Cyclophilin inhibitors and uses thereof
Cyclosporin analogues serve as potent cyclophilin inhibitors, addressing the limitations of cyclosporin A by reducing immunosuppression and enhancing therapeutic efficacy for cyclophilin-mediated diseases.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/136541
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-31
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-04
AI Technical Summary
Existing treatments for cyclophilin-mediated diseases, such as inflammation and organ injury, are limited by the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporin A and its derivatives, which hinder their therapeutic potential.
Development of cyclosporin analogues that act as potent inhibitors of cyclophilin A and D, offering improved specificity and reduced immunosuppressive activity while effectively preventing or treating cyclophilin-mediated conditions.
The cyclosporin analogues provide effective inhibition of cyclophilins, reducing tissue damage and inflammation with minimal immunosuppression, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy for conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer, kidney disorders, and inflammatory diseases.
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Figure PCTCN2024136541-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024136541-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024136541-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CYCLOPHILIN INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOFDescriptionBACKGROUND
[0001] The present disclosure relates to cyclosporin analogues, and their use for the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders, in particular diseases or conditions associated with the proliferation of cytokines in inflammatory pathways. In particular, the disclosure relates to compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which may be provided as potent cyclophilin A inhibitors, cyclophilin D inhibitors, or both cyclophilin A and D inhibitors.
[0002] Acute and chronic inflammation is well recognized to involve the complex interaction of various cellular (neutrophils, macrophages) and extracellular (complement, histamine) factors that act in response to PAMP (pathogen-activated molecular patterns) and DAMP (damage-activated molecular patterns) signals to resolve the originating insult. Cyclophilin A has been demonstrated to function as a chemokine to facilitate leukocyte migration in support of an inflammatory response and blockade of cyclophilin A was shown to be beneficial in animal models of acute and chronic inflammation. Regulation or inhibition of cyclophilin A has been implicated in the treatment of various diseases and conditions including cardiovascular disease, viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , cancer including breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma, kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, nephritis, and renal fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma, colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell disease, myocarditis, cardiac fibrosis, central nervous system diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
[0003] More recently, a severe form of inflammation that is accompanied by cell death and tissue necrosis has been described. A significant body of evidence now supports the opening of a pore at the mitochondrial membrane, termed the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP) , as being critical to the onset and maintenance of this necrotic inflammation. A key regulator of this MPTP opening is cyclophilin D (CypD) , and inhibitors of CypD have shown good activity in preventing tissue damage associated with necrotic inflammation.
[0004] Cyclosporin A is a compound well known for its immunosuppressive properties, but other biological properties have also been described. Cyclosporin A has the following chemical structure:
[0005] Biologically active derivatives of Cyclosporin A have also been made. For example, US 6, 583, 265, EP0484281, EP0194972 describe cyclosporin derivatives having various properties including immunosuppressive, antiparasitic and antiviral properties. US 6, 583, 265 describes cyclosporin derivatives with modifications made at position 3 (sarcosine) of the cyclosporin macrocycle. In particular, US 6, 583, 265 discloses Compound 0:
[0006] WO2019 / 016572 A1 also describes Compound 0 for use in the treatment or prevention of acute or chronic inflammatory disorders. WO2021 / 190601 A1 and WO 2021 / 190603 A1 describe cyclosporin derivatives for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition such as organ injury or organ failure.
[0007] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide further cyclosporin analogues, in particular analogues which may be useful for inhibition of cyclophilins, e.g., cyclophilin A, B, and D, and diseases and conditions associated therewith. In particular, the disclosure relates to compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which may be provided as potent cyclophilin A inhibitors, cyclophilin D inhibitors, or both cyclophilin A and D inhibitors. Specifically, the disclosure related to compounds which may be provided as potent cyclophilin A inhibitors. Further objects of the disclosure will be clear on the basis of the following description, examples, and claims.SUMMARY
[0008] In a first aspect, the disclosure relates to compounds as defined in the detailed description, i.e., compounds of Formulas 1-3.
[0009] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides for the use of said compounds as cyclophilin inhibitors. In yet a further aspect, the disclosure provides for use of said compounds in a method of preventing and / or treating cyclophilin-mediated diseases or conditions, such as cyclophilin A-or cyclophilin D-mediated diseases or conditions, specifically cyclophilin A-mediated diseases or conditions.
[0010] DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Unless defined otherwise, or unless the specific context indicates or requires otherwise, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by a person skilled in the relevant technical field.
[0012] The terms ‘a’ and ‘an’ do not exclude a plurality; i.e. the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ should be understood as to include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates or requires otherwise. In other words, all references to singular characteristics or limitations of the present disclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristic or limitation, and vice versa, unless explicitly specified otherwise or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made. The terms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ hence have the same meaning as ‘at least one’ or as ‘one or more’ unless defined otherwise. For example, reference to ‘an ingredient’ includes mixtures of ingredients, and the like.
[0013] The terms ‘active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) ’ and ‘drug’ are used synonymously and refer to a compound or combination of compounds which are pharmaceutically active against an undesired condition.
[0014] The terms ‘comprise’ , ‘comprises’ and ‘comprising’ and similar expressions are to be construed in an open and inclusive sense, as ‘including, but not limited to’ in this description and in the claims unless the context clearly indicates or requires otherwise.
[0015] The term ‘dose’ or ‘dosage’ as such refers to a single, or unit dose of a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a drug substance, unless prefaced or followed by an indication of time, time interval, or indication of quantity. A ‘daily dose’ or ‘dosage per day’ for example refers to the total dose amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein, or drug substance administered in the course of one day (24 hours) . A daily dose may comprise only one dose, if only one dose is administered once per day but may also be a total based on the sum of multiple unit doses that are administered during a day, for example, if more than one unit dose is administered at two or more timed intervals during a day. Intervals between doses may be, for example, two doses administered approximately every 12 hours, or three doses administered approximately every 8 hours. As used herein, a dose of a compound may refer to a unit dose of the compounds of Formulas 1-3 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, but may also be applicable to a medicament, or composition or dosage form comprising said unit dose of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0016] The expressions, ‘one embodiment’ , ‘some embodiments’ , ‘other embodiments’ and the like mean that a particular feature, property or characteristic, or a particular group or combination of features, properties, or characteristics, as referred to in combination with the respective expression, is present in at least one of the embodiments of the disclosure. The occurrence of these expressions in various places throughout this description does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Moreover, the particular features, properties, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
[0017] The term ‘compound’ means a chemical substance, which is a material consisting of molecules having essentially the same chemical structure and properties. For a small molecular compound, the molecules are typically identical with respect to their atomic composition and structural configuration. For a macromolecular or polymeric compound, the molecules of a compound are highly similar but not all of them are necessarily identical.
