Medical device system and method for monitoring conduction system pacing capture
The medical device system delivers conduction system pacing and performs capture management tests to ensure capture of the His-Purkinje system, addressing the suboptimal activation patterns and associated risks of ventricular pacing.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/092270
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing ventricular pacing methods that deliver pulses via the myocardial tissue rather than the conduction system can lead to increased risks of atrial fibrillation and heart failure, as they fail to effectively capture the His-Purkinje system, resulting in suboptimal physiological electrical activation patterns.
A medical device system is configured to deliver conduction system pacing (CSP) and perform capture management tests by analyzing evoked responses and cardiac signal changes to ensure capture of the His bundle, right bundle branch, left bundle branch, and Purkinje fibers, using electrodes positioned at or near these sites.
The system ensures physiological electrical activation patterns by accurately capturing the conduction system, reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure associated with myocardial tissue capture.
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Figure CN2024092270_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MEDICAL DEVICE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING CONDUCTION SYSTEM PACING CAPTURETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates to a medical device system for delivering conduction system pacing (CSP) and monitoring CSP capture.BACKGROUND
[0002] During normal sinus rhythm (NSR) , the heartbeat is regulated by electrical signals produced by the sino-atrial (SA) node located in the right atrial wall. Each depolarization signal produced by the SA node spreads across the atria, causing the depolarization and contraction of the atria, and arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node responds by propagating a depolarization signal through the bundle of His of the atrioventricular septum and thereafter to the left and right bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers of the right and left ventricles, sometimes referred to as the “His-Purkinje system” and referred to herein as the “conduction system. ”
[0003] Patients with poor SA node function, poor AV node conduction (sometimes referred to as AV block) , or conduction system abnormalities of the His bundle or left and / or right bundle branches (sometimes referred to as bundle branch block) or other conduction system abnormalities may receive a pacemaker to restore a more normal heart rhythm and heart chamber synchrony. Atrial pacing may be performed to provide a regular atrial rate in a patient having SA node dysfunction. Ventricular pacing may be performed to promote a regular ventricular rate in a patient having AV conduction abnormalities. A single chamber ventricular pacemaker may be coupled to a transvenous ventricular lead carrying electrodes placed in the right ventricle (RV) , e.g., in the right ventricular apex. The pacemaker itself is generally implanted in a subcutaneous pocket with the transvenous ventricular lead tunneled to the subcutaneous pocket. Intracardiac pacemakers have been introduced or proposed for implantation entirely within a patient's heart, eliminating the need for transvenous leads. An intracardiac pacemaker may provide sensing and pacing from within a chamber of the patient's heart, e.g., from within the right ventricle in a patient having AV conduction block.
[0004] Dual chamber pacemaker systems are available which may include a transvenous atrial lead carrying electrodes which are placed in the right atrium and a transvenous ventricular lead carrying electrodes that are placed in the right ventricle via the right atrium. Some leadless dual chamber pacemaker systems have been proposed for implantation within a patient's heart, without requiring transvenous leads. A dual chamber pacemaker system senses atrial electrical signals and ventricular electrical signals and can provide both atrial pacing and ventricular pacing as needed to promote a normal atrial and ventricular rhythm and promote AV synchrony when SA node, AV node, bundle branch block or other conduction abnormalities are present.SUMMARY
[0005] The techniques of this disclosure generally relate to a medical device system and methods for delivering CSP and performing CSP capture management tests. The medical device system may include an implantable medical device (IMD) , e.g., a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillation (ICD) , configured to deliver CSP and sense cardiac electrical signals. Processing circuitry of the medical device system may be configured to determine when a pacing pulse has likely captured at least a portion of the native conduction system based on an analysis of a sensed cardiac electrical signal. A CSP pulse may capture at least a portion of the conduction system, e.g., at least a portion of the His bundle, the right bundle branch (RBB) , the left bundle branch (LBB) and / or Purkinje fibers. In some examples, the CSP pulses are delivered in the area of the left bundle branch (LBB) , which can be referred to as LBB area pacing (LBBAP) , the area of the right bundle branch (RBB) , which can be referred to as RBBAP, and / or the area of the His bundle.
[0006] A medical device operating according to the techniques disclosed herein may perform a capture test to detect capture of local septal tissue in the vicinity of a CSP electrode. When capture is confirmed by detecting an evoked response following a pacing pulse having a first pacing pulse output, the medical device may deliver at least one pacing pulse at a second pacing pulse output, which may be equal to or greater than the first pacing pulse output, and determine if CSP capture criteria are met by a sensed cardiac electrical. The medical device may update a conduction system (CS) capture output stored in the medical device memory based on whether or not the CSP capture criteria are met. The stored CS capture output may be used by the medical device for updating a pacing pulse output used for delivering ventricular pacing according to a pacing mode or therapy. The stored CS capture output may be used for selecting a CS capture test output used in a subsequent capture test.
[0007] In one example, the disclosure provides a medical device including a sensing circuit configured to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal, a therapy delivery circuit configured to deliver pacing pulses, a memory configured to store CSP capture criteria and a control circuit. The control circuit may be configured to perform an evoked response capture test that includes controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output and detecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following the first test pacing pulse. The control circuit may be further configured to select a CS capture test output and perform a CS capture test comprising controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a second test pacing pulse at the selected CS capture test output and determining if the CSP capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following the second test pacing pulse. The control circuit may select a CS capture output to store in the memory based on at least whether the CSP capture criteria are met. The control circuit may select a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored CS capture output or the evoked response capture test output. The therapy delivery circuit may be further configured to deliver ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.
[0008] In another example, the disclosure provides a method including sensing at least one cardiac electrical signal, storing CSP capture criteria in a memory of a medical device and performing a capture test that includes an evoked response capture test comprising delivering a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output and detecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the first test pacing pulse. The method may further include selecting a CS capture test output and performing a CS capture test comprising delivering a second test pacing pulse at the selected CS capture test output and determining if the CSP capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse. The method may further include selecting a CS capture output to store in the memory based on at least whether the CSP capture criteria are met. The method may further include selecting a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored CS capture output or the evoked response capture test output. The method may include delivering ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.
[0009] In another example, the disclosure provides a non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a control circuit of a medical device, cause the medical device to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal and perform a capture test. Performing the capture test includes performing an evoked response capture test comprising delivering a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output and detecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the first test pacing pulse. The instructions may further cause the medical device to select a CS capture test output and perform a conduction system capture test during the capture test. The conduction system capture test may include delivering a second test pacing pulse at the selected CS capture test output and determining if CSP capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse. The instructions may further cause the medical device to select a CS capture output to store based on at least whether the CSP capture criteria are met. The instructions may further cause the medical device to select a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored CS capture output or the evoked response capture test output. The instructions may further cause the medical device to deliver ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.
[0010] The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a medical device system for sensing cardiac electrical signals, delivering CSP and monitoring CSP capture according to some examples.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a leadless pacemaker positioned within the right atrium for providing CSP in the area of the His bundle according to some examples.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram of a leadless pacemaker system for providing CSP according to another example.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of circuitry that may be enclosed within an implantable medical device, e.g., the pacemakers shown in FIGs. 1, 2 or 3, configured to deliver CSP and sense cardiac signals according to the techniques disclosed herein.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method for performing a capture management test by a pacemaker delivering CSP according to some examples.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for performing a capture test for managing CSP capture by a medical device according to another example.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for selecting a conduction system (CS) capture test output according to some examples.
[0018] FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for selecting a pacing pulse output for delivering CSP for pacing the ventricles according to some examples.
[0019] FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a method for performing a capture test according to another example.
[0020] FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a method for determining if CSP capture criteria are met during a capture test according to some examples.
[0021] FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a method for performing a capture test according to another example.
[0022] FIG. 12 is a diagram of the CS capture test output and stored CS capture output as controlled by a pacemaker over successive capture tests 1-9 according to an illustrative example.
[0023] FIG. 13 is a diagram of the CS capture test output and stored CS capture output as controlled by a pacemaker over successive capture tests 1-9 according to another illustrative example.
[0024] FIG. 14 is a diagram of the CS capture test output and stored CS capture output as controlled by pacemaker over successive capture tests 1-10 according to yet another illustrative example.
[0025] FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for performing a capture test according to another example.
[0026] FIG. 16 is a flow chart of a method for determining when capture change criteria and CSP capture criteria are met during a capture test according to some examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] A medical device system capable of delivering ventricular pacing via the conduction system and monitoring for capture is disclosed herein. Myocardial ventricular pacing via electrodes at or near the right ventricular apex has been found to be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Delivery of ventricular pacing at sites along the His-Purkinje conduction system for capturing at least a portion of the conduction system may promote a more physiological electrical activation pattern of the heart because the pacing-evoked depolarizations can be propagated along the native conduction system. Pacing the ventricles via the His bundle, the RBB and / or the LBB for example, allows recruitment along the heart's natural conduction system, including the Purkinje fibers.
[0028] In some instances, however, ventricular pacing pulses delivered for pacing via the conduction system can capture local myocardial tissue in addition to or instead of capturing the conduction system. When capture of the conduction system is lost, e.g., due to a low pacing pulse output, complete loss of capture may occur or capture of the local myocardial tissue at the pacing site may occur. If the CSP pulse output is too low, myocardial pacing may occur without capture of the conduction system and without the associated benefits of the more physiological electrical activation pattern. A medical device system as disclosed herein is configured to perform capture tests to monitor for evoked responses following delivered CSP pulses and for cardiac signal changes indicative of CSP capture. The term “capture” refers to the pacing-evoked depolarization of cardiac tissue propagating through the ventricles and resulting in a QRS complex in a cardiac signal that is caused by a delivered pacing pulse as opposed to an intrinsic depolarization of the cardiac tissue (e.g., arising from the SA node, conducted via the AV node, or arising from an ectopic site) and the associated QRS complex that occurs in the cardiac signal when a pacing pulse is not delivered.
[0029] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a medical device system 10 for sensing and analyzing cardiac electrical signals and delivering CSP according to some examples. Medical device system 10 includes a pacemaker 14 connected to a right atrial (RA) pacing lead 16 and a CSP lead 18 in this example. Pacemaker 14 includes a housing 15, which may be hermetically sealed, to enclose internal circuitry corresponding to the various circuits and components for sensing cardiac signals from heart 8 and controlling cardiac pacing delivered to heart 8 by pacemaker 14. The housing 15 may be formed of a conductive material, such as titanium or titanium alloy. The housing 15 may function as an electrode (sometimes referred to as a “can” electrode) . In some examples, housing 15 may be available as a return anode electrode for delivering unipolar pacing pulses and / or for use in a sensing electrode vector for sensing cardiac electrical signals in combination with electrodes carried by lead 16 and / or lead 18.
[0030] Pacemaker 14 includes a connector assembly 13 (sometimes referred to as a “connector block” or “header” ) , coupled to housing 15, having connector bores configured to receive the proximal lead connectors (not shown) of RA lead 16 and CSP lead 18. Connector block 13 may have one or more additional connector bores for receiving one or more additional leads, e.g., for receiving a coronary sinus lead for providing pacing and sensing in the left ventricle (LV) of heart 8 from a location in a cardiac vein along the left lateral free wall in some examples.
[0031] RA lead 16 is shown advanced transvenously into the right atrial chamber of a patient's heart 8 for sensing atrial signals, e.g., P-waves attendant to atrial depolarizations, and for delivering atrial pacing pulses. RA lead 16 includes pacing and sensing electrodes 20 and 22. Electrode 20 is shown as a screw-in, helical tip electrode at the distal end of RA lead 16. Electrode 22 is shown as a ring electrode (e.g., circumscribing the RA lead body 17) spaced proximally from tip electrode 20. Electrodes 20 and 22 can form a bipolar pair for sensing atrial signals and delivering atrial pacing pulses via tip electrode 20 as a cathode electrode and ring electrode 22 as the return anode electrode, for example. RA lead 16 includes an elongated lead body 17 through which insulated electrical conductors extend from the respective electrodes 20 and 22 to the proximal lead connector (not shown) connected to the pacemaker 14 via connector assembly 13. The electrodes 20 and 22 are thereby connected to internal electronics of pacemaker 14 via respective electrical feedthroughs in connector assembly 13 that cross pacemaker housing 15.
[0032] CSP lead 18 is shown advanced transvenously into the right atrial chamber of a patient's heart 8 and further into the right ventricle (RV) for positioning tip electrode 32 within the interventricular septum 12 in the vicinity of the heart's conduction system, e.g., at a His bundle pacing site, an LBBAP site or at an RBBAP site. CSP lead 18 is positioned for sensing ventricular event signals, e.g., R-waves attendant to intrinsic depolarizations of the ventricular myocardium and pacing evoked ventricular depolarizations, and for delivering CSP pulses. CSP lead 18 includes pacing and sensing electrodes 32 and 34. Electrode 32 is shown as a screw-in, helical tip electrode at the distal end of CSP lead 18. Electrode 34 is shown as a ring electrode spaced proximally from tip electrode 32 and circumscribing CSP lead body 19. Electrodes 32 and 34 can form a bipolar pair for sensing ventricular signals and delivering CSP pulses via tip electrode 32 as a cathode electrode and ring electrode 34 as the return anode electrode, for example. While the electrodes 20, 22, 32 and 34 are represented as either helical screw-in electrodes or ring electrodes in FIG. 1A, it is to be understood that other electrode types may be used such as button electrodes, hook electrodes, segmented electrodes, short coil electrodes, or the like. Tip electrode 32 of CSP lead 18 may be a tissue-piercing electrode, which may or may not have a helical shape, to facilitate advancement of tip electrode 32 into the interventricular septum 12 to a CSP site in the area of the His bundle, LBB or RBB.
[0033] In some examples, pacemaker 14 may be capable of delivering cardioversion / defibrillation (CV / DF) shocks for treating ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In this case, CSP lead 18 (and / or another lead coupled to pacemaker 14) may carry one or more coil electrodes 36 and 38 for use in delivering high voltage CV / DF shocks. As such, while pacemaker 14 is referred to as a “pacemaker” herein, it could be referred to as “implantable cardioverter defibrillator” or “ICD” when capable of delivering high voltage CV / DF shocks in addition to the pacing functionality as disclosed herein.
[0034] CSP lead 18 includes an elongated lead body 19 through which insulated electrical conductors extend from the respective electrodes 32 and 34 (and coil electrodes 36 and 38 if present) to a proximal lead connector (not shown) connected to the pacemaker 14 via connector assembly 13. The electrodes 32 and 34 (and coil electrodes 36 and 38 if present) are thereby connected to internal electronics of pacemaker 14 via respective electrical feedthroughs in connector assembly 13 that cross pacemaker housing 15.
[0035] Electrodes 20, 22, 32, 34 (and 36 and 38 if present) may be formed from titanium, platinum, iridium or alloys thereof, as examples with no limitation intended, and may include a low polarizing coating, such as titanium nitride, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum black, among others. Lead bodies 17 and 19 may each be formed from a non-conductive material, including silicone, polyurethane, fluoropolymers, mixtures thereof, and / or other appropriate materials. Each lead body may be shaped to form one or more lumens within which one or more insulated electrical conductors extend between the proximal lead connectors and the distal electrodes 20, 22, 32, 34, 36 and 38 carried by the respective lead 16 or 18.
[0036] While CSP lead 18 is shown advanced into the RV for positioning tip electrode 32 in the interventricular septum 12, e.g., in the area of the LBB or the RBB for delivering CSP, it is to be understood that the distal end of CSP lead 18 may be positioned at other locations for delivering CSP to heart 8 for causing depolarizations of the tissue of the conduction system thereby pacing the ventricles. For instance, CSP lead tip electrode 32 may be positioned along or in the area of the His bundle and / or the RBB or LBB in a basal portion of the interventricular septum 12. In other examples, CSP lead 18 may be advanced into the right atrium with tip electrode 32 advanced into the interatrial septum toward the His bundle, e.g., at the inferior end of the interatrial septum. CSP lead 18 may be advanced toward the His bundle from a location beneath the AV node and near the tricuspid valve annulus, generally in the Triangle of Koch, to position CSP lead tip electrode 32 near the His bundle from a right atrial approach.
[0037] The techniques disclosed herein are not limited to a particular CSP location and may be practiced in a variety of medical device systems including at least one electrode that can be positioned at a CSP site, including leadless pacemakers and / or pacemakers or ICDs coupled to one or more leads. Other examples of IMDs configured to deliver CSP at various example CSP sites that may be adapted to perform the techniques disclosed herein are generally disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0362558 (Zhou, et al., filed May 3, 2022) and in U.S. Patent No. 11,607,550 (Cao, et al., filed on June 15, 2020) , the content both of which incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0038] Pacemaker 14 includes therapy delivery circuitry for generating pacing pulses delivered via the RA lead 16 and CSP lead 18. As described below, cardiac electrical signal sensing circuitry included in pacemaker 14 may receive a cardiac electrical signal sensed from electrodes carried by RA lead 16 and a cardiac electrical signal sensed from electrodes carried by CSP lead 18 for use in controlling the timing and delivery of atrial pacing pulses and CSP. As described below, a sensed cardiac electrical signal received by pacemaker 14 may be analyzed by processing circuitry of pacemaker 14 for detecting evoked responses following CSP pulses for assessing capture of cardiac tissue, which may include myocardial tissue in the vicinity of CSP lead tip electrode 32 (or ring electrode 34) and / or capture of at least a portion of the conduction system.
[0039] While pacemaker 14 is shown as a dual chamber pacemaker receiving both RA lead 16 and CSP lead 18, it is to be understood that in other examples, pacemaker 14 may be a single chamber device, e.g., configured to receive one lead for sensing cardiac electrical signals and delivering CSP without necessarily having atrial pacing capabilities. A lead and electrode configuration for delivering CSP may be configured to enable dual chamber (atrial and ventricular) sensing by the pacemaker. In still other examples, pacemaker 14 may be a multi-chamber pacemaker configured to sense cardiac signals and deliver atrial pacing via RA lead 16, CSP via CSP lead 18, and left ventricular pacing via a third lead that may be advanced via the coronary sinus ostium of the right atrium into the coronary sinus and further into a cardiac vein to a left ventricular pacing site.
[0040] Medical device system 10 is shown including an external medical device 50 for receiving data from pacemaker 14 and for transmitting programming commands to pacemaker 14, which may include various sensing and pacing control parameters used by pacemaker 14. External device 50 may receive data from pacemaker 14 including sensed cardiac electrical signal episodes, therapy delivery data logged by pacemaker 14 and results of capture management tests performed by pacemaker 14 according to the techniques disclosed herein.
[0041] External device 50 may be embodied as a programmer used in a hospital, clinic or physician's office to program pacemaker 14 and to acquire data from pacemaker 14. External device 50 may alternatively be embodied as a handheld device, such as a tablet or cell phone. In some examples, external device 50 is a home monitor configured to interrogate pacemaker 14 to receive signals or data from pacemaker 14 and transmit data to pacemaker 14 via a wireless communication link 48. An example programmer that may be configured to program pacemaker 14 and included in medical device system 10 configured to perform the techniques disclosed herein is the Programmer, commercially available from Medtronic, Inc., Dublin, Ireland.
