Unnatural amino acids and the use thereof
Ethylene oxide-containing UAAs address stability and reactivity issues in existing UAAs, providing site-specific and broad reactivity for covalent binding to diverse residues, enhancing drug targeting and stability for proteins like PD-L1 and KRAS mutants.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/094580
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing unnatural amino acids (UAAs) with reactive warheads face challenges related to stability and reactivity, particularly in residue-specific interactions at complex protein-protein interfaces, limiting their application in covalent crosslinking and drug development.
Development of UAAs containing an ethylene oxide structure, specifically derived from lysine or tyrosine, which can covalently bind to ten different natural residues, including His, Tyr, Lys, Cys, Met, Asp/Glu, and Ser/Thr, and are designed with varying linkers for different spatial orientations and reactivities, applicable to drug target proteins like PD-L1 and KRAS mutants.
The UAAs achieve site-specific and broad reactivity, enabling precise covalent binding and crosslinking, enhancing drug targeting and stability, suitable for applications in protein therapeutics and oncogenic mutant targeting.
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Figure CN2024094580_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS AND THE USE THEREOFBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Covalent binding has emerged as an efficient and reliable approach to realize the residue-specific selectivity and irreversible interaction between a binder and its target, enabling novel applications in drug discovery. Recently, the site-specific incorporation of a reactive warhead in a protein of interest (POI) was shown to facilitate proximity-induced chemical crosslinking, thereby improving the binding affinity, binding selectivity, and binding duration / kinetics between the protein binder and its target. Covalent binding between protein binders and corresponding targets prolongs the binding duration independent of the plasma concentration, thereby improving the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of protein drugs. Moreover, the precision of covalently targeting specific residues adds an additional layer of selectivity, allowing for precise binding to structurally similar but sequence-divergent protein domains.
[0002] Previously, the development of genetically encoded unnatural amino acids (UAAs) carrying reactive warheads has allowed for the covalent crosslinking of target proteins at Cys, Lys, His, or Tyr residues, as well as other biomacromolecule such as glycans and RNAs. These selective and irreversible covalent binding strategies have found applications in various fields, including enhancing protein thermostability, engineering covalent CAR-T cells, capturing protein-protein interactions, profiling glycan-protein interactions, and RNA sequencing. Although some UAAs with reactive warheads, such as acrylyl, vinyl sulfone, and alkyl halide warheads, have been reported previously, most of them exhibit limited reactivity to multiple kinds of residues and these warheads may face challenges related to stability or cell toxicity. The development of aryl fluorosulfates-bearing UAAs, as demonstrated by Wang and co-workers in WO2019173760A1, has significantly improved the biocompatibility and reactivity of this kind of UAAs, transforming covalent protein drugs from a conceptual strategy into a druggable approach.
[0003] However, developing new types of UAAs bearing a reactive warhead with excellent stability and broad reactivity is still highly desired, especially given the residue variation in complex protein-protein interaction interfaces.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present disclosure provides a type of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) containing an ethylene oxide structure, specifically, providing a UAA derived from lysine or tyrosine. The UAAs of the present disclosure could be site-specifically incorporated into a protein of interest (POI) and could react with the sidechains of another protein that interact with the POI. Remarkably, the UAAs of the present disclosure achieve covalent and site-specific targeting of ten different natural residues on target proteins, such as His, Tyr, Lys, Cys, Met, Asp / Glu, Arg, and Ser / Thr residues, were achieved for the first time. The invention can be applied to covalently bind to drug target proteins, such as PD-L1, antibody Fc domain, and various KRAS oncogenic mutants. The unnatural amino acids of the present disclosure can be designed to hold the different linker or substituted with alkyl to achieve different spatial orientation and crosslinking radius, different reactivity to meet the requirements in different applications.
[0005] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In one aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-A) : (I-A) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, m is an integer selected from 0 to 6, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, RX is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl, RY is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl and RZ is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl.
[0006] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In one aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-A-1) : wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, m is an integer selected from 0 to 6, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, RX is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl, RY is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl and RZ is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl.
[0007] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted.
[0008] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-1) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an atom at site of
[0009] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-2) or (I-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site of For example, the compound may be linked to an amino acid residue at site of For example, the compound may be linked to two amino acid residues at sites of both in left and right.
[0010] In some embodiment, R1 is hydrogen or -CH3.
[0011] In some embodiment, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3.
[0012] In some embodiment, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3.
[0013] In some embodiment, Ra is -CH2-phenyl, phenyl-CH2-, -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, or -CH2-CH2-CH2-.
[0014] In some embodiment, X is an amino acid residue or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine. In some embodiment, X is an atom from an amino acid residue or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.
[0015] In some embodiment, X is an amino acid residue or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine. In some embodiment, X is an atom from an amino acid residue or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.
[0016] In some embodiments, X is selected from the group consisting of: imidazole, amino, thioether, sulfonium salt (thionium salt) , ester, and ether.
[0017] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of, the compound has a structure selected from the group consisting of:
[0018] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]
[0019] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of, the compound comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of:
[0020] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , the compound comprises a structure of the formular (I-2) or the formula (I-3) , and is selected from the group consisting of:
[0021] In another aspect, the present application provides a protein, the protein comprises a structure of compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the present application. In some embodiments, the protein comprises an unnatural amino acid residue, and the unnatural amino acid residue comprising the structure of formular (I-1) or formular (I-A-1) .
[0022] In another aspect, the present application provides a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding the protein the present application.
[0023] In another aspect, the present application provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid of the present application.
[0024] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-1) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an atom (e.g., an atom of an amino acid residue) at site of and the compound is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1 through the structure of formular (I-1) .
[0025] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In some embodiment, the structure after covalently linking to PD-L1 is shown in formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) : (I-3) , wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site of
[0026] In some embodiment, the one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1 comprises an amino acid residue at position H69.
[0027] In some embodiment, the amino acid residue at position H69 is selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.
[0028] In some embodiment, the compound comprising a structure of formular (I-1) is a protein.
[0029] In some embodiment, the compound comprising a structure of formular (I-1) is a protein is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof.
[0030] In some embodiments, the compound comprises the structure of formular (I-1) at position L108 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0031] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-1) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an atom at site of and the compound is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS through the structure of formular (I-1) .
[0032] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In some embodiments, the structure after covalently linking to KRAS is shown in formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) : (I-3) , wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site of
[0033] In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0034] In some embodiments, the amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166 is selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.
[0035] In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95, position E107, position S122, position D153, position K165 and / or position E168.
[0036] In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95 and / or position E107.
[0037] In some embodiments, the KRAS comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0038] In some embodiments, the KRAS is a mutant, and the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13, A146 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0039] In some embodiments, the KRAS is a mutant, and the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D, G12V, G12C, G13D, G12A, G12R, A146T, G12S, Q61H, G13C and Q61L, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0040] In some embodiments, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, and the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0041] In some embodiments, the KRAS is a mutant, and the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D、G12V、G12C、G13D、G12A、G12R、
[0042] G12S and Q61H, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0043] In some embodiments, the compound comprising the structure of formular (I-1) is a small molecule, a peptide or a protein.
[0044] In some embodiments, the compound comprises the structure of formular (I-1) at position W35 and / or K133 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0045] In another aspect, the present application provides a compound, which is capable of being linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS, and the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95 and / or position E107.
[0046] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for inhibiting activity of KRAS or the mutant thereof, comprising contacting a compound of the present application with KRAS, so that the compound is covalently linked to an amino acid residue at position H95 and / or position E107 of KRAS or the mutant thereof.
[0047] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a Z domain of protein A (ZPA) protein, comprising an unnatural amino acid residue, wherein the unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formular (I-1) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an amino acid residue at site of
[0048] In some embodiments, the ZPA protein comprises the unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0049] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a conjugate, comprising a ZPA portion and a biomolecule portion, wherein the ZPA portion comprises an unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the biomolecule portion comprising a therapeutic molecule, a diagnostic molecule and / or a detection molecule, wherein unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site of and the biomolecule portion is linked to the ZPA portion through X in formula (I-2) or I-3.
[0050] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing an antibody conjugate, comprising contacting an antibody and the conjugate of the present application.
[0051] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a conjugate, the conjugate comprises an Fc portion, a ZPA portion and a biomolecule portion, wherein, the ZPA portion comprises an unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, and the biomolecule portion comprises a therapeutic molecule, a diagnostic molecule and / or a detection molecule, wherein unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site of the biomolecule portion is linked to the ZPA portion through X in formula (I-2) or (I-3) , and the ZPA portion is covalently linked to the Fc portion through a covalent bond. For example, the covalent bond is a C-X bond, e.g., a C-N bond, a C-C bond, a C-O bond, or a C-S bond.
[0052] In some embodiment, the Fc portion comprises an antibody. In some embodiment, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, a polycolonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, and / or a human antibody. In some embodiment, the Fc portion comprises a Fc region of IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD or IgG. In some embodiment, the Fc portion comprises a Fc region of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.
[0053] In another aspect, the present application provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present application, the protein of the present application, the nucleic acid of the present application, the vector of the present application, the ZPA protein of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0054] In another aspect, the present application provides a kit, comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present application, the protein of the present application, the nucleic acid of the present application, the vector of the present application, the ZPA protein of the present application, and / or the conjugate of the present application.
[0055] In another aspect, the present application provides a use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present application, the protein of the present application, the nucleic acid of the present application, the vector of the present application, the ZPA protein of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, the pharmaceutical composition of the present application and / or the kit of the present application, in preparation of a medicine for preventing, treating and / or alleviating a disease or disorder.
[0056] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for preventing, treating and / or alleviating a disease or disorder, comprising administrating the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present application, the protein of the present application, the nucleic acid of the present application, the vector of the present application, the ZPA protein of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, the pharmaceutical composition of the present application and / or the kit of the present application to a subject in need of.
[0057] In another aspect, the present application provides the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present application, the protein of the present application, the nucleic acid of the present application, the vector of the present application, the ZPA protein of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, the conjugate of the present application, the pharmaceutical composition of the present application and / or the kit of the present application, for use in preventing, treating and / or alleviating a disease or disorder.
[0058] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with abnormal expression of PD-L1 or PD-1.
[0059] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with a KRAS mutation.
[0060] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a tumor. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an autoimmunity disease.
[0061] In some embodiment, the disease or disorder caused by an abnormal expression and / or a mutation of a protein selected from the group consisting of: PD-1, HER2, CD20, CD3, CTLA4, PSMA, EGFR, EGFRviii, FAP, CD33, HER3, SIRPa, DLK1, PTK7, GPR20, CD71, CD16, CAIX, CAXII, CXCR3, CXCR5, CXCR4, GRPR, CD70, CD46, CD166, CD36, CD73, CD38, CD51, FGFR3, FcRH5, VEGF, VEGFR2, CD45, CCR4, CD25, ROR1, TROP-2, NECTIN4, cMET, CD19, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD123, BCMA, CD79b, AXL, RON, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD47, TNFa, IL17A, IL4Ra, IL23R and EpCAM.
[0062] In another aspect, the present application provides a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase, which comprises an amino acid residue substitution within the substrate-binding site of the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the substrate-binding site are selected from the group consisting of: (1) L270, L274, N311, C313 and Y349; (2) L270, L274, N311, C313, Y349 and N272; and (3) Y271, L274, C313 and Y349.
[0063] In some embodiments, the amino acid residue substitution is selected from the group consisting of: (1) L270F, L274S, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (2) L270F, L274C, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (3) L270S, L274F, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (4) L270S, L274V, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (5) L270C, L274F, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (6) L274H, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (7) L274N, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (8) L270H, L274Y, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (9)L274V, N311G, C313G and Y349F (10) L274R, N311G, C313G, Y349F and N272D; (11) L274I, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (12) Y271A, L274M, and C313A; (13) L274A, C313S and Y349F; and (14) , L274A, and C313S.
[0064] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for preparation of the protein of the present application, which comprises using the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase of the present application. The method may be carried out under a physiological condition. For example, the method may be carried under 30℃ ~37℃. For example, the method may be carried for 4-12 hours. For example, the method may be carried under pH6-pH8.
[0065] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
[0066] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0067] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
[0068] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0069] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are employed, and the accompanying drawings (also “figure” and “FIG. ” herein) , of which:
[0070] FIG. 1 illustrates structures of epoxide-bearing Tyrosine and Lysine.
[0071] FIG. 2 illustrates design of epoxide-bearing Tyrosine.
[0072] FIG. 3 illustrates design of epoxide-bearing Lysine.
[0073] FIG. 4 illustrates scheme of the evolution of PylRS for the recognition of epoxide containing unnatural amino acids.
[0074] FIG. 5 illustrates the genetic encoding of EPOY3 in mammalian cells by the evolved PylRS mutant (EPOY3-RS) .
[0075] FIG. 6 illustrates EPOY-3 incorporated ZPA protein for the covalent crosslinking to the Fc domain of an antibody.
[0076] FIG. 7 illustrates the cross-linking of EPOY-3-incorporated ZPA protein and marketed antibody drugs.
[0077] FIG. 8 illustrates the cross-linking between Herceptin antibody and each ZPA protein that equipped with different EPOY unnatural amino acids.
[0078] FIG. 9 illustrates cross-linking between Herceptin antibody and each ZPA protein that equipped with different EPOK unnatural amino acids.
[0079] FIG. 10 illustrates the reactivity of epoxy groups with different amino acid side chains.
[0080] FIG. 11 illustrates chemical structure determination of epoxy-amino acid (EPOY3) after reaction with imidazole side chain (histidine mimetic) .