[0018] The term ‘composition’ refers to any type of composition in which the specified ingredients may be incorporated, optionally along with any further constituents. Thus, the composition may be a dry composition such as a powder or granules, or a solid unit such as a lyophilised form or a tablet. Alternatively, the composition may be in liquid form, and each constituent may be independently incorporated in dissolved or dispersed (e.g., suspended or emulsified) form.
[0019] The term ‘pharmaceutically acceptable’ means that the compound or mixture is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for human pharmaceutical use. A ‘pharmaceutically acceptable salt’ is a salt of a compound such as provided herein, which retains its biological properties and which is non-toxic and is compatible for pharmaceutical use.
[0020] The term ‘prevention’ , which may be used interchangeably with the term ‘prophylaxis’ , refers to the use of a compound, or composition, for preventing the occurrence of a disease, condition, or symptom, or significantly reducing the likelihood of occurrence of a disease, condition, or symptom, as well as the prevention of, for example, a further reoccurrence of a disease, condition, or associated symptom. Also included within the meaning of the term is the prevention of progression of a disease, condition, or associated symptom, after an initial improvement or after initial removal of the cause of the disease, condition, or symptom.
[0021] The term ‘subject’ or ‘patient’ may be used interchangeably, and refer in one embodiment, to a human subject. Preferably, the subject or patient is a human. These terms may also refer to other animals, such as other mammals. The disclosure in further embodiments may also have application, for instance, in farm animals or other veterinary subjects, in particular mammals such cats, dogs, primates, horses, cows, and pigs.
[0022] The term ‘therapy’ which may be used synonymously with the term ‘treatment' , as used herein, relates to a therapeutic intervention capable of effecting a cure, improvement, amelioration, control, control of progression, prevention of progression, prevention of reoccurrence of a disease, condition, or symptom associated with said disease or condition.
[0023] ‘Therapeutically effective amount’ means that amount which, when administered to a subject for treating or preventing a disease, is sufficient to affect such treatment or prevention for the disease.
[0024] The term ‘H’ as used herein refers to hydrogen. The term ‘alkyl’ as used herein is defined as a saturated or unsaturated alkyl hydrocarbon moiety in any isomeric configuration. Included are straight-chain, linear alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, 1-pentyl, n-hexyl. Also included are branched alkyl (e.g., branched C3 to C6 alkyl) such as isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, and isomers of hexyl. Further included within the definition of ‘alkyl’ are cyclic isomers such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Examples of unsaturated alkyl include but are not limited to vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl, and other alkenyl or alkylene moieties, for example comprising one or more double bonds e.g., pentadienyl.
[0025] The term ‘C1 to C6’ is defined as a moiety comprising a range of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The terms ‘C3 to C6’ and ‘C6 to C10’ are to be understood analogously but denoting a moiety comprising a range of 3 to 6 carbon atoms or a range of 6 to 10 carbon atoms, respectively.
[0026] In some embodiments, the C1 to C6 alkyl refers to an unsubstituted hydrocarbon moiety such as defined above. In other embodiments, the C1 to C6 alkyl may be substituted with one or more substituents, whereby one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a bond to said substituent or moiety other than hydrogen.
[0027] When the term ‘alkyl’ is represented along with another radical like ‘arylalkyl’ , the alkyl portion shall have the same meaning as the definition of ‘alkyl’ and is bonded to the other radical.
[0028] The term ‘aryl’ as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring assembly typically containing 6-14 ring atoms where all the ring atoms are carbon atoms. Typically, the aryl is a 6-membered (ring atoms) monocyclic, a 10-to 12-membered bicyclic, or a 14-membered fused tricyclic aromatic ring system. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl. When the term ‘aryl’ is represented along with another radical such as ‘arylalkyl’ , the aryl portion shall have the same meaning as the definition of ‘aryl’ and is bonded to the other radical.
[0029] The term ‘bicyclic’ or ‘bicyclyl’ as used herein refers to a ring assembly where rings are fused together, linked by a single bond, or linked by bridging atoms.
[0030] The term ‘substituted’s uch substituted alkyl (e.g., substituted C1 to C6 alkyl) may refer to a moiety or radical, wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced, independently, with at least one or more (e.g. two, three, or more) substituents such as halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyl (-OH) , C1 to C6 alkoxyl, amino (-NH2) , monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, thioalkyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
[0031] The term ‘halogen’ is interchangeable with ‘halo’ , and may refer to chloro, bromo, iodo, or fluoro atoms. ‘Haloalkyl’ refers to an alkyl substituent wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by one or more halogen atoms. An example of haloalkyl is trifluoroalkyl such as trifluoromethyl.
[0032] The term ‘hydroxyl’ refers to a -OH radical. In some embodiments, the hydrogen may be substituted, for example with a hydroxy protecting group within the art or a prodrug moiety. The term ‘alkoxyl’ or the like means an alkylated hydroxyl substituent, i.e., in which the hydrogen is replaced by an alkyl group. ‘C1 to C6 alkoxy’ refers to the replacement of hydroxy hydrogen with a C1 to C6 alkyl such as defined above. Examples include methoxy, isopropoxy, phenoxy, or tert-butoxy.
[0033] The term ‘amino’ may refer to an -NH2 radical. In some embodiments, the hydrogen (s) may be substituted, for example with a protecting group, or one or more further substituents such as alkyl. The term ‘monoalkylamino’ , refers to an amino radical in which one of the hydrogens is replaced with alkyl, e.g., C1 to C6 alkyl such as defined above (i.e., -NHR, wherein R is alkyl) . ‘Dialkylamino’ refers to an amino radical whereby both hydrogens are replaced independently with alkyl (i.e., -NRR’ , where R and R’ are alkyl, which may be the same (e.g., dimethylamino) , or different) .
[0034] ‘Thioalkyl’ may refer to the radical -SR” , wherein R” is alkyl, e.g., C1 to C6 alkyl such as defined above. The term ‘carboxyl’ as used herein refers to the radical -C (O) -Ra , wherein Ra may be selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., -OCH3) , amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thioalkyl and the like. The term ‘alkoxycarbonyl’ may refer to the radical -OC (O) -Ra, wherein Ra is selected from alkyl (e.g., C1 to C6 alkyl, e.g., methyl) , aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thioalkyl, etc.