[0042] External device 50 may include a processor 52, memory 53, display unit 54, user interface unit 56, and telemetry unit 58. Processor 52 is coupled to the other components and units of external device 50, e.g., via a data bus, for controlling the functions attributed to external device 50 herein. Processor 52 may execute instructions stored in memory 53. Processor 52 may include any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field- programmable gate array (FPGA) , or equivalent discrete or analog logic circuitry. In some examples, processor 52 may include multiple components, such as any combination of one or more microprocessors, one or more controllers, one or more DSPs, one or more ASICs, or one or more FPGAs, as well as other discrete or integrated logic circuitry. The functions attributed to processor 52 herein may be embodied as software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof. Memory 53 may include any volatile, non-volatile, magnetic, optical, or electrical media, such as a random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) , electrically-erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, or any other digital or analog media. Memory 53 may include non-transitory computer-readable media that may store instructions that, when executed by processor 52, cause medical device system 10 to perform various methods and functions attributed to medical device system 10 as disclosed herein.
[0043] User interface unit 56 may include a mouse, touch screen, keypad or the like to enable a user to interact with external device 50, e.g., to initiate and terminate an interrogation session for retrieving data from pacemaker 14, adjust settings of display unit 54, enter programming commands or selections or make other user requests. Display unit 54, which may include a liquid crystal display, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and / or other visual display components, may generate a display of cardiac electrical signals received from pacemaker 14 and / or data derived therefrom, including results of capture management tests performed by pacemaker 14. Display unit 54 may be configured to generate a graphical user interface (GUI) including various windows, icons, user selectable menus, etc. to facilitate interaction by a user with the external device 50. Display unit 54 may display various windows to a user, e.g., in a GUI, for enabling a clinician or other user to review CSP related data retrieved from pacemaker 14.
[0044] Display unit 54 may function as an input and / or output device using technologies including liquid crystal displays (LCD) , quantum dot display, dot matrix displays, light emitting diode (LED) displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, cathode ray tube displays, e-ink, or monochrome, color, or any other type of display capable of generating tactile, audio, and / or visual output. In some examples, display unit 54 is a presence-sensitive display. Display unit 54 may serve as a user interface device that operates both as one or more input devices and one or more output devices.
[0045] External device 50 may receive data, via telemetry unit 58, from pacemaker 14 via the wireless communication link 48. Data received from pacemaker 14 may include cardiac signals, e.g., intracardiac electrogram (EGM) signals sensed by pacemaker 14, marker channel data indicating the timing of pacing pulses delivered by pacemaker 14 and sensed cardiac event signals (e.g., sensed P-waves and sensed R-waves) , data relating to the pacing history, and data relating to capture management tests as further described below.
[0046] Telemetry unit 58 includes a transceiver and antenna configured for bidirectional communication with a communication circuit included in an implantable pacemaker 14, e.g., in response to user requests. Telemetry unit 58 includes communication circuitry configured to operate in conjunction with processor 52 for sending and receiving data relating to pacemaker functions via a wireless communication link 48 with the implantable pacemaker 14. Communication link 48 may be established using a radio frequency (RF) link such as Wi-Fi, Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) or other communication bandwidth. In some examples, external device 50 may include a programming head that is placed proximate pacemaker 14 to establish and maintain communication link 48, and in other examples external device 50 and pacemaker 14 may be configured to communicate using a distance telemetry algorithm and circuitry that does not require the use of a programming head and does not require user intervention to maintain a communication link 48.
[0047] It is contemplated that external device 50 may be in wired or wireless connection to a communications network via telemetry unit 58 that includes a transceiver and antenna or via a hardwired communication line for transferring data to a centralized database or computer to allow remote management of the patient. External device telemetry unit 58 may be coupled to a communication network / cloud (not shown in FIG. 1) for receiving and transmitting data to a remote computing device (not shown in FIG. 1) , which may be a personal computer, personal mobile device or other computing device at a remote location from the patient to enable remote monitoring of CSP data obtained from pacemaker 14 by a clinician or other user. The CARELINKTM network available from Medtronic, Inc., Dublin, Ireland, is an example of a remote patient monitoring system and database that may collect and display data retrieved from a patient's pacemaker for review by a clinician or other user. Processing circuitry of the medical device system 10, e.g., any combination of one or more of external device processor 52, network / cloud based processing, a remote computing device and / or processing circuitry included in pacemaker 14 (see FIG. 4) , may be configured to execute portions of the methods disclosed herein, e.g., for establishing a morphology template used for determining match scores between the template and post-pace waveforms for the purposes of capture management tests performed by pacemaker 14 as further described below.
[0048] FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a leadless pacemaker 114 that may be included in a medical device system operating according to the methods disclosed herein in some examples. The pacemaker 114 may be positioned within the right atrium for providing CSP in the area of the His bundle. Pacemaker 114 may be included in a medical device system configured to provide CSP and sense cardiac electrical signals for monitoring CSP capture over time as further described below. Pacemaker 114 may include a distal tip electrode 132 extending away from a distal end 112 of the pacemaker housing 115. Leadless pacemaker 114 is shown implanted in the right atrial chamber of the patient's heart for advancing distal tip electrode 132 to a His bundle pacing site from a right atrial approach. For example, the distal tip electrode 132 may be inserted into the inferior end of the interatrial septum, beneath the AV node and near the tricuspid valve annulus to position tip electrode 132 at a His bundle pacing site. In other examples, intracardiac leadless pacemaker 114 may be implanted within the right ventricle, e.g., high along the interventricular septum, for positioning distal tip electrode 132 in the basal portion of the interventricular septum in the vicinity of the His bundle or in another interventricular septal location along the His-Purkinje system.
[0049] Distal tip electrode 132 may be a helical electrode providing fixation to anchor the pacemaker 114 at the implant position. In other examples, pacemaker 114 may include a fixation member that includes one or more tines, hooks, barbs, helices or other fixation member (s) that anchor the distal end of the pacemaker 114 at the implant site. A proximal portion of the distal tip electrode 132 may be electrically insulated such that only the most distal end of tip electrode 132, furthest from housing distal end 112, is exposed to provide targeted pacing at a tissue site that includes a portion of the conduction system.
[0050] One or more housing-based electrodes 120 and 134 may be carried on the surface of the housing 115 of pacemaker 114, on or proximal to distal end 112. Electrodes 120 and 134 are shown as ring electrodes circumscribing the longitudinal sidewall of pacemaker housing 115 that extends from the housing distal end 112 to housing proximal end 110. In other examples, a return anode electrode used in sensing and pacing may be positioned on housing proximal end 110. Pacing of the His-Purkinje system may be achieved using the distal tip electrode 132 as the cathode electrode and either of the housing-based electrodes 120 or 134 as the return anode. In some examples, pacing of atrial tissue may be achieved by delivering atrial pacing pulses via the distal ring electrode 120 using proximal ring electrode 134 as the return anode electrode. In other examples, distal ring electrode 120 shown circumscribing the lateral sidewall of housing 115 for the sake of clarity in FIG. 2 may be located on the pacemaker distal end 112 for providing atrial pacing and atrial sensing, e.g., in combination with proximal ring electrode 134. CSP pulses may be delivered in the area of the His bundle via tip electrode 132 with proximal ring electrode 134 as the return anode. In this way, dual chamber pacing of the atria and the ventricles may be delivered by leadless pacemaker 114. In other examples more than two ring electrodes (or other types of electrodes) may be provided on housing 115, e.g., to provide two distinct atrial pacing and CSP electrode vectors.
[0051] Intrinsic and pacing evoked cardiac electrical signals may be sensed by pacemaker 114 using one or more sensing electrode pairs selected from electrodes 120, 132 and 134. For example, a ventricular electrical signal may be sensed using distal tip electrode 132 and distal ring electrode 120 or proximal ring electrode 134. Intrinsic R-waves may be sensed by sensing circuitry of pacemaker 114 via the ventricular electrical signal sensing electrode pair for use in inhibiting a scheduled CSP pulse and scheduling the next CSP pulse. Post-pace waveforms of the ventricular electrical signal may be acquired by pacemaker 114 for performing capture management tests as further described below.
[0052] An atrial electrical signal may be sensed using electrodes 120 and 134, for example. Intrinsic P-waves may be sensed by the atrial electrical signal sensing electrode pair for use in inhibiting and scheduling atrial pacing pulses and / or for scheduling atrial synchronous CSP pulses. The cardiac electrical signals sensed by pacemaker 114 may be used for determining the atrial rate, ventricular rate, and / or for detecting atrial and / or ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
[0053] While external device 50 is not shown in FIG. 2, it is to be understood that pacemaker 114 can be included in a medical device system including external device 50 configured to communicate with pacemaker 114 and in some cases, as described above, with a network / cloud based patient database and / or a remote computing device. Pacemaker 114 may be configured to communicate via a communication circuit with external device 50 for receiving programming commands and transmitting data to external device 50 as generally described above in conjunction with FIG. 1. Leadless pacemaker 114 may be configured to transmit data to external device 50, which may be further analyzed by external device processor 52 and / or used in generating a graphical user interface of data acquired by pacemaker 114 for review by a clinician, including data obtained by performing capture management tests according to the techniques described below.
[0054] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram of a medical device system 200 including leadless pacemaker 114 implanted at a different CSP site than the position shown in FIG. 2. In this example, tip electrode 132 may be advanced into the interventricular septum 12 from a right ventricular approach for delivering CSP pulses in the area of the LBB or the area of the RBB. In some cases, the medical device system 200 may include a second leadless pacemaker 214 implanted in the right atrium for delivering atrial pacing pulses and sensing atrial electrical signals. In this example, pacemaker 214 includes a tip electrode 232 that may be paired with a proximal ring electrode 234 circumscribing the lateral sidewall of cylindrical housing 215 of pacemaker 214. Tip electrode 232 is shown as a non-tissue piercing button electrode in this example but may be provided as a tissue piercing or non-tissue piercing electrode and may be any of the types of example electrodes listed herein. Pacemaker 214 may include a fixation member 213, e.g., as one or more fixation tines, extending from distal end 212 of pacemaker housing 215 to provide fixation of pacemaker 214 at an atrial pacing site.
[0055] In some examples, pacemaker 214 can provide atrial pacing and sensing and pacemaker 114 can provide ventricular pacing (via the conduction system and / or ventricular myocardium) and sensing in a dual chamber leadless pacemaker system 200. Atrial pacemaker 214 and ventricular pacemaker 114 may communicate wirelessly, as shown by arrow 218, to coordinate dual chamber pacing delivery. For example, atrial pacemaker 214 may transmit a signal to ventricular pacemaker 114 when an atrial pacing pulse is delivered or an atrial P-wave is sensed so that ventricular pacemaker 114 can deliver an atrial synchronous CSP pulse at a desired atrioventricular pacing interval. In other examples, ventricular pacemaker 114 may sense atrial systolic event signals, e.g., from an electrical signal sensed by pacemaker 114 or from an acceleration signal sensed by an accelerometer included in pacemaker 114, for use in synchronizing CSP pulses to the atrial event signals. While not shown in FIG. 3, it is to be understood that external device 50 as shown in FIG. 1) , which may be in communication with a network / cloud and / or remote computing device, may be included in the medical device system 200 and may be configured to send data to and receive data from pacemaker 114 and pacemaker 214, if present.
[0056] While several examples of medical device systems are shown and described in conjunction with FIGs. 1-3, it is to be understood that the methods disclosed herein for performing capture management tests and tracking pacing capture thresholds over time as described below are not limited to a particular medical device system. The methods disclosed herein may be practiced in any medical device system that includes or is in communication with an implantable medical device that is capable of delivering CSP and sensing cardiac electrical signals, including post-pace QRS waveforms.
[0057] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of circuitry that may be enclosed within implantable pacemaker 14 of FIG. 1 configured to deliver CSP and sense cardiac electrical signals according to the techniques disclosed herein. The diagram of FIG. 4 is described with reference to pacemaker 14 connected to RA lead 16 carrying electrodes 20 and 22 and CSP lead 18 carrying electrodes 32 and 34. It is to be understood, however, that the functionality attributed to the various circuits and components shown in FIG. 4 may correspond to circuitry enclosed in a pacemaker configured to perform techniques disclosed herein when connected to other pacing lead and electrode configurations or in a leadless pacemaker. For instance, when pacemaker 14 is configured as an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) , coil electrodes 36 and 38 may be coupled to therapy delivery circuit 84 for delivering CV / DF shocks and may be coupled to sensing circuit 86 for use in sensing cardiac electrical signals. Pacemaker 14 may be configured to receive one or more leads for electrical connection to circuitry enclosed by housing 15 to enable selection of a variety of pacing and / or sensing electrode configurations for sensing cardiac electrical signals and delivering CSP therapies. Housing 15 is depicted in FIG. 4 as an electrode coupled to pacemaker circuitry in FIG. 4, e.g., for use in a unipolar pacing and / or sensing electrode vector.
[0058] Furthermore, a pacemaker configured to perform the techniques disclosed herein may be a leadless pacemaker, e.g., pacemaker 114 shown in FIG. 2, including housing-based electrodes for sensing atrial signals, delivering atrial pacing pulses, sensing ventricular signals and delivering CSP pulses. In this case, the multiple housing based electrodes, e.g., electrodes 120, 132 and 134 shown in FIG. 2, can be coupled to sensing circuit 86 and therapy delivery circuit 84. In still other examples, circuitry generally described in conjunction with FIG. 4 may be included in pacemaker 114 implanted in the right ventricle as shown in FIG. 3 for sensing cardiac signals and delivering CSP pulses to a pacing site in the interventricular septum. The circuitry and functionality of pacemaker 14 described in conjunction with FIG. 4 may be adapted for implementation in a leadless pacemaker or in pacemakers configured to receive one or more pacing leads for performing CSP and capture management algorithms as described herein.
[0059] The electronic circuitry enclosed within housing 15 (shown conceptually as an electrode in FIG. 2) includes software, firmware and hardware that cooperatively monitor cardiac electrical signals, determine when a pacing pulse is necessary, and deliver electrical pacing pulses to the patient's heart as needed according to a programmed pacing mode and other pacing control parameters. The electronic circuitry may include a control circuit 80, memory 82, therapy delivery circuit 84, sensing circuit 86, communication circuit 88 and power source 98. In some examples, pacemaker 14 may include one or more other sensors 90 for sensing physiological signals. For instance, pacemaker 14 may include a motion sensor such as an accelerometer for sensing patient physical activity, monitoring patient posture, and / or sensing cardiac motion (e.g., when the pacemaker is implanted within the heart such as in the examples of FIGs. 2 or 3) . Other examples of physiological sensors that may be included in pacemaker 14 include heart sound sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, oxygen sensors, impedance measurement circuitry or the like.
[0060] Power source 98 provides power to the circuitry of pacemaker 14 including each of the components 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 and 90 as needed. Power source 98 may include one or more energy storage devices, such as one or more rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries. The connections between power source 98 and each of the other components 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 and 90 are to be understood from the general block diagram of FIG. 4 but are not shown for the sake of clarity. For example, power source 98 may be coupled to one or more charging circuits included in therapy delivery circuit 84 for providing the power needed to charge holding capacitors included in therapy delivery circuit 84 that are discharged at appropriate times under the control of control circuit 80 for delivering pacing pulses. Power source 98 is also coupled to components of sensing circuit 86 (such as sense amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, switching circuitry, etc. ) , communication circuit 88, sensors 90 and memory 82 to provide power to the various components and circuits as needed.
[0061] The components shown in FIG. 4 represent functionality included in pacemaker 14 (or pacemaker 114) and may include any discrete and / or integrated electronic circuit components that implement analog and / or digital circuits capable of producing the functions attributed to pacemaker 14 (and pacemaker 114) herein. The various components may include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, state machine, or other suitable components or combinations of components that provide the described functionality. Providing software, hardware, and / or firmware to accomplish the described functionality in the context of any modern medical device, given the disclosure herein, is within the abilities of one of skill in the art.
[0062] Control circuit 80 communicates, e.g., via a data bus, with therapy delivery circuit 84 and sensing circuit 86 for cooperatively sensing cardiac electrical signals and controlling delivery of cardiac electrical stimulation pulses in response to sensed cardiac event signals (or absence thereof) , e.g., R-waves attendant to ventricular depolarization and / or P-waves attendant to atrial depolarization, in accordance with a pacing mode. Electrodes 20, 22, 32 and 34 and housing 15 may be electrically coupled to therapy delivery circuit 84 for delivering electrical stimulation pulses generated by therapy delivery circuit 84. Electrodes 20, 22, 32 and 34 and housing 15 may be electrically coupled to sensing circuit 86 for sensing cardiac electrical signals produced by the heart. Sensing circuit 86 may sense intrinsic signals (such as intrinsic P-waves and intrinsic R-waves) produced by the heart in the absence of a pacing pulse that captures the heart. Sensing circuit 86 may sense evoked response signals, e.g., pacing-evoked P-waves and pacing evoked R-waves, following a delivered pacing pulse of sufficient energy to cause cardiac capture. As further described below, post-pace evoked response signals may be detected during capture management tests for determining an evoked response (ER) capture threshold. The ER capture threshold is the lowest pacing pulse energy determined to capture cardiac tissue, which may be only ventricular myocardial tissue (e.g., ventricular septal myocardium) without conduction system tissue, only conduction system tissue without capturing myocardial tissue, or a combination of ventricular myocardial tissue capture and conduction system tissue capture.
[0063] Sensing circuit 86 may include an input pre-filter and amplifier 140 for receiving a cardiac electrical signal from a pair of sensing electrodes, e.g., RA lead electrodes 20 and 22 or CSP lead electrodes 32 and 34. The filtered and amplified signal may be passed to an analog-to-digital converter and wide bandpass filter (ADC) 141 for producing a multi-bit digital cardiac electrical signal that may be passed to control circuit 80 and is referred to herein as a cardiac electrogram or “EGM” signal when the raw signal is sensed from electrodes on or within a heart chamber. The EGM signal sensed post-pace (e.g., after delivering a CSP pulse) may be received by processor 148 and used in establishing a template, which may be representative of a QRS waveform during a ventricular activation pattern evoked by a CSP pulse that has likely captured at least a portion of the conduction system. The template may be stored in memory 82 for use by control circuit 80 during a capture management test as further described below. An unknown post-pace waveform may be acquired by processor 148 from the EGM signal sensed during a template window following a CS capture test pulse for comparison to the established template stored in memory 82 for determining a morphology match score as further described below. Features of the EGM signal may be determined by processor 148 of control circuit 80 for use in determining when a post-pace evoked response is detected and when CSP capture criteria are met as further described below.
[0064] Sensing circuit 86 may further include a rectifier and narrowband filter / amplifier 142 for receiving the ADC signal and passing a rectified, filtered signal to cardiac event detector circuit 143. Cardiac event detector circuit 143 may produce a cardiac sensed event signal, e.g., a sensed ventricular event (Vsense) signal or a sensed atrial event (Asense) signal, in response to the rectified signal crossing a sensing threshold amplitude, e.g., an R-wave sensing threshold amplitude or a P-wave sensing threshold amplitude, respectively. The sensed event signal is passed to control circuit 80 for use in controlling pacing pulses. For example, in response to receiving an Asense signal, pace timing and control circuit 147 included in control circuit 80 may set a pacing escape interval timer for scheduling a CSP pulse at an AV pacing interval. Control circuit 80 may inhibit an atrial pacing pulse in response to the Asense signal and schedule a subsequent atrial pacing pulse by starting an atrial lower rate interval (LRI) to provide bradycardia pacing of the atria when the LRI expires without an Asense signal being received from sensing circuit 86. The LRI may correspond to a programmed base pacing rate and is used by control circuit 80 to control the minimum heart rate of the patient to be at least the base pacing rate. At other times, the LRI may be a temporary rate response pacing interval based on a patient activity metric determined by control circuit 80 from a patient activity signal received from sensors 90.