[0081] FIG. 12 illustrates chemical structure determination of epoxy-amino acid (EPOY3) after reaction with thiol side chain (cysteine mimetic) .
[0082] FIG. 13 illustrates concentration, temperature and pH dependence of the reaction of epoxide groups on amino acid side chains (histidine mimetic) .
[0083] FIG. 14 illustrates EPOY3 bearing PD-L1 nanobody (KN035) could be used for covalent targeting of PD-L1.
[0084] FIG. 15A-15G illustrates the broad capability of ethylene oxide warhead for the crosslinking to native amino acid residues.
[0085] FIG. 16 illustrates the head-to-head comparison of the capability to crosslinking to different residue on target protein of genetically-encoded epoxide warhead (EPOY) and sulfuryl fluoride warhead (FSY) .
[0086] FIG. 17 illustrates the crystal structures alignments of 9 oncogenic KRAS mutants and the sequences alignment of K / N / H-RAS.
[0087] FIG. 18 illustrates the screening for EPOY-3 insertion sites in DARPin and the achieving for covalent cross-linking of KRAS.
[0088] FIG. 19 illustrates the EPOY-3 incorporated-DARPin at W35 and K133 can achieve selective covalent cross-linking of KRAS at H95 and E107, respectively.
[0089] FIG. 20 illustrates strategy for site-specific introduction of EPOY-3 into the W35 position of DARPin to cross-link the H95 residue of 9 different KRAS oncogenic mutants.
[0090] FIG. 21 illustrates that the ZPA-N6-EPOY3 can selectively label mouse antibodies.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0091] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.
[0092] Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., -CH2O-is equivalent to -OCH2-.
[0093] The term “alkyl, ” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched carbon chain (or carbon) , or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono-or polyunsaturated and can include mono-, di-and multivalent radicals. The alkyl may include a designated number of carbons (e.g., C1-C6 means one to six carbons) . Alkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2- (butadienyl) , 2, 4-pentadienyl, 3- (1, 4-pentadienyl) , ethynyl, 1-and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (-O-) . An alkyl moiety may be an alkenyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be an alkynyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be fully saturated. An alkenyl may include more than one double bond and / or one or more triple bonds in addition to the one or more double bonds. An alkynyl may include more than one triple bond and / or one or more double bonds in addition to the one or more triple bonds.
[0094] The term “alkylene, ” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2-. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred herein. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term “alkenylene, ” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene. The alkylene may include a designated number of carbons (e.g., C1-C6 means one to six carbons)
[0095] The terms “halo” or “halogen, ” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
[0096] The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, -C (O) R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom (s) are optionally quatemized. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring) . A 5.6-fused ring heteroaryl ene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6.6-fused ring heteroaryl ene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6, 5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, purinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazoyl benzimidazolyl, benzofuran, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1 -pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1 -isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene, ” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively. A heteroaryl group substituent may be -O-bonded to a ring heteroatom nitrogen.
[0097] In embodiments, each substituted group described in the compounds herein is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in aspects, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and / or substituted heteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with at least one substituent group. In aspects, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In aspects, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group.
[0098] Certain compounds of the present disclosure possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisometric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) -or (S) -or, as (D) -or (L) -for amino acids, and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. The compounds of the present disclosure do not include those that are known in art to be too unstable to synthesize and / or isolate. The present disclosure is meant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R) -and (S) -, or (D) -and (L) -isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.
[0099] As used herein, the term “isomers” refers to compounds having the same number and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, but differing in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration of the atoms.
[0100] The term “tautomer, ” as used herein, refers to one of two or more structural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readily converted from one isomeric form to another.
[0101] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the disclosure.
[0102] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by 13C-or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this disclosure.
[0103] The compounds of the present disclosure may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (3H) , iodine-125 (125I) , or carbon-14 (14C) . All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present disclosure, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0104] It should be noted that throughout the application that alternatives are written in Markush groups, for example, each amino acid position that contains more than one possible amino acid. It is specifically contemplated that each member of the Markush group should be considered separately, thereby comprising another embodiment, and the Markush group is not to be read as a single unit.
[0105] “Analog, ” or “analogue” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning within Chemistry and Biology and refers to a chemical compound that is structurally similar to another compound (i.e., a so-called “reference” compound) but differs in composition, e.g., in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element, or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group, or the absolute stereochemistry of one or more chiral centers of the reference compound. Accordingly, an analog is a compound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance but not in structure or origin to a reference compound.
[0106] The terms “a” or “an, ” as used in herein means one or more. In addition, the phrase “substituted with a [n] , ” as used herein, means the specified group may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the named substituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroaryl group, is “substituted with an unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, ” the group may contain one or more unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyls, and / or one or more unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyls.
[0107] Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R-substituted. ” Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different. Where a particular R group is present in the description of a chemical genus (such as Formula I) , a Roman alphabetic symbol may be used to distinguish each appearance of that particular R group.
[0108] Descriptions of compounds of the present disclosure are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently unstable and / or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable compounds.
[0109] A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand when a variable (e.g., moiety or linker) of a compound or of a compound genus (e.g., a genus described herein) is described by a name or formula of a standalone compound with all valences filled, the unfilled valence (s) of the variable will be dictated by the context in which the variable is used. For example, when a variable of a compound as described herein is connected (e.g., bonded) to the remainder of the compound through a single bond, that variable is understood to represent a monovalent form (i.e., capable of forming a single bond due to an unfilled valence) of a standalone compound (e.g., if the variable is named “methane” in an embodiment but the variable is known to be attached by a single bond to the remainder of the compound, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the variable is actually a monovalent form of methane, i.e., methyl or -CH3) .
[0110] The symbol or “-” denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula.
[0111] The term “covalently linking” refer to one molecule or one portion of a molecule is linked with another molecule or another portion of the molecule via s covalent bond.
[0112] The term “antibody” as used herein generally refers to a polypeptide or a protein complex that specifically binds an epitope of an antigen or mimotope thereof. An antibody includes an intact antibody, or a binding fragment thereof that competes with the intact antibody for specific binding and includes chimeric, humanized, fully human, and bispecific antibodies. Binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, Fv, nanobody and other single-chain antibodies. In some embodiments, an antibody is referred to as an immunoglobulin and include the various classes and isotypes, such as IgA (IgAl and IgA2) , IgD, IgE, IgM, and IgG (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) etc. in some embodiments the term "antibody" as used herein refers to polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and functional fragments thereof. An antibody includes modified or derivatized antibody variants that retain the ability to specifically bind an epitope. Antibodies are capable of selectively binding to a target antigen or epitope. Antibodies may include, but are not limited to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , humanized and other chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies (scFvs) , Fab fragments, F (ab') 2 fragments and disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv) fragments. In some embodiments, the antibody is from any origin, such as mouse or human, including a chimeric antibody thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody is humanized.
[0113] The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. The terms “non-naturally occurring amino acid” and “unnatural amino acid” refer to amino acid analogs, synthetic amino acids, and amino acid mimetics which are not found in nature.
[0114] Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
[0115] The term “amino acid side chain” refers to the functional substituent contained on amino acids. For example, an amino acid side chain may be the side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code (e.g., alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine) , as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. In aspects, the amino acid side chain may be a non-natural amino acid side chain.
[0116] As to amino acid sequences, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in the encoded sequence is a “conservatively modified variant” where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Such conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles of the disclosure.
[0117] The following eight groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: (1) Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) ; (2) Aspartic acid (D) , Glutamic acid (E) ; (3) Asparagine (N) , Glutamine (Q) ; (4) Arginine (R) , Lysine (K) ; (5) Isoleucine (I) , Leucine (L) , Methionine (M) , Valine (V) ; (6) Phenylalanine (F) , Tyrosine (Y) , Tryptophan (W) ; (7) Serine (S) , Threonine (T) ; and (8) Cysteine (C) , Methionine (M) .
[0118] The terms “polypeptide” , “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, wherein the polymer may in embodiments be conjugated to a moiety that does not consist of amino acids. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. A “fusion protein” refers to a chimeric protein encoding two or more separate protein sequences that are recombinantly expressed as a single moiety.
[0119] As described herein the complementarity of sequences may be partial, in which only some of the nucleic acids match according to base pairing, or complete, where all the nucleic acids match according to base pairing. Thus, two sequences that are complementary to each other, may have a specified percentage of nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 60%identity, preferably 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher identity over a specified region) .
[0120] An amino acid or nucleotide base “position” is denoted by a number that sequentially identifies each amino acid (or nucleotide base) in the reference sequence based on its position relative to the N-terminus (or 5’ -end) . Due to deletions, insertions, truncations, fusions, and the like that must be taken into account when determining an optimal alignment, in general the amino acid residue number in a test sequence determined by simply counting from the N-terminus will not necessarily be the same as the number of its corresponding position in the reference sequence. For example, in a case where a variant has a deletion relative to an aligned reference sequence, there will be no amino acid in the variant that corresponds to a position in the reference sequence at the site of deletion. Where there is an insertion in an aligned reference sequence, that insertion will not correspond to a numbered amino acid position in the reference sequence. In the case of truncations or fusions there can be stretches of amino acids in either the reference or aligned sequence that do not correspond to any amino acid in the corresponding sequence.
[0121] An amino acid residue in a protein “corresponds” to a given residue when it occupies the same essential structural position within the protein as the given residue. For example, a selected residue in a selected protein corresponds to L270 of the PylRS protein when the selected residue occupies the same essential sequential, or other structural relationship as L270 in the PylRS protein. In embodiments, where a selected protein is aligned for maximum homology with the PylRS protein, the position in the aligned selected protein aligning with L270 is said to correspond to L270. Instead of a primary sequence alignment, a three-dimensional structural alignment can also be used, e.g., where the structure of the selected protein is aligned for maximum correspondence with the PylRS protein and the overall structures compared. In this case, an amino acid that occupies the same essential position as L270 in the structural model is said to correspond to the L270 residue.
[0122] “Percentage of sequence identity” is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
[0123] The terms “identical” or percent “identity, ” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 60%identity, or at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identity over a specified region, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window or designated region) as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below, or by manual alignment and visual inspection (e.g., NCBI web site ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / BLAST / or the like) . Such sequences are then said to be “substantially identical. ” This definition also refers to, or may be applied to, the compliment of a test sequence. The definition also includes sequences that have deletions and / or additions, as well as those that have substitutions. As described below, the preferred algorithms can account for gaps and the like. Preferably, identity exists over a region that is at least about 25 amino acids or nucleotides in length, or more preferably over a region that is 50-100 amino acids or nucleotides in length.
[0124] The term “PylRS” refers to “pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase” , an enzyme (including homologs, isoforms, and functional fragments thereof) with pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase activity. Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase is an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the reaction necessary to attach α-amino acid pyrrolysine to the cognate tRNA (tRNApyl) , thereby allowing incorporation of pyrrolysine during proteinogenesis at amber stop codons (i.e., UAG) . The term includes any recombinant or naturally-occurring form of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase or variants, homologs, or isoforms thereof that maintain pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase activity (e.g. within at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%activity compared to wild-type pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase) . In aspects, the variants, homologs, or isoforms have at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence or a portion of the sequence (e.g., a 50, 100, 150 or 200 continuous amino acid portion) compared to a naturally occurring pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase.
[0125] As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid” , which refers to a linear or circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors) . Other vectors (e.g., non episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors. ” In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. The terms “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the disclosure is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses) , which serve equivalent functions. Some viral vectors are capable of targeting a particular cells type either specifically or non-specifically. Exemplary vectors that can be used include, but are not limited to, pEvol vector, pMP vector, pET vector, pTak vector, pBad vector.
[0126] An "autoimmune disease" is a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues or organs or a co-segregation or manifestation thereof or resulting condition therefrom . Autoimmune diseases can be an organ-specific disease (i.e., the immune response is specifically directed against an organ system such as the endocrine system , the hematopoietic system, the skin, the cardiopulmonary system , the gastrointestinal and liver systems, the renal system , the thyroid, the ears, the neuromuscular system , the central nervous system , etc. ) or a systemic disease that can affect multiple organ systems (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) , rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , polymyositis, etc. ) . Non-limiting exemplary autoimmune diseases include autoimmune rheumatologic disorders (such as, for example, RA, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, lupus such as SLE and lupus nephritis, polymyositis-dermatomyositis, cryoglobulinemia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis) , autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver disorders (such as, for example, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) , autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and celiac disease) , vasculitis (such as, for example, ANCA-negative vasculitis and ANCA-associated vasclitis, including Churg-Strauss vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and microscopic polyangiitis) , autoimmune neurological disorders (such as, for example, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and autoimmune polyneuropathies) , renal disorders (such as, for example, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, and Berger's disease) , autoimmune dermatologic disorders (such as, for example, psoriasis, urticaria, hives, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and cutaneous lupus erythematosus) , hematologic disorders (such as, for example, thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, post-transfusion purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia) , atherosclerosis, uveitis, autoimmune hearing diseases (such as, for example, inner ear disease and hearing loss) , Behcet's disease, Raynaud's syndrome, organ transplant, and autoimmune endocrine disorders (such as, for example, diabetic-related autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) , Addison's disease, and autoimmune thyroid disease (e.g., Graves'disease and thyroiditis) ) . More preferred such diseases include, for example, RA, ulcerative colitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Graves'disease, IDDM, pernicious anemia, thyroiditis, and glomerulonephritis.