[0035] The term ‘hetero’ when used to describe a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or substituent means that one or more carbon atoms are replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. In further embodiments of the current disclosure, the substituents R1 and R2 may be joined together to form a heterocycloalkyl ring, for example a C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring. Unless otherwise indicated, ‘heterocycloalkyl’ refers to a saturated, or unsaturated non-aromatic ring forming at least part of a cyclic structure and where at least one or more carbon atoms are replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom (and in the case of a C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl comprising between 3 to 6 carbon atoms) . For example, the substituents R1 and R2 may be joined together to form a 4-, 5-or 6-membered saturated, non-aromatic ring comprising at least one heteroatom. The heterocycloalkyl ring may comprise at least one heteroatom selected from O, N, or S.
[0036] The term ‘heteroaryl’ refers to an aromatic ring forming at least part of a cyclic structure and where at least one or more carbon atoms are replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom.
[0037] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[0038] wherein:
[0039] X is
[0040] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
[0041] c, d, and e are each 0 or 1;
[0042] Y is CH2 or NRx;
[0043] Rx is H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0044] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, aryl, arylalkyl, C1 to C6 alkyl, C6 to C10 bicyclyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0045] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0046] R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0047] R7 is O-R8;
[0048] R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH or wherein m is 0-20;
[0049] R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0050] R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0051] R14 is selected from H, NR15R16, a heteroalkyl ring, or a heteroaryl ring; and
[0052] R15 and R16 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring.
[0053] In one embodiment, the cyclosporin compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to the disclosure is a cyclosporin A compound comprising a substituent at the sarcosine residue at position 3 of the macrocyclic ring such as defined in any one or combination of the embodiments described herein.
[0054] The position numbering as used herein refers to commonly used nomenclature and number assignment of the eleven amino acid residues featured in the cyclosporin core. With cyclosporin A as basis, the amino acids residues may be numbered as follows: methyl-butenyl-threonine, which may be abbreviated as MeBmt (1) , aminobutyric acid (2) , sarcosine, which may be abbreviated as Sar (3) , N-methyl leucine (4) , valine (5) , N-methyl leucine (6) , alanine (7) , D-alanine (8) , N-methyl leucine (9) , N-methyl leucine (10) , and N-methyl valine (11) .
[0055] The presence of a wavy bond, e.g., as shown below
[0056] indicates a point of attachment to a portion of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is not shown. In the example shown, there are two points of attachment to two portions of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is not shown.
[0057] In some embodiments, the substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of methyl and (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16. In a particular embodiment, the substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16, wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring.
[0058] In another embodiment, the substituent R8 of a compound of Formula 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is N (CH3) 2, In particular embodiments, m is 1 to 7. In other particular embodiments, m is 3 to 7. In some embodiments, m is 1. In other embodiments, m is 3. In yet other embodiments, m is 7.
[0059] In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2:
[0060] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In other embodiments, R1 and R2 are each H. In some embodiments, R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R1 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R2 is H. In some embodiments, R1 and R2 are each C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R3 and R4 are each H. In some embodiments, R3 is H and R4 is C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, R3 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R4 is H. In some embodiments, R3 and R4 are each C1 to C6 alkyl. In other embodiments, any recited R1 and R2 combination may be combined with any recited R3 and R4 combination. In some embodiments R1 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 1-methyl-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, or aryl, and R2 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R1 is hydrogen and R2 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 1-methyl-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, or aryl. In some embodiments, R1 and R2 are both hydrogen, R3 is hydrogen, and R4 is methyl or ethyl. In other embodiments, R1 and R2 are both hydrogen, R3 is methyl or ethyl, and R4 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R1 and R2 and both hydrogen and R3 and R4 are both methyl or R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, R1 is methyl or ethyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 and R4 are both hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R1 is hydrogen, R2 is methyl or ethyl, and R3 and R4 are both hydrogen. In further other embodiments, R1 and R2 are both methyl, and R3 and R4 are both hydrogen. In yet further other embodiments, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are all hydrogen. In some embodiments, a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In other embodiments a stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In some embodiments, any R8 substituent disclosed herein may be combined with any of the above recited combinations. In particular embodiments, any R8 substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl and wherein m is 0 to 20; and wherein R14 is N (CH3) 2, may be combined with any of the above recited R1, R2, R3, and R4 combinations. In other particular embodiments, R8 is wherein R14 is N (CH3) 2, and wherein m is 1 to 7, m is 3 to 7, m is 1, m is 3, or m is 7.
[0061] In some embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2; n is 0 or 1; R1 is H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, wherein f is 0 or 1; and R2 is H.
[0062] In other embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2; n is 0 or 1; R1 is H; and R2 is H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, wherein f is 0 or 1.
[0063] In some embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2; n is 0 or 1; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl,
[0064] In other embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, isopropyl, R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl,
[0065] In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is isopropyl or R2 is H; and R8 is
[0066] In other embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (R) enantiomer; R1 is ethyl; R2 is H; and R8 is
[0067] In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (R) enantiomer; R1 is ethyl; R2 is H; and R8 is
[0068] In other embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2; n is 1; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl or ethyl; R2, R3, and R4 are H; and R8 is
[0069] In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2, n is 1; the stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is the (S) enantiomer; R1, R2, and R3 are H; R4 is methyl; and R8 is
[0070] In other embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2, n is 1; R1 and R2 are H; R3 and R4 are H or methyl or R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring; and R8 is
[0071] In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula 2, n is 1; R1 and R2 are methyl; R3 and R4 are H; and R8 is
[0072] In another embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula 3
[0073] wherein the substituents are as described for the compound of Formula 1. In some embodiments, R5 and R6 are each H. In some embodiments, each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer. In other embodiments, any R8 substituent disclosed herein may be combined with any of the above recited combinations. In a particular embodiment, R8 is In another particular embodiment, R5 and R6 are each H; R5 and R6 are each an (S) enantiomer; and R8 is
[0074] Prodrugs of a compound of Formulas 1-3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as disclosed herein are contemplated. The term ‘prodrug’ refers to a drug substance that after intake is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug by a metabolic or physicochemical transformation. In some embodiments, if a compound of Formulas 1-3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprise one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) , any of the one or more hydroxyl groups may be optionally converted to a prodrug moiety. In particular embodiments, the prodrug moiety may be selected from the group consisting of CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2, CH (CH3) OC (O) OCH (CH3) 2, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, CH (CH3) OC (O) C (CH3) 3, and CH2CH (OH) CH2OH. In other particular embodiments, the prodrug moiety may be selected from the group consisting of CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CH2OC (O) CHNH2CH (CH3) 2, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2OC (O) C (CH3) 3, and CH2CH (OH) CH2OH.
[0075] The compounds according to the disclosure may be selected from any compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in Table 1:
[0076] Table 1.