[0065] In response to receiving a Vsense signal, a scheduled CSP pulse may be inhibited and a CSP interval, e.g., a ventricular LRI, may be started for scheduling a CSP pulse. If the ventricular LRI expires before a Vsense signal is received and before an Asense signal is received or an atrial pacing pulse is delivered for triggering an atrial synchronous CSP pulse at the AV pacing interval, therapy delivery circuit 84 may deliver the scheduled CSP pulse to pace the ventricles.
[0066] Pace timing and control circuit 147 may include various timers or counters for performing timing related functions of control circuit 80 including, but not limited to, counting down various pacing escape intervals set according to a permanent or temporary pacing mode. The pacing modes of pacemaker 14 may include single chamber atrial pacing, dual chamber atrial synchronous CSP, dual chamber atrial asynchronous CSP, and single chamber CSP, as non-limiting examples, and may include bradycardia pacing with rate response pacing in some examples. A sensed event signal may cause pace timing and control circuit 147 to trigger or inhibit a pacing pulse depending on the particular pacing mode in effect.
[0067] Sensing circuit 86 may include multiple sensing channels, e.g., a ventricular sensing channel and an atrial event sensing channel, and in some examples a far field morphology sensing channel. For example, sensing circuit 86 may include an atrial sensing channel configured to receive an atrial signal from atrial electrodes 20 and 22, which may be filtered, amplified, rectified and passed to an atrial event detector circuit included in event detector circuit 143. Cardiac event detector circuit 143 may generate an Asense signal in response to the atrial signal crossing a P-wave sensing threshold. A ventricular sensing channel of sensing circuit 86 may include the same or a different narrowband filter than the atrial sensing channel. A ventricular event detector circuit of event detector circuit 143 can be configured to generate a Vsense signal in response to the narrowband filtered ventricular signal crossing an R-wave sensing threshold. Each atrial sensing channel and ventricular sensing channel may include separate pre-filter / amplifiers 140, ADC 141, rectifier and narrowband filter / amplifier 142 and event detector circuit 143 or some components may be shared between the different sensing channels. Cardiac event detector circuit 143 may include one or more sense amplifiers, comparators and / or other components configured to receive the filtered and amplified atrial and ventricular signals, compare the signals to respective P-wave and R-wave sensing thresholds, and generate respective Asense and Vsense signals passed to control circuit 80.
[0068] In some examples, a wideband filtered EGM signal may be passed to control circuit 80, e.g., from the ADC 141 of a ventricular sensing channel prior to narrowband filtering of the EGM signal that is passed to cardiac event detector circuit 143. The wideband filtered EGM signal may be used for detecting evoked response signals and, in some examples, acquiring post-pace waveforms for establishing a template and subsequently comparing acquired post-pace waveforms to the template for determining morphology match scores. The EGM signal passed to control circuit 80 may be sensed by sensing circuit 86 by switchably selecting a sensing electrode vector that is a relatively far field signal, e.g., a unipolar signal which may be sensed using the CSP tip electrode 32 and housing 15 or the CSP ring electrode 34 and housing 15, for example. When a defibrillation electrode is available, the defibrillation electrode may be used in a sensing electrode vector for sensing a relatively far field signal that includes relatively more global information of the ventricular activation than a near-field EGM signal, e.g., a bipolar signal, sensed to detect a local depolarization of the cardiac tissue by cardiac event detector circuit 143. In some examples, a sensing circuit 86 may include a dedicated morphology sensing channel configured to receive a far-field signal from a selected sensing electrode pair. The morphology sensing channel may include an input pre-filter / amplifier, ADC and wideband filter for passing an EGM signal to control circuit 80 for performing morphology matching and / or QRS signal feature analysis during a capture management test, as described below, for determining when CSP capture criteria are met.
[0069] Control circuit 80 may be configured to control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver atrial and CSP pulses according to a programmed or automatically selected pacing mode and programmed or automatically adjusted pacing control parameters. Therapy delivery circuit 84 is configured to generate pacing pulses and includes a charging circuit 144 including one or more charge storage devices such as one or more holding capacitors, an output circuit 146, and switching circuitry 145. Switching circuitry 145 can be controlled by control signals from control circuit 80 to control when the holding capacitor (s) of charging circuit 144 are charged and when the charged holding capacitor (s) are discharged through the output circuit 146 to deliver pacing pulses via a selected pacing electrode vector for pacing the atria and / or the ventricles (which may be via the His-Purkinje conduction system) according to the programmed pacing mode.
[0070] Output circuit 146 may include switching circuitry for selecting the pacing electrode vector (s) and associated pacing electrode polarities coupled to a holding capacitor of charging circuit 144 via switching circuitry 145. For instance, output circuit 146 may include switching circuitry for selecting the CSP lead tip electrode 32 as a pacing cathode electrode with return anode ring electrode 34 for bipolar pacing in the area of the His bundle, LBB or RBB. Alternatively, ring electrode 34 may be selected as a cathode electrode with tip electrode 32 selected as the return anode in a bipolar pacing electrode vector for delivering CSP. The RA lead electrodes 20 and 22 may be selected by switching circuitry included in output circuit 146 in an atrial pacing electrode vector for delivering atrial pacing pulses.
[0071] Charging of a holding capacitor to a programmed pacing voltage amplitude and discharging of the capacitor for a programmed pacing pulse width may be performed by therapy delivery circuit 84 according to control signals received from control circuit 80. For example, pace timing and control circuit 147 included in control circuit 80 may include programmable digital counters set by processor 148 for controlling the basic pacing time intervals, which can also be referred to as “escape intervals, ” associated with various single chamber and dual chamber pacing modes. Control circuit 80 may also set the amplitude, pulse width, polarity, or other characteristics of the cardiac pacing pulses, which may be based on programmed values stored in memory 82.
[0072] Therapy delivery circuit 84 may include multiple pacing channels for delivering pacing pulses to the RA and to the area of the LBB, RBB, His bundle or other locations along the conduction system. Each pacing channel may be coupled to selected electrodes via switching circuitry included in output circuit 146 for selecting various unipolar or bipolar pacing electrode combinations for delivering pacing pulses. In some examples, multiple pacing channels may include an additional left ventricular pacing channel, e.g., when pacemaker 14 is coupled to a coronary sinus lead to facilitate delivery of cardiac resynchronization pacing therapy. When pacemaker 14 is configured to deliver high voltage CV / DF shocks, therapy delivery circuit 84 may include a high voltage therapy circuit for generating high voltage CV / DF shock pulses in addition to a low voltage therapy circuit that generates cardiac pacing pulses. Therapy delivery circuit 84 may operate under the control of control circuit 80 to deliver a variety of cardiac electrical stimulation pulses, which may include bradycardia pacing pulses, anti-tachycardia pacing pulses, induction pulses for defibrillation testing, CV / DF shock pulses, post-shock pacing pulses, impedance measurement drive signals, and capture management test pulses, as examples.
[0073] Sensor (s) 90 may include a patient activity sensor provided for sensing a signal correlated to patient physical activity for use by control circuit 80 in controlling rate response pacing. In one example, the activity sensor is an accelerometer, e.g., a single or multi-axis piezoelectric sensor or MEMS device, for sensing an acceleration signal. The accelerometer may produce an electrical signal correlated to motion or vibration of the accelerometer, e.g., when subjected to patient body motion. The activity sensor may include one or more filter, amplifier, rectifier, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and / or other components for producing an acceleration signal that may be passed to control circuit 80 for use in determining a patient physical activity metric for controlling rate response pacing.
[0074] In various examples, an acceleration signal received from sensor (s) 90 by control circuit 80 may be filtered by a band pass or low pass filter, e.g., a 1-10 Hz bandpass filter or a 10 Hz low pass filter, digitized by an ADC and rectified for use by processor 148 of control circuit 80 for determining a patient physical activity metric. Various activity metrics may be derived from the acceleration signal by control circuit 80 that are correlated to patient physical activity. For instance, the activity metric derived from the acceleration signal may be obtained by integrating the absolute value of an acceleration signal received from activity sensor 90 over a predetermined time duration (such as 2 seconds) . The amplitude of the sampled data points over a two-second interval may be summed to obtain the activity metric. This activity metric may be referred to as an “activity count” and is correlated to the acceleration due to patient body motion imparted on the pacemaker 14 during the predetermined time interval. The 2-second (or other time interval) activity counts may be used by control circuit 80 for determining a sensor indicated pacing rate (SIR) for use in controlling rate response pacing. A patient activity metric or SIR may be used to control the rate of atrial or CSP pacing pulses according to a temporary rate response pacing interval, based on the SIR, that is shortened by control circuit 80 from the programmed LRI.
[0075] Communication circuit 88 may include a transceiver and antenna for communicating with external device 50 (shown in FIG. 1) using radio frequency communication or other communication protocols as described above. Control parameters utilized by control circuit 80 for sensing cardiac event signals (e.g., intrinsic depolarization signals and evoked response signals) , analyzing EGM signals, and controlling CSP may be programmed into memory 82 via communication circuit 88 for retrieval and execution by processor 148 of control circuit 80. Under the control of control circuit 80, communication circuit 88 may receive downlink telemetry from and send uplink telemetry to the external device 50. As described above in conjunction with pacemaker 114 in FIG. 3, in some examples, communication circuit 88 may be configured to communicate with another implanted device, e.g., the atrial pacemaker 214 shown in FIG. 3, for coordinating dual chamber pacing in a two device system. In some examples, inter-device communication performed by communication circuit 88 may include tissue conductance communication.
[0076] FIG. 5 is a flow chart 300 of a method for performing a capture management test by pacemaker 14 according to some examples. For the sake of illustration, FIG. 5 and other flow charts presented herein are described with reference to pacemaker 14 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 4. It is to be understood, however, that the disclosed techniques attributed to pacemaker 14 and components of FIG. 4 may be implemented in other medical devices, including the leadless pacemaker 114 shown in FIGs. 2 and 3 or an ICD for example.
[0077] At block 302, pacemaker 14 may be delivering ventricular pacing according to a programmed pacing mode using a CSP electrode vector. The ventricular pacing may be delivered at a pacing pulse output that is defined by the pacing pulse amplitude and pulse width. The therapy pacing pulse output may be initially programmed by a clinician or determined by IMD control circuit 80 by performing a capture threshold search. Pacing delivered at block 302 may be delivered at a pacing pulse output intended to capture at least a portion of the conduction system but may also be capturing septal myocardial tissue with or without capturing at least a portion of the conduction system in some instances.
[0078] At block 304, control circuit 80 may determine ifit is time for capture test. A capture test may be performed according to a capture management algorithm on a scheduled basis, e.g., at a scheduled time of day, at scheduled time intervals, or after every specified number of pacing pulses. Control circuit 80 may verify that other capture test conditions are met at block 304 when a scheduled capture test time is reached. For example, control circuit 80 may verify that a stable ventricular rate is being sensed based on Vsense signals received from sensing circuit 86 and any delivered ventricular pacing pulses. For instance capture test conditions may include a requirement that RRIs between Vsense and / or ventricular pacing pulses are not shorter than a threshold interval, e.g., corresponding to 90 beats per minute (bpm) , 95 bpm, 100 bpm or other specified rate, which may depend on the programmed upper tracking rate and / or maximum rate response rate. A capture test condition may require that the SIR used for setting the rate response pacing rate is less than a threshold rate. The capture test condition may require one or more normal AV intervals between Asense or atrial pacing pulses and subsequent Vsense or ventricular pacing pulses are detected by control circuit 80 if the pacing therapy being delivered at block 302 is a dual chamber pacing therapy. Control circuit 80 may verify that other capture test conditions are met such that a pacing mode switch or other device operations are not in progress at the time of the capture test that could conflict with performing the capture test. If capture test conditions are not met at block 304, control circuit 80 may wait a specified time interval or until capture test conditions are met.
[0079] When the capture test time and any capture test conditions are met, control circuit 80 performs the capture test. The capture test may include two parts beginning with an ER capture test followed by a CS capture test. The ER capture test begins at block 306 for detecting an evoked response to a capture test pulse without necessarily determining a capture type, e.g., without verifying or testing for CSP capture. The ER capture test performed at block 306 can include an ER capture threshold search. The ER capture threshold search may be performed by controlling therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver test pacing pulses at multiple test pulse outputs and determining a lowest pulse output at which an evoked response is detected from an EGM signal received from sensing circuit 86.
[0080] Control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver one or more test pacing pulses at each of multiple pulse outputs starting at a high test pulse output, e.g., equal to or higher than the therapy pacing pulse output being delivered at block 302, and progressively decreasing the test pulse output until an evoked response is no longer detected from a received EGM signal following the test pulse (s) . The test pulse output may be decreased by decreasing the pulse amplitude and / or pulse width. In other examples, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver test pacing pulses at progressively increasing pulse outputs beginning with a relatively low pulse output. In still other examples, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver test pacing pulses by randomly varying the pulse output, in a binary search order, or other manner. It is to be understood that between test pulses, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver one or more support pacing pulses according to the current therapy pacing pulse output or a specified high pacing pulse output to provide ventricular rate support during the ER capture threshold search and avoid asystole. Additionally or alternatively, following each test pulse, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver a backup or safety pacing pulse at a relatively high pulse output within the physiological ventricular refractory period of the test pulse. If the test pulse fails to capture the ventricles, the safety pacing pulse can capture the cardiac tissue to maintain ventricular rate support during the evoked capture threshold search. If the test pulse does capture the ventricles, the safety pacing pulse delivered during the physiological ventricular refractory period will not cause ventricular depolarization.
[0081] Control circuit 80 may determine if an evoked response is detected following each test pacing pulse during the capture threshold search. The evoked response may be detected by control circuit 80 by detecting an evoked response waveform from an EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following a delivered test pulse, e.g., within a capture detection window. The EGM signal may be sensed by sensing circuit 86 using the pacing cathode electrode and a return electrode, which may be the IMD housing 15, a CV / DF electrode, or other selected return electrode in a unipolar sensing electrode vector. In other examples, the EGM signal may be sensed by sensing circuit 86 using the pacing cathode electrode and the pacing anode electrode in a bipolar sensing electrode vector. Control circuit 80 may wait for post-pace blanking period to allow pacing pulse artifact to dissipate and then compare the sensed EGM signal to an evoked response sensing threshold during a capture detection window. The evoked response may be detected if the EGM signal crosses the evoked response sensing threshold within the capture detection window after a delivered test pulse, indicating capture of at least the local cardiac tissue in the vicinity of the pacing cathode electrode. The evoked response may be detected, for example, when the post-pace sensed EGM signal is less than a negative evoked response detection threshold following a post-pace blanking interval as evidence of the pacing-evoked depolarization of the local tissue propagating away from the pacing cathode electrode. Detection of the evoked response by control circuit 80 is an indication that some cardiac tissue has been capture by the test pulse, which may be local myocardial tissue and / or conduction system tissue. The type of capture (e.g., myocardial capture only, conduction system capture only, or non-selective capture of both myocardium and conduction system tissue) may be unknown.
[0082] In some examples, a single test pulse is delivered at each test pulse output for determining if the test pulse output is sufficient to cause capture. In other examples, in order to verify capture by a given test pulse output, therapy delivery circuit 84 may deliver multiple, e.g., 3 to 5, test pulses at each test pulse output. When an evoked response is detected for all, or at least a specified percentage of the test pulses having the same test pulse output, control circuit 80 may determine that the test pulse output is sufficient to capture cardiac tissue. The ER capture threshold search may be performed at block 306 to determine the minimum pulse output that causes at least some type of capture resulting in a pacing evoked QRS waveform. The ER capture threshold search may be performed by pacemaker 14 at block 306 according to a number of algorithms or methods for determining a lowest pacing pulse output associated with a detected evoked response.
[0083] Control circuit 80 may store the ER capture threshold determined at block 306 in memory 82. The ER capture threshold may be equal to or less than pacing pulse output that is required to capture at least a portion of the conduction system. Accordingly, CSP capture may occur at the ER capture threshold or CSP loss of capture may occur at the ER capture threshold. Determination of CSP capture can involve EGM signal analysis that requires considerably higher processing burden and power than evoked response detection. As such, by determining the ER capture threshold at block 306, a subsequent conduction system (CS) capture test may be performed at one or more pacing pulse outputs that are equal to or greater than the determined ER capture threshold for determining if capture of the conduction system is likely.
[0084] At block 308, control circuit 80 selects a CS capture test output. The CS capture test output may be selected based on the ER capture threshold determined at block 306 and stored in memory 82. The CS capture test output may be a multiple of the ER capture threshold, e.g., 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, or 2.5 times the ER capture threshold as examples. The CS capture test output may be a specified offset greater than the ER capture threshold. As examples, the CS capture test output may be 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 volts higher than the ER capture threshold (up to some maximum pulse output limit) . The offset may be a fixed offset for all ER capture thresholds or may be a scaled offset that is relatively larger or smaller depending on the magnitude of the ER capture threshold.
[0085] At block 310, control circuit 80 controls therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver a CS capture test pulse at the selected CS capture test output. Control circuit 80 analyzes an EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following the CS capture test pulse for determining if CSP capture criteria are met. The EGM signal sensed and analyzed by control circuit 80 during the CS capture test may be the same EGM signal or a different EGM signal than the EGM signal from which evoked responses are detected during the ER capture threshold search. In some examples, a far-field EGM signal, e.g., a unipolar EGM signal, may be sensed by sensing circuit 86 using the CSP cathode electrode 32 and the pacemaker housing 15 as a return electrode, sometimes referred to as a “tip to can” sensing electrode vector. Control circuit 80 may control sensing circuit 86 to select a unipolar or far field sensing electrode vector to sense a relatively far field EGM signal that is representative of relatively more global electrical activity of the ventricular tissue as compared to a bipolar or relatively near field EGM signal that is more representative of near field electrical activity of the local tissue in the vicinity of the pacing electrode. In some examples, a bipolar EGM signal may be sensed by sensing circuit 86 during the therapy delivery at block 302 to provide reliable sensing of intrinsic P-waves and intrinsic R-waves for controlling the timing of pacing pulses and detection of the cardiac rhythm. When the capture test is initiated, sensing circuit 86 may be controlled to sense a unipolar EGM signal (if not already) for passing to control circuit 80 for analysis for detecting evoked response signals during the capture threshold search performed at block 306 and for analysis in the subsequent CS capture test performed at block 310.