[0127] The term "tumor, " as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues. The terms "cancer, " "cancerous, " and "tumor" are not mutually exclusive as referred to herein. Examples of tumor include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma (e.g., Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) , blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. More particular examples of such tumors include non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (including adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung) , squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, cancer of the peritoneum , hepatocellular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders, and various types of head and neck cancer.
[0128] The term “Fc portion” herein in generally refers to a portion comprising a Fc region. Fc region herein is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. The term includes native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions. The Fc portion may be an antibody or a fusion protein comprising a Fc region.
[0129] A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.
[0130] The term “PD-L1” , “programmed cell death 1 ligand 1” , “programmed death-ligand 1” , “cluster of differentiation 274” , “CD274” and “B7 homolog 1” can be used interchangeably herein, refers to any native PD-L1 from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats) , unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses full-length, unprocessed PD-L1 as well as any form of PD-L1 that results from processing in the cell. PD-L1 can exist as a transmembrane protein or as a soluble protein. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of PD-L1, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. The basic structure of PD-L1 comprises 4 domains: extracellular Ig-like V-type and Ig-like C2-type domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The amino acid sequence of an exemplary full-length human PD-L1 protein can be found, e.g., under NCBI Accession No. N P_001254653 or UniProt Accession No. Q9NZQ7, while the exemplary full-length mouse PD-L1 protein sequence can be found, e.g., under NCBI Accession No. N P_068693 or Uniprot Accession No. Q9EP73. In the present application, the term “PD-L1” may refers to a 290 amino acids membrane protein with a uniport ID number of Q9NZQ7. The exemplary amino acid sequence of PD-L1 may be as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0131] The term “KRAS” also called K-RAS protein, as used herein, generally refers to a member of RAS family. Structurally, the RAS protein contains a G domain responsible for the enzymatic activity of RAS, guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis (GTPase reaction) . It also contains a C-terminal extension called the CAAX cassette, which can be post-translationally modified and responsible for targeting the protein to the membrane. The G domain is approximately 21-25 kDa in size and contains a phosphate binding ring (P-ring) . The most notable members of the RAS subfamily are HRAS, KRAS and NRAS, which are primarily involved in many types of cancer. Mutation of any of the three major isoforms of the RAS gene (HRAS, NRAS or KRAS) is one of the most common events in human tumor formation. The KRAS comprises a wildtype protein and the mutant thereof.
[0132] Compound
[0133] In one aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-A) :
[0134] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025] formular (I-A) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, m is an integer selected from 0 to 6, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, RX is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl, RY is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl and RZ is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl.
[0135] For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 1. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 2. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 3. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 4. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 5. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 6. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 7. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 8. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 9. For example, in formular (I-A) , n is 10.
[0136] For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 1. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 2. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 3. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 4. For example, in formular (I-A) , mis 5. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 6. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 7. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 8. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 9. For example, in formular (I-A) , m is 10.
[0137] For example, in formular (I-A) , R1 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I-A) , R1 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , R1 is -CH3.
[0138] For example, in formular (I-A) , R2 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I-A) , R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , R2 is -CH3.
[0139] For example, in formular (I-A) , R3 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I-A) , R3 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , R3 is -CH3.
[0140] For example, in formular (I-A) , RX is F, Cl, Br, or I. For example, in formular (I-A) , RX is -O-C1-C6 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , RX is -O-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , RX is -O-CH3.
[0141] For example, in formular (I-A) , RY is F, Cl, Br, or I. For example, in formular (I-A) , RY is -O-C1-C6 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , RY is -O-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , RY is -O-CH3.
[0142] For example, in formular (I-A) , RZ is F, Cl, Br, or I. For example, in formular (I-A) , RZ is -O-C1-C6 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , RZ is -O-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-A) , RZ is -O-CH3.
[0143] For example, in formular (I-A) , n is an integer selected from 1 to 5, m is an integer selected from 1 to 3, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, RX is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C3 alkyl, RY is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C3 alkyl and RZ is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C3 alkyl.
[0144] For example, in formular (I-A) , n is an integer selected from 1 to 5, m is an integer selected from 1 to 3, R1 is hydrogen or -CH3, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3, RX is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-CH3, RY is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-CH3 and RZ is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-CH3.
[0145] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I) : formular (I) , wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl.
[0146] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-1) : formular (I-1) , wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl.
[0147] For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R1 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R1 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R1 is -CH3.
[0148] For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R2 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R2 is -CH3.
[0149] For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R3 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R3 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R3 is -CH3.
[0150] For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl-phenyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is -phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is -CH2-, For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is -CH2-CH2-, For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is -CH2-CH2-CH2-. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is -CH2-phenyl. For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , Ra is phenyl-CH2-.
[0151] For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R1 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, Ra is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-phenyl, or phenyl-CH2-.
[0152] For example, in formular (I) or formular (I-1) , R1 is hydrogen or -CH3, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3, Ra is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-phenyl, or phenyl-CH2-.
[0153] In the present disclosure, the formular (I-1) is linked with an atom at site of For example, the formular (I-1) is linked with an amino acid side chain at site of
[0154] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-2) : formular (I-2) , wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue.
[0155] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-3) : formular (I-3) , wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue.
[0156] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R1 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R1 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R1 is -CH3.
[0157] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R2 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R2 is -CH3.
[0158] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R3 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R3 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R3 is -CH3.
[0159] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl-phenyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is -phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is -CH2-, For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is -CH2-CH2-, For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is -CH2-CH2-CH2-. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is -CH2-phenyl. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , Ra is phenyl-CH2-.
[0160] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , X is an amino acid side chain derived from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine. For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , X is an amino acid side chain derived from methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.
[0161] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R1 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, Ra is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-phenyl, or phenyl-CH2-, and X is an amino acid side chain derived from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.
[0162] For example, in formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) , R1 is hydrogen or -CH3, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3, Ra is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-phenyl, or phenyl-CH2-, and X is an amino acid side chain derived from methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.
[0163] In the present disclosure, the formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) is linked with an atom at site of For example, the formular (I-3) or formular (I-2) is linked with an amino acid side chain at site of
[0164] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound having a structure selected from the group consisting of:
[0165] In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-A) :
[0166] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025] formular (II-A) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, m is an integer selected from 0 to 6, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, LX is O, N or a C1-C6 alkylene, LY is O, S or N and LZ is O, N or a C1-C6 alkylene.
[0167] In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-A-1) :
[0168] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025] formular (II-A-1) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, m is an integer selected from 0 to 6, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, LX is O, N or a C1-C6 alkylene, LY is O, S or N and LZ is O, N or a C1-C6 alkylene.
[0169] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 1. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 2. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 3. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 4. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 5. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 6. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 7. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 8. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 9. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is 10.
[0170] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 1. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1), m is 2. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 3. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 4. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , mis 5. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 6. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 7. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 8. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , m is 9. For example, in formular (II-A) , m is 10.
[0171] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R1 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R1 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R1 is -CH3.
[0172] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R2 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R2 is -CH3.
[0173] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R3 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R3 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , R3 is -CH3.
[0174] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LX is O, or N. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LX is C1-C6 alkylene. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LX is C1-C3 alkylene. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LX is -CH2-.
[0175] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LY is O. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LY is N. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LY is S.
[0176] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LZ is O, or N. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LZ is C1-C6 alkylene. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LZ is C1-C3 alkylene. For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , LZ is -CH2-.
[0177] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is an integer selected from 1 to 5, m is an integer selected from 1 to 3, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, LX is N, O or a C1-C3 alkylene, LY is N, S or O and LZ is N, O or a C1-C3 alkylene.
[0178] For example, in formular (II-A) or (II-A-1) , n is an integer selected from 1 to 5, m is an integer selected from 1 to 3, R1 is hydrogen or -CH3, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3, LX is N, O or a -CH2-, LY is N, S or O and LZ is N, O or -CH2-.
[0179] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II) : formular (II) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl.
[0180] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-1) : formular (II-1) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl.
[0181] For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R1 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R1 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R1 is -CH3.
[0182] For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R2 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R2 is -CH3.
[0183] For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R3 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R3 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R3 is -CH3.
[0184] For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , n is 0. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , n is 2. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , n is 3. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , n is 4. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , n is 5. For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , n is 6.
[0185] For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R1 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[0186] For example, in formular (II) or formular (II-1) , R1 is hydrogen or -CH3, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3, and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[0187] In the present disclosure, the formular (II-1) is linked with an atom at site of For example, the formular (II-1) is linked with an amino acid side chain at site of
[0188] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-2) : formular (II-2) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue.
[0189] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-3) : formular (II-3) , wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue.
[0190] For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R1 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R1 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R1 is -CH3.
[0191] For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R2 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R2 is -CH3.
[0192] For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R3 is hydrogen. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R3 is C1-C3 alkyl. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R3 is -CH3.
[0193] For example, in formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) , n is 0. For example, in formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) , n is 2. For example, in formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) , n is 3. For example, in formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) , n is 4. For example, in formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) , n is 5. For example, in formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) , n is 6.
[0194] For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , X is an amino acid side chain derived from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine. For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , X is an amino acid side chain derived from methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.
[0195] For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R1 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, Ra is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-phenyl, or phenyl-CH2-, and X is an amino acid side chain derived from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.
[0196] For example, in formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) , R1 is hydrogen or -CH3, R2 is hydrogen or -CH3, R3 is hydrogen or -CH3, Ra is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-phenyl, or phenyl-CH2-, and X is an amino acid side chain derived from methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.
[0197] In the present disclosure, the formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) is linked with an atom at site of For example, the formular (II-3) or formular (II-2) is linked with an amino acid side chain at site of
[0198] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides a compound having a structure selected from the group consisting of:
[0199] In another aspect, the present application provides compound or a tautomer, a mesomer, a racemate, an enantiomer or a diastereoisomer thereof, or a mixture thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound has a structure of formular (I-A) , formular (I) . In some embodiments, the compound has a structure of formular (II-A) , formular (II) . In some embodiments, the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-2) , or formular (I-3) . In some embodiments, the compound comprises a structure of formular (II-2) , or formular (II-3) .
[0200] The compound of the present application may be an unnatural amino acid incorporated into a peptide or a protein.
[0201] In another aspect, the present application provides a peptide comprising a structure of formular (I-2) or formular (I-3) .
[0202] In another aspect, the present application provides a protein comprising a structure of formular (I-2) or formular (I-3) .
[0203] In another aspect, the present application provides a peptide comprising a structure of formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) .
[0204] In another aspect, the present application provides a protein comprising a structure of formular (II-2) or formular (II-3) . In some embodiment, the protein is a protein complex.
[0205] In another aspect, the present application provides a PD-L1 binding protein. For example, the PD-L1 binding protein comprising a structure of formular (II-1) or formular (I-1) .
[0206] For example, the PD-L1 binding protein may be covalently linked to PD-L1 by ringing opening of ethylene oxide of formular (II-1) or formular (I-1) . For example, the PD-L1 binding protein may be covalently linked to PD-L1 by ringing opening of ethylene oxide of formular (II-A-1) or formular (I-A-1) .
[0207] For example, the PD-L1 binding protein is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1. For example, the PD-L1 binding protein is capable of being covalently linked to the amino acid residue at position 69 of PD-L1. The PD-L1 may be a mutant , a variant or a truncate of natural PD-L1.
[0208] The amino acid residue at position 69 of PD-L1 may be selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.
[0209] For example, the PD-L1 binding protein may be an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof. The compound of the present application may be incorporated into a known PD-L1 antibody, such as KN035.
[0210] For example, PD-L1 binding protein may comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 01.
[0211] The compound of the present application may be incorporated into an antigen binding protein targeting an antigen, such as, PD-1, HER2, CD20, CD3, CTLA4, PSMA, EGFR, EGFRviii, FAP, CD33, HER3, SIRPa, DLK1, PTK7, GPR20, CD71, CD16, CAIX, CAXII, CXCR3, CXCR5, CXCR4, GRPR, CD70, CD46, CD166, CD36, CD73, CD38, CD51, FGFR3, FcRH5, VEGF, VEGFR2, CD45, CCR4, CD25, ROR1, TROP-2, NECTIN4, cMET, CD19, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD123, BCMA, CD79b, AXL, RON, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD47, TNFa, IL17A, IL4Ra, IL23R and EpCAM.
[0212] In another aspect, the present application provides a KRAS covalent binding molecule. For example, KRAS binding molecule maybe a small molecule, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein, or a conjugate. For example, the KRAS binding molecule maybe a KRAS inhibitor. The KRAS binding molecule comprises a structure of formular (II-1) (or formular (II-A-1) ) or formular (I-1) (or formular (I-A-1) ) to a KRAS. The KRAS binding molecule is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS through the structure of formular (I-1) or formular (II-1) , to form a complex. For example, complex comprises a structure of formula (I-2) , formula (I-3) , formula (II-2) or formula (II-3)
[0213] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for binding KRAS. The method comprises: contacting a molecule comprising a structure of formular (II-1) (or formular (II-A-1) ) or formular (I-1) (or formular (I-A-1) ) to a KRAS.
[0214] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for inhibiting activity of KRAS. The method comprises: contacting a molecule comprising a structure of formular (II-1) (or formular (II-A-1) ) or formular (I-1) (or formular (I-A-1) ) to a KRAS.
[0215] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for inhibiting activity of KRAS, and the method comprises contacting a molecule capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues at from position 87 to position 166 of KRAS.