[0077] The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure may exist in various stereoisomeric forms and mixtures. It may be understood that the disclosure may include, in addition to stereocenters as designated or depicted in the formulae, all their enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, or other mixtures, as well as polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, complexes, free form, or salt forms. Unless otherwise indicated, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof within the scope of the current disclosure comprising one or more asymmetric centers which have not been designated or depicted in the formulae, or which have not been specifically named / described may also include all enantiomers, diastereomers, or their mixtures, racemic or otherwise thereof. The representation of double bonds in the current disclosure refers to the isomer as depicted, however may be considered as also including the other Z (or E) isomer. Also included is the use of any optically pure or stereochemically pure stereoisomers, as well as any combination of stereoisomers, as determined or prepared by methods well-known in the art. Optionally, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the disclosure may also include their isotopes, such compounds wherein an atom is replaced with an isotope, such as hydrogen with a deuterium, or a carbon with carbon-13.
[0078] In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure comprise a cyclosporin ring, wherein the substituent at the 4-position, e.g., the isobutyl group of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl (-OH) substituent. In specific embodiments, for example, the at least one hydroxyl (-OH) substituent is present at the carbon atom substituted by two methyl groups (e.g., -CH2C (OH) (CH3) 2) . In other embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure comprise a cyclosporin ring, wherein the substituent at the 8-position, e.g., the methyl group of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl (-OH) substituent (e.g., 8-D serine-cyclosporin) .
[0079] In some embodiments, salts such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts according to the present disclosure may result from the addition of acids to the compound of Formulas 1-3 or any one of the specific compounds described herein, such as example compounds depicted in Table 1. The resultant acid addition salts may include those formed with acetic, 2, 2 dichloroacetic, citric, lactic, mandelic, glycolic, adipic, alginic, aryl sulfonic acids (e.g., benzenesulfonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic) , ascorbic (e.g. L-ascorbic) , L-aspartic, benzoic, 4-acetamidobenzoic, butanoic, (+) camphoric, camphor-sulfonic, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic, capric, caproic, caprylic, cinnamic, citric, cyclamic, dodecylsulfuric, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic, ethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, formic, fumaric, galactaric, gentisic, glucoheptonic, gluconic (e.g. D-gluconic) , glucuronic (e.g. D-glucuronic) , glutamic (e.g. L-glutamic) , α-oxoglutaric, glycolic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydriodic, isethionic, lactic (e.g. (+) -L-lactic and (±) -DL-lactic) , lactobionic, maleic, malic (e.g. (-) -L-malic) , (±) -DL-mandelic, metaphosphoric, methanesulfonic, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic, nicotinic, nitric, oleic, orotic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, phosphoric, propionic, L-pyroglutamic, salicylic, 4-amino-salicylic, sebacic, stearic, succinic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric (e.g. (+) -L-tartaric) , thiocyanic, undecylenic, and valeric acids. In particular, acid addition salts may include those derived from mineral acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids; from organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, and arylsulfonic acids. In some embodiments, salts may be formed from malic acid to form malate salts.
[0080] Surprisingly, some of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are much more water soluble than many previously known cyclosporin derivatives (see Table 3, below) , in particular, where the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are malate salts. As such, they offer more advantageous means for formulation of a pharmaceutical product, be it for parental application (smaller volume for injection) or better oral bioavailability (solid dosage form) .
[0081] The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure may be useful for the prevention and / or treatment of diseases or medical conditions, or in the manufacture of a medicament for prevention and / or treating a disease or medical condition. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure, e.g., any compound of Formulas 1-3 or any compound disclosed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used as a medicament. In specific embodiments, the medicament may be used to prevent and / or treat diseases or medical conditions. In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure may be used in methods for prevention and / or treating a disease or condition comprising administering any compound of Formulas 1-3 or any compound disclosed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof, preferably wherein the subject is a human subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of any compound of Formulas 1-3 or any compound disclosed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a subject in need thereof; preferably wherein the subject is a human subject. In particular, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to the disclosure may be used for the prevention, as well as the treatment of a cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition.
[0082] In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as described herein may be used as inhibitors of cyclophilin, especially cyclophilin A (CypA) and / or cyclophilin D (CypD) . In one embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used as an inhibitor of cyclophilin A, for example, provided or administered at a therapeutically relevant amount for the inhibition of cyclophilin A.
[0083] The overexpression of these cyclophilins has been linked or correlated with various diseases and conditions, in particular inflammatory diseases in humans. For example, cyclophilin A has been demonstrated to function as a chemokine to facilitate leukocyte migration in support of an inflammatory response, and the blockade of cyclophilin A has been shown to be beneficial in animal models of acute inflammation. A significant body of evidence now also supports the opening of a pore at the mitochondrial membrane, termed the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP) , as being critical to the onset and maintenance of a severe form of inflammation, necrotic inflammation. A key regulator of this MPTP opening is cyclophilin D and inhibition of CypD has shown good activity in preventing tissue damage associated with necrotic inflammation. Opening of the MPTP, and subsequent initiation of necrotic cell death, is triggered by elevated intracellular calcium levels that result from a variety of factors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, bile salt toxins, etc. Pharmacological inhibition of CypD may therefore be protective toward tissue degradation due to ischemia-reperfusion injury of organ tissue.
[0084] In some embodiments, it has been found that certain compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to the present disclosure, as evidenced in the Examples, are surprisingly effective as inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly much less immunosuppressive as compared to CsA. The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be useful for the treatment or prevention of disease or conditions, wherein raised levels or activity of cyclophilin is associated with, contributing to, or resulting in said disease or condition. In particular, the cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition which may be treated or prevented according to the disclosure may be a cyclophilin A-or cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition. Such compounds bear high CypA / D binding affinity and high mitochondrial function protection. Examples of such compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include compounds 65‐66, 70‐72, 76, 79, 86, 89, 92‐93, and 96‐97.
[0085] In other embodiments, it has been found that certain compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to the present disclosure, as evidenced in the Examples, are surprisingly effective as inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly immunosuppressive compared with CsA, but with little or no effect on mitochondrial activities (non-cell protection) , therefore providing potential improvements over cyclosporin A (CsA) and Compound 0. Examples of such compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include compounds 64, 67‐68, 73‐75, 77‐78, 80‐82, 84‐85, 87‐88, 90‐91, and 94‐95.
