge12 - ejection mixture13 - fuse2 - bullet21 - pass-through channel22 - bullet casing23 - bullet head24 - stabilizing grooves25 - bottom of the bullet26 - lubrication groove27 - upper end part of the channel271 - extension28 - lower end part of the channel281 - extension3 - drive piston31 - upper part of the piston32 - lower part of the piston33 - edge part34 - upper surface341 - depression35 - bottom351 - protrusion36 - bend37 - terminal edge38 - projection39 - top of projectionOS- central longitudinal axis of the bulletOp1- central longitudinal axis of the pistonOp2- piston bending axis in the edge part of the piston

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS received by the International Bureau on 02 October 2025 (02.10.2025)1. A bullet (2) of ammunition, containing at least one pass-through channel (21 ) passing longitudinally through the bullet (2) from the top of the bullet (2) located on the bullet head (23) and terminating at the bottom (25) of the bullet, where the center of the channel (21 ) passes through the longitudinal axis (Os) of the bullet (2) and the channel (21) is further provided at the entrance to the channel (21 ) on the head (23) of the bullet with an extension (271 ) of the upper end part (27), where this extension (271 ) points outwards from the channel (21 ), and in the lower part of the bullet at its bottom (25), at the exit from the channel (21 ), it is provided with an extension (281 ) of the lower end part (28), where this extension (281 ) points outwards from the channel (21 ), characterized in that that the bullet (2) is provided at its bottom (25) with a lubrication groove (26) for distributing lubricant, wherein this groove (26) extends into an extension (281 ) of the pass-through channel at the inner edge of the bottom (25) and connects it to the outer edge of the bottom (25).

2. The bullet (2) according to claim 1 , characterized in that it contains three to sixteen lubrication grooves (26) evenly spaced on the bottom (25) of the bullet, preferably the number of said lubrication grooves (26) being eight.

3. The bullet (2) according to any of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the bullet casing (22) contains longitudinally extending stabilizing grooves (24).

4. The bullet (2) according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it contains curved vanes in the channel (21) for imparting a rotational movement to the bullet.

5. The bullet (2) according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the bullet (2) is formed by additive 3D printing of metals.

6. Drive piston (3) for a bullet, wherein the piston (3) comprises a cup-shaped body which has an upper part (31 ) provided with a surface (34) adapted to contact the bullet (2) and a lower part (32) with a bottom (35) adapted to capture energy from the ejection mixture (12) of the ammunition (1 ), wherein the edge part (33) of the piston is connected to the surface (34) by an arcuate bend and slopes towards the terminal edge (37), where the terminal edge (37) forms the widest point of the piston (3), wherein the terminal edge (37) of the projection is adapted to contact the interior of the gun barrel and at the same time extends beyond the bottom (35) of the piston and together with the bottom (35) forms a cupshaped container for capturing energy from the ejection mixture (12) of the ammunition (1 ),characterized in that the edge part (33) of the piston is connected to the upper surface (34) by means of a bend (36), which begins at least at a distance of 2 / 3 of the radius of the piston (3) from the center of the piston (3) and the deviation of the axis (OP2) of the bend of the piston passing through the end part of the bend (36) and the terminal edge (37) of the piston relative to the central axis (Opi) of the piston passing perpendicularly through the center of the piston (3) is not less than 5 degrees and does not exceed 50 degrees and is preferably 25 to 35 degrees.

7. Drive piston (3) according to claim 6, characterized in that it comprises a depression (341 ) on the upper surface (34) which engages in the lower part (32) of the piston so as to form a protrusion (351 ) adapted to mitigate deformation forces and tearing of the bottom (35).

8. Drive piston (3) according to claim 7, characterized in that the top of the protrusion (351 ) extends into the plane of the terminal edge (37) of the piston.

9. Drive piston (3) according to claim 7, characterized in that the depression (341 ) is formed by pressing through the material from which the piston (3) is made.

10. Drive piston (3) according to any of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the piston (3) is formed by additive 3D printing of metals.

11. Drive piston (3) for a bullet, characterized in that the piston (3) comprises a cupshaped body which has an upper part (31 ) provided with a surface (34) adapted to contact the bullet (2) and a lower part (32) with a bottom (35) adapted to capture energy from the ejection mixture (12) of the ammunition (1 ), wherein the edge part (33) of the piston is connected to the surface (34) by an arcuate bend and slopes towards the terminal edge (37), where the terminal edge (37) forms the widest point of the piston (3), wherein the terminal edge (37) of the projection is adapted to contact the interior of the gun barrel and at the same time extends beyond the bottom (35) of the piston and together with the bottom (35) forms a cup-shaped container for capturing energy from the ejection mixture (12) of the ammunition (1 ), wherein the upper surface (34) of the piston (3) contains a depression (341 ) which extends into the lower part (32) of the piston so as to form a protrusion (351 ) adapted to reduce deformation forces and tearing of the bottom (35), wherein the width of the depression (341 ) on the upper surface (34) of the piston is 5 to 15% greater than the width of the pass-through channel (21 ) of the bullet (2).

12. Drive piston (3) of a bullet, characterized in that the piston (3) comprises a cupshaped body which has an upper part (31 ) provided with a surface (34) adapted to contact the bullet (2) and a lower part (32) with a bottom (35) adapted to absorb energy from the ejection mixture (12) of the ammunition (1 ), wherein the edge part (33) of the piston is connected to the surface (34) by a sharp edge and slopes over the projection (38) extending beyond the bottom (35) towards the top (39) of this projection (38), where the top (39) of the projection forms the widest point of the piston (3), where the top (39) of the projection is adapted to contact the inside of the weapon barrel and at the same time protrudes beyond the bottom (35) of the piston and together with the bottom (35) forms a cup-shaped container for capturing energy from the ejection mixture (12) of the ammunition (1 ), wherein the piston (3) has a wall thickness in the central part of the bottom (35) reinforced by 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 compared to the wall thickness of the piston (3) at the edge of the bottom (35), and this reinforcement of the bottom wall (35) forms 40 to 80% of the length of the diameter of the bottom (35).

13. Drive piston (3) according to claim 11 , characterized in that the edge part (33) of the piston is connected to the upper surface (34) by means of a bend (36), which begins at least at a distance of 2 / 3 of the radius of the piston (3) from the center of the piston (3) and the deviation of the axis (OP2) of the bend of the piston passing through the end of the bend (36) and the terminal edge (37) of the piston from the central axis (Opi) of the piston passing perpendicularly through the center of the piston (3) is not less than 5 degrees and does not exceed 50 degrees and is advantageously 25 to 35 degrees.

14. Drive piston (3) according to claim 11 , characterized in that the edge part (33) tapers towards the terminal edge (37)15. Drive piston (3) according to claim 12, characterized in that the projection (38) tapers towards the top (39).

16. Drive piston (3) according to any of claims 11 , 13 or 14, characterized in that the depression (341 ) is formed by pressing through the material from which the piston (3) is made.

17. Drive piston (3) according to any of claims 11 to 16, characterized in that the piston (3) is formed by additive 3D printing of metals.

18. An ammunition (1 ), characterized in that it contains a drive piston (3) according to any of claims 6 to 10.

19. Ammunition (1 ), characterized in that it contains a drive piston (3) according to any of claims 11 to 17.

20. Ammunition (1 ) according to claim 19, characterized in that it further contains a bullet (2) according to any of claims 1 to 5.

21. Use of ammunition (1 ) according to claims 18 to 20 for defense, sport shooting, or hunting.

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