[0216] For example, the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166. For example, the KRAS binding molecule is capable of being covalently linked to an amino acid residue at position 95, position 107, position 122, position 153, position 165 and / or position 168 of KRAS. For example, the KRAS binding molecule is capable of being covalently linked to an amino acid residue of at position 95 and / or position 107 of KRAS.
[0217] For example, the KRAS binding molecule is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS. For example, the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166. For example, the KRAS binding molecule is capable of being covalently linked to an amino acid residue of at position 95, position 107, position 122, position 153, position 165 and / or position 168 of KRAS. For example, the KRAS binding molecule is capable of being covalently linked to an amino acid residue of at position 95 and / or position 107 of KRAS.
[0218] In some embodiments, the KRAS may be a mutant, a truncate or a variant of KRAS.
[0219] For example, the KRAS is a wild type or a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13, A146 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 02. For example, the KRAS is a wild type or a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D, G12V, G12C, G13D, G12A, G12R, A146T, G12S, Q61H, G13C and Q61L, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 02.
[0220] For example, the KRAS is a wild type or a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 02. For example, KRAS is a wild type or a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D、G12V、G12C、G13D、G12A、G12R、G12S and Q61H, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 02.
[0221] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for cross-linking to an antibody. The method comprises: contacting a molecule comprising a structure of formular (II-1) or formular (I-1) to the antibody.
[0222] In another aspect, the present application provides a kit for cross-linking to an antibody. The kit comprises a molecule comprising a structure of formular (II-1) or formular (I-1) .
[0223] For example, the antibody may be an antibody targeting VEGF, EGFR, CD20, CD38, PD-L1, RANKL, PD-1, TNFa, IL-6, IL-17a, IL-12, IL-23, IgE, BAFF, and / or IL-4.
[0224] In another aspect, the present application provides a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding the protein of any of the present application.
[0225] In another aspect, the present application provides a protein comprising the structure of the compound of any of the present applications.
[0226] For example, wherein said protein comprises an unnatural amino acid having the structure of the compound of any of the present application.
[0227] In another aspect, the present application provides a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase, wherein the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase comprises an amino acid residue substitution within the substrate-binding site of the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and the substrate-binding site are selected from the group consisting of: (1) L270, L274, N311, C313 and Y349; (2) L270, L274, N311, C313, Y349 and N272; and (3) Y271, L274, C313 and Y349.
[0228] For example, the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase comprises an amino acid residue substitution, and the amino acid residue substitution comprises any one of the group consisting of: (1) L270F, L274S, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (2) L270F, L274C, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (3) L270S, L274F, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (4) L270S, L274V, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (5) L270C, L274F, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (6) L274H, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (7) L274N, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (8) L270H, L274Y, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (9) L274R, N311G, C313G, Y349F and N272D; (10) L274I, N311G, C313G and Y349F; (11) Y271A, L274M, and C313A; and (12) L274A, C313S and Y349F; and (13) L274A, and C313S, and (14) L274V, N311G, C313G and Y349F.
[0229] In another aspect, the present application provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid of any of the present application.
[0230] In another aspect, the present application provides a combination comprising the synthetase of any of the present application and the compound of any of the present application.
[0231] In another aspect, the present application provides a method of preparing the protein of any of the present application, wherein said method comprises providing the synthetase of any of the present application, the compound of any of the present application and / or the combination of any of the present application.
[0232] In another aspect, the present application provides a cell comprising the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, and / or the combination of any of the present application.
[0233] In another aspect, the present application provides a composition comprising the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application and / or the cell of any of the present application, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0234] In another aspect, the present application provides a kit comprising the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application, the cell of any of the present application, and / or the composition of any of the present application.
[0235] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for inhibiting binding of a PD-L1 protein to a PD-L1 ligand, wherein said method comprises providing the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application, the cell of any of the present application, the composition of any of the present application, and / or the kit of any of the present application. In another aspect, the present application provides a method for crosslinking PD-L1 protein, wherein said method comprises providing the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application, the cell of any of the present application, the composition of any of the present application, and / or the kit of any of the present application.
[0236] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for inhibiting binding of a KRAS protein to a KRAS ligand, wherein said method comprises providing the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application, the cell of any of the present application, the composition of any of the present application, and / or the kit of any of the present application. In another aspect, the present application provides a method for crosslinking KRAS protein, wherein said method comprises providing the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application, the cell of any of the present application, the composition of any of the present application, and / or the kit of any of the present application.
[0237] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for activating immune cell, the method comprises providing the compound of any of the present application, the protein of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the synthetase of any of the present application, the nucleic acid of any of the present application, the vector of any of the present application, the combination of any of the present application, the cell of any of the present application, the composition of any of the present application, and / or the kit of any of the present application. For example, the immune cell comprises T cell. For example, the activating is tested via luciferase assay. For example, the method may be an in vitro method.
[0238] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for alleviating, treating and / or preventing a disease or disorder associated with abnormal expression of PD-L1 or PD-1.
[0239] For example, the disease or disorder associated with abnormal expression of PD-L1 or PD-1 is a tumor. Dor example, the tumor may be selected from: colorectal cancer (CRC) ; pleural mesothelioma (PM) ; triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) ; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) ; tumor mutation burden high cancer (TMB-H) ; Bacillus Calmette-Guérin bladder cancer (BCG-BC) ; endometrial carcinoma (EC) ; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) ; small cell lung cancer (SCLC) ; renal cell carcinoma (RCC) ; Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) ; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ; primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMBCL) ; cervical cancer (CC) ; gastric cancer (GC) ; classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) ; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) ; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .
[0240] In another aspect, the present application provides a method for alleviating, treating and / or preventing a disease or disorder associated with KRAS mutation.
[0241] For example, the disease or disorder associated with abnormal expression of KRAS mutation may be selected from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) , nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , colorectal cancer (CRC) , choloangiocarcinoma (CCA) , uterine endometrial carcinoma (UEC) , testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC) , and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) .
[0242] Synthesis Method
[0243] In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (I-1) is synthesized from formular (I) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (I-2) is synthesized from formular (I) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (I-3) is synthesized from formular (I) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (I-2) is synthesized from formular (I-1) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (I-3) is synthesized from formular (I-1) .
[0244] In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (II-1) is synthesized from formular (II) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (II-2) is synthesized from formular (II) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (II-3) is synthesized from formular (II) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (II-2) is synthesized from formular (II-1) . In the present disclosure, the compound comprising formular (II-3) is synthesized from formular (II-1) .
[0245] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]In another aspect, the present application provides embodiments as following:1. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-A) : whereinn is an integer selected from 0 to 10,m is an integer selected from 0 to 6,R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,LX is O, N or a C1-C6 alkylene,LY is O, S or N andLZ is O, N or a C1-C6 alkylene.2. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II) : whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, and n is an integer selected from 0 to 10.3. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-1) : whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, and the formular (II-1) is linked with an atom at site of 4. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (II-2) or (II-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, andthe formular (II-2) or formula (II-3) is linked with an atom at site of For example, the compound may be linked to an amino acid residue at site of For example, the compound may be linked to two amino acid residue at sites of both in left and right.5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein R1 is hydrogen or -CH2-.6. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein R2 is hydrogen or -CH2-.7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein R3 is hydrogen or -CH2-.8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3.9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 3-8, wherein X is an amino acid side chain from an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine. In some embodiments, X is selected from the group consisting of: imidazole, amino, thioether, sulfonium salt (thionium salt) , ester, and ether.10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 3-9, wherein X is an amino acid side chain from an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.11. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of, having a structure selected from the group consisting of: and 12. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of, having a structure selected from the group consisting of: 13. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure selected from the group consisting of: wherein X is defined as any one of embodiments 4-10.14. A protein comprising the structure of compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 3-13.15. A nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding the protein of embodiment 14.16. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of embodiment 15.17. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (II-1) : whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, and the formular (II-1) is linked with an atom at site of andthe compound is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1 through the structure of formular (II-1) .18. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of embodiment 17, wherein the structure after covalently linking to PD-L1 is shown in formula (II-2) or formula (II-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (II-2) or formula (II-3) is linked with an atom at site of 19. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 17-18, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1 comprises an amino acid residue at position 69.20. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of embodiment 19, wherein the amino acid residue at position 69 is selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.21. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 17-20, which is a protein.22. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 17-21, which is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof.23. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 17-22, which comprises the structure of formular (II-1) at position L108 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.24. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (II-1) : whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, and the formular (II-1) is linked with an atom at site of andthe compound is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS through the structure of formular (II-1) .25. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of embodiment 24, wherein the structure after covalently linking to KRAS is shown in formula (II-2) or formula (II-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (II-2) or formula (II-3) is linked with an atom at site of 26. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 24-25, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.27. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of embodiment 26, wherein the amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166 is selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.28. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 26-27, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position 95, position 107, position 122, position 153, position 165 and / or position 168.29. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 26-28, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position 95 and / or position 107.30. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 25-29, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13, A146 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.31. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 25-30, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D, G12V, G12C, G13D, G12A, G12R, A146T, G12S, Q61H, G13C and Q61L, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 32. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 25-31, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.33. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 25-32, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D、G12V、G12C、G13D、G12A、G12R、G12S and Q61H, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.34. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 25-33, which is a small molecule, a peptide or a protein.35. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 25 -34, which comprising the structure of formular (II-1) at position W35 and / or K133 corresponding with the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.36. A compound, which is capable of being linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS, and the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95 and / or position E107.37. A Z domain of protein A (ZPA) protein, comprising an unnatural amino acid residue, wherein the unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formular (II-1) : whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10, and the formular (II-1) is linked with an amino acid residue at site of 38. The ZPA protein of embodiment 37, comprising the unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.39. A conjugate, comprising a ZPA portion and a biomolecule portion, wherein the ZPA portion comprises an unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the biomolecule portion comprising a therapeutic molecule, a diagnostic molecule and / or a detection molecule, wherein unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formula (II-2) or formula (II-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (II-2) or formula (II-3) is linked with an atom at site of and the biomolecule portion is linked to the ZPA portion through X in formula (I-2) or (I-3) .40. A method for preparing an antibody conjugate, comprising contacting an antibody and the conjugate of the embodiment 39.41. A conjugate, comprising an Fc portion, a ZPA portion and a biomolecule portion, the ZPA portion comprising an unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4,the biomolecule portion comprising a therapeutic molecule, a diagnostic molecule and / or a detection molecule,wherein unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formula (II-2) or formula (II-3) : wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, n is an integer selected from 0 to 10,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (II-2) or formula (II-3) is linked with an atom at site of the biomolecule portion is linked to the ZPA portion through X in formula (II-2) or (II-3) , and the ZPA portion is covalently linked to the Fc portion through a covalent bond. For example, the covalent bond is a C-X bond, e.g., a C-N bond, a C-C bond, a C-O bond, or a C-S bond.42. The conjugate of embodiment 41, wherein the Fc portion comprises an antibody.43. The conjugate of embodiment 41, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, a polycolonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, and / or a human antibody.44. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-13 and 17-36, the protein of embodiment 14, the nucleic acid of embodiment 15, the vector of embodiment 16, the ZPA protein of embodiment 37 or embodiment 38, the conjugate of embodiment 39, and / or the conjugate of any one of embodiments 41-43, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.45. A kit, comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-13 and 17-36, the protein of embodiment 14, the nucleic acid of embodiment 15, the vector of embodiment 16, the ZPA protein of embodiment 37 or embodiment 38, the conjugate of embodiment 39, and / or the conjugate of any one of embodiments 41-43.46. A use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of embodiments 1-13 and 17-36, the protein of embodiment 14, the nucleic acid of embodiment 15, the vector of embodiment 16, the ZPA protein of embodiment 37 or embodiment 38, the conjugate of embodiment 39, and / or the conjugate of any one of embodiments 41-43, the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 44 and / or the kit of embodiment 45, in preparation of a medicine for preventing, treating and / or alleviating a disease or disorder.47. The use of embodiment 46, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with abnormal expression of PD-L1 or PD-1.48. The use of embodiment 46, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with KRAS mutation.49. The use of any one of embodiments 46-47, wherein the disease or disorder is a tumor.
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[0337] Examples
[0338] The following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc. ) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Standard abbreviations may be used, e.g., bp, base pair (s) ; kb, kilobase (s) ; pl, picoliter (s) ; s or sec, second (s) ; min, minute (s) ; h or hr, hour (s) ; aa, amino acid (s) ; nt, nucleotide (s) ; i. m., intramuscular (ly) ; i. p., intraperitoneal (ly) ; s. c., subcutaneous (ly) ; and the like.
[0339] Example 1 Design and genetic encoding of epoxide-bearing Tyrosine
[0340] Seven epoxide-bearing Tyrosine analogs (EPOYs) were designed, including EPOY-1, EPOY-2, EPOY-3, EPOY-4, EPOY-5, EPOY-6, and EPOY-7 (Fig 1) . Methyl-substitution on epoxide group was designed to tune the reactivity of epoxide. Epoxide warheads on EPOY2, EPOY3, EPOY4 and EPOY5 are designed to hold the different reactivity to meet the requirements in different applications. The reactivity ranking of these four warheads is EPOY2 > EPOY3 > EPOY4 > EPOY5.
[0341] Meanwhile, epoxide warheads on EPOY1, EPOY3, EPOY6 and EPOY7 are designed to hold the different linker to achieve different spatial orientation and crosslinking radius (Fig 2) .
[0342] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY1
[0343] To a stirring solution of protected tyrosine (3, 5.0 mmol) in acetone (2 mL) was added a mixture of 1- (chloromethyl) -4-vinylbenzene (4a, 6.0 mmol) , K2CO3 (10.0 mmol) , and KI (6.0 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) . The reaction mixture was refluxed for 9 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent was removed by evaporators, the residue was treated with H2O (15 mL) , extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) , dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated by vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 5a (yield: 58%) .