[0086] In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to the present disclosure inhibit cyclophilin intracellularly. In other embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to the present disclosure inhibit cyclophilin extracellularly. In yet other embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof according to the present disclosure inhibit cyclophilin both intracellularly and extracellularly. In certain embodiments, elevated levels of extracellular cyclophilins may contribute to diseases or conditions that may be treated with the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure, such as, for example, diseases or conditions that are associated with elevated levels of extracellular cyclophilin A.
[0087] Cyclophilin-mediated diseases or conditions are typically diseases and conditions associated with inflammatory response, cellular damage, injury, and / or cell death (e.g., necrosis) and may include, but are not limited to, the diseases and conditions as further described below.
[0088] In one embodiment, the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, viral infection (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , influenza virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ) , cancer (e.g., breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, or renal cell carcinoma) , kidney disease (e.g., acute kidney injury, nephritis, or renal fibrosis) , rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma, colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell disease, myocarditis, cardiac fibrosis, and central nervous system diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) .
[0089] In another embodiment, the cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition is a disease or condition associated with cell injury or cell death, e.g., cell injury or cell death in an organ or organ injury or organ failure. In particular embodiments, the organ is selected from the group consisting of kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine, cornea, skin, brain, and nerve tissue.
[0090] The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the present disclosure may optionally be administered together with one or more further active substances.
[0091] It is to be understood, that the use of a compound of Formulas 1-3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or their use in a method of prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition as described in any one of the embodiments or combination of embodiments described herein may also provide for the manufacture or preparation of a medicament or medicine adapted and prescribed for said uses or methods of treatment and / or prophylaxis.
[0092] A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to the present disclosure may be administered enterally or parenterally to a subject. In one embodiment, a compound of Formulas 1-3 or a composition or a medicament comprising said compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be adapted for administration or may be administered parenterally, for example by intravenous injection or by sub-cutaneous, or intramuscular injection, or by intravenous or subcutaneous infusion. In an alternative embodiment, the compound, or a composition or medicament comprising the compound may be adapted for administration, or may be administered to a subject enterally, for example orally.
[0093] The present disclosure may also relate to a medicament, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one or combination of the embodiments described herein above, e.g., a compound of Formulas 1-3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The medicament or composition may comprise a therapeutically effective amount or unit dose (s) of said compound.
[0094] The medicament, or pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated in a dosage form suitable or adapted for injection or infusion by any of the administration methods above. Alternatively, for oral administration, the medicament or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to the present disclosure may be provided in a dosage form suitable or adapted for oral administration, for example such as, but not limited to a tablet, capsule, gel cap, or film. Said medicament, or pharmaceutical composition may be used in accordance with any of the methods of treatment or prevention or uses described herein.
[0095] The following list of numbered items comprise embodiments according to the present disclosure:
[0096] 1. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of Formula 1,
[0097] wherein:
[0098] X is
[0099] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
[0100] c, d, and e are each 0 or 1;
[0101] Y is CH2 or NRx;
[0102] Rx is H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0103] R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, aryl, arylalkyl, C1 to C6 alkyl, C6 to C10 bicyclyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0104] R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;
[0105] R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0106] R7 is O-R8;
[0107] R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH or wherein m is 0-20;
[0108] R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0109] R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl;
[0110] R14 is selected from H, NR15R16, a heteroalkyl ring, or a heteroaryl ring; and
[0111] R15 and R16 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring.
[0112] 2. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 1, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[0113] 3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 1 or item 2, wherein R8 is CH3 or
[0114] 4. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein R8 is
[0115] 5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 4, wherein R8 is (CH2) (CH2) mNR15R16.
[0116] 6. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 5, wherein m is 1 to 7, m is 3 to 7, m is 1, m is 3, or m is 7.
[0117] 7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 6, wherein R14 is N (CH3) 2,
[0118] 8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof any one of items 1 to 7, wherein X is and n is 0.
[0119] 9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 8, wherein R1 is C1 to C12 alkyl and R2 is H or R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C12 alkyl.
[0120] 10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 9, wherein R1 ethyl, isopropyl, and R2 is H.
[0121] 11. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 10, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers.
[0122] 12. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 10, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (R) enantiomer.
[0123] 13. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 10, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (S) enantiomer.
[0124] 14. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein X is and n is 1.
[0125] 15. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 14, wherein R1 and R2 are each H.
[0126] 16. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 14, wherein R1 is H and R2 is C1 to C6 alkyl.
[0127] 17. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 14, wherein R1 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R2 is H.
[0128] 18. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 14 to 17, wherein R3 and R4 are each H or are each CH3.
[0129] 19. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 14 to 18, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers.
[0130] 20. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 14 to 18, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (R) enantiomer.
[0131] 21. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 14 to 18, wherein a stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is an (S) enantiomer.
[0132] 22. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2; n is 0 or 1; R1 is H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, wherein f is 0 or 1; and R2 is H.
[0133] 23. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2; n is 0 or 1; R1 is H; and R2 is H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, wherein f is 0 or 1.
[0134] 24. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 22 to 23, wherein R8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl,
[0135] 25. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is of Formula 2; n is 0 or 1; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl,
[0136] 26. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, isopropyl, R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl,
[0137] 27. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is isopropyl or R2 is H; and R8 is
[0138] 28. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (R) enantiomer; R1 is ethyl; R2 is H; and R8 is
[0139] 29. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2; n is 0; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (R) enantiomer; R1 is ethyl; R2 is H; and R8 is
[0140] 30. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2; n is 1; the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl or ethyl; R2, R3, and R4 are H; and R8 is
[0141] 31. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2, n is 1; the stereocenter defined by -CR3R4-is the (S) enantiomer; R1, R2, and R3 are H; R4 is methyl; and R8 is
[0142] 32. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2, n is 1; R1 and R2 are H; R3 and R4 are H or methyl or R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring; and R8 is
[0143] 33. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the compound is of Formula 2, n is 1; R1 and R2 are methyl; R3 and R4 are H; and R8 is
[0144] 34. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 1, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[0145] 35. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 34, wherein R5 and R6 are each H.
[0146] 36. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 34 to 35, wherein each stereocenter defined by -CHR5-and -CHR6-is a racemic mixture or any mixture of (R) and (S) enantiomers, an (R) enantiomer, or an (S) enantiomer.
[0147] 37. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 34 to 36, wherein R8 is
[0148] 38. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 34 to 37, wherein R5 and R6 are each H; R5 and R6 are each an (S) enantiomer; and R8 is
[0149] 39. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of any compound disclosed in Table 1.
[0150] 40. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of item 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of:
[0151] 41. The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of:
[0152] 42. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 41, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises a cyclosporin ring; and wherein an isobutyl group at a 4-position of the cyclosporin ring is substituted with at least one hydroxyl substituent.