[0086] CSP capture criteria may include one or more thresholds, ranges or other values applied to one or more respective features determined from the post-pace EGM signal sensed after delivering the CS capture test pulse. The feature (s) determined from the post-pace EGM signal may correspond to features that indicate capture of at least a portion of the CS when the features meet the applied CSP capture criteria. The CSP capture criteria may be established from post-pace EGM signal waveforms that represent a waveform morphology that occurs when the capture type is known or is expected to include conduction system capture, as opposed to being capture of septal myocardial tissue only without CS capture. Examples of determining when CSP capture criteria are met using a waveform template known to correspond to capture of at least a portion of the conduction system are described below, e.g., in conjunction with FIGs. 6 and 10. In other examples, control circuit 80 may be configured to determine when CSP capture criteria are met using a waveform template acquired at the ER capture threshold, corresponding to an unknown capture type. Other example methods for determining when CSP capture criteria are met using a waveform template of unknown capture type are described below in conjunction with FIGs. 11-16 When the CSP capture criteria are met, capture of at least a portion of the conduction system (referred to herein as “CSP capture” ) is likely in addition to or instead of septal myocardial capture of the local tissue in the vicinity of the pacing cathode electrode.
[0087] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine if CSP capture criteria are met by determining a morphology matching score between an established template stored in memory 82 and the post-pace waveform of the sensed EGM signal following the CS capture test pulse. Additionally or alternatively, control circuit 80 may determine when CSP capture criteria are met by determining a center of area metric from the post-pace EGM waveform for comparison to a threshold activation time. Example methods for determining features from the post-pace EGM waveform for comparison to CSP capture criteria that may be performed during the CS capture test at block 310 are described below, e.g., in conjunction with FIG. 10.
[0088] Control circuit 80 may select a stored CS capture output at block 312 based on whether the CSP capture criteria are met or not at block 310. If the CSP capture criteria are met, for example, control circuit 80 may store the selected CS capture test output as the stored CS capture output. If the CSP capture criteria are not met, however, control circuit 80 may keep a previously stored CS capture output stored in memory 82. Additionally or alternatively, control circuit 80 may store the selected CS capture test output in memory flagged as not meeting CSP capture criteria. The CS capture output stored in memory 82 at block 312 may be selected based on a historical value of the CS capture output previously stored in memory 82, e.g., as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 6.
[0089] Control circuit 80 may return to block 302 to control therapy delivery circuit 84 and sensing circuit 86 to deliver ventricular pacing according to the programmed pacing therapy and pacing mode currently in effect. In some examples, the result of the ER capture threshold search and / or CS capture test may be used by control circuit 80 for selecting the therapy pacing pulse output that is used by therapy delivery circuit 84 for generating ventricular pacing pulses at block 302. For example, if the CSP capture criteria are met, upon returning to block 302, control circuit 80 may set the pacing pulse output for therapy delivery equal to the selected CS capture test output, which may be at least a safety margin greater than the ER capture threshold. In other examples, if the CSP capture criteria are met, control circuit 80 may set the pacing pulse output to a safety margin greater than the selected CS capture test output up to a maximum pacing pulse output limit. The safety margin may be between 0.25 and 3.0 volts, as examples, with a maximum pacing pulse output limit between 5 volts and 10 volts, as examples. If the CSP capture criteria are not met, control circuit 80 may set the pacing pulse output upon returning to block 302 based on the ER capture threshold determined at block 306. For instance, control circuit 80 may set the pacing pulse output used for therapy delivery to a safety margin greater than the ER capture threshold.
[0090] In some examples, the result of the CS capture test may be used by control circuit 80 for selecting the next CS capture test output that is used by therapy delivery circuit 84 for delivering a CS capture test pulse at block 310 the next time a capture test is performed. For example, if the CSP capture criteria are met at block 310, the next time a capture test is performed control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output to be less than the CS capture test output used in the current test. If, however, the ER capture threshold is found to be higher in the next capture test than the current capture test, the CS capture test output selected at block 308 may be set to at least the new ER capture threshold or greater than the new ER capture threshold. Examples of selecting the CS capture test output based on a previous capture test result are described below, e.g., in conjunction with FIG. 7 and FIG. 11.
[0091] As indicated in FIG. 5 at block 314, the capture test results may be logged in memory 82 for transmission to external device 50, e.g., in response to an interrogation command received by communication circuit 88 from external device 50. Communication circuit 88 may be controlled by control circuit 80 to transmit capture test data logged in memory 82. The logged capture test data may include ER capture thresholds, stored CS capture outputs (flagged as meeting CSP capture criteria or not) , and selected therapy pacing outputs, for example. In this way, a clinician can monitor changes in the capture test results over time. A clinician may reprogram the therapy pacing output based on the logged capture test data.
[0092] FIG. 6 is a flow chart 400 of a method for performing a capture test for managing CSP capture by a medical device according to another example. At block 402, control circuit 80 may confirm that capture test conditions are met as generally described above in conjunction with FIG. 5. At block 404, therapy delivery circuit 84 begins the capture test by delivering an ER test pulse. The ER test pulse may be at the current therapy delivery pulse output or a lower pulse output, e.g., equal to the ER capture threshold most recently determined from a previously performed ER capture threshold search. In some examples, the ER test pulse delivered at block 404 may be an offset less than the current ventricular pacing therapy pulse output, which may be a safety margin less than the current therapy pacing pulse output used for delivering ventricular pacing pulses. Control circuit 80 may determine if an evoked response is detected at block 406 from the EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following the test pulse. Methods for detecting the evoked response are described above. This first ER test pulse may be delivered to determine if the ER capture threshold has not increased from a previous capture test. If the ER capture threshold is substantially unchanged (or decreased) a complete ER capture threshold search may not be necessary.
[0093] If an evoked response is not detected following the delivered ER test pulse, control circuit 80 may perform an ER capture threshold search by advancing to block 408. The ER capture threshold may have increased since the last capture test was performed. The ER capture threshold search may be performed according to any of the example methods described above in conjunction with FIG. 5. In the example shown in FIG. 6, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to increase the test pulse output at block 408 until an evoked response is detected at block 406. The test pulse output may be increased by increasing the pulse amplitude and / or the pulse width. It is to be understood that one or more test pulses may be delivered at each test output. When multiple test pulses are delivered at a given test output, including the first test pulse output delivered at block 404, control circuit 80 may verify than an evoked response signal is detected for all or at least a specified percentage of the test pulses delivered at the same pulse output in order to confirm evoked response detection for a given test pulse output. In some cases, if an evoked response is not detected for one or more test pulses delivered at the same test pulse output, therapy delivery circuit 84 may be controlled to increase the test pulse output at block 408 until a specified percentage of n test pulses at a given pulse output are associated with a detected evoked response at block 406. In this way, the ER capture threshold may be determined using a step up capture search algorithm. In other examples, however, the ER capture threshold search may be performed using a step down capture search algorithm, a binary search algorithm randomly delivered test pulse outputs or other ER capture threshold search algorithm. Once the ER capture threshold is determined, control circuit 80 may advance to block 410 to select the CS capture test output.
[0094] Referring again to block 406, when an evoked response is detected for the first test pulse output applied at block 404, prior to initiating a complete ER capture threshold search, control circuit 80 may advance to block 410 to select a CS capture test output without necessarily performing an ER capture threshold search. When capture is verified at the first ER test pulse output, control circuit 80 may determine that the ER capture threshold is relatively unchanged from a previously determined ER capture threshold or, if changed, is equal to or less than the ER test pulse output delivered at block 404.
[0095] At block 410, control circuit 80 may select a CS capture test output based on the ER test pulse output that resulted in evoked response detection at block 406. As mentioned above, the ER test pulse output delivered at block 404 may be the current therapy pacing pulse output used for delivering ventricular pacing pulses, an offset less than the current therapy pacing pulse output, or a previously determined ER capture threshold. If an evoked response threshold search is performed, however, as described above in conjunction with blocks 404, 406 and 408, the newly determined ER capture threshold may be used by control circuit 80 at block 410 for selecting the CS capture test output.
[0096] The CS capture test output may be a percentage or offset greater than the ER test pulse output that resulted in evoked response detection, e.g., according to any of the examples described above in conjunction with FIG. 5. In other examples, however, when an evoked response is detected at block 406 for the first ER test pulse output without performing an ER capture threshold search, control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 410 based at least in part on the currently stored CS capture output and / or the result of the most recent previous CS capture test.
[0097] The ER capture threshold may be unchanged (or decreased) since the last capture test when evoked response detection is confirmed at block 406 in response to the first ER test pulse output. As such, the CS capture output selected at block 410 may be less than the CS capture output previously stored in memory 82 in response to CSP capture criteria being met. The CS capture threshold may be equal to or less than the CS capture output previously stored in memory 82 in response to CSP capture criteria being met. Control circuit 80 may select a CS capture test output to be less than the CS capture test output that resulted in the CSP capture criteria being met in the previous capture test. The CS capture test output selected by control circuit 80 may not be less than the first ER test pulse determined to result in evoked response detection at block 406 in some examples. As such, in some examples, the CS capture test output selected at block 410 may be between the currently stored CS capture output and the ER test pulse output of the first test pulse delivered at block 404 for which an evoked response was detected at block 406 (without performing a complete ER capture threshold search) .
[0098] However, when the complete ER capture threshold search is performed because the first ER test pulse did not result in ER detection, the ER capture threshold determined from the search is used for selecting the CS capture test output at block 410. The CS capture test output may be equal to or greater than the ER capture threshold, e.g., by applying an offset and / or multiple to the ER capture threshold value.
[0099] At block 412, therapy delivery circuit 84 delivers the CS capture test pulse according to the selected output. One or more CS capture test pulses may be delivered at the selected output so that control circuit 80 can analyze the post-pace EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 for determining one or more post-pace features for comparison to C SP capture criteria at block 414. Examples of the C SP capture criteria that are applied to the post-pace EGM signals are further described below but can include determining a morphology match score and determining an activation time metric for the far field or unipolar EGM signal. In this example, memory 82 of pacemaker 14 may store previously established features of a post-pace waveform associated with known or confirmed CSP capture. For example, a morphology template, a morphology match score, an activation time threshold, and / or one or more other threshold values or ranges of features determined from a post-pace waveform confirmed to be CSP capture may be stored in memory 82 as CSP capture criteria.
[0100] If the CSP capture criteria are met ( “yes” branch of block 414) , CS capture at the delivered CS capture test pulse output is likely. At block 420, control circuit 80 may compare the current CS capture test output delivered at block 412 to the stored CS capture output (currently stored in memory 82 from a previous capture test) . If the stored CS capture output is less than the delivered CS capture test output ( “yes” branch of block 420) , control circuit 80 may keep the stored CS capture output stored in memory 82 at block 422. The lower CS capture output may reflect a pacing pulse output that is closer to the true CSP capture threshold.
[0101] If the stored CS capture output is greater than (or equal to) the delivered CS capture test output, as determined at block 420, the stored CS capture output may be updated at block 418 to the lower value, the delivered CS capture test output. In this way, the CS capture output can be updated to progressively decrease toward an actual CSP capture threshold on each successive capture management test. The stored CS capture output in memory 82 can trend toward the actual CSP capture threshold with successive capture tests without requiring a complete CSP capture threshold search during one capture test. In this way, the use of signal processing and analysis techniques for applying CSP capture criteria that require relatively high processing power and burden can be reduced or minimized.
[0102] Referring again to block 414, if control circuit 80 determines that the CSP capture criteria are not met, the CSP capture threshold may be greater than the CS capture test output. When the CSP capture criteria are not met, the morphology of the evoked response waveform following the CS capture test pulse may be associated with capture of the local myocardial tissue but may not be associated with capture of the conduction system. In this case, at block 416, control circuit 80 may compare the stored CS capture output (in memory 82 as a result of a previous capture management test) to the CS capture test output delivered at block 412. If the stored CS capture output is less than the CS capture test output ( “yes” branch of block 416) , control circuit 80 may update the stored CS capture output to be the delivered CS capture test output at block 418. The CSP capture threshold may be greater than the delivered CS capture test output. As such, the delivered CS capture test output may be closer to the actual CSP capture threshold than the relatively lower, previously stored CS capture output. By storing the current CS capture test output at block 418, the CS capture output stored in memory 82 may trend upward over this and subsequent capture tests, moving closer to the actual CSP capture threshold.
[0103] If the stored CS capture output is greater than (or equal to) the CS capture test output ( “no” branch of block 416) , control circuit 80 may keep the relatively higher, stored CS capture output at block 422 when the CSP capture criteria are not met at block 414. The relatively higher, previously stored CS capture output may be closer to the actual CS capture threshold than the CS capture test output that resulted in CSP capture criteria not being met.
[0104] By storing the relatively higher CS capture output when CSP capture criteria are not met and storing a relatively lower CS capture output when the CSP capture criteria are met, the stored CS capture output in memory 82 can trend toward a true CSP capture threshold over multiple capture tests, even when changes in the ER capture threshold and / or CS capture threshold occur. The stored CS capture output can approach the true CSP capture threshold without having to perform a complete CSP capture threshold search by applying CSP capture criteria to cardiac signals sensed following multiple pulse outputs. The stored ER capture threshold and the stored CS capture output following each capture test, however, can guide the selection of the pacing pulse output used during ventricular pacing therapy delivery and / or the selection of the next CS capture test output.
[0105] The stored CS capture output can be used in selecting the therapy pacing output used by therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver ventricular pacing pulses between capture management tests. At block 424, control circuit 80 may select the therapy pacing output to be, in various examples, equal to the stored CS capture output, equal to the stored CS capture output plus a safety margin or offset, equal to the ER capture threshold plus a safety margin or offset, or equal to the previously used therapy pacing output in effect prior to the capture management test. Examples for selecting the therapy pacing output at block 424 are further described below in conjunction with FIG. 8. After selecting the therapy pacing output at block 424, the selected therapy pacing output is used by therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver ventricular pacing at block 426 until the next capture management test.
[0106] FIG. 7 is a flow chart 500 of a method for selecting a CS capture test output according to some examples. As described above in conjunction with FIG. 6, the CS capture test output may be selected based on an ER capture threshold or a delivered ER capture test output that results in evoked response detection. For instance, the CS capture test output may be set to a multiple of and / or an offset greater than the ER capture threshold. In other examples, however, the CS capture test output may be set based on the ER capture threshold and a result of the preceding capture test. For instance, the CS capture test output may be selected, at least in part, based on whether or not the CSP capture criteria were met in the previous capture test to promote trending of the stored CS capture output toward an actual CSP capture threshold.
[0107] At block 501 of FIG. 7, control circuit 80 performs the ER capture test by performing an ER capture threshold search or by verifying that an evoked response is detected for an ER capture test pulse output (as described in conjunction with FIG. 6) . At block 502, control circuit 80 may determine if the ER capture threshold is increased compared to an ER capture threshold stored in memory 82 as the result of a prior ER capture threshold search. If a capture threshold search is performed at block 502 and the ER capture threshold is greater than the stored ER capture threshold, control circuit 80 can determine an increase in the ER capture threshold at block 502. If, as described in conjunction with FIG. 6, the first ER test pulse output (which may be equal to the stored ER capture threshold) results in evoked response detection such that a complete ER capture threshold search is not necessarily performed, control circuit 80 may determine that the ER capture threshold is not increased at block 502.
[0108] If the ER capture threshold is increased ( “yes” branch of block 502) , control circuit 80 may determine if the CSP capture criteria were met in the last capture test. The CS capture output stored in memory 82 at the end of the preceding capture test may be flagged in memory 82 as being associated with CSP capture criteria being met or CSP capture criteria being unmet. If the C SP capture criteria were met ( “yes” branch of block 506) , control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 526 to be a multiple of (N times and / or offset greater) than the increased ER capture threshold. If the ER capture threshold is increased, the CSP capture threshold may be increased as well (and may be equal to or greater than the ER capture threshold) . As such, the selected CS capture test output may be based on the increased ER capture threshold, even if the CSP capture criteria were met on the previous capture test. In some examples, the CS capture test output may be equal to the increased ER capture threshold (multiple of 1) .
[0109] Referring again to block 506, if the CSP capture criteria were not met in the last capture test (and the ER capture threshold has increased as determined at block 502) , control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 508 based on the higher one of the stored CS capture output or a multiple of (N times) the ER capture threshold (block 508) . When the ER capture threshold has increased since the last capture test and the CSP capture criteria were not met during the last capture test, control circuit 80 may select a relatively high value for the CS capture test output in an attempt to reach a high CS capture threshold relatively quickly. In some examples, a greater multiple and / or greater offset may be applied to the ER capture threshold (at block 508) to determine the selected CS capture test output when CSP capture criteria were unmet in the last capture test than the multiple and / or offset applied to the ER capture threshold (at block 526) when the capture change were met in the last capture test.
[0110] Referring again to block 502, if control circuit 80 determines that the ER capture threshold is not increased ( “no” branch) , control circuit 80 may determine if the ER capture threshold is decreased at block 510. Control circuit 80 may determine that the ER capture threshold is not decreased if the ER capture threshold determined at block 501 is equal to the ER capture threshold stored in memory 82. In the method of FIG. 6, if the first test pulse results in evoked response detection such that an ER capture threshold search is not performed, control circuit 80 may determine that the ER capture threshold is unchanged (and may assume that the ER capture threshold is not decreased for the sake of the method of FIG. 7) .
[0111] If the ER capture threshold is not decreased ( “no” branch of block 510) , control circuit 80 may determine if the CSP capture criteria were met in the previous capture test at block 512. If so ( “yes” branch of block 512) , control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 516 by decrementing the previously used CS capture test output. If the ER capture threshold is unchanged and the previous CS capture test output resulted in CSP capture criteria being met, a lower CS capture test output may be tested in an attempt to reach the CSP capture threshold. The actual CSP capture threshold may be equal to or greater than the ER capture threshold but less than the previously tested CS capture test output. The previously used CS capture test output may be decremented by a specified value (e.g., 0.25 volts, 0.5 volts, or 1.0 volt) , by a specified percentage (e.g., 5%to 20%) or decreased to the next lower available ventricular pacing pulse output to obtain the selected CS capture test output at block 516.
[0112] If the CSP capture criteria were not met in the previous capture test ( “no” branch of block 512) , control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 514 by increasing the CS capture test output used in the previous capture test. The CS capture test output may be incremented by a specified value (e.g., 0.25 volts, 0.5 volts, or 1.0 volt) , by a specified percentage (e.g., 5%to 20%) or increased to the next higher available ventricular pacing pulse output. In this way, when the ER capture threshold is relatively unchanged since a previous capture test, the selected CS capture test output can be incremented or decremented from a most recent, previously used output in a likely direction toward the true CSP capture threshold on successive capture tests, based on the result of the previous CS capture test.
[0113] Referring again to block 510, control circuit 80 may determine that the ER capture threshold is decreased when an ER capture threshold search yields an ER capture threshold that is less than the ER capture threshold stored in memory 82. When the ER capture threshold is decreased and the CSP capture criteria were not met in the last capture test ( “no” branch of block 522) , control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 526 to be a multiple of (N times or offset greater than) the ER capture threshold. The decreased ER capture threshold may be accompanied by a decrease in the CS capture threshold. The CSP capture criteria may now be met if the CS capture test output is set to a multiple of the ER capture threshold.
[0114] If the CSP capture criteria were met during the last capture test (and the ER capture threshold is now decreased as determined at block 510) , control circuit 80 may select a relatively lower CS capture test output at block 524. For example, control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output by decrementing the CS capture test output used in the previous capture test. If the decremented CS capture test output is greater than the multiple of the decreased ER capture threshold, control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output to be the multiple of the decreased ER capture threshold. As such, control circuit 80 may select the minimum one of the preceding capture test output less a decrement (M) or the multiple of (N times) the ER capture threshold at block 524. The CS capture test output selected when the ER capture threshold is decreased and the CSP capture criteria were met during the last capture test may be selected as a relatively low CS capture test output in an attempt to reach a true CSP capture threshold that is relatively low or equal to the ER capture threshold.