[0344] To a stirred solution of 5a (2.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (3.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The solution was concentrated to ca. 1 / 4 volume and mixed with Na2S2O3 (3.0 g in 25 mL H2O) . The biphasic mixture was stirred vigorously for 2 hours, and then the organic phase was washed (aqueous NaHCO3) and evaporated to obtain the crude product as an off-white solid, which was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain product 6a (yield: 60%) .
[0345] Compound 6a (1.0 mmol) was stirred with 10 mL dioxane in an ice bath, KOH (15.0 mmol) was added, water (2.5 mL) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours. Then, aqueous CA (0.5 M) was added, and the pH was adjusted to 7-8. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was washed with H2O (40 mL, three times) , THF (40 mL) , and ether (40 mL) and then concentrated in vacuo to give the product as an off-white solid (EPOY1, yield: 54%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ 7.45 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.33 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.19-7.13 (m, 2H) , 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H) , 5.02 (s, 2H) , 4.05-4.00 (m, 1H) , 3.44-3.38 (m, 1H) , 3.24 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.06-3.01 (m, 1H) , 2.88 (dd, J = 13.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.75 (dd, J = 13.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, D2O) δ 182.18, 156.40, 136.97, 136.43, 131.21, 130.49, 128.03, 126.10, 115.00, 69.60, 57.42, 52.83, 51.15, 40.01. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C18H20NO4 [M+H] +: 314.1392; Found: 314.1383.
[0346] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY2
[0347] To a stirring solution of protected tyrosine (3, 5.0 mmol) in acetone (2 mL) was added a mixture of 4-bromo-1-butene (4b, 6.0 mmol) , K2CO3 (10.0 mmol) , and KI (6.0 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) . The reaction mixture was refluxed for 9 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent was removed by evaporators, the residue was treated with H2O (15 mL) , extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) , dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated by vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 5b (yield: 62%) .
[0348] To a stirred solution of 5b (2.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (3.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The solution was concentrated to ca. 1 / 4 volume and mixed with a Na2S2O3 solution (3.0 g in 25 mL H2O) . The biphasic mixture was stirred vigorously for 2 hours, and then the organic phase was washed (aqueous NaHCO3) and evaporated to obtain the crude product as an off-white solid, which was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain pure 6b (yield: 60%) .
[0349] Compound 6b (1.0 mmol) was stirred with 10 mL dioxane in an ice bath, KOH (15.0 mmol) was added, water (2.5 mL) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours. Then, aqueous CA (0.5 M) was added, and the pH was adjusted to 7-8. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was washed with H2O (40 mL, three times) , THF (40 mL) , and ether (40 mL) and then concentrated in vacuo to give the product as an off-white solid (EPOY2, yield: 50%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ 7.26 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 7.03 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.01-3.90 (m, 1H) , 3.35-3.27 (m, 1H) , 3.22 (dd, J = 14.7, 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.08 (dd, J = 14.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.95 (t, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 2.78-2.71 (m, 1H) , 2.23-2.11 (m, 1H) , 1.96-1.85 (m, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.51, 159.40, 131.50, 130.26, 115.83, 65.87, 58.15, 50.86, 47.73, 38.94, 33.61. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C13H18NO4 [M+H] +: 252.1236; Found: 252.1227.
[0350] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY3
[0351] To a stirring solution of protected tyrosine (3, 5.0 mmol) in acetone (2 mL) was added a mixture of 4-bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene (4c, 6.0 mmol) , K2CO3 (10.0 mmol) , and KI (6.0 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) . The reaction mixture was refluxed for 9 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent was removed by evaporators, the residue was treated with H2O (15 mL) , extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) , dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated by vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 5c (yield: 60%) .
[0352] To a stirred solution of 5c (2.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (3.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The solution was concentrated to ca. 1 / 4 volume and mixed with a Na2S2O3 solution (3.0 g in 25 mL H2O) . The biphasic mixture was stirred vigorously for 2 hours, and then the organic phase was washed (aqueous NaHCO3) and evaporated to obtain a crude off-white solid product, which was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain pure 6c (yield: 60%) .
[0353] Compound 6c (1.0 mmol) was stirred with 10 mL dioxane in an ice bath, KOH (15.0 mmol) was added, water (2.5 mL) was added in portions, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours. Then, aqueous CA (0.5 M) was added, and the pH was adjusted to 7-8. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was washed with H2O (40 mL, three times) , THF (40 mL) , and ether (40 mL) and then concentrated in vacuo to give the product as an off-white solid (EPOY3, yield: 55%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ 7.18 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.95 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.24-4.14 (m, 2H) , 3.46-3.40 (m, 1H) , 2.90 (dd, J = 13.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.87-2.83 (m, 1H) , 2.81-2.75 (m, 2H) , 2.04 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.38 (s, 3H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, D2O) δ 182.39, 156.54, 131.01, 130.55, 114.82, 64.73, 57.84, 57.38, 54.84, 39.80, 35.13, 19.86. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C14H20NO4 [M+H] +: 266.1392; Found: 266.1383.
[0354] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY4
[0355] To a stirred solution of 4d (7.5 mmol) in THF (10 mL) were added sequentially N-Cbz-L-Tyrosine benzyl ester (5.0 mmol) , triphenylphosphine (7.5 mmol) and Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (7.5 mmol) . The mixture was heated at 75 ℃, overnight and then was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to afford 5d (yield: 91%) .
[0356] To a stirred solution of 5d (4.5 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (6.8 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (17 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 6d (yield: 78%) .
[0357] A mixture of 6d (3.5 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (150 mg) in methanol (40 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOY-4 as a white solid (yield: 78%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 7.16 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 6.93 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 4.13 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.85 (dd, J = 7.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.13 (dd, J = 14.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.02 –2.95 (m, 3H) , 2.05 (m, 1H) , 1.82 (m, 1H) , 1.21 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 173.94, 157.39, 130.62, 127.73, 115.30, 65.32, 59.16, 56.61, 56.01, 35.42, 30.97, 16.39. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C14H20NO4 [M+H] +: 266.1392; Found: 266.1383.
[0358] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY5
[0359] To a stirring solution of N-Cbz-L-Tyrosine benzyl ester (10 mmol) in acetone (4.0 mL) was added a mixture of 4e (20 mmol) , K2CO3 (25 mmol) , and KI (1.0 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) . The reaction mixture was refluxed for 9 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent was removed by evaporators, the residue was treated with H2O (15 mL) , extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated by vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 5e (yield: 62%) .
[0360] To a stirred solution of 5e (6.0 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (9.0 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (20 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 6e (yield: 81%) .
[0361] A mixture of 6e (5.0 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (200 mg) in methanol (50 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOY-5 as a white solid (yield: 85%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 7.19 (d, J = 8.5, 2H) , 6.95 (d, J = 8.6, 2H) , 4.10 –4.03 (m, 1H) , 3.91 –3.84 (m, 1H) , 3.18 –3.11 (m, 2H) , 3.03 –2.97 (m, 1H) , 2.13 –2.03 (m, 1H) , 1.96 –1.86 (m, 1H) , 1.27 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 6H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 174.71, 173.93, 157.46, 130.66, 127.74, 115.42, 65.67, 64.21, 61.74, 56.04, 35.46, 27.96, 23.62, 17.62. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C15H21NO4 [M+H] +: 280.1543; Found: 280.1538.
[0362] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY6
[0363] To a stirred solution of 4f (15 mmol) in THF (20 mL) were added sequentially N-Cbz-L-Tyrosine benzyl ester (10 mmol) , triphenylphosphine (15 mmol) and Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (15 mmol) . The mixture was heated at 75 ℃, overnight and then was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to afford 5f (yield: 90%) .
[0364] To a stirred solution of 5f (9 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (13.5 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 6f (yield: 79%) .
[0365] A mixture of 6f (7 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (300 mg) in methanol (70 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOY-6 as a white solid (yield: 81%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 7.18 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 6.95 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.95 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.88 (m, 1H) , 3.15 (m, 1H) , 3.04 –2.96 (m, 2H) , 2.84 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H) , 1.41 (s, 3H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 173.92, 157.46, 130.66, 128.09, 115.46, 70.73, 57.63, 56.03, 52.42, 35.45, 17.33. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C13H17NO4 [M+H] +: 252.1230; Found: 252.1227.
[0366] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOY7
[0367] To a stirred solution of 4g (15 mmol) in THF (20 mL) were added sequentially N-Cbz-L-Tyrosine benzyl ester (10 mmol) , triphenylphosphine (15 mmol) and Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (15 mmol) . The mixture was heated at 75 ℃, overnight and then was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to afford 5g (yield: 92%) .
[0368] To a stirred solution of 5g (9 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (13.5 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 6g (yield: 75%) .
[0369] A mixture of 6g (7 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (300 mg) in methanol (70 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOY-7 as a white solid (yield: 79%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 7.19 (dd, J = 9.2, 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 7.01 –6.90 (m, 2H) , 4.40 –4.33 (m, 1H) , 4.06 –3.85 (m, 2H) , 3.44 –3.18 (m, 2H) , 3.15 (dd, J =14.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.05 –2.95 (m, 1H) , 1.30 (dd, J = 5.5, 4.4 Hz, 3H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 173.93, 157.28, 130.68, 128.14, 115.43, 68.07, 58.48, 56.02, 54.08, 45.31, 35.45, 16.18. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C13H17NO4 [M+H] +: 252.1230; Found: 252.1227.
[0370] Example 2 Design and synthesis of epoxide-bearing Lysine
[0371] Six epoxide-bearing Lysine analogs (EPOKs) were designed, including EPOK-1, EPOK-2, EPOK-3, EPOK-4, EPOK-5 and EPOK6 (Fig 1, and Fig 3) . Methyl-substitution on epoxide group was designed to tune the reactivity of epoxide. Epoxide warheads on EPOK-1, EPOK-2, EPOK-3 and EPOK-4 are designed to hold the different reactivity to meet the requirements in different applications. The reactivity ranking of these four warheads is EPOK-1 > EPOK-2 > EPOK-3 > EPOK-4.
[0372] Meanwhile, Epoxide warheads on EPOK6, EPOK3, EPOK5 are designed to hold the different linker to achieve different spatial orientation and crosslinking radius (Fig 3) .
[0373] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOK1
[0374] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Nα -Cbz-L-lysine (3.6 mmol) was dissolved in benzyl alcohol to a 0.8 M solution and cooled in an ice bath for 5 min. Thionyl chloride (18 mmol) were added dropwise to the mixture. After complete addition, the reaction was stirred 6 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was used in the next step without further purification.
[0375] To a stirred solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 was added dropwise a solution of 8a (10 mmol) and pyridine (11 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was subsequently washed with 1 N HCl (20 mL) , water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 9a (yield: 90%) .
[0376] To a stirred solution of 7 (10 mmol) and DIPEA (19 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise a solution 9a. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the complete reaction was achieved, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 M HCl, water, and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10a (yield: 80%) .
[0377] To a stirred solution of 10a in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (1.5 equiv. ) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 11a (yield: 54%) .
[0378] A mixture of 11a (3.8 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (150 mg) in methanol (40 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford 12a as a white solid (yield: 89%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 4.19-4.02 (m, 2H) , 3.63 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.17-2.97 (m, 3H) , 2.83 (m, 1H) , 2.59 (m, 1H) , 1.96-1.61 (m, 4H) , 1.49-1.23 (m, 4H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 174.71, 158.58, 64.86, 54.65, 51.44, 47.52, 39.90, 31.51, 30.05, 28.54, 21.58. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C11H20N2O5 [M+H] +: 261.1445; Found: 261.1445.
[0379] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOK2
[0380] To a stirred solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 was added dropwise a solution of 8b (10 mmol) and pyridine (11 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was subsequently washed with 1 N HCl (20 mL) , water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 9b (yield: 92%) .
[0381] To a stirred solution of 7 (10 mmol) and DIPEA (19 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise a solution 9b. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the complete reaction was achieved, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 M HCl, water, and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10b (yield: 91%) .
[0382] To a stirred solution of 10b in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (1.5 equiv. ) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 11b (yield: 76%) .
[0383] A mixture of 11b (6.3 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (300 mg) in methanol (80 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOK-2 as a white solid (yield: 91%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 4.11 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.04 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 2.71 (m, 2H) , 1.85-1.72 (m, 5H) , 1.45 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.37-1.24 (m, 5H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 174.85, 158.52, 61.67, 57.76, 54.73, 54.68, 39.90, 35.23, 30.10, 28.55, 21.59, 19.61. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C12H22N2O5 [M+H] +: 275.1601; Found: 275.1597.
[0384] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOK3
[0385] To a stirred solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 was added dropwise a solution of 8c (10 mmol) and pyridine (11 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was subsequently washed with 1 N HCl (20 mL) , water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 9c (yield: 95%) .
[0386] To a stirred solution of 7 (10 mmol) and DIPEA (19 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise a solution 9c. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the complete reaction was achieved, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 M HCl, water, and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10c (yield: 90%) .
[0387] To a stirred solution of 10c in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (1.5 equiv. ) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 11c (yield: 85%) .