[0153] 43. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 42, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0154] 44. Use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 42 in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition.
[0155] 45. The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of items 1 to 42 or the pharmaceutical composition of item 43, for use as a medicament, wherein the medicament is for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition.
[0156] 46. A method of treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of items 1 to 43.
[0157] 47. The use or method according to any one of items 44 to 46, wherein the disease or condition is a cyclophilin-mediated disease or condition.
[0158] 48. The use or method according to item 47, wherein the cyclophilin is cyclophilin A.
[0159] 49. The use or method according to item 48, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, viral infection, cancer, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma, colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell disease, myocarditis, cardiac fibrosis, central nervous system diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
[0160] 50. The use or method according to item 49, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is a viral infection.
[0161] 51. The use or method according to item 50, wherein the viral infection is selected from the group consisting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) .
[0162] 52. The use or method according to item 49, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is cancer.
[0163] 53. The use or method according to item 52, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma.
[0164] 54. The use or method according to item 49, wherein the cyclophilin A-mediated disease or condition is kidney disease.
[0165] 55. The use or method according to item 54, wherein the kidney disease is selected from the group consisting of acute kidney injury, nephritis, and renal fibrosis.
[0166] 56. The use or method according to item 47, wherein the cyclophilin is cyclophilin D.
[0167] 57. The use or method according to item 56, wherein the cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition is a disease or condition associated with cell injury or cell death, e.g., cell injury or cell death in an organ.
[0168] 58. The use or method according to item 57, wherein the disease or condition associated with cell injury or cell death is organ injury or organ failure.
[0169] 59. The use or method according to any one of items 57 to 58, wherein the organ is selected from the group consisting of kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine, cornea, skin, brain, and nerve tissue.
[0170] 60. The use or method according to any one of items 44 to 59, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the medicament is adapted for oral administration or is adapted for administration by intravenous injection or infusion.
[0171] 61. The use or method according to item 60, wherein the intravenous injection or infusion is selected from the group consisting of subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection, and intravenous or subcutaneous infusion.
[0172] 62. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of items 1 to 42, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a malate salt.
[0173] The following examples serve to illustrate embodiments of the disclosure; however, should not be understood as restricting the scope of the disclosure.
[0174] EXAMPLES
[0175] EXAMPLE 1 –Compound Preparation
[0176] The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as described herein may be obtainable in accordance to the general synthesis route as depicted below, comprising: a first step of reacting a cyclosporin compound (for example, cyclosporin A, C, D, G, etc. ) with dipyridyl disulphide to form a thiopyridyl intermediate ( [ (2’ - (2-thiopyridyl) -Sar] 3-cyclosporin A or C, or D, or G, etc. ) , such as a compound of formula II as depicted below, followed by a second step comprising the reaction of this intermediate with a hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compound (HO-X-C (O) OR) in the presence of copper triflate. Examples of a hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compound used include, but are not limited to, methyl glycolate or 2-tert-butyl glycolate.
[0177] The skilled person will appreciate, that different analogues may be prepared using different hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compounds (HO-X-C (O) OR) in the second step, for example, where the -X-group varies in alkyl chain length and / or structure or where the carboxylate ester substituent -R varies in alkyl chain length and / or structure.
[0178] Preparation of Compound III
[0179] To the solution of starting material I (CsA) in ultra dry THF at 0 ℃ was added anhydrous LiCl, followed by dropwise addition of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) . After the addition, the reaction mixture was maintained at 0 ℃ for 1 hour, followed by addition of substituted disulfides when the reaction was kept at the same temperature for another 1 hour. After being checked by HPLC, methanol was added. The resultant mixture was maintained at room temperature for 16 hours. Then the mixture was poured into aqueous NaH2PO4 and extracted by methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) . The organic phase was washed by 0.25 M HCl, then dried and concentrated to get the crude gel, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound II their isomers.
[0180] The first flask with Cu (OTf) 2 or AgOTf was dried at 120 ℃ under vacuum for 4 hours. After being cooled to room temperature, the reactor was placed into a dry ice bath, followed by slow addition of THF under a nitrogen atmosphere. To the second flask was added compound II, an hydroxylalkylcarboxylate ester compound (HO-X-C (O) OR) , and THF under a nitrogen atmosphere. This solution was then added dropwise into the first reactor flask with Cu (OTf) 2 or AgOTf / THF at room temperature, followed by addition of trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) . The reaction mixture was maintained stirring at the same temperature for another 16 hours. After being checked by HPLC, isopropyl acetate (iPrOAc) was added and then washed by aqueous K2CO3. The organic phase was dried and concentrated to get crude gel, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel or by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the desired compound III as white solid. Compound 76 was prepared by this methodology.
[0181] Preparation of Compounds IV and V
[0182] Compound IV was prepared analogously to Compound III above, where R is a -CH3 group. To the solution of compound IV in THF was added aqueous LiOH at room temperature and maintained for 18 hours. After being checked by HPLC, the reaction mixture was acidified to pH 2-3 by 1 M aqueous HCl, extracted by ethyl acetate (EtOAc) . The organic phase was dried and concentrated to obtain a crude gel, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel or by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the desired compound V as white solid.
[0183] Preparation of Compounds XXV
[0184] To the solution of compound V in DMF was added R7-OH, the coupling reagents and DIPEA at room temperature under N2. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and maintained for 15~24 hours. After being checked by HPLC, the reaction mixture was quenched by water, extracted by iso-PrOAc. The organic phase was combined, washed by brine, dried over Na2SO4, concentrated to obtain crude, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel or by preparative TLC or by preparative HPLC to afford the target compound XXV as a white solid. Compounds 79‐87, 90‐91, and 97‐101 were prepared by this methodology.
[0185] EXAMPLE 2 - Functional and Inhibitional Assays
[0186] The compounds as prepared in Example 1 are evaluated in cyclophilin A and D peptidyl-prolyl isomerase functional assays using human recombinant enzymes (PPIase assay) , as well as in a calcineurin inhibition assay with and without cyclophilin A. The compounds are also evaluated in a calcium retention capacity (CRC) assay in permeabilized HepG2. Cyclosporin A is used as a control in all assays.
[0187] The compounds are supplied as a dry powder or oils and made up as a 10 mM stock solution in 100%DMSO. Subsequent dilutions were made in 100%DMSO for use in all assays.