[0115] It is to be understood that in each of the foregoing examples, the CS capture test output may have a minimum limit equal to the ER capture threshold. Control circuit 80 may select a CS capture test output equal to but not less than the ER capture threshold. Furthermore, where examples of selecting a CS capture test output use a multiple or an offset of the ER capture threshold or the previously used CS capture test output, it is to be understood that any combination of a multiple, offset (positive or negative) or both a multiple and an offset may be applied to the ER capture threshold and / or the previously used CS capture test output when selecting the CS capture test output for the current capture test.
[0116] After selecting the CS capture test output at one of blocks 508, 514, 516, 524 or 526, based on the ER capture threshold and / or the whether the CSP capture criteria were met in the previous capture test, control circuit 80 may perform the CS capture test at block 528. As described above, control circuit 80 may perform the CS capture test by controlling therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver one or more test pulses at the selected CS capture test output and determine if the post-pace waveform sensed by sensing circuit 86 meets the CSP capture criteria. By taking into account changes in the ER capture threshold and whether or not CSP capture criteria were met in the previous capture test, the selected CS capture test output and consequently the CS capture output stored in memory 82 at the end of successive capture management tests may trend relatively quickly toward a true CSP capture threshold.
[0117] FIG. 8 is a flow chart 550 of a method for selecting a pacing pulse output for delivering CSP according to some examples. Control circuit 80 may select the pacing pulse output used to pace the ventricles based on the ER capture threshold, the stored CS capture output, and / or whether or not the CSP capture criteria are met for a selected CS capture test output. Methods for selecting a pacing pulse output used by therapy delivery circuit 84 for subsequently delivering ventricular pacing described in conjunction with flow chart 550 may be performed at block 424 of FIG. 6 for selecting the therapy pacing pulse output.
[0118] At block 551, pacemaker 14 may perform a capture test according to any of the examples described above. At block 552, control circuit 80 may determine if the CSP capture criteria were met during the capture test. If so, control circuit 80 may select the pacing pulse output to be the CS capture output stored in memory 82 at the end of the capture test plus a safety margin (SM) at block 554. In this way, CSP pulses delivered using the pulse output selected at block 554 are likely to capture at least a portion of the conduction system. If, however, the pulse output selected at block 554 is greater than a maximum limit (as determined at block 556) , control circuit 80 may set the pulse output based on the ER capture threshold at block 562 instead, which may be less than the CS capture output when the myocardial capture threshold is less than the CSP capture threshold. The pulse energy required to capture the conduction system may be relatively high, resulting in a tradeoff between the benefits of CSP and the longevity of the pacemaker power source. As such, a relatively lower pacing pulse output may be selected at block 562, e.g., the ER capture threshold plus a safety margin, to promote ventricular capture (via the myocardial tissue) even though CSP capture may not be achieved. If the pulse output set equal to the stored CS capture output plus a safety margin is not greater than the maximum limit at block 556, control circuit 80 may advance to block 574 to enable therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver ventricular pacing pulses using the selected pulse output to promote CSP capture.
[0119] Referring again to block 552, if the CSP capture criteria were not met during the capture test, and the CSP capture criteria were not met during the preceding capture test ( “no” branch of block 560) , control circuit 80 may set the pacing pulse output to be equal to the ER capture threshold plus a safety margin. The actual CSP capture threshold may be high or unknown. Control circuit 80 may select the pulse output at block 562 that promotes reliable ventricular pacing via at least myocardial capture based on the ER capture threshold.
[0120] If the CSP capture criteria were not met during the current capture test ( “no” branch of block 552) but were met during the preceding capture test ( “yes” branch of block 560) , control circuit 80 may set the pacing pulse output at block 570 to be equal to the previous CS capture output stored at the end of the capture test plus a safety margin. In other examples, the pacing pulse output may be set based on the CS capture test output used during the previous capture test, which resulted in the CSP capture criteria being met. In this situation, the CS capture test output used in the previous capture test and the stored CS capture output are likely higher than the CS capture test output used in the current capture test that did not meet the CSP capture criteria. Using the higher output can promote CSP capture. If the pulse output selected at block 570, however, is greater than the maximum limit (as determined at block 572) , control circuit 80 may set the pulse output based on the ER capture threshold at block 562.
[0121] After control circuit 80 selects the pulse output at one of blocks 554, 562 or 570, therapy delivery circuit 84 may return to delivering ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output at block 574. The ventricular pacing pulses are also referred to herein as CSP pulses because they are delivered by the CSP electrode vector that is operatively located to pace the ventricles via at least a portion of the conduction system. Depending on the CSP capture threshold and the selected pacing pulse output, however, the ventricular pacing pulses may pace the ventricles via capture of the local myocardial tissue in the vicinity of the CSP electrode vector without always capturing the conduction system. The intended capture type, whenever possible however, may be CSP capture to promote a physiological activation pattern of the ventricles.
[0122] FIG. 9 is a flow chart 600 of a method for performing a capture test according to another example. In the examples described above, CS capture test pulses are delivered at a single, selected CS capture test pulse output for determining if CSP capture criteria are met. In the method of FIG. 9, CS capture test pulses may be delivered at more than one CS capture test output. At block 602, control circuit 80 starts a capture test by verifying that capture test conditions are met as generally described above. At block 604, control circuit 80 in cooperation with therapy delivery circuit 84 and sensing circuit 86 may perform an ER capture threshold search and store the resulting ER capture threshold in memory 82.
[0123] Control circuit 80 may select a CS capture test output and deliver one or more CS capture test pulses at block 606 having the selected CS capture test output. The CS capture test output may be selected according to any of the examples described above. At block 608, control circuit 80 determines if the post-pace EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following the CS capture test pulse (s) meets the CSP capture criteria. Examples of CSP capture criteria are described below, e.g., in conjunction with FIG. 10. If the CSP capture criteria are met, control circuit 80 may end the capture test by storing the CS capture output at block 614, which may be equal to the CS capture test output or kept as a previously stored value as described above, e.g., in conjunction with FIG. 6.
[0124] If the CSP capture criteria are not met at block 608, however, control circuit 80 may increase the CS capture test pulse output at block 612. In some examples, the number of CS capture test outputs that are applied during a capture test may be limited to a maximum number of attempts as indicated at block 610. For example, a maximum number of two, three, or four CS capture test outputs may be applied during a capture test. If the maximum number of attempts has not been reached at block 610, control circuit 80 may increase the CS capture test output at block 612. The CS capture test output may be increased to a multiple of the current CS capture test output, e.g., 1.25, 1.5, 2.0 times or other selected multiple up to some maximum output limit. The CS capture test output may be increased to a higher multiple of the ER capture threshold than the original CS capture test output. The CS capture test output may be increased by adding a specified offset to the current CS capture test output or by increasing the CS capture test output to the next higher available pacing pulse amplitude or pulse width. In an illustrative example, control circuit 80 may initially select the CS capture test output to be two times the ER capture threshold. If the CSP capture criteria are not met at block 608, control circuit 80 may increase the CS capture test output to three times the ER capture threshold but not greater than a maximum pulse output limit (e.g., 5 volts, 6 volts, or 8 volts or other maximum limit) .
[0125] When the CSP capture criteria are met or the maximum number of attempts have been reached, the CS capture output stored in memory 82 may be updated to the last CS capture test output used or kept the same as the currently stored value, as described above in conjunction with FIG. 6, based on which value is the greatest of the two and whether or not the CSP capture criteria were met.
[0126] In other examples, no maximum limit to the number of attempts may be applied (block 610 being optional) . The CS capture test output may be increased until the CSP capture criteria are met or a maximum limit to the CS capture test output is reached. The maximum limit of the CS capture test output may be a safety margin less than the maximum available ventricular pacing pulse output that therapy delivery circuit 84 is configured to generate. The lowest CS capture test output that results in the CSP capture criteria being met may be stored in memory 82 as the CS capture output, flagged to indicated that the CSP capture criteria were met. If the CS capture criteria are not met for any CS capture test output, control circuit 80 may store the maximum limit as the CS capture output, flagged to indicate that the CSP capture criteria were not met.
[0127] FIG. 10 is a flow chart 700 of a method for determining if CSP capture criteria are met during a capture test according to some examples. The CSP capture criteria may include one or more thresholds, ranges or other values that are applied to features determined from the post-pace waveform sensed following the CS capture test pulse. The CSP capture criteria, when met, indicate that capture of at least a portion of the conduction system has resulted in a change in the post-pace waveform morphology compared to the post-pace waveform morphology expected when the conduction system is not captured. The CSP capture criteria, when met, can discriminate between the post-pace waveform morphology associated with capture of the conduction system (which may include capture of local myocardial tissue) and the post-pace pace waveform morphology associated with myocardial capture of the local tissue without conduction system capture.
[0128] At block 702, a morphology template may be established and stored in memory 82 of pacemaker 14. Control circuit 80 (or external device processor 52) may receive multiple post-pace waveforms from a far field EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 84 during a template window. The template window may be started at a specified time point after a delivered pacing pulse and may have a specified duration to encompass the post-pace waveform and exclude early post-pace variation due to pacing artifact. The template window may be started, for example, at 20 to 100 ms after the CSP pulse. The template window duration may be between 100 and 300 ms, as examples. In an example, the template window begins at about 50 ms after the CSP pulse and ends at about 235 ms after the CSP pulse.
[0129] The post-pace waveforms collected in multiple template windows may be aligned and ensemble averaged to establish the morphology template stored in memory. The post-pace waveforms may be acquired during CSP using a pacing pulse output known or expect to cause CSP capture. CSP capture may be verified by a clinician viewing the EGM signal on external device 50 and / or viewing the patient’s ECG signals at the time of template acquisition in some example. In other examples, the template may be established by delivering CSP pulses at a relatively high output, e.g., 5 volts pulse amplitude or higher, at which CSP capture is expected to be highly likely. The template established is representative of the morphology of an evoked response that includes conduction system capture in this example. The template may be stored in memory 82 as the digitized waveform, as one or more features determined from the digitized waveform (e.g., an activation time metric, signal width, signal area, peak to peak amplitude, maximum peak amplitude, maximum peak polarity, polarity pattern, maximum peak time, mean or median waveform amplitude, maximum slope, or maximum slope time, as examples with no limitation intended) , and / or wavelet transform coefficients that may be used for determining a morphology match score. The template may be established at block 702 at the time of pacemaker implant and may be updated periodically, e.g., weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, etc. or as often as prior to each capture test.
[0130] At block 704, a capture test may be performed according to any of the examples described above, e.g., in conjunction with FIG. 5 or FIG. 6. At block 704, following a CS capture test pulse delivered during the capture test, control circuit 80 may acquire the post-pace waveform from the far field EGM signal (e.g., the tip to can EGM signal) during the template window (corresponding to the template window used during the template acquisition at block 702) . The post-pace waveform may be referred to as an unknown post-pace waveform because it is unknown if the waveform corresponds to an evoked response waveform due to capture of local myocardial tissue that results in a depolarization being propagated through the heart via the myocardial cells without propagation via the conduction system or if the waveform corresponds to conduction system capture (in addition to or instead of capture of the local myocardial tissue) resulting in the depolarization being conducted through the ventricles via the native conduction system.
[0131] At block 706, control circuit 80 may align the unknown waveform with the template by performing a horizontal (time-based) shift to align the times of respective fiducial points of the unknown waveform and the template. Additionally or alternatively, control circuit 80 may align the unknown waveform with the template by performing a vertical (amplitude-based) shift to align the amplitudes of respective fiducial points of the unknown waveform and the template. For example, if the time of the maximum peak (or another fiducial point) of the template and the time of the maximum peak (or another fiducial point) of the unknown waveform having the same polarity as the template maximum peak are within a threshold time interval of each other, e.g., within 4 to 10 sample points, the unknown waveform may be shifted in time by the time difference between the maximum peaks of the template and the unknown waveform to align the maximum peaks in time. Otherwise, no horizontal (time-based) shift of the unknown waveform may be performed for aligning the template and the unknown waveform.
[0132] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine a representative amplitude of the template (which may be stored with the established template in memory 82) and a representative amplitude of the unknown waveform. As an illustrative example, control circuit 80 may determine a mean amplitude of the unknown waveform for comparison to the template mean amplitude, which may be stored in memory 82. If the difference between the mean amplitudes is greater than a threshold difference, the unknown waveform may be shifted vertically (up or down) to align the maximum peak amplitude of the unknown waveform with the maximum peak amplitude of the template. If the difference between the mean amplitudes is less than a threshold difference, a vertical shift of the unknown waveform may not be performed. In some instances, no horizontal or vertical alignment is performed if the maximum peak times of the unknown waveform and the template are greater than a threshold time interval apart and the mean amplitudes of the unknown waveform and the template are within a threshold range of each other. In other instances, both a vertical and a horizontal shift of the unknown waveform may be performed prior to determining a morphology match score between the template and the unknown waveform.
[0133] At block 708, control circuit 80 may determine a match score between the template and the unknown waveform using waveform correlation methods, wavelet transform or other morphology matching techniques. In some examples, a Haar wavelet transform is employed to represent the morphology template stored in memory 82 by the transform wavelet coefficients, which may include weighting contributions of certain time-scales of the wavelet transform coefficients, e.g., to emphasize wider scale wavelet transform coefficients relative to narrower scale wavelet transform coefficients. In this way, the contribution of noise or insignificant EGM waveform information in the template can be reduced in the resulting wavelet transform. Example methods of performing a Haar wavelet transform for determining a morphology match score are generally disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,393,316 (Gillberg, et al., filed May 8, 2000) and in U.S. Patent No. 8,521,268 (Zhang, et al., filed May 10, 2011) , the entire content of both incorporated herein by reference. Methods that can be used in conjunction with the capture tests disclosed herein for establishing a morphology template and determining a match score between a morphology template representing CSP capture and an unknown post-pace waveform are generally disclosed in PCT / CN Application No. 2024 / 070584 (filed January 4, 2024, Cao, et al. ) , the entire content incorporated herein by reference.
[0134] In an example, the match score may be determined at block 708 by summing the errors (differences) between wavelet transform coefficients of the unknown post-pace waveform and the template. The wavelet transform coefficients may be filtered and normalized in some examples. The absolute differences between the filtered and normalized wavelet coefficients of the unknown waveform and the template may be summed to obtain a “distance” between the unknown waveform and the template. The ratio of the distance to a wavelet representation of the template area (e.g., summation of the filtered and normalized wavelet transform coefficients of the template) may be determined. This ratio may be weighted and subtracted from 100 to determine the match score between the post-pace unknown waveform morphology and the template waveform morphology. In an example, the distance to area ratio can be multiplied by a weighting factor of 3, 4 or other selected weighting factor (where distance is the sum of absolute differences between the template and unknown post-pace waveform coefficients, and area is the sum of absolute values of all template wavelet coefficients) .
[0135] In some examples, more than one match score is determined at block 708. For instance, a match score may be determined between the template and the vertically shifted unknown waveform and between the template and the non-vertically shifted unknown waveform. A match score may be determined between the horizontally shifted post-pace waveform and template. A match score may be determined between the non-horizontally-shifted, non-vertically-shifted post-pace waveform and the template. Additionally or alternatively, a match score may be determined between the post-pace waveform (which may be vertically and / or horizontally aligned with the template) for each of one or more time shifted templates (e.g., the non-shifted template, the template shifted one or more sample points earlier and the template shifted one or more sample points later) . The maximum match score may be determined from all determined match scores between the post-pace waveform and the template. The maximum match score may be stored as the match score for the post-pace unknown waveform at block 708.
[0136] At block 710, control circuit 80 may compare the match score to a match score threshold. If the match score meets the match threshold, CSP capture is likely. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are met based at least on the match score meeting the match threshold. One or more other features, however, may be determined from the unknown waveform for comparison to an analogous feature of the stored morphology template for determining if the CSP capture criteria are met.
[0137] For example, in addition or alternatively to determining the match score, control circuit 80 may determine an activation time metric at block 712. The activation time metric may be determined based on a maximum peak amplitude time, a maximum slope time, and / or a center of area time of the unknown waveform, as examples. For instance, control circuit 80 may determine the time from the delivered CS capture test pulse to the maximum peak amplitude of the unknown waveform. Control circuit 80 may determine a center of area of a segment of the unknown waveform and the corresponding time of the center of area. Control circuit 80 may determine a center of area time by calculating the geometric center under a segment of the unknown post-pace waveform extending from i=l to i=N, where i is the sample point number starting from 1 at a specified start time after the delivered CS capture test pulse to N, the sample point of the maximum peak amplitude of the unknown waveform, as an example. The geometric center of a segment of the unknown waveform may be computed by control circuit 80 as the arithmetic mean position, e.g., given by the summation of the products {i*A (i) } over i = 1 to N divided by the summation of the A (i) over i = 1 to N, where A (i) represents the amplitude of the ith sample point of the unknown waveform, e.g., beginning from the template window to the maximum peak amplitude of the unknown waveform. Control circuit 80 may determine the activation time metric as the difference between the maximum peak amplitude time and the center of area time at block 712.
[0138] Other methods may be used for determining an activation time metric. For example, determining the time from the delivered CS capture test pulse to a maximum slope of the post-pace waveform or to a maximum peak or maximum slope of an nth order difference signal (e.g., a second, third, fourth, or fifth order difference signal) of the post- pace waveform. The activation time metric, which may be determined using a time point of a feature extracted from the unknown waveform of the far field EGM signal, represents a time interval from the delivered CS capture test pulse or from the time of capture of the local tissue to a relatively global electrical activation of the ventricles.
[0139] At block 714, control circuit 80 compares the activation time metric to a threshold. The threshold may be based on an activation time metric determined from the morphology template. Memory 82 may store the activation time metric determined from the morphology template by control circuit 80 (or by external device processor 52) at the time that the morphology template is established at block 702 For example, the threshold applied at block 714 may be equal to the morphology template activation time metric plus an offset or percentage, e.g., plus 10 to 40 milliseconds (ms) or plus 5%to 20%. In other examples, the activation time metric may be a specified value that is less than the expected activation time metric that occurs with myocardial capture only without CSP capture.
[0140] Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are met at block 718 when the activation time metric is less than the threshold. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are not met when the activation time metric is not less than the threshold at block 716. As shown in the example of FIG. 10, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are met when the match score is greater than the match threshold and the activation time metric is less than the respective activation time threshold. While flow chart 700 depicts the match score being determined first and the activation time metric being determined second, it is to be understood that the match score and activation time metric and any other features of the unknown waveform may be determined in a different order or in parallel processing for determining when the CSP capture criteria are met. When the CSP capture criteria are met, the unknown post-pace waveform likely represents an evoked response waveform that is associated with CSP capture and propagation of the electrical depolarization via at least a portion of the conduction system, e.g., His bundle, LBB, RBB and / or Purkinje fibers, and may or may not include capture of myocardial tissue in combination with the capture of at least a portion of the conduction system.