[0388] A mixture of 11c (6.3 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (300 mg) in methanol (80 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOK-3 as a white solid (yield: 87%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 4.11 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.67-3.59 (m, 1H) , 3.04 (m, 2H) , 2.98-2.85 (m, 2H) , 1.93-1.84 (m, 1H) , 1.83-1.73 (m, 2H) , 1.73-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 2H) , 1.36-1.26 (m, 2H) , 1.21 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 174.79, 158.57, 62.20, 59.06, 56.47, 54.67, 39.91, 31.07, 30.06, 28.53, 21.58, 16.38. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C12H22N2O5 [M+H] +: 275.1601; Found: 275.1597.
[0389] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOK4
[0390] To a stirred solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 was added dropwise a solution of 8d (10 mmol) and pyridine (11 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was subsequently washed with 1 N HCl (20 mL) , water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 9d (yield: 91%) .
[0391] To a stirred solution of 7 (10 mmol) and DIPEA (18 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise a solution 9d. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the complete reaction was achieved, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 M HCl, water, and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10d (yield: 85%) .
[0392] To a stirred solution of 10c in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (1.5 equiv. ) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 11c (yield: 75%) .
[0393] A mixture of 11c (5.8 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (250 mg) in methanol (60 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOK-4 as a white solid (yield: 79%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 4.34 (dd, J = 12.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.96 (dd, J = 12.4, 7.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.65 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.19 –3.04 (m, 3H) , 1.86 –1.74 (m, 2H) , 1.48 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.37 –1.26 (m, 8H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 174.91, 158.23, 63.55, 62.64, 61.36, 54.72, 40.04, 30.13, 28.49, 23.51, 21.59, 17.78.
[0394] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOK5
[0395] To a stirred solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 was added dropwise a solution of 8e (10 mmol) and pyridine (11 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was subsequently washed with 1 N HCl (20 mL) , water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 9e (yield: 95%) .
[0396] To a stirred solution of 7 (10 mmol) and DIPEA (19 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise a solution 9e. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the complete reaction was achieved, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 M HCl, water, and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10e (yield: 86%) .
[0397] To a stirred solution of 10e in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (1.5 equiv. ) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 11e (yield: 79%) .
[0398] A mixture of 11e (6.5 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (300 mg) in methanol (80 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOK-5 as a white solid (yield: 85%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 4.33 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.86 (dd, J = 12.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.65-3.56 (m, 1H) , 3.15-3.01 (m, 4H) , 1.83-1.69 (m, 2H) , 1.45 (m, 2H) , 1.37-1.26 (m, 2H) , 1.24 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 3H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 175.14, 158.13, 64.02, 58.20, 54.72, 53.97, 39.98, 30.21, 28.44, 21.57, 16.09. HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C11H20N2O5 [M+H] +: 261.1445; Found: 261.1441.
[0399] [Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]Synthesis of EPOK6
[0400] To a stirred solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 was added dropwise a solution of 8f (10 mmol) and pyridine (11 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was subsequently washed with 1 N HCl (20 mL) , water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to give product 9f (yield: 92%) .
[0401] To a stirred solution of 7 (10 mmol) and DIPEA (19 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise a solution 9f. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the complete reaction was achieved, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 M HCl, water, and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was purified by column chromatography to obtain 10f (yield: 90%) .
[0402] To a stirred solution of 10f in DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of m-CPBA (1.5 equiv. ) in DCM (20 mL) to an ice bath. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 were added, and the resulting solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The reaction is quenched by the addition of 10 w%Na2SO3 solution (35 mL) . The organic layer is washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to obtain 11f (yield: 76%) .
[0403] A mixture of 11f (6.5 mmol) and 10%Pd / C (300 mg) in methanol (80 mL) was stirred overnight under hydrogen pressure (balloon) . The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford EPOK-6 as a white solid (yield: 89%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O) δ 3.99 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.03 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 2.97-2.92 (m, 1H) , 2.90-2.83 (m, 1H) , 1.83-1.56 (m, 5H) , 1.51-1.41 (m, 3H) , 1.38-1.25 (m, 2H) , 1.24-1.17 (m, 3H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, D2O) δ 174.78, 158.83, 64.85, 61.40, 57.16, 54.67, 39.88, 30.06, 28.54, 27.75, 24.81, 21.58, 16.45.
[0404] HRMS (ESI) Calcd for C13H24N2O5 [M+H] +: 289.1758; Found: 289.1753.
[0405] Example 3 Genetic encoding of epoxide-bearing Tyrosine and Lysine
[0406] To site-specifically incorporating the EPOYs or EPOKs in to a protein of interest (POI) , we evolved the pyrrolysine aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (PylRS) to recognize these UAAs. According to the complex structures composed of published PylRS mutants and a UAA molecule, we constructed the saturation mutagenesis libraries at one or more of these sites: L270, L274, N311, C313, Y349.
[0407] Subsequently, A dual reporter selection system including a selection marker (Cm-112TAG) and a screening marker (sfGFP-N149TAG) were used to screen the PylRS library (Fig 4) . After one round of selection by this dual reporter system for each EPOY or EPOY amino acids, the hit colonies were picked for further validation. After the validation, we successfully identified the desired variant of PylRS for recognizing EPOY-1~7 and EPOK-1~6. The mutations information is listed in table 1 and table 2.
[0408] Table 1
[0409] Table 2
[0410] We take the EPOY3 as the example to describe the evolution processes of PylRS:
[0411] The PylRS used in this study was the chimera PylRS (chPylRS) , and four mutations, V31I, T56P, H62Y, and A100E, were further added to the tRNA binding domain of PylRS to improve its activity. The sequence of PylRS-WT (chPylRS) is listed as follows:
[0412] The PylRS-WT described herein refers to the above sequence SEQ ID NO: 3. The PylRS mutants, mutation sites and mutated amino acids described in Table 1 and Table 2 are all numbered with reference to the above sequence in terms of amino acid site numbering and mutation description.
[0413] For library construction, multiple site-directed saturation mutations were used for full randomization, and the PCR products were digested with DpnI. Next, the PCR products were phosphorylated. Then, the phosphorylated PCR products were ligated with T4 ligase overnight, and the mixture was transformed into E. coli DH5a cells. The transformants were recovered in 900 μL of LB medium at 37℃ for 1 h and plated on ampicillin-containing LB agar plates. All the resulting colonies were washed off the plates using LB medium and extracted to obtain the chPylRS-IPYE-MbPylRS library plasmids. The quality of the library was verified by sequencing the mixed plasmids, which showed no sequence bias at the randomized sites. The selection of mutants specific for EPOY3 was carried out as described.
[0414] The library was co-transformed with a plasmid encoding dual reporter selection system into E. coli DH10B cells, including a selection marker (Cm-112TAG) and a screening marker (sfGFP-N149TAG) . The mixture was subsequently coated on agar plates supplemented with ampicillin (50 mg / L) , chloramphenicol (34 mg / L) and the 1mM EPOY3. Colonies that showed green fluorescence under UV light were picked from agar plates and subsequently grown in 500 μL of LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (50 mg / L) and chloramphenicol (34 mg / L) in a deep 96-well plate overnight at 37℃. After 1: 100 dilutions in two 96-well plates containing 500 μL of LB supplemented with ampicillin and chloramphenicol, the cells were cultured at 37℃. When the OD600 reached 0.8, 5 μL of 100 mM EPOY3 was added to 96-well plates, and then 5 μL of 20%arabinose was added to each well. After being cultured for 12 h at 30 ℃, 200 μL of E. coli was transferred to a V bottom 96-well plate and concentrated by centrifugation. Next, the supernatant (LB) was removed, and the fluorescence of the bacterial pellets in each well was measured using a Spark Multimode Microplate Reader.
[0415] Example 4 Genetic encoding of EPOY3 in mammalian cell by the evolved PylRS mutant (EPOY3-RS)
[0416] To encode EPOY in mammalian cells, EPOY-RS was constructed in the pCMV vector with a CMV promotor, and four tRNA copies with the U6 promoter were used in this plasmid. The concentration of EOPY used in both E. coli and mammalian cells was 0.5 mM. HEK 293T cells (5×105) were seeded in 6-well plates and cultured with DMEM (+10%FBS and 1: 100 penicillin-streptomycin) for 20 h (~70%confluence) . Five micrograms of the pCMV-EPOY3RS plasmid and 5 μg of the pCMV-GFP-Y40TAG plasmid were transfected into the cells using a Lipo3000 Transfection Kit. After 6 h of transfection, EPOY3 was added to the medium at a final concentration of 1 mM. After coincubation for 24 h, the cells were imaged using confocal microscopy (Fig 5) . The results shows that the evolved PylRS mutant is able to encoding EPOY3 in mammalian cell.
[0417] Example 5 Incorporation of EPOY3 in Z domain of protein A (ZPA) for the site-specific modification of Fc domain in antibody drugs
[0418] Expression or purification of EPOY containing proteins
[0419] Plasmid encoding ZPA-TAG and plasmid encoding PylRS were co-transformed into E. coli DH10B. For expression of ZPA, transformed bacteria were cultured at 37 ℃ in LB medium with 50 μg / mL ampicillin and 34 μg / mL chloromycetin. When OD600 reached 0.5, EPOY was added and the cultured temperature was tuned to 30 ℃. Next, 0.2 %Ara was added when OD600 reached 0.8 and the bacteria were cultured for another 16 h. subsequently, bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 min at 4 ℃. Next, the cell pellets were re-suspended in 10 mL lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Imidazole) per gram of wet weight. The cell suspension was lysed in an ice-water bath for 30 min by sonication. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 30 min at 4 ℃ and the supernatant was loaded in a Ni-NTA column (HisTrap HP, 5 mL, GE Healthcare) and washed with wash buffer (40 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole) for 5 column volume. The protein was then eluted with elution buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole) . The eluted protein solution was concentrated by ultrafiltration centrifugation (Millipore, Cat#UFC900324, MWCO = 3000 Da) and then further purified by size exclusion chromatography with Superdex 75 10 / 300 GL (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with PBS.
[0420] Crosslinking between ZPA-EPOY3 and Herceptin antibody
[0421] The methods for fast and site-specific modification of a commercialized antibodies are useful tools for the development of antibody derivatives, such as antibody drug conjugates and diagnostic reagents. Chemical labeling of surface Lys or reduced disulfide bond of the antibody usually resulted in the heterogeneous products, while the site-specific labeling via the engineered Cys or genetically encoded UAAs with biorthogonal handle need further protein engineering of antibody, which are all not suitable for the fast and site-specific modification of a commercialized antibodies.
[0422] Here, we developed site-specific antibody modification technique via the EPOY3 incorporated Z domain of protein A (ZPA) . ZPA is derived from the z domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A, and the full length of the protein is only 60-mer amino acids. ZPA binds to the Fc domain of human and mouse antibody without affecting the function. We envisioned that the addition of an epoxide structure on the ZPA protein would allow the formation of a stable covalent bond between the ZPA and the Fc domain at the interaction interface.
[0423] Sequence of ZPA protein:
[0424] According to the cocrystal structure of ZPA and human IgG1 antibody Fc domain (PDB: 1Fc2) , we selected 9 sites on the ZPA protein, including N6, A14, F15, Y16, I18, E25, G29, S33 and D36, and then incorporate the EPOY3 into these sites (Fig 6A) . Next, we added the Herceptin drug, which is an FDA approved IgG1 antibody that target to Her2 protein, to the E coli cell lysate with expressed ZPA-EPOY3 variant to figure out which position is efficient for crosslinking between the ZPA-EPOY and Herceptin drug. As shown in Fig 6B, EPOY at the position I16 and E25 could covalently crosslink to Herceptin efficiently, and the ZPA-I16-EPOY3 exhibited higher crosslinking efficiency than ZPA-E25-EPOY3. Next, we mixed the purified ZPA-E25-EPOY3 and the Herceptin drug together, the crosslinking efficiency could reach to 90%after 12 h incubation.
[0425] Crosslinking between ZPA-EPOY3-toxin and 14 FDA approved antibody drugs
[0426] Subsequently, we would like to build a general platform for the antibody drug derivatization. We first labeled the ZPA-I16-EPOY3 proteins with a potent toxin (GGG-MMAE) via the Sortase mediated conjugation (Fig. 7) . When we mixed the labeled ZPA protein and the Herceptin drug together for 6 hours, we could obtain the homogeneous labeled antibody drugs.
[0427] Next, in order to demonstrate the general applicability of this methods, we conducted site-specific conjugation experiments on 14 prescription antibody drugs that have been approved by the FDA. These antibody drugs include all IgG1-IgG4 subtypes and the indication of drugs ranges from the anti-cancer drug to the auto-immune disease. We added ZPA-E25-EPOY3 to these antibody drugs and the results show clear and efficient covalent crosslink between ZPA and all antibody drugs (Fig. 7) .
[0428] These results indicated that the pre-prepared ZPA-EPOY linked with the probes / toxins will be developed as a kit to directly make derivatized antibody drugs by just mix them together, which will be a useful tool in the fast evaluation for the any antibody drugs and Fc fused protein drugs.
[0429] In summary, we have obtained a ZPA-I16-EOY3 protein that is highly convenient and efficient for homogeneous conjugation of human antibody subtypes, which broadens the application scenario of antibody drugs in clinical diagnosis and therapy.
[0430] Example 6 Covalent crosslinking between ZPA protein and antibody drug by genetically encoded epoxide containing amino acids (EPOY1~EPOY7)
[0431] Based on the aforementioned results, we aimed to demonstrate that different genetically encoded EPOY amino acids (EPOY1~EPOY7) can be utilized for covalent protein-protein crosslinking. We selected the ZPA protein and the previously identified sites (E25) to incorporate EPOYs. We expressed seven variants of ZPA, each incorporating one of the EPOY-1 to EPOY-7 amino acids at position E25, in E. coli cell lysates. Each of these lysates was then mixed with the Herceptin protein, and the crosslinking was subsequently observed. We found that ZPA proteins carrying each of these seven amino acids were capable of crosslinking with Herceptin (Fig 8) .