[0188] Cyclophilin Peptidyl-Prolyl lsomerase Functional Assay
[0189] Measurements were performed using an Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer. Assay buffer was cooled to 10 ℃ (with stirring) in a precision glass cuvette and inhibitor was added from a DMSO stock solution to afford a final concentration of <1%DMSO. A blank spectrum was obtained and then enzyme and substrate were added and the change in absorbance measured over 5 min. A first order rate was fitted to the absorbance data to obtain a rate constant (first 10 to 15 s were eliminated due to mixing) . The catalytic rate was calculated from the enzymatic rate minus the background rate.
[0190] The enzymatic rate constant, determined in duplicate at each inhibitor concentration, was plotted against inhibitor concentration and a non-linear fit by SigmaPlot generated a Ki.
[0191] Calcineurin Phosphatase Inhibition Assay with and without Cyclophilin A
[0192] This colorimetric 96 well assay is designed for inhibitor screening of recombinant Calcineurin (CaN) . Activity is determined using the RII phosphopeptide substrate, the most efficient and selective peptide known for calcineurin, and detection of free phosphate released is based on the classic malachite green assay. CypA and CsA form a complex which binds CaN / calmodulin, which will inhibit dephosphorylation of the RII peptide. In the presence of recombinant CypA, cyclosporine-like cyclophilin inhibitors were screened in the assay to determine inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity. In a 96-well plate, two dilution series were prepared, one with the cyclophilin A enzyme (7-point) and another without (4-point) . An assay
[0193] buffer / calcineurin / calmodulin master mix was added followed by the phosphopeptide substrate (RII) . After incubation at 30 ℃ the reaction was stopped by the addition of malachite green / molybdate reagent. The coloured complex formed with liberated phosphate was quantified by reading the absorbance at 620 nm. The blank corrected data was plotted against inhibitor concentration to determine an IC50 value.
[0194] Calcium Retention Capacity (CRC) Assay in permeabilized HepG2
[0195] HepG2 cells were permeabilised with 100 μM digitonin for 10 min in ice cold buffer containing 1 mM EGTA. Following two wash steps to remove the digitonin, the cells were plated into 96 well black and clear plates at 1e6 cell per well in 180 μL assay buffer containing 0.5 μM Calcium Green 5 N. Compounds dilutions were made in DMSO to 1000-fold the final concentration, diluted 1: 100 in assay buffer, and added to the assay as 20 μL per well. The assay buffer contained 5 mM glutamate and 2.5 mM malate. The cell plate was immediately run on the FLIPR TetraTM which added 5 μL of 200 μM (5 μM) calcium chloride every 5 minutes whilst reading the plate every 3 seconds. The area under the curve at each concentration of compound was calculated. EC50 values were calculated. The use of Area Under the Curve (AUC) rather than the number of Calcium additions before buffering is lost was determined to be a more accurate way of analysing the data.
[0196] Jurkat Cell IL-2 Induction Assay
[0197] Day 1. Cells were seeded by collecting a suspension of Jurkat cells, re-suspending the cells in a 10%FBS 1640 medium, and diluting the cells to a 2 x 106 / mL, 100 μL / well seed in a 96 well plate. A 30 μg / mL Concanavalin A solution was prepared ( “ConA” , Sigma, Cat. No. C5275) and 25 μL of the solution was transferred to each well. The wells were heated to a 37℃ stimulation temperature for 30 min. A 10 mM stock solution of each representative compound of the present disclosure (see Tables 1 and 4) was diluted with DMSO to a concentration of 2 mM, then were further diluted 33.33x with the 10%FBS 1640 medium to a concentration of 60 μM. Then 25 μL of the test compound solution was added to the corresponding well. The test compound final concentration was 10 μM and a total of 10 concentrations were investigated (3-fold dilution per concentration) and each concentration point was set two replicate wells. The compounds were incubated at 37℃for 6 hours. After incubation, 120 μL supernatant from each well was transferred to a new 96 well plate and stored at 4℃ overnight. Coating ELISA plate: the capture antibody was prepared with coating buffer in the Elisa kit, 100 μL / well coating 96 well plate and stored in 4℃ overnight.
[0198] Day 2. IL-2 ELISA determination. Each well was aspirated and the ELISA plate washed with wash buffer. The process was repeated two times for a total of three washes. Block buffer (200 μL) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The aspiration / wash steps were repeated and 100 μL of sample or standards in the reagent diluent, or an appropriate diluent, was added per well. The wells were covered with an adhesive strip and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The aspiration / wash steps were repeated with 5 total washes and 100 μL of the working detector (Detection Antibody + Streptavidin-HRP reagent) was added to each well. The wells were covered with an adhesive strip and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The aspiration / wash steps were repeated with 7 total washes and 100 μL of substrate solution was added to each well. The plate was covered and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature out of direct light. A stop solution (50 μL) was added to each well, gently tapping the plate to ensure thorough mixing. The OD450 / 570 nm was recorded.
[0199] The assay results obtained are summarized in Table 2 below, with the following column headings:
[0200] A. Human CypA inhib. (Ki nM)
[0201] B. Human CypD inhib. (Ki nM)
[0202] C. Calcineurin inhib. (IC50 nM) +CypA
[0203] D. Calcineurin inhib. (IC50 nM) -CypA
[0204] E. Calcium Retention Capacity (EC50 nM)
[0205] F. HRMS (ESI) m / z
[0206] G. Sarcosine [3] carboxyl alpha proton (DMSO-d6 unless noted otherwise, 400 MHz, δ ppm)
[0207] H. Carboxylate side chain protons (DMSO-d6 unless noted otherwise, 400 MHz, δ ppm)
[0208] I. IL-2 ELISA (EC50 nM)
[0209] For comparison purposes, biological data for Compound 0 and cyclosporin A (CsA) described in the background section is included in the last two rows of Table 2.
[0210] The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof disclosed herein have unexpected and surprising properties when compared to Compound 0 and cyclosporin A (CsA) , especially with respect to their water solubility, in particular, where the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are malate salts, as will be further discussed below (see for example, Table 3) .
[0211] In some embodiments, compared to CsA and Compound 0, and as shown in Table 2 below, it has been found that certain compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are effective inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular, cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly non-immunosuppressive. Other compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof have been found to be effective inhibitors of cyclophilin, in particular cyclophilin A, but are surprisingly immunosuppressive, and have little or no effect on mitochondrial activities, and thus have improvement over the properties of cyclosporin A (CsA) and / or Compound 0. Yet other compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities but are much less immunosuppressive and have little or no effect on mitochondrial activities compared to CsA, such as, for example, compounds 69, 83, and 98‐101. While some compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof exhibit similar immunosuppressive properties as CsA, they may have surprisingly improved, and increased water solubility as e.g., compared to CsA. CsA is a poorly water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient which poses a drug formulation and delivery problem. It has required in many instances, and across different therapeutic applications, the development of specific (and complex) formulation strategies to solubilize it and to facilitate its delivery.