[0141] FIG. 11 is a flow chart 800 of a method for performing a capture test according to another example. In the example of FIG. 10, the CSP capture criteria (e.g., morphology template and / or associated features) are established based on a QRS waveform that is known or expected to be CSP capture. In the example of FIG. 11, CSP capture criteria, e.g., a morphology template, may be established using an ER waveform, which may be acquired during the ER capture test performed at the beginning of the capture test. The morphology template and / or features established therefore can subsequently be used to evaluate CSP capture during the CS capture test. In this case, however, the ER waveform may or may not include CSP capture so when the unknown waveform following the CS capture test pulse matches the ER waveform, CSP capture may or may not be confirmed. When the unknown waveform following the CS capture test pulse does not match the ER waveform, a change in capture type has occurred such that a transition from an evoked response due to myocardial capture without CSP capture to an evoked response that include CSP capture has occurred. In this way, pacemaker 14 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is greater than the ER test pulse output used for acquiring the ER waveform template.
[0142] At block 802, control circuit 80 may determine that it is time to perform a capture test and confirm that capture test conditions are met as described above. At block 804, control circuit 80 performs an ER capture threshold search, cooperatively with therapy delivery circuit 84 and sensing circuit 86. Control circuit 80 may determine and store the ER capture threshold. As described above, the ER capture threshold may correspond to CSP capture, with or without myocardial tissue capture, or the ER capture threshold may correspond to myocardial tissue capture without capture of the conduction system.
[0143] At block 806, control circuit 80 may determine an ER waveform template and / or features for a selected test pulse output. In some examples, the ER waveform is acquired during a post-pace template window when a pacing pulse is delivered at the ER capture threshold determined from the capture threshold search. In this case, the ER waveform template and features established at block 806 represent the QRS waveform at the ER capture threshold. In other examples, the selected test pulse output used for establishing the ER waveform template and / or features may be a multiple or offset greater than the ER capture threshold, e.g., a safety margin greater than the ER capture threshold. The pacing pulse output delivered for acquiring the ER waveform and establishing the ER waveform template and / or features thereof may be referred to as the template pulse output.
[0144] One or more post-pace waveforms may be acquired at block 806 at the selected template pulse output. Multiple post-pace waveforms may be ensemble averaged to obtain a representative ER waveform (e.g., ER QRS complex) . A morphology template of the ER waveform may be stored at block 806. Additionally or alternatively, one or more waveform features may be determined form the ER waveform and stored in memory 82. Any of the example features described above in conjunction with FIG. 10, such as but not limited to an activation time metric, may be determined at block 806 and stored in memory 82, along with the ER waveform, wavelet coefficients, or other template features.
[0145] If the capture test being performed is the first capture test as determined at block 808 (e.g., since IMD implantation or since clearing and resetting capture test data in memory 82) , control circuit 80 may initialize the CS capture test output at block 810 to a default value. For instance, control circuit 80 may determine if a CS capture output is currently stored in memory 82 from a previous capture test. If not, the first CS capture test output may be initialized at block 810. The first CS capture test output may be set equal to the ER capture threshold in some examples. In other examples, the first CS capture test output may be set equal to a multiple or offset greater than the ER capture threshold. The first CS capture test output may be set to the template output. In still other examples, the CS capture test output may be set to the next higher pacing pulse output available that is greater than the ER capture threshold.
[0146] If the capture test being performed is not the first capture test, e.g., if a CS capture output is stored in memory 82 from a previous capture test, control circuit 80 may determine if capture change criteria were met in the last capture test. As described below, capture change criteria may be applied to an unknown waveform acquired following the CS capture test pulse to determine if the unknown waveform represents a capture change compared to the ER waveform template and features established at block 806. If the capture change criteria were met, indicating a different capture type following the CS capture test pulse than the established ER waveform template, control circuit 80 may decrement the CS capture test output from the previously used CS capture test output. When capture change criteria are met, the type of capture has likely changed from myocardial only capture to CSP capture, assuming that the CS capture test output is greater than the ER capture threshold and the CSP capture threshold is greater than the ER capture threshold. The CS capture test output may be decreased to determine if the CSP capture threshold is less than the previously used CS capture test output.
[0147] Referring again to blocks 808 and 812, if the capture test being performed is not the first capture test ( “no” branch of block 808) and the capture change criteria were not met in the last capture test ( “no” branch of block 812) , control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output at block 814 by incrementing the CS capture test output from that used in the previous capture test. If capture change criteria were not met in the last test, it is likely that the capture type following the CS capture test pulse in the last test is the same capture type as the ER waveform used to establish the ER waveform features at block 806. This capture type may or may not include CSP capture. The CSP capture threshold may be the same as the template pulse output such that the unknown waveform matched the ER waveform template. However, the CSP capture threshold may be higher than the CS capture test output used in the previous test, such that the unknown waveform matches the ER waveform template but both could represent capture of myocardial tissue without capture of the conduction system. A continued search at higher CS capture test outputs may be performed by incrementing the CS capture test output at block 814 to determine if capture change criteria are met at a higher pulse output.
[0148] At block 820, control circuit 80 controls therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver the CS capture test pulse at the selected test output. The post-pace, unknown waveform may be acquired from the far field EGM signal during the template window (in the same manner as an ER waveform was acquired for establishing ER waveform features at block 806) . At block 822, control circuit 80 may perform a comparative analysis to determine if the unknown waveform matches the ER waveform template. Control circuit 80 may determine a morphology match score between the unknown waveform and the ER waveform template stored in memory 82. Control circuit 80 may compare an activation time metric determined from the unknown waveform to the activation time metric of the ER waveform stored in memory 82. Any of the template and unknown waveform features described above in conjunction with FIG. 10 for comparing a stored morphology template to a post-pace unknown waveform may be determined from the unknown waveform and compared to the ER waveform template features for determining if capture change criteria are met at block 822.
[0149] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine that capture change criteria are met at block 822 when the morphology match score between the unknown waveform and the ER waveform template is less than a match threshold. Additionally or alternatively, control circuit 80 may determine that capture change criteria are met at block 822 when the activation time metric determined from the unknown waveform is less than the ER waveform activation time (e.g., when the activation time metric difference between the unknown waveform and the ER waveform is greater than a threshold difference) . When the morphology match score is less than 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80, for example, and / or the activation time of the unknown waveform is at least 10 ms, 20 ms, or 30 ms less than the ER waveform activation time, for example, the capture change criteria may be met at block 822. It is recognized that the differences between other features of the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform may be compared to respective thresholds for detecting a morphology change between the unknown waveform and the ER waveform template that is indicative of a change in capture type, e.g., a change from myocardial capture without capture of the conduction system to capture of the conduction system (with or without myocardial capture) .
[0150] When the capture change criteria are met ( “yes” branch of block 822) , control circuit 80 may update the CS capture output (block 824) stored in memory 82 to be the CS capture test output delivered at block 820. Detection of the capture change relative to the ER waveform template indicates that the CS capture test output may be the CSP capture threshold. At block 826, control circuit 80 determines that CSP capture criteria are met based on the capture change criteria being met. The change from the ER waveform morphology to the morphology of the post-pace waveform that follows the CS capture test output is evidence of CSP capture.
[0151] At block 840, control circuit 80 may select the ventricular pacing pulse output used for therapy delivery based on the results of the capture test. When the CSP capture criteria are met (as determined at block 826) , control circuit 80 may select the ventricular pacing pulse output for pacing therapy delivery to be equal to or greater than (e.g., a safety margin greater than) the CS capture output stored at block 824.
[0152] Referring again to block 822, control circuit 80 may determine that capture change criteria are not met ( “no” branch of block 822) based on the comparative analysis between the unknown waveform following the CS capture test pulse and the ER waveform template features stored in memory 82. For example, the match score may be greater than a threshold, e.g., greater than 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 or other specified match threshold. The activation time metrics may be matching or withing a specified millisecond range or percentage of each other. In this case, the matching unknown waveform and ER waveform template is evidence that the CS capture test pulse likely resulted in the same capture type as the ER waveform. At block 830, control circuit 80 may keep the stored CS capture output. The stored CS capture output is still the initialized CS capture output equal to the ER capture threshold stored at block 810 or a previously stored CS capture output that resulted in the capture change criteria being met. In either case, the stored CS capture output may correspond to the CSP capture threshold and is not changed when the capture change criteria are not met at block 822.
[0153] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine if the CS capture test output has reached specified maximum output at block 832, which may be the maximum available pacing pulse output of therapy delivery circuit 84 or another specified value, e.g., 5 volts, 6 volts, 7 volts or 8 volts. If the maximum test output has not been reached, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is not yet known at block 836. The CSP capture threshold may be higher than the CS capture test output used for the current test. The CSP capture threshold may be equal to the ER capture threshold. When the CSP capture threshold is equal to the ER capture threshold, the capture change criteria may not be met during successive capture tests, even at the maximum CS capture test output, because the capture type is the same resulting in the same QRS waveform morphology at the ER capture threshold and at the higher, CS capture test outputs.
[0154] Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is unknown at block 836 if a maximum CS capture test output has not been reached (as determined at block 832) . However, if the CS capture test output has reached the specified maximum test output, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is equal to (or less than) the ER template output at block 834. The ER template output may be equal to (but not less than) the ER capture threshold. If the ER waveform template is established at block 806 for test pulses delivered at the ER capture threshold, the CSP capture threshold can be determined by control circuit 80 to be equal to the ER capture threshold. If the ER waveform template is established at block 806 for test pulses delivered at a pulse output greater than the ER capture threshold, the CSP capture threshold may be equal to or less than the template output (but not less than the ER capture threshold) .
[0155] As the CS capture test output is incremented up to the maximum limit on successive capture tests in response to the capture change criteria not being met during each capture test, evidence of an unchanging post-pace waveform may be evidence of CSP capture occurring at the template output. As such, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are met at block 834 when the maximum CS capture test output is reached and capture change criteria remain unmet. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is equal to the ER template output, which may be equal to the ER capture threshold in some examples. While not shown in FIG. 11 for the sake of clarity, if the template output is greater than the ER capture threshold and the maximum test output is reached at block 832 without capture change criteria being met, control circuit 80 may decrement the CS capture test output from the template output to, but not less than, the ER capture threshold in one or more capture tests. If capture change criteria are met at a lower CS capture test output than the template output, the lower CS capture test output can be determined as the CSP capture threshold.
[0156] At block 840, control circuit 80 may select the pacing output. When the CSP capture threshold is determined to be equal to the ER template output at block 834 (or a lower output that is not less than the ER capture threshold) , control circuit 80 may select the pacing output for therapy delivery based on the ER template output, e.g., a safety margin greater than the ER template output (which may be at least a safety margin greater than the ER capture threshold) . If the CSP capture threshold remains unknown at block 836, control circuit 80 may select the pacing output for therapy delivery based on the ER capture threshold, e.g., a safety margin greater than the ER capture threshold. When the CSP capture threshold is still unknown, it may be equal to the ER capture threshold as explained above. As such, setting the pacing pulse output for therapy delivery based on the ER capture threshold may be promoting CSP capture in some instances even when the CSP capture threshold is yet unknown. If the CSP capture threshold is higher and the CS capture test output has not reached the CSP capture threshold, the pacing output may be selected at block 840 based on the CS capture output stored when capture change criteria are met on a subsequent capture test. Once the capture change criteria are met or the maximum CS capture test output is reached, CSP capture criteria may become met for determining the CSP capture threshold.
[0157] At block 842, therapy delivery circuit 84 may resume delivering ventricular pacing pulses via the CSP electrode vector according to a programmed pacing mode or programmed pacing therapies (e.g., bradycardia pacing, anti-tachycardia pacing, etc. ) . The therapy delivery circuit 84 may deliver ventricular pacing pulses using the pacing output selected at block 840 until the next capture test is performed (return to block 802) .
[0158] FIG. 12 is a diagram 850 of the CS capture test output 860 and stored CS capture output 862 as controlled by pacemaker 14 over successive capture tests 1-9 according to an illustrative example. Pulse output (e.g., in volts) is shown on the vertical axis, and time, (e.g., in days) is shown on the horizontal axis. In diagram 850, a series of sequential capture tests, e.g., daily capture tests, are performed, numbered as capture tests 1-9. The ER capture threshold 852 (dash-dot line) , selected pacing output for therapy delivery 854 (dotted line) , CS capture test output 860 (heavy solid line) and the stored CS capture output (dashed line) 862 are shown over time.
[0159] The ER capture threshold 852 is determined during the first capture test 1. As described in conjunction with FIG. 11, control circuit 80 may establish an ER waveform template using one or more post-pace waveforms of the far field EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following one or more pacing pulses delivered at the ER capture threshold 852. The ER waveform template (and / or corresponding features such as an activation time metric) can be used by control circuit 80 for determining when capture change criteria are met during the CS capture test as described above in conjunction with FIG. 11.
[0160] In the first capture test 1, the CS capture test output 860 and the stored CS capture output 862 may be initialized to be equal to the ER capture threshold 852. The CS capture test may be performed by delivering the first CS capture test pulse at an initialized CS capture test output 860 equal to the determined ER capture threshold 852. The unknown waveform acquired following the CS capture test pulse delivered at a pulse output equal to the ER capture threshold is expected to match the ER waveform template. As such, the capture change criteria are not met (NM) for the first capture test 1. In other examples, the CS capture test output 860 may be selected to be higher than the ER capture threshold 852, e.g., at least the safety margin 856 higher than the ER capture threshold 852.
[0161] A pacing output 854 may be selected by control circuit 80 for delivering the ventricular pacing according to a pacing therapy following the first capture test 1. In this example, the pacing output 854 may be selected based on the ER capture threshold 852 when the CSP capture criteria are not met (in this case due to the capture change criteria not being met for capture test 1) . The pacing output 854 may be set to a safety margin 856 greater than the ER capture threshold 852. After the first capture test 1, the CSP capture threshold is unknown. It may be equal to the ER capture threshold 852, in which case the selected pacing output 854 for therapy delivery promotes CSP capture, but the CSP capture threshold may be higher than the ER capture threshold 852. To search for a possibly higher CSP capture threshold, the CS capture test output 860 can be incremented on the next capture test 2.
[0162] The ER capture threshold 852 in this example does not increase or decrease in the subsequent capture tests 2-9. It is recognized that in other examples, however, the ER capture threshold 852 may increase or decrease. When the pacing output 854 is set based on the ER capture threshold 852, the pacing output may increase or decrease with changes in the ER capture threshold 852. In some examples, if the ER capture threshold 852 changes, the CS capture test output 860 may be adjusted up or down to track changes in the ER capture threshold 852. In some examples, the CS capture test output 860 could be reinitialized to the ER capture threshold 852 (or specified multiple or offset greater than ER capture threshold 852) in response to a change in ER capture threshold 852.
[0163] As described above in conjunction with FIG. 11, control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output 860 for capture test 2 by incrementing the CS capture test output used in capture test 1 (because the capture change criteria were unmet) . The capture change criteria continue to be unmet for capture test 2 and capture test 3. As such, the CSP capture threshold remains unknown. The pacing output 854 used between capture tests by therapy delivery circuit 84 may remain at the safety margin 856 greater than the ER capture threshold 852. Because the capture change criteria remain unmet, control circuit 80 may keep the stored CS capture output 862 equal to the initialized value, in this case equal to the ER capture threshold 852.
[0164] Upon increasing the CS capture test output for capture test 4, in response to the capture change criteria being unmet in capture test 3, the capture change criteria become met (M) . Control circuit 80 may determine that the morphology match score between the unknown waveform and the ER waveform template is less than a threshold and / or the activation time metric for the unknown waveform is different (e.g., less than) the activation time for the ER waveform template. Control circuit 80 may determine in this case that the CSP capture criteria are met in response to determining that the capture change criteria are met for capture test 4. As a result, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is equal to the CS capture test output 860 used in capture test 4. Control circuit 80 may update the stored CS capture output 862 to be equal to the CS capture test output 860 used in capture test 4. Control circuit 80 may select the pacing output 854 based on the stored CS capture output 862 in response to the CSP capture criteria being met. The pacing output 854 may be set to the safety margin 856 greater than the CS capture output 862, for example.
[0165] As described in the flow chart 800 of FIG. 11, control circuit 80 may decrement the CS capture test output 860 for capture test 5 in response to the capture change criteria being met in capture test 4. In the example shown, the CS capture test output 860 may be decremented by the same step change used to increment the CS capture test output 860 in capture tests 2, 3 and 4. However, in other examples, the CS capture test output 860 may be decremented by a smaller step change, e.g., to determine if the CSP capture threshold is between the CS capture test output 860 used for capture test 4 (when capture change criteria were met) and the CS capture test output 860 used for capture test 3 (when capture change criteria were unmet) .
[0166] In the example shown, the capture change criteria are not met for capture test 5. As such, control circuit 80 may keep the stored CS capture output 862 at the same value, equal to the CSP capture threshold determined as the CS capture test output 860 used in test 4. The pacing output 854 may remain a safety margin greater than the stored CS capture output 862. Because the capture change criteria are not met in capture test 5, control circuit 80 may increment the CS capture test output for capture test 6.
[0167] The capture change criteria are met again for capture test 6. In response, control circuit 80 stores the CS capture test output used in capture test 6 as the stored CS capture output 862 (which in this case is equal to the stored value) . The CSP capture criteria are met based on the capture change criteria being met. Control circuit 80 may keep the pacing output 854 to be a safety margin 856 above the stored CS capture output 862, still equal to the determined CSP capture threshold. The CS capture test output 860 is decremented by control circuit 80 for capture test 7 in response to the capture change criteria being met for capture test 6.
[0168] The capture change criteria are met for capture test 7, indicating a decrease in the CSP capture threshold. In response, control circuit 80 adjusts the stored CS capture output 862 to the CS capture test output 860 used in capture test 7. CSP capture criteria are met based on the capture change criteria being met in test 7, indicating the CSP capture threshold has decreased at least to the CS capture test output 860 used in capture test 7. Control circuit 80 may select the pacing output 854 to be the safety margin 856 greater than the updated, stored CS capture output 862, which corresponds to the determined CSP capture threshold.
[0169] In the next capture test 8, the CS capture test output 860 is decremented, but the capture change criteria are not met. The stored CS capture output 862 and the pacing output 854 are kept the same by control circuit 80. In capture test 9, the CS capture test output is again incremented and the capture change criteria are again met, indicating that the CSP capture threshold is unchanged. The stored CS capture output 862 may be kept the same in memory 82, and the pacing output 854 may remain the same for delivering pacing therapy after capture test 9.
[0170] FIG. 12 illustrates the manner in which the stored CS capture output may track the CSP capture threshold based on when capture change criteria are met as a condition of CSP capture criteria according to the method described in conjunction with the flow chart 800 of FIG. 11. Once CSP capture criteria are met based on the condition of the capture change criteria being met when the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform acquired during the CS capture test do not match, control circuit 80 may use the stored CS capture output 862 that tracks the CSP capture threshold for setting the pacing output 854 to an amplitude and pulse width expected to promote capture of the conduction system.
[0171] FIG. 13 is a diagram 900 of the CS capture test output 910 and stored CS capture output 912 as controlled by pacemaker 14 over successive capture tests 1-9 according to another illustrative example. Pulse output (e.g., in volts) is shown on the vertical axis, and time (e.g., in days) is shown on the horizontal axis. The ER capture threshold 902 (dash-dot line) , selected pacing output for therapy delivery 904 (dotted line) , CS capture test output 910 (heavy solid line) and the stored CS capture output (dashed line) 912 are shown over time for each of the capture tests 1-9.