[0432] Example 7 Covalent crosslinking between ZPA protein and antibody drug by genetically encoded epoxide containing amino acids (EPOK1~EPOK6)
[0433] Next, we aimed to demonstrate that genetically encoded EPOK amino acids (EPOK1~EPOK6) can be utilized for covalent protein-protein crosslinking. We also selected the ZPA protein and the E25 position to incorporate EPOKs. We expressed seven variants of ZPA, each incorporating one of the EPOK-1 to EPOK-6 amino acids at position E25, in E. coli cell lysates. Each of these lysates was then mixed with the Herceptin protein, and the crosslinking was subsequently observed. We found that ZPA proteins carrying each of these six amino acids were capable of crosslinking with Herceptin (Fig 9) .
[0434] Example 8
[0435] We aimed to evaluate the reactivity potential of EPOY3 toward different side chains of native amino acids. We mixed EPOY3 with various mimics of natural amino acid side chains in PBS buffer, including molecules with amine, imidazole, guanidyl, hydroxyl, thiol, phenol, carboxyl, and thioether groups (Fig 10) . After 8 hours, we analyzed each reaction by monitoring the target ions of the reactant and product by UPLC-MS. We observed that EPOY3 could react with all eight molecules to afford the target product in different yields. For the His and Cys mimics, the product yields were the highest two example, for the mimics of Met, Lys and Arg, the yield was modest, for the mimics of Asp and Glu and Ser and Thr, the yield is relatively lower. These results demonstrated that EPOY3 has the potential to be broadly react to 10 kinds of nucleophile at the phicilogical condition and this further indicated EPOY3 could be applied for covalent binding to multiple kinds of native residues at protein-protein interaction interfaces. To further confirm the structure of the ring open reaction product of EPOY3, we take the imidazole (Fig 11) and mercaptoethanol (Fig12) as the representative mimics of native sidechains to purify the crosslinked products. After the NMR characterization, we finally confirmed the crosslinked structure between EPOY3 and nucleophilic residues
[0436] The reactions are conducted as follows:
[0437] Small molecule nucleophiles, including β-mercaptoethanol, imidazole, methyl sulfide, acetic acid, ethanol, n-butylamine, phenol, and ethylguanidine, are used as natural amino acid side chain mimics. Each nucleophile (100 mM) was mixed with EPOY3 (1 mM) in PBS buffer (pH 8) and reacted for 8 hours at 37℃. Next, the mixture was diluted 100-fold with water and subjected to UPLC-MS analysis (selected ion record mode) . We observed that EPOY3 could react with all eight molecules to afford the target product with different conversion rates. To conduct the reaction of EPOY3 and imidazole under different conditions, a mixture of a 200-fold excess of imidazole was added to a solution of EPOY3 (1 mM) in PBS (pH 8) for 8 hours at 37℃. The pH, temperature, and stoichiometry of imidazole were then systematically altered to identify which conditions are essential for the reaction, such as a change in pH from 8 to 6, a temperature shift from 37℃ to 4℃, or a decrease in the imidazole / EPOY3 ratio from 200: 1 to 1: 1. Next, the mixture was diluted 100-fold with deionized water and subjected to UPLC-MS to examine the retention time and peak area of EPOY3 and the product. We observed that the reactions were conducted under physiological conditions at 37℃ and pH = 8, revealing efficient reactivity between the epoxide group of EPOY3 and imidazole.
[0438] Next, we aimed to establish the correlation between the reactivity at the small-molecule level and the proximal reactivity at the protein level. Thus, the performance of the reaction between EPOY3 and imidazole was studied under different reaction conditions. First, as free nucleophiles (amino acids, thiols) are usually present at micromolar to millimolar concentrations inside cells, we conducted millimolar reactions of epoxide warheads and nucleophiles to study how quickly the free amino acids were consumed by the nucleophiles (Fig 13) . Next, when the binder binds to the target protein, the covalent warhead becomes closer to nucleophilic residues, and the local concentration of nucleophilic residues increases significantly. Therefore, we mimic this proximity effect with an excess of a highly concentrated nucleophilic reagent (200 eq imidazole) . Subsequently, we utilized 4 ℃ to study the stability of the epoxide group under bioregent storage conditions and utilized 37 ℃ to study the stability of the epoxide group under cell culture conditions. Finally, we used a pH of 6.0 because the pKa of the imidazole group is approximately 7.0, and most of the imidazole will be protonated at pH 6.0. We used these conditions to demonstrate that even when the concentration of imidazole was 200 eq, the free imidazole was the real reactive species, and the protonation of the imidazole significantly decreased its reactivity to the epoxide (Fig 13) . These results collectively demonstrated that EPOY3 reactivity is sensitive to proximity and that the reactivity of EPOY3 is tunable under different physiologically relevant conditions. In summary, EPOY3 has emerged as a stable, broadly reactive, and potentially proximity-dependent covalent warhead, rendering it suitable for covalent protein targeting.
[0439] Example 9 Verification of the covalent crosslinking capability of EPOY3 on the protein target
[0440] The sequence of PelB-KN035-LPETGG-6×His in prokaryotic
[0441] Crosslinking experiments between KN035 and PD-L1 variants in vitro
[0442] Purified KN035 (KN035-EPOY3 or KN035-FSY) was incubated with PD-L1 (Sino Biological, Cat#141 10084-HNAH) at a molar ratio of 2: 1 in PBS at 37℃ for 4-12 h. The concentration of KN035 was 20 μM, and the concentration of PD-L1 was 10 μM. After the reaction, reduced loading buffer was added to the system, and the mixture was heated at 95 ℃ for 15 min. These samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE and further analyzed for cross-linking by western blotting.
[0443] Crosslinking experiments between KN035 and PD-L1 variants in live cells
[0444] A375 cells (5×105) stably expressing the PD-L1 protein were seeded in 6-well plates and cultured with DMEM (+10%FBS and 1: 100 penicillin-streptomycin) for 24 h (>90%confluence) . KN035-EPOY3 was diluted in HBSS (at final concentrations ranging from 0.1 -1 micromole) . Next, the cell culture medium was removed, and then 1 ml of HBSS (containing KN035-EPOY3) was added to the wells. After incubation at 37℃ for 10 h for covalent crosslinking, the cells were washed twice with PBS and then collected for immunoblotting analysis.
[0445] LC-MS / MS analysis for verification of crosslinking sites
[0446] The crosslinked target bands were cut off, and the bands were transferred to 1.5 mL EP tubes. The bands were washed twice with ddH2O, and 500 μL decolorizing solution (mass spectrometry grade acetonitrile mixed with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate in equal volume) was added. The tubes were placed in a 37℃ incubator, and the decolorizing solution was changed every 20 min. The decolorizing solution was removed until the solution became colorless. Next, 3trypsin (Promega, Cat# V5111) and chymotrypsin (Promega, Cat# V1061) enzymes (working concentration of 20 ng / μl) were used for in-gel digestion to obtain the digested peptides. The supernatant was collected, and 200 μl of extraction solution (50%acetonitrile, 45%water, 5%formic acid) was added to the gel. After shaking at 1200 rpm for 25 min at 37℃, the mixture was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm to collect the supernatant, which was combined with the previously collected supernatant in an EP tube. Finally, the combined solution was vacuum spun dry at 45℃ and desalted on a C18 column (Thermo# 17126-032130) for further LC-MS / MS analysis.
[0447] With the successful verification of the reaction between EPOY3 and mimics of natural residues, the covalent crosslinking capability of EPOY3 on a real protein-protein interaction interface were studies. We utilized the PD-L1 nanobody (KN035) and recombinant extracellular domain of PD-L1 as a model system to evaluate the covalent crosslinking capability of EPOY3 (Fig 14A) . Based on the co-crystalline structure of PD-L1 and KN03533 (PDB: 5JDS) and previously published work (Journal of the American Chemical Society 2021, 143 (40) , 16377-16382) , we site-specifically incorporated EPOY3 in the position of L108. Afterward, we mixed the purified KN035-EPOY3 and PD-L1-WT (H69) in PBS buffer, and the results demonstrated that over 70%of the PD-L1 protein was cross-linked by KN035-EPOY3 within 10 h at 25 ℃ (Fig 14B) .
[0448] To confirm the expected crosslinked site between KN035-EPOY3 and PD-L1-WT, we conducted a tandem MS-MS analysis of the crosslinked structure. The secondary mass spectrometry results confirmed that KN035 formed a stable covalent cross-link with PD-L1-H69 through the epoxide structure at position 108 (Fig 14C) . Subsequently, covalent targeting of PD-L1 by KN035-EPOY3 was demonstrated at the cellular level. We treated living A375 cells with added KN035-EPOY3 and observed that the target protein (PD-L1) was successfully crosslinked by KN035-EPOY3 (Fig 14D) .
[0449] The reactivity of EPOY3 towards different native residues were investigated. We mutated PD-L1 H69 to 10 kinds of candidate residues, including Met, Cys, Arg, Lys, Asp, Glu, Tyr, Ser, Thr, and Ala (utilized as a negative control) . We next purified the mutants of PD-L1 from HEK 293F and mixed each mutant with KN035-EPOY3 (Fig 15) . Surprisingly, KN035-L108-EPOY3 covalently crosslinked with all PD-L1 mutants to a certain degree and crosslinked with Met, Asp and Glu with excellent efficiency (Fig 15) . Even for the residues such as Arg, Tyr and Ser / Thr, which were considered as weak nucleophile residues, the EPOY3 also demonstrated moderate crosslinking efficiency. To further verify the expected crosslinked position of PD-L1, we conducted tandem MS-MS analysis of the crosslinked band from the SDS page gel. Secondary mass spectra confirmed that crosslinking between EPOY and PD-L1 precisely occurred at position 69 of different mutants (Fig 15) .
[0450] Previously, FSY was reported to be genetically encoded for the covalent crosslinking to His, Lys and Tyr. Here, we utilized FSY as control to evaluated the crosslinking capability of KN035-L108-FSY to the Met, Glu, Asp and Cys. As shown in Fig 16, EPOY3 could successfully crosslink to these residues on the 69#position of PD-L1, but the FSY fail to crosslink to these residues.
[0451] In summary, these results demonstrate that EPOY3 exhibits selective proximal reactivity to a wide range of residues, providing an effective tool for covalently targeting different proteins of interest.
[0452] Example 10 Development of covalent pan-KRAS binder via the encoding of EPOY3 into DARPin protein
[0453] PelB-DARPin K13-6×His in prokaryotic
[0454] DARPin:
[0455] Crosslinking of DARPin-EPOY3 and KRAS in bacterial lysate for EPOY3 incorporation site screening
[0456] Two milliliters of overnight cultured bacteria that expressed DARPin with EPOY3 were centrifuged at 10000 rpm, and the supernatant was discarded. The cell pellets were washed twice with PBS, after which the bacteria were collected. Then, 200 μL of PBS buffer was added to resuspend the cell pellets, and 10× bugbuster (Merck, Cat# 70921) was added to lyse the bacteria on ice for 30 min. The resulting lysates were centrifuged at 20,000 rpm, and the resulting supernatant was used as the cross-linking reaction solution. Next, 4 μg of KRAS protein was added to 20 μL of reaction solution, and the mixture was allowed to react at 37℃ for 12 h. After the reaction, the sample was removed, 5× reduced loading buffer (CWBio, Cat# 195 CW0027) was added, and the sample was heated at 95℃ for 15 minutes; then, the crosslinking results were detected by western blotting.
[0457] DARPin-EPOY3 crosslinked with a KRAS mutant in HEK293T cell lysate
[0458] HEK293T cells were seeded in 6-well plates and transfected with the KRAS mutant plasmid by Lipofectamine 3000. Then, the cells were lysed on ice by adding cold 200 μL of RIPA buffer supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail. Then, the lysate was further lysed using 20 W ultrasound for 1 min, and the supernatant was collected by ultracentrifugation at 20,000 rpm for 5 min to obtain the KRAS mutant-containing cell lysate. Next, the DARPin-EPOY3 proteins were added to the lysate at 5 μM, and the mixtures were reacted at 37℃ for 12. The crosslinking efficiency of each mutant was analyzed by immunoblotting.
[0459] With this efficient proximally reactive UAA in hand, we next aim to target to the KRAS protein covalently. KRAS mutations are the driven oncogenic mutations in various cancers, and their therapeutic targeting of KRAS has long been a challenge in tumor drug development. A covalent targeting strategy against oncogenic mutation G12C has facilitated the successful development of KRAS-G12C inhibitors, which finally achieved FDA-approved drugs. Recently, selective targeting of the other KRAS mutations has also been achieved by the salt-bridge interactions to the G12D residue, as well as the covalently targeting to the G12D residue and G12R / G12S residues. However, a multitude of oncogenic mutations within KRAS, such as G12V, G12A, and G13D, lack covalent targeting tools, making the development of pan-KRAS inhibitors an attractive pursuit.