[0172] The ER capture threshold 902 is determined during the first capture test 1 and does not change over the nine capture tests in this example. As described above, control circuit 80 may establish an ER waveform template using one or more post-pace waveforms of the far field EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following one or more pacing pulses delivered at the ER capture threshold 902. The ER waveform template (and / or corresponding features) can be used by control circuit 80 for determining when capture change criteria are met as described above in conjunction with FIG. 11.
[0173] The CS capture test output 910 and the stored CS capture output 962 may be initialized to be equal to the determined ER capture threshold 902 for the first capture test 1. The capture change criteria are not met (NM) for the first capture test 1 (because the ER waveform template and unknown waveform of the CS capture test are expected to match for the same pulse output) . The pacing output 904 for pacing therapy delivery between capture tests may be selected by control circuit 80 based on the ER capture threshold 902 when the CSP capture criteria are not met (in this case due to the capture change criteria being not met in capture test 1) .
[0174] As described above in conjunction with the method of FIG. 11, control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output 910 for subsequent capture test 2 and capture test 3 by incrementing the CS capture test output 910 used in the previous capture test (test 1 and test 2, respectively) when the capture change criteria are not met (NM) . Because the CSP capture criteria are not met as long as the capture change criteria are not met, the CSP capture threshold remains unknown. The stored CS capture output 912 may be kept at the stored value (still equal to the ER capture threshold 902) , and the pacing output 904 for delivering ventricular pacing by therapy delivery circuit 84 between capture tests may remain at the safety margin 906 greater than the ER capture threshold 902.
[0175] Upon increasing the CS capture test output for capture test 3, the capture change criteria become met (M) . Control circuit 80 may determine that the morphology match score between the unknown waveform and the ER waveform template is less than a threshold and / or the activation time metric for the unknown waveform is different (e.g., less than) the activation time metric for the ER waveform template. Control circuit 80 may determine in this case that the CSP capture criteria are met in response to determining that the capture change criteria are met for capture test 3. As a result, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is equal to the CS capture test output 910 used in capture test 3. Control circuit 80 may update the stored CS capture output 912 to be equal to the CS capture test output 910 used in capture test 3 and select the pacing output 904 based on the stored CS capture output 912. The pacing output 904 may be set to the safety margin 906 greater than the CS capture output 912 to promote capture of the conduction system during subsequent pacing therapy delivery, for example.
[0176] In response to the capture change criteria being met in capture test 3, control circuit 80 may decrement the CS capture test output 910 for capture test 4. The CS capture test output 910 may be decremented by the same step change used to increment the CS capture test output 910 in previous capture tests or by a smaller step change to determine a CSP capture threshold that is between the CS capture test output 910 used in test 2 and test 3.
[0177] In the example shown, the capture change criteria are not met for capture test 4. Control circuit 80 may keep the stored CS capture output 912 at the same value, equal to the CSP capture threshold determined as the CS capture test output 910 used in test 3. The pacing output 904 may remain a safety margin 906 greater than the stored CS capture output 912. Control circuit 80 may continue to decrement and increment the CS capture test output on subsequent capture tests according to whether the capture change criteria are met (M) or not met (NM) .
[0178] In this example, the CSP capture threshold increases at some time after capture test 5. The capture change criteria are not met for capture tests 6 and 7 such that the CS capture test output 910 is successively incremented for capture tests 7 and 8. The capture change criteria are met in capture test 8. In response, control circuit 80 updates the stored CS capture output 912 to be the CS capture test output 910 used in capture test 8. The CSP capture criteria are met based on the capture change criteria being met. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is the stored CS capture output 912 in response to the CSP capture criteria being met. Control circuit 80 may select the pacing output 904 for pacing therapy delivery to be a safety margin 906 above the stored CS capture output 912 to promote capture of the conduction system following capture test 8.
[0179] The CS capture test output 910 may be decremented on the next capture test 9 and continue to be incremented and decremented according to whether capture change criteria are not met or met, respectively, in successive capture tests. In this way, once the capture change criteria are met the first time, the stored CS capture output 912 can track changes in the CSP capture threshold. The CSP capture threshold can be tracked over successive capture tests by performing a CS capture test at a single CS capture test output 910 without performing a complete CSP capture threshold search that includes morphology matching and / or other higher processing burden analyses of the post-pace unknown waveforms associated with multiple CS capture test outputs during one capture test.
[0180] FIG. 14 is a diagram 950 of the CS capture test output 960 and stored CS capture output 962 as controlled by pacemaker 14 over successive capture tests 1-10 according to yet another illustrative example. In this example, the ER capture threshold 952 and the CSP capture threshold are the same (conduction system capture occurs at the ER capture threshold) . As such, an ER waveform template established at the ER capture threshold may match the unknown post-pace waveform during the CS capture test performed at any CS capture test output. The diagram of FIG. 14 and the flow chart of FIG. 15, described below, address this situation of performing capture tests when the ER capture threshold is the CSP capture threshold.
[0181] In FIG. 14, pulse output (e.g., in volts) is shown on the vertical axis, and time, (e.g., in days) is shown on the horizontal axis. A series of sequential capture tests, e.g., daily capture tests, are performed, numbered as capture tests 1-10. The ER capture threshold 952 (dash-dot line) , selected pacing output 954 (dotted line) for therapy delivery, CS capture test output 960 (heavy solid line) and the stored CS capture output 962 (dashed line) are shown over time.
[0182] The ER capture threshold 952 is determined during the first capture test 1. Control circuit 80 may establish an ER waveform template (and / or corresponding features such as an activation time metric) using one or more post-pace waveforms of the far field EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following one or more pacing pulses delivered at the ER capture threshold 952. The CS capture test output 960 and the stored CS capture output 962 may be initialized to be equal to the ER capture threshold 952. As such, the capture change criteria are not met (NM) for the first capture test 1.
[0183] The pacing output 954 may be selected based on the ER capture threshold 952 when the CSP capture criteria are not met (due to the capture change criteria not being met for capture test 1) . The pacing output 954 may be set to a safety margin 956 greater than the ER capture threshold 952. After the first capture test 1, the CSP capture threshold is unknown. It may be equal to the ER capture threshold 952, in which case the selected pacing output 954 for therapy delivery promotes CSP capture, but the CSP capture threshold may be higher than the ER capture threshold 952. To search for a possibly higher CSP capture threshold, the CS capture test output 960 is incremented on each successive capture test until either the capture change criteria are met or a maximum CS capture test output 964 is reached.
[0184] In this example, the maximum CS capture test output 964 is reached on capture test 6, and the capture change criteria are not met (NM) . An unknown post-pace waveform during the CS capture test that still matches the ER waveform template, even at the maximum CS capture test output 964, is evidence for CSP capture at the ER capture threshold 952. In response to the capture change criteria not being met in capture test 6, control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold is equal to the ER capture threshold 952, which equals the stored CS capture output 962. The stored CS capture output 962 has remained at the initialized value equal to the ER capture threshold 952 since capture test 1 because the capture change criteria have remain unmet.
[0185] Control circuit 80 may reset the CS capture test output 964 to be equal to the ER capture threshold for capture test 7. The pacing output 954 for therapy delivery between capture tests may remain a safety margin 956 greater than the ER capture threshold 952 for promoting capture of the conduction system. In some examples, once the maximum CS capture test output 964 is reached, control circuit 80 may continue to select the CS capture test output 960 to be equal to the ER capture threshold 952 (or a safety margin or offset greater than the ER capture threshold 952) until the ER capture threshold 952 changes. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture threshold does not change unless the ER capture threshold 952 changes. In this way, pacemaker 14 may avoid successive CS capture tests at increased CS capture test outputs until the ER capture threshold 952 changes. In other examples, the CS capture test output may be incremented one or more times after being reset to being equal to the ER capture threshold to verify that the CSP capture threshold has not increased to be greater than the ER capture threshold.
[0186] ER capture threshold 952 in this example is determined to increase in capture test 9. In response to the increase in ER capture threshold 952, control circuit 80 may select the CS capture test output 960 to be equal to the new ER capture threshold 952 for capture test 9. The stored CS capture output pacing output 960 may be updated to the new ER capture threshold 952 because the CSP capture threshold may be assumed to be equal to or greater than the ER capture threshold 952. The pacing output 952 may be increased to a safety margin 956 greater than the ER capture threshold 952 at the end of capture test 9.
[0187] During capture test 9, a new ER waveform template and associated features may be established using one or more post-pace waveforms acquired following test pacing pulses delivered at the increased ER capture threshold 952. Because the CS capture test output 960 is set equal to the new ER capture threshold 952 for capture test 9, the capture change criteria are not met in capture test 9. Due to the change in ER capture threshold 952, control circuit 80 may resume incrementing the CS capture test output 960 until the capture change criteria are met or the maximum CS capture test output 964 is reached again. As such, when the maximum CS capture test output 964 is reached without capture change criteria being met by a comparison of the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform acquired during the CS capture test, control circuit 80 may determine that CSP capture criteria are met and that the ER capture threshold is the CSP capture threshold.
[0188] The starting CS capture test output in the first capture tests 1 in each of FIGs. 12, 13 and 14 is shown to be initialized to the ER capture threshold, for the sake of example. It is to be understood, however, that in other examples the CS capture test output may be initialized to a higher output that is greater than the ER capture threshold. The CS capture test output may be incremented or decremented for subsequent capture tests according to whether capture change criteria are as described above.
[0189] FIG. 15 is a flow chart 1000 of a method for performing a capture test according to another example. At block 1004, the capture test is started with an ER capture threshold search. If a previous capture test has not been performed or if the ER capture threshold has changed since the previous capture test ( “yes” branch of block 105) , control circuit 80 may initialize the CS capture test output and the stored CS capture output to be equal to the ER capture threshold at block 1010. Control circuit 80 may establish the ER waveform template and features (e.g., at least an activation time metric) at block 1006, according to any of the examples described above. If, on the other hand, the ER capture threshold has not changed since a preceding capture test ( “no” branch of block 1005) , control circuit 80 may retain the ER waveform template previously established in memory 82 and advance to block 1008. The ER waveform template may not necessarily be re-established on every capture test if the ER capture threshold has not changed since the preceding capture test.
[0190] At block 1008, control circuit 80 may determine if a maximum CS capture test output has been reached during a previous capture test. If so, control circuit 80 may keep the CS capture test output at its current value at block 1011. As described above in conjunction with FIG. 14, if the ER capture threshold has not changed and the maximum CS capture test output has been reached in a previous capture test without the capture change criteria being met, the CSP capture threshold can be determined to be equal to the ER capture threshold. The CS capture test output may be re-initialized to the ER capture threshold at block 1010 in response to the capture threshold change and kept at the same value until another ER capture threshold change occurs in some examples.
[0191] If the maximum CS capture test output has not been reached since the first capture test or since a detected change in the ER capture threshold ( “no” branch of block 1008) , control circuit 80 may either increment the CS capture test output at block 1014 or decrement the CS capture test output at block 1016 based on whether the capture change criteria were met or not in the preceding capture test (as determined at block 1012) .
[0192] At block 1020, at least one CS capture test pulse may be delivered at the CS capture test output. Control circuit 80 determines if capture change criteria are met at block 1022. Control circuit 80 may determine that capture change criteria are not met when a morphology matching score between the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform acquired following the CS capture test pulse is greater than a match threshold and / or an activation time metric difference between the ER waveform template activation time metric and the unknown waveform activation time metric is less than a threshold difference. If the morphology match score is less than the match threshold and / or the activation time metric difference is greater than a threshold difference, control circuit 80 may determine that capture change criteria are met at block 1022. It is to be understood that other features of the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform acquired during the CS capture test may be compared for determining when the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform substantially match (capture change criteria not met) or do not match (capture change criteria met) . Another example method for determining when capture change criteria are met or not is described below in conjunction with FIG. 16.
[0193] If the capture change criteria are not met ( “no” branch of block 1022) , control circuit 80 keeps the stored value of the CS capture output at block 1030. If the CS capture test output is at the maximum CS capture test output for the current capture test ( “yes” branch of block 1032) , control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are met at block 1034 and that the CSP capture threshold is equal to the ER capture threshold. If the current CS capture test output is not at the maximum limit ( “no” branch of block 1032) , control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are not met and that the CSP capture threshold is still unknown at block 1036.
[0194] Referring again to block 1022, if the capture change criteria are met ( “yes” branch) , control circuit 80 may update the stored CS capture output to be equal to the CS capture test output at block 1024. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are met at block 1026 based on the capture change criteria being met and that the CSP capture threshold is equal to the CS capture output stored at block 1024.
[0195] At block 1040, control circuit 80 may select the pacing output for therapy delivery. As described above in conjunction with the diagrams of FIGs. 12-14, if the C SP capture criteria are not met (based on capture change criteria not being met and the maximum limit of the CS capture test output not being reached) , the pacing output for therapy delivery may be selected based on the ER capture threshold (e.g., a safety margin greater than the ER capture threshold) . If the CSP capture criteria are met, based on either the capture change criteria being met or the maximum CS capture test output being reached without the capture change criteria being met, control circuit 80 may select the pacing output at block 1040 based on the stored CS capture output, which is expected to be equal to the CSP capture threshold after the CSP capture criteria are met. The pacing output may be set to a safety margin greater than the stored CS capture output to promote capture of the conduction system. At block 1042, therapy delivery circuit 84 may deliver ventricular pacing according to a programmed pacing mode or therapy using the selected pacing output until the next capture test (return to block 1004) .
[0196] In FIGs. 14 and 15, when the CSP capture criteria are met due to the maximum CS capture test output being reached without capture change criteria being met, the CS capture test output is re-initialized to the ER capture threshold. As such, the CS capture test may be performed at the ER capture threshold for one or more subsequent capture tests, e.g., until the ER capture threshold changes. In other examples, the CS capture test may be temporarily suspended in response to the CSP capture threshold being determined equal to the ER capture threshold. If no change in the ER capture threshold is detected, the CS capture test may not be performed for one or more capture tests. The CS capture test may be performed for every other capture test or other specified frequency, which may decrease over time, as long as the ER capture threshold does not change. If the ER capture threshold changes or if a specified maximum time (e.g., specified maximum number of days) passes without performing a CS capture test due to a non-changing ER capture threshold, the CS capture test may be re-enabled in the next capture test.
[0197] FIG. 16 is a flow chart 1100 of a method for determining when capture change criteria and CSP capture criteria are met during a capture test according to some examples. At block 1102, control circuit 80 may establish the ER waveform template according to any of the examples described above. The ER waveform template can be established for post-pace waveforms acquired following test pulses at the ER capture threshold, which may or may not include capture of the conduction system. The ER waveform template may include the sampled waveform, wavelet coefficients, an activation time metric and / or one or more features determined from the ER waveform, e.g., of the far field EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 following test pulses at the ER capture threshold.
[0198] At block 1104, the CS capture test pulse is delivered and the post-pace, unknown waveform is acquired for comparison to the ER waveform template. At block 1110, control circuit 80 determines if waveform matching criteria are met. For example, a morphology matching score and an activation time difference may be determined between the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform. Control circuit 80 may determine that the waveform matching criteria are met if the morphology matching score is greater than a match threshold and the activation time difference is less than a threshold difference. If the waveform matching criteria are met, control circuit 80 may determine that the capture change criteria are not met as generally described in the examples given above.
[0199] However, in the example of FIG. 16, control circuit 80 may compare activation time metrics of the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform to a threshold at block 1114 when waveform matching criteria are met. The activation time threshold applied at block 114 may discriminate between relatively short activation times expected when CSP capture occurs compared to when capture of the conduction system does not occur (e.g., myocardial capture only) . If the activation time metrics for both of the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform are less than the threshold at block 1114, control circuit 80 may determine that CSP capture criteria are met at block 1120. The matching waveforms with relatively short activation times is evidence that the CSP capture threshold and the ER capture threshold are equal. The pacing output for therapy delivery may be set to a safety margin greater than the stored CS capture output (and ER capture threshold) to promote capture of the conduction system.
[0200] Referring again to block 1110, if the waveform matching criteria are met at block 1110 and the activation time metrics are not both less than the threshold applied at block 1114, control circuit 80 may determine that capture change criteria are not met at block 1116. Control circuit 80 may determine that the CSP capture criteria are not met at block 1122. As described in conjunction with FIGs. 11-15, when the CSP capture criteria are not met based on the capture change criteria not being met, control circuit 80 may keep a stored CS capture output at the same value and select the pacing output for therapy delivery based on the ER capture threshold.
[0201] In the method of FIG. 16, control circuit 80 may determine when CSP capture criteria are met when the unknown waveform matches the ER template waveform by analyzing another metric, e.g., the activation time metric, for evidence of CSP capture without having to increment the CS capture test output up to the maximum value. When the ER waveform template and the unknown waveform match and the activation time metrics for both are less than a threshold activation time indicative of capture of the conduction system, control circuit 80 can determine that CSP capture criteria are met (block 1120) . When CSP capture criteria are met, control circuit 80 may select the pacing output for ventricular pacing according to a programmed pacing mode or therapy based on the stored CS capture output, e.g., the stored CS capture output plus a safety margin, as described in the examples given above.
[0202] Further disclosed herein is the subject matter of the following examples:
[0203] Example 1. A medical device system including a sensing circuit configured to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal, a therapy delivery circuit configured to deliver pacing pulses, a memory configured to store conduction system pacing capture criteria and a control circuit. The control circuit may be configured to perform an evoked response capture test comprising controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output and detecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following the first test pacing pulse. The control circuit may be further configured to select a conduction system capture test output and perform a conduction system capture test comprising controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a second test pacing pulse at the selected conduction system capture test output and determining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following the second test pacing pulse. The control circuit may select a conduction system capture output to store in the memory based on at least whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and select a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored conduction system capture output or the evoked response capture test output. The therapy delivery circuit may be further configured to deliver ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.
[0204] Example 2. The medical device of example 1 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the conduction system capture test output by at least one of: determining a multiple of the evoked response capture test output, adding an offset to the evoked response capture test output, adding a pacing safety margin to the evoked response capture test output or setting the conduction system capture test output equal to the evoked response capture test output.
[0205] Example 3. The medical device of any one of examples 1-2 wherein the memory is further configured to store a previous conduction system capture test output and store an indication of the conduction system pacing capture criteria being met or unmet for the previous conduction system capture test output in a previous conduction system capture test performed by the control circuit. The control circuit may be further configured to select the conduction system capture test output by one of: increasing the previous conduction system capture test output if the conduction system pacing capture criteria were unmet in the previous conduction system capture test or decreasing the previous conduction system capture test output if the conduction system pacing capture criteria were met in the previous conduction system capture test.
[0206] Example 4. The medical device of any one of examples 1-3 wherein the control circuit is further configured to perform the evoked response capture test by controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver test pacing pulses at each of a plurality of test pulse outputs comprising the evoked response capture test output and, for each of the plurality of test pulse outputs, determining if an evoked response is detected from the at least once cardiac electrical signal. The control circuit may determine an evoked response capture threshold as the evoked response capture test output, the evoked response capture test output being a lowest test pulse output of the plurality of test pulse outputs for which the evoked response is detected.
[0207] Example 5. The medical device of example 4 wherein the memory is further configured to store a previous evoked response capture threshold determined from a previous evoked response capture test performed by the control circuit. The control circuit may be further configured to determine that the evoked response capture threshold is different than the previous evoked response capture threshold and select the conduction system capture test output based on the evoked response capture threshold in response to determining that the evoked response capture threshold is different than the previous evoked response capture threshold.
[0208] Example 6. The medical device of any one of examples 1-5 wherein the control circuit is further configured to, in response to determining that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met, increase the selected conduction system capture test output, control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a third test pacing pulse at the increased selected conduction system capture test output and determine if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the third test pacing pulse.
[0209] Example 7. The medical device of any one of examples 1-6 wherein the memory is further configured to store a previous conduction system capture output from a previous conduction system capture test performed by the control circuit. The control circuit is further configured to select the conduction system capture output stored in the memory based on whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by comparing the selected conduction system capture test output to the previous conduction system capture output. The control circuit may select the conduction system capture output stored in the memory as one of: 1) the selected conduction system capture test output or 2) the previous conduction system capture test output. The control circuit may select the conduction system capture output stored in the memory as the conduction system capture test output when: a) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and the previous conduction system capture output is greater than the conduction system capture test output; or b) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met and the previous conduction system capture output is less than the conduction system capture test output. The control circuit may select the conduction system capture output stored in the memory as the previous conduction system capture test output when: c) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and the previous conduction system capture output is less than the conduction system capture test output or d) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met and the previous conduction system capture output is not less than the conduction system capture test output.
[0210] Example 8. The medical device of any one of examples 1-7 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the pacing pulse output as one of the stored conduction system capture output plus a safety margin when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met or the evoked response capture test output plus a safety margin when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met.
[0211] Example 9. The medical device system of any one of examples 1-8 wherein the memory is further configured to store a morphology template. The control circuit is further configured to determine that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by determining a match score between the morphology template and an unknown waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse and comparing the match score to a match threshold.
[0212] Example 10. The medical device of example 9 wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine a first alignment feature of the morphology template, determine a second alignment feature of the unknown waveform and align the morphology template and the unknown waveform by shifting the unknown waveform in at least one of time or amplitude to align the first alignment feature and the second alignment feature.
[0213] Example 11. The medical device of any one of examples 1-10 wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine that the conduction system capture criteria are met by determining an activation time metric from an unknown waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse and comparing the activation time metric to a conduction system capture threshold.
[0214] Example 12. The medical device of example 11 wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine the activation time metric from the unknown waveform by determining a center of area of a portion of the unknown waveform and determining a time of the center of area as the activation time metric.
[0215] Example 13. The medical device of any one of examples 1-12 wherein the control circuit is further configured to establish a morphology template by establishing an evoked response waveform template from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following at least the first test pacing pulse delivered at the evoked response capture test output. The control circuit may compare the morphology template to an unknown waveform sensed from the at least one cardiac signal following the second test pacing pulse delivered at the conduction system capture test output. The control circuit may determine that capture change criteria are met when the unknown waveform does not match the evoked response waveform template and determine that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met in response to determining that the capture change criteria are met.
[0216] Example 14. The medical device of any one of examples 1-13 wherein the control circuit is further configured to establish a morphology template by establishing an evoked response waveform template from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following at least the first test pacing pulse delivered at the evoked response capture test output. The control circuit may determine that the selected conduction system capture test output is at a maximum limit. The control circuit may compare the morphology template to an unknown waveform sensed from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse delivered at the selected conduction system capture test output. The control circuit may determine that capture change criteria are not met in response to the unknown waveform matching the morphology template. The control circuit may determine that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met in response to the selected conduction system capture test output being at the maximum limit and the capture change criteria not being met. The control circuit may determine a conduction system pacing capture threshold equal to the evoked response capture test output in response to the conduction system pacing capture criteria being met.
[0217] Example 15. The medical device of any one of examples 1-14 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select a second conduction system capture test output by one of: incrementing the conduction system capture test output of the second test pacing pulse when the capture change criteria are not met or decrementing the conduction system capture test output of the second test pacing pulse when the capture change criteria are met. The control circuit may perform a second conduction system capture test by controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a third test pacing pulse at the second selected conduction system capture test output.
[0218] Example 16. The medical device of any one of examples 1-15 wherein the control circuit is further configured to perform a plurality of capture tests. Each capture test comprising performing the evoked response capture test including controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver one or more test pulses at one or more evoked response capture test outputs, determining if an evoked response signal is detected from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the delivered test pulses, determining an evoked response capture threshold based on the detected evoked response signals. Each capture test comprising performing the conduction system capture test including selecting a single one conduction system capture test output, controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver one or more conduction system pacing capture test pulses at the single one conduction system capture test output and determining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the one or more conduction system pacing capture test pulses delivered at the single one conduction system capture test output.
[0219] Example 17. The medical device of example 16 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the single one conduction system capture test output for each capture test by incrementing a previous conduction system capture test output when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met in a preceding capture test of the plurality of capture tests or decrementing the previous conduction system capture test output when the capture change criteria are met in the preceding capture test of the plurality of capture tests.
[0220] Example 18. The medical device of any one of examples 1-17 wherein the therapy delivery circuit is configured to deliver the pacing pulses via a conduction system pacing electrode vector.
[0221] Example 19. A method comprising sensing at least one cardiac electrical signal, storing conduction system pacing capture criteria in a memory of a medical device and performing an evoked response capture test comprising delivering a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output and detecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the first test pacing pulse. The method may further include selecting a conduction system capture test output and performing a conduction system capture test comprising delivering a second test pacing pulse at the selected conduction system capture test output and determining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse. The method may further include selecting a conduction system capture output to store in the memory based on at least whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met. The method may further include selecting a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored conduction system capture output or the evoked response capture test output. The method may include delivering ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.
[0222] Example 20. The method of example 19 wherein selecting the conduction system capture test output comprises at least one of: determining a multiple of the evoked response capture test output; adding an offset to the evoked response capture test output; adding a pacing safety margin to the evoked response capture test output; or setting the conduction system capture test output equal to the evoked response capture test output.
[0223] Example 21. The method any one of examples 19-20 further comprising storing a previous conduction system capture test output in the memory and storing an indication of the conduction system pacing capture criteria being met or unmet for the previous conduction system capture test output. The method may include selecting the conduction system capture test output by one of: increasing the previous conduction system capture test output if the conduction system pacing capture criteria were unmet in the previous conduction system capture test; or decreasing the previous conduction system capture test output if the conduction system pacing capture criteria were met in the previous conduction system capture test.
[0224] Example 22. The medical device of any one of examples 19-21 wherein performing the evoked response capture test comprises delivering test pacing pulses at each of a plurality of test pulse outputs comprising the evoked response capture test output and, for each of the plurality of test pulse outputs, determining if an evoked response is detected from the at least once cardiac electrical signal. Performing the evoked response capture test may include determining an evoked response capture threshold as the evoked response capture test output, the evoked response capture test output being a lowest test pulse output of the plurality of test pulse outputs for which an evoked response is detected.
[0225] Example 23. The method of example 22 further comprising storing a previous evoked response capture threshold determined from a previous evoked response capture test and determining that the evoked response capture threshold is different than the previous evoked response capture threshold. The method may include selecting the conduction system capture test output based on the evoked response capture threshold in response to determining that the evoked response capture threshold is different than the previous evoked response capture threshold.
[0226] Example 24. The method of any one of examples 19-23 further comprising, in response to determining that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met, increasing the selected conduction system capture test output, delivering a third test pacing pulse at the increased selected conduction system capture test output and determining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the third test pacing pulse.
[0227] Example 25. The method of any one of examples 19-24 further comprising storing in the memory a previous conduction system capture output from a previously performed conduction system capture test, selecting the conduction system capture output stored in the memory based on whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by comparing the selected conduction system capture test output to the previous conduction system capture output and selecting the conduction system capture output to store in the memory as: 1) the selected conduction system capture test output when: a) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and the previous conduction system capture output is greater than the conduction system capture test output, or b) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met and the previous conduction system capture output is less than the conduction system capture test output; or as 2) the previous conduction system capture test output when: c) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and the previous conduction system capture output is less than the conduction system capture test output; or d) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met and the previous conduction system capture output is not less than the conduction system capture test output.
[0228] Example 26. The method of any one of examples 19-25 further comprising selecting the pacing pulse output as one of the stored conduction system capture output plus a safety margin when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met or the evoked response capture test output plus a safety margin when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met.
[0229] Example 27. The method of any one of examples 19-26 further comprising storing a morphology template and determining that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by determining a match score between the morphology template and an unknown waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse and comparing the match score to a match threshold.
[0230] Example 28. The method of example 27 further comprising determining a first alignment feature of the morphology template, determining a second alignment feature of the unknown waveform and aligning the morphology template and the unknown waveform by shifting the unknown waveform in at least one of time or amplitude to align the first alignment feature and the second alignment feature.
[0231] Example 29. The method of any one of examples 19-28 wherein determining that the conduction system capture criteria are met comprises determining an activation time metric from an unknown waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse and comparing the activation time metric to a conduction system capture threshold.
[0232] Example 30. The method of example 29 wherein determining the activation time metric from the unknown waveform comprises determining a center of area of a portion of the unknown waveform and determining a time of the center of area as the activation time metric.
[0233] Example 31. The method of any one of examples 19-30 further comprising establishing a morphology template by establishing an evoked response waveform template from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following at least the first test pacing pulse delivered at the evoked response capture test output. The method may further include comparing the morphology template to an unknown waveform sensed from the at least one cardiac signal following the second test pacing pulse delivered at the conduction system capture test output, determining that capture change criteria are met when the unknown waveform does not match the morphology template and determining that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met in response to determining that the capture change criteria are met.
[0234] Example 32. The method of any one of examples 1-15 further comprising establishing a morphology template by establishing an evoked response waveform template from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following at least the first test pacing pulse delivered at the evoked response capture test output and determining that the selected conduction system capture test output is at a maximum limit. The method may further include comparing the morphology template to an unknown waveform sensed from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse delivered at the selected conduction system capture test output and determining that capture change criteria are not met in response to the unknown waveform matching the morphology template. The method may further include determining that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met in response to the selected conduction system capture test output being at the maximum limit and the capture change criteria not being met. The method may include determining a conduction system pacing capture threshold equal to the evoked response capture test output in response to the conduction system pacing capture criteria being met.
[0235] Example 33. The method of any one of examples 19-32 further comprising selecting a second conduction system capture test output by one of: incrementing the conduction system capture test output of the second test pacing pulse when the capture change criteria are not met; or decrementing the conduction system capture test output of the second test pacing pulse when the capture change criteria are met. The method may further include performing a second conduction system capture test by controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a third test pacing pulse at the second selected conduction system capture test output.
[0236] Example 34. The method of any one of examples 19-33 further comprising performing a plurality of capture tests. Each capture test comprising performing the evoked response capture test including delivering one or more test pulses at one or more evoked response capture test outputs, determining if an evoked response signal is detected from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the delivered test pulses and determining an evoked response capture threshold based on the detected evoked response signals. Each capture test further including performing the conduction system capture test including selecting a single one conduction system capture test output and delivering one or more conduction system pacing capture test pulses at the single one conduction system capture test output. Performing the conduction system capture test may further include determining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the one or more conduction system pacing capture test pulses delivered at the single one conduction system capture test output.
[0237] Example 35. The method of example 34 further comprising selecting the single one conduction system capture test output for each capture test by incrementing a previous conduction system capture test output when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met in a preceding capture test of the plurality of capture tests or decrementing the previous conduction system capture test output when the capture change criteria are met in the preceding capture test of the plurality of capture tests.
[0238] Example 36. The method of any one of examples 19-35 further comprising delivering the ventricular pacing pulses via a conduction system pacing electrode vector.
[0239] Example 37. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a set of instructions that, when executed by a control circuit of a medical device, cause the medical device to: sense at least one cardiac electrical signal and perform an evoked response capture test comprising delivering a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output and detecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the first test pacing pulse. The instructions may further cause the medical device to select a conduction system capture test output and perform a conduction system capture test comprising delivering a second test pacing pulse at the selected conduction system capture test output and determining if conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse. The instructions may further cause the medical device to select a conduction system capture output to store based on at least whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met. The instructions may further cause the medical device to select a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored conduction system capture output or the evoked response capture test output. The instructions may further cause the medical device to deliver ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.
[0240] It should be understood that, depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the methods described herein can be performed in a different sequence, in parallel, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the method) . Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially. In addition, while certain aspects of this disclosure are described as being performed by a single processor, circuit or unit for purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by a combination of processors, units or circuits associated with, for example, a medical device system.
[0241] In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by one or more hardware-based processing units. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media (e.g., RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer) .
[0242] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs) , or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor, ” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.
[0243] Thus, a medical device system has been presented in the foregoing description with reference to specific examples. It is to be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may be combined in different combinations than the specific combinations presented in the accompanying drawings. It is appreciated that various modifications to the referenced examples may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure and the following claims.
Claims
1.A medical device, comprising:a sensing circuit configured to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal;a therapy delivery circuit configured to deliver pacing pulses;a memory configured to store conduction system pacing capture criteria; anda control circuit configured to:perform an evoked response capture test comprising:controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a first test pacing pulse at an evoked response capture test output; anddetecting an evoked response from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following the first test pacing pulse;select a conduction system capture test output; andperform a conduction system capture test comprising:controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a second test pacing pulse at the selected conduction system capture test output;determining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following the second test pacing pulse;select a conduction system capture output to store in the memory based on at least whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met; andselect a pacing pulse output based on at least one of the stored conduction system capture output or the evoked response capture test output; andthe therapy delivery circuit being further configured to deliver ventricular pacing pulses according to the selected pacing pulse output.2.The medical device of claim 1 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the conduction system capture test output by at least one of:determining a multiple of the evoked response capture test output;adding an offset to the evoked response capture test output;adding a pacing safety margin to the evoked response capture test output; orsetting the conduction system capture test output equal to the evoked response capture test output.3.The medical device of any one of claims 1-2 wherein:the memory is further configured to:store a previous conduction system capture test output; andstore an indication of the conduction system pacing capture criteria being met or unmet for the previous conduction system capture test output in a previous conduction system capture test performed by the control circuit; andthe control circuit is further configured to select the conduction system capture test output by one of:increasing the previous conduction system capture test output if the conduction system pacing capture criteria were unmet in the previous conduction system capture test; ordecreasing the previous conduction system capture test output if the conduction system pacing capture criteria were met in the previous conduction system capture test.4.The medical device of any one of claims 1-3 wherein the control circuit is further configured to perform the evoked response capture test by:controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver test pacing pulses at each of a plurality of test pulse outputs comprising the evoked response capture test output;for each of the plurality of test pulse outputs, determining if an evoked response is detected from the at least once cardiac electrical signal; anddetermining an evoked response capture threshold as the evoked response capture test output, the evoked response capture test output being a lowest test pulse output of the plurality of test pulse outputs for which the evoked response is detected.5.The medical device of claim 4 wherein:the memory is further configured to store a previous evoked response capture threshold determined from a previous evoked response capture test performed by the control circuit; andthe control circuit is further configured to:determine that the evoked response capture threshold is different than the previous evoked response capture threshold;select the conduction system capture test output based on the evoked response capture threshold in response to determining that the evoked response capture threshold is different than the previous evoked response capture threshold.6.The medical device of any one of claims 1-5 wherein:the memory is further configured to store a previous conduction system capture output from a previous conduction system capture test performed by the control circuit; and the control circuit is further configured to select the conduction system capture output stored in the memory based on whether the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by:comparing the selected conduction system capture test output to the previous conduction system capture output; andselecting the conduction system capture output stored in the memory as one of:the selected conduction system capture test output when:a) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and the previous conduction system capture output is greater than the conduction system capture test output;orb) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met and the previous conduction system capture output is less than the conduction system capture test output; orthe previous conduction system capture test output when:c) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met and the previous conduction system capture output is less than the conduction system capture test output; ord) the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met and the previous conduction system capture output is not less than the conduction system capture test output.7.The medical device of any one of claims 1-6 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the pacing pulse output as one of:the stored conduction system capture output plus a safety margin when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met; orthe evoked response capture test output plus a safety margin when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met.8.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-7 wherein:the memory is further configured to store a morphology template; andthe control circuit is further configured to determine that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by:determining a match score between the morphology template and an unknown waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse; andcomparing the match score to a match threshold.9.The medical device of any one of claims 1-8 wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine that the conduction system capture criteria are met by:determining an activation time metric from an unknown waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse; andcomparing the activation time metric to a conduction system capture threshold.10.The medical device of any one of claims 1-9 wherein the control circuit is further configured to:establish a morphology template by establishing an evoked response waveform template from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following at least the first test pacing pulse delivered at the evoked response capture test output;compare the morphology template to an unknown waveform sensed from the at least one cardiac signal following the second test pacing pulse delivered at the conduction system capture test output;determine that capture change criteria are met when the unknown waveform does not match the morphology template; anddetermine that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met in response to determining that the capture change criteria are met.11.The medical device of any one of claims 1-10 wherein the control circuit is further configured to:establish a morphology template by establishing an evoked response waveform template from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following at least the first test pacing pulse delivered at the evoked response capture test output;determine that the selected conduction system capture test output is at a maximum limit;compare the morphology template to an unknown waveform sensed from the at least one cardiac signal sensed following the second test pacing pulse delivered at the selected conduction system capture test output;determine that capture change criteria are not met in response to the unknown waveform matching the morphology template; anddetermine that the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met in response to the selected conduction system capture test output being at the maximum limit and the capture change criteria not being met; anddetermine a conduction system pacing capture threshold equal to the evoked response capture test output in response to the conduction system pacing capture criteria being met.12.The medical device of any one of claims 1-11 wherein the control circuit is further configured to:select a second conduction system capture test output by one of:incrementing the conduction system capture test output of the second test pacing pulse when the capture change criteria are not met; ordecrementing the conduction system capture test output of the second test pacing pulse when the capture change criteria are met; andperform a second conduction system capture test by controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver a third test pacing pulse at the second selected conduction system capture test output.13.The medical device of any one of claims 1-12 wherein the control circuit is further configured to perform a plurality of capture tests, each capture test comprising:performing the evoked response capture test including:controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver one or more test pulses at one or more evoked response capture test outputs;determining if an evoked response signal is detected from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the delivered test pulses;determining an evoked response capture threshold based on the detected evoked response signals; andperforming the conduction system capture test including:selecting a single one conduction system capture test output;controlling the therapy delivery circuit to deliver one or more conduction system pacing capture test pulses at the selected single one conduction system capture test output; anddetermining if the conduction system pacing capture criteria are met by the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed following the one or more conduction system pacing capture test pulses delivered at the single one selected conduction system capture test output.14.The medical device of claim 14 wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the single one conduction system capture test output for each capture test by:incrementing a previous conduction system capture test output when the conduction system pacing capture criteria are not met in a preceding capture test of the plurality of capture tests; ordecrementing the previous conduction system capture test output when the capture change criteria are met in the preceding capture test of the plurality of capture tests.15.The medical device of any one of claims 1-14 wherein the therapy delivery circuit is configured to deliver the ventricular pacing pulses via a conduction system pacing electrode vector.
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