[0460] To achieve pan-targeting of KRAS, we need to avoid binding to regions where the conformation of KRAS varies among different oncogenic mutants, such as the region between residue V29-E37 and A59-G75 (Fig 17 A-B) . The rest parts of KRAS are the structurally constant among different oncogenic mutants, which we defined them as “constant region. ” This provided the structural basis to develop a pan-KRAS binding molecule. Therefore, our attention turns to the “constant region” of KRAS (residues 1-28, 38-58, and 76-169) , where the potential pan-KRAS targeting region (Fig 17 A-B) . However, a significant challenge arises, as this structurally invariant region of KRAS is also very similar to NRAS and HRAS at both the sequence level and structure level, resulting in a selectivity problem for a pan-KRAS inhibitor. Considering that all three proteins (KRAS, HRAS, NRAS) are widely expressed in normal cells, a pan-KRAS inhibitor could lead to severe side effects or toxicity if KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS are inhibited simultaneously. As the conformation of K / N / H-RAS is aligned very well, the sequence difference between K / N / H-RAS will be a potential factor in creating the selectivity between them (Fig 17 C) . Thus, our rational design is to achieve pan-KRAS targeting based on the structural similarity of all KRAS oncogenic mutants and avoiding off-target binding to NRAS / HRAS via a covalent interaction with one of the KRAS-specific residues.
[0461] Therefore, we focus on the region between residue 87-166. Upon aligning the sequence and structure of K / N / H-RAS, we find that six residues are unique in KRAS (Fig 17 C) , namely KRAS-H95 (NRAS for L, HRAS for Q) , E107 (NRAS and HRAS for D) , S122 (NRAS for T, HRAS for D), D153 (NRAS and HRAS for E) , K165 (N / H-RAS for Q) and E168 (NRAS for M, HRAS for L) . These six KRAS-specific residues provide potential targeting sites for achieving selectivity between K / N / H-RAS through interaction or covalent crosslinking. As the structural conformation of residue 87-166 keeps constant in K / N / H-RAS, pan-KRAS targeting could also be achieved.
[0462] To verify this strategy, we focus on a KRAS binding protein (DARPinK13) , which evolved from a class of scaffold proteins known as designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin) . DARPin can be evolved to bind different proteins by changing the amino acids at the binding interface, and the DarpinK13 is a class of KRAS-binding proteins obtained by rabbits and co-workers via phage display. The crystal structure of DarpinK13 and KRAS shows that the binding region of K13 to KRAS located at the helix 3 of KRAS, ranging from the residue 86 to 110 of KRAS, which is our target region to achieve the broad binding to all KRAS mutations (Fig. 18) . Herein, we selected 19 sites at the binding interface of DarpinK13 to incorporate EPOY3 and screened each variant to verify if the incorporated EPOY3 could covalently crosslink to the KRAS-specific residues (Fig. 18) .
[0463] By secondary ion mass spectrometry, we identified that the DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3 selectively crosslinked with the H95 residues. In contrast, the DarpinK13-K133-EPOY3 selectively crosslinked with the E107 residues (Fig. 18) . To our delight, both the H95 and E107 are the KRAS-specific residues compared to the HRAS and NRAS (Fig. 18) . Therefore, we envision that the DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3 and DarpinK13-K133-EPOY3 hold the potential to broadly target to all KRAS oncogenic mutants and selectively react with KRAS over H / N-RAS (Fig. 19 A-B) .
[0464] Selectivity of these two variants of DarpinK13-K133 / W35-EPOY3 to crosslink with K / N / H-RAS were verified. We added purified DarpinK13-W35 / K133-EPOY3 to the lysates of HEK293T cells containing overexpressed KRAS, HRAS or NRAS. After 6 hours of incubation, we clearly observed that the covalent cross-linking had occurred for KRAS in the immunoblot but not for HRAS and NRAS (Fig. 19 C-D) . This indicated that DarpinK13-W35 / K133-EPOY3 has good selectivity for KRAS. Meanwhile, as the H94 of N / H-RAS is non-reactive to DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3 and D107 of N / H-RAS is non-reactive to DarpinK13-K133-EPOY3, the precision, and accuracy of this proximity induced reactivity is well demonstrated. Compared with the reactivity of DarpinK13-W35 / K133-EPOY3, we found that W35-EPOY3 exhibited better crosslinking efficiency (Fig. 19 C-D) , we therefore utilized the DarpinK13-W35 -EPOY3 for the further study.
[0465] Subsequently, we compared the structures of the 12 oncogenic mutants of KRAS, and we found that in the region where the H95 residue is located, the structural difference between different mutants is very small (Fig. 20) . This suggests that covalent targeting of KRAS-H95 is potentially broad-spectrum for different mutants. To verify this idea, we added DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3 to the lysate expressing KRAS mutants. After incubation for a period of time, we found that DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3 could covalently cross-link with 9 of the top 10 oncogenic mutants in the mutation frequency (G12D / V / C / A / S / R, G13D / C, Q61H) , and only A146T was not able to be covalently targeted (Fig. 20) . This can also be explained by the crystal structure of the H95 residue of KRAS-146T, which is more deviated compared to other mutants. In conclusion, DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3 can achieve covalent cross-linking to the majority of oncogenic mutants of KRAS, and the percentage of mutants covered has exceeded 83%of all mutants (Fig. 20) .
[0466] In sum, the development of DarpinK13-W35-EPOY3, a covalently bound protein, provides a potential tool for selective targeting of KNH-RAS and broad-spectrum targeting of different KRAS mutants. Not only that, this result also reveals that H95 will be a key targeting residue to realize pan-KRAS covalent inhibitors in the future. Certainly, based on the comprehensive research conducted, the implications of EPOY3 as a proximally reactive tool in covalent cross-linking across various residues have far-reaching potential in diverse biomolecular interactions.
[0467] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
[0468] Example 11 Incorporation of EPOY3 in Z domain of protein A (ZPA) for the modification of a mouse antibody
[0469] Expression or purification of EPOY containing ZPA protein is describe in example 5. We found that incorporate EPOY3 into N6 position of ZPA (ZPA-N6-EPOY3) enabled the ZPA-N6-EPOY3 selectively crosslink to mouse antibody (Figure 21) . As the mouse antibody is widely used in R&D or used as an in vitro diagnostic reagent, our platform or technology could be used in the fast derivatization of mouse antibody, which can be further used to create diagnostic antibody, including fluorescent antibody, Chemiluminescent antibody and CyTOF antibody (Figure 21) .
[0470] Crosslinking between ZPA-EPOY3 and mouse antibody
[0471] Sequence of ZPA protein:
[0472] We selected 9 sites on the ZPA protein, including N6, A14, F15, Y16, I18, E25, G29, S33 and D36, and then incorporate the EPOY3 into these sites. Next, we added the mouse antibody (OKT3) , which is an mouse IgG1 antibody that target to CD3 protein, to the E coli cell lysate with expressed ZPA-EPOY3 variant to figure out which position is efficient for crosslinking between the ZPA-EPOY and mouse antibody. We find that EPOY at the position N6 could covalently crosslink to mouse antibody, and the ZPA-N16-EPOY3 did not crosslinked to human IgG1-IgG4 antibody (Figre 21) . These results demonstrated that the ZPA-N6-EPOY3 is a selective crosslinking regent to the mouse antibody. Foreseeably, these results indicated that the pre-prepared ZPA-N6-EPOY3 linked with the probes will be developed as a kit to directly make derivatized diagnostic mouse antibodyby just mix them together, which will be a useful tool in the fast evaluation for the any diagnostic mouse antibody.
Claims
[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-A) :whereinn is an integer selected from 0 to 10,m is an integer selected from 0 to 6,R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,RX is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl,RY is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl andRZ is F, Cl, Br, I or a -O-C1-C6 alkyl.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I) :whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, andRa is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-1) :whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, , wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, andthe formular (I-1) is linked with an atom at site of[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound has a structure of formular (I-2) or (I-3) :wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, andthe formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site ofThe compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R1 is hydrogen or -CH3.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-5, wherein R2 is hydrogen or -CH3.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-6, wherein R3 is hydrogen or -CH3.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-7, wherein Ra is -CH2-phenyl, phenyl-CH2-, -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, or -CH2-CH2-CH2-.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 4-8, wherein X is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 4-9, wherein X is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of, having a structure selected from the group consisting of:[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of, having a structure selected from the group consisting of:[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure selected from the group consisting of:wherein X is defined as any one of claims 4-10.A protein comprising the structure of compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 3-13.A nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding the protein of claim 14.A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 15.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-1) :whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an atom at site ofandthe compound is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1 through the structure of formular (I-1) .[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 17, wherein the structure after covalent linking to PD-L1 is shown in formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) :wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, andthe formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site ofThe compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 17-18, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of PD-L1 comprises an amino acid residue at position 69.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 19, wherein the amino acid residue at position 69 is selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 16-19, which is a protein.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 16-20, which is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 16-21, which comprises the structure of formular (I-1) at position L108 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a structure of formular (I-1) :whereinR1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an atom at site ofandthe compound is capable of being covalently linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS through the structure of formular (I-1) .[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 24, wherein the structure after covalently linking to KRAS is shown in formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) :wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, andthe formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site ofThe compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 24-25, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166 corresponding to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 26, wherein the amino acid residue from position 87 to position 166 is selected from the group consisting of histidine, lysine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, serine and threonine.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-27, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95, position D107, position S122, position D153, position K165 and / or position E168.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-28, wherein the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95 and / or position E107.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-29, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13, A146 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-30, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D, G12V, G12C, G13D, G12A, G12R, A146T, G12S, Q61H, G13C and Q61L, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-31, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation at the position of G12, G13 and / or Q61, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-32, wherein the KRAS is a mutant, wherein the mutant comprises an amino acid mutation selected from the group consisting of G12D、G12V、G12C、G13D、G12A、G12R、G12S and Q61H, compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25-33, which is a small molecule, a peptide or a protein.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 25 -34, which comprising the structure of formular (I-1) at position W35 and / or K133 corresponding with the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.A compound, which is capable of being linked to one or more amino acid residues of KRAS, and the one or more amino acid residues of KRAS comprises an amino acid residue at position H95 and / or position E107.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A Z domain of protein A (ZPA) protein, comprising an unnatural amino acid residue, wherein the unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formular (I-1) :wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, Ra is C1-C6 alkyl-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl -phenyl-C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl, and the formular (I-1) is linked with an amino acid residue at site ofThe ZPA protein of claim 37, comprising the unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A conjugate, comprising a ZPA portion and a biomolecule portion, wherein the ZPA portion comprises an unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the biomolecule portion comprising a therapeutic molecule, a diagnostic molecule and / or a detection molecule, wherein unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) :wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site ofand the biomolecule portion is linked to the ZPA portion through X in formula (I-2) or I-3.A method for preparing an antibody conjugate, comprising contacting an antibody and the conjugate of the claim 39.[Corrected under Rule 26, 24.12.2025]A conjugate, comprising an Fc portion, a ZPA portion and a biomolecule portion, the ZPA portion comprising an unnatural amino acid residue at position I16 and / or E25 corresponding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4,the biomolecule portion comprising a therapeutic molecule, a diagnostic molecule and / or a detection molecule,wherein unnatural amino acid residue has a structure of formula (I-2) or formula (I-3) :wherein R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl,Ra is C1-C6 alkylene-phenyl, -phenyl-C1-C6 alkylene, C1-C3 alkylene-phenyl-C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted,X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, imidazole group, amino group, thioether group, sulfonium salt, ester group, ether group and an amino acid residue, and the formular (I-2) or formula (I-3) is linked with an atom at site ofthe biomolecule portion is linked to the ZPA portion through X in formula (I-2) or (I-3) , and the ZPA portion is covalently linked to the Fc portion through a covalent bond.The conjugate of claim 41, wherein the Fc portion comprises an antibody.The conjugate of claim 41, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, a polycolonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, and / or a human antibody.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-13 and 17-36, the protein of claim 14, the nucleic acid of claim 15, the vector of claim 16, the ZPA protein of claim 37 or claim 38, the conjugate of claim 39, and / or the conjugate of any one of claims 41-43, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.A kit, comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-13 and 17-36, the protein of claim 14, the nucleic acid of claim 15, the vector of claim 16, the ZPA protein of claim 37 or claim 38, the conjugate of claim 39, and / or the conjugate of any one of claims 41-43.A use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1-13 and 17-36, the protein of claim 14, the nucleic acid of claim 15, the vector of claim 16, the ZPA protein of claim 37 or claim 38, the conjugate of claim 39, the conjugate of any one of claims 41-43, the pharmaceutical composition of claim 44 and / or the kit of claim 45, in preparation of a medicine for preventing, treating and / or alleviating a disease or disorder.The use of claim 46, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with abnormal expression of PD-L1 or PD-1.The use of claim 46, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with KRAS mutation.The use of any one of claims 46-47, wherein the disease or disorder is a tumor.A pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase, comprising an amino acid residue substitution within the substrate-binding site of the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the substrate-binding site are selected from the group consisting of:(1) L270, L274, N311, C313 and Y349;(2) L270, L274, N311, C313, Y349 and N272; and(3) Y271, L274, C313 and Y349.The pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase of claim 49, wherein the amino acid residue substitution is selected from the group consisting of:(1) L270F, L274S, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(2) L270F, L274C, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(3) L270S, L274F, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(4) L270S, L274V, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(5) L270C, L274F, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(6) L274H, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(7) L274N, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(8) L270H, L274Y, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(9) L274R, N311G, C313G, Y349F and N272D;(10) L274I, N311G, C313G and Y349F;(11) Y271A, L274M, and C313A;(12) L274A, C313S and Y349F;(13) L274A, and C313S; and(14) L274V, N311G, C313G and Y349F.