[0212] Table 2.
[0213] Water Solubility
[0214] The water solubilities of selected compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as disclosed herein were determined (e.g., free base and malate salts, where applicable) and compared to Compound 0 and cyclosporin A (CsA) in Table 3. An Ultimate 3000 HPLC from Thermo Scientific was used for the analysis using a Hypersil GOLDTM 5μm, 4.6×250 mm column with a mobile phase A:0.05%formic acid in H2O and a mobile phase B: 0.05%formic acid in acetonitrile. The column temperature was 40 ℃ with a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min and 210 nm wavelength. At time 0, 1, 8, 10, 10.1, and 15 minutes, the mobile phase (A: B) composition was 95: 5, 95: 5, 5: 95, 5: 95, 95: 5, and 95: 5, respectively.
[0215] Standard solutions were prepared as follows. First, the test compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof was accurately weighed to obtain weight data (mSTD, μg) . Second, the test compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof was dissolved in acetonitrile. Acetonitrile was added to adjust to the final volume in a volumetric flask to obtain the standard solution and its volume data (VSTD, mL) . The standard solution was analyzed by HPLC to obtain the data of the injection volume (VSTDInj, μL) and the peak area in HPLC spectrum (ASTD, mAU*min) .
[0216] Test solutions were prepared as follows. First, the test compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof was added to 0.5 mL distilled water until the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof could not be dissolved completely. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter two times to obtain the test solution. The test solution was analyzed by HPLC to obtain the data of injection volume (VTESTInj, μL) and the peak area in HPLC spectrum (ATEST, mAU*min) .
[0217] The standard solution concentration was calculated as follows:
[0218] The water solubility was calculated as follows:
[0219] Surprisingly and unexpectedly, many of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are much more water soluble than the known compounds as shown in Table 3, below. Such solubility differences are unpredictable until the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are made and solubility tested.
[0220] Table 3.
[0221] Mixed Lymphocytes Reaction (MLR) Assay
[0222] Select compounds were tested in a mixed lymphocytes reaction (MLR) assay (mature dendritic cells and Pan T cells) as reported by Y. Fan, et al., SLAS Discovery, 2018, Vol. 23 (7) ; pp. 742-750.
[0223] Day 1-7. Monocyte-derived mature dentritic cell (mDC) generation
[0224] Fresh human PBMC were purchased from Allcells. Monocytes were isolated from PBMC using a human pan monocytes isolation kit (Miltenyi, #130-096-573) and an LS Column (Miltenyi, #130-042-401) . The isolated cells were fluorescently stained with anti-human CD14 antibody at 4℃ for 30 minutes. The purity of the monocytes was analyzed by FACS.
[0225] CD14+ monocytes were seeded into 10 cm dishes using a complete 1640 medium containing GM-CSF and IL-4. The dishes were placed in a 5%CO2 incubator at 37℃ for 6 days to obtain a population of immature DCs. Every two days half of the culture supernatant was collected, then resuspended in fresh medium, and added to the plates with the final concentrations of GM-CSF and IL-4 remaining constant.
[0226] The immature DCs were collected and suspended with a complete 1640 medium supplemented with IL-4, LPS, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF to generate mature DCs. The dishes were placed in a 5%CO2 incubator at 37℃ for a further 24 h to obtain a population of mature DCs.
[0227] Day 8-14. pan T cell isolation
[0228] Fresh human PBMC were purchased from Allcells. pan T cells were isolated from PBMC using a human Pan T cell isolation kit (Stem cell, #17961) . The purity of the pan T cells was analyzed by FACS. The cell density of the CD3+ pan T cells was adjusted then stained with CFSE. The CD3+ pan T cells were washed and mixed with mature dendritic cells at a ratio of 10:1. The mixed cells were then seeded into 96-well plates and treated with select compounds as disclosed herein for 7 days.
[0229] Day 14-15. Proliferation of pan T cells and IFN-γ ELISA
[0230] The supernatant of each well was collected and stored at -80℃ for the ELISA assay. The IFN-γELISA was run according to the vendor protocol (BD, #555142) . The cell pellets were washed twice then stained with APC anti-human CD3 antibody at 25℃ for 30 min. A FACS assay was run and the CFSE signal on the CD3+ T cells was analyzed.
[0231] The results of the assay are shown in Table 4.
[0232] Table 4.
[0233] *T cell proliferation and INF-γ release inhibition values were normalized to values of CsA as follows:
Claims
1.A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of Formula 1, wherein:X isn is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;c, d, and e are each 0 or 1;Y is CH2 or NRx;Rx is H or C1 to C6 alkyl;R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, aryl, arylalkyl, C1 to C6 alkyl, C6 to C10 bicyclyl, (C1 to C6 alkyl) C (O) 2R9, or wherein R1 and R2 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;R3 and R4 are each independently selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl ring;R5 and R6 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;R7 is O-R8;R8 is selected from H, C1 to C6 alkyl, CHR10OC (O) CHNH2R11, CHR12OC (O) R13, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH (OH) CH2OH orwherein m is 0-20;R9, R10, R11, and R12 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl;R13 is selected from O (C1 to C6 alkyl) or C1 to C6 alkyl;R14 is selected from H, NR15R16, a heteroalkyl ring, or a heteroaryl ring; andR15 and R16 are each independently selected from H or C1 to C6 alkyl, or wherein R15 and R16 are joined together to form a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl or C3 to C6 heterocycloalkyl ring.2.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: 3.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof claim 2, wherein n is 0.4.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 3, wherein R1 ethyl, isopropyl, and R2 is H.5.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 3 to 4, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, isopropyl, R2 is H; and R8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, 6.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is isopropyl or R2 is H; and R8 is 7.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 3 to 4, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (R) enantiomer; R1 is ethyl; R2 is H; and R8 is 8.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein n is 1.9.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 8, wherein R1 and R2 are each H; and R3 and R4 are each H, methyl, or R3 and R4 are joined together to form a C3 cycloalkyl ring.10.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 8, wherein R1 is C1 to C6 alkyl and R2, R3, and R4 are H.11.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 10, wherein the stereocenter defined by -CR1R2-is the (S) enantiomer; R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl or ethyl; and R2, R3, and R4 are H.12.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein R8 is 13.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: 14.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof claim 13, wherein R5 and R6 are each H; R5 and R6 are each an (S) enantiomer; and R8 is 15.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of any compound disclosed in Table 1.16.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of: 17.The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of: 18.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.19.Use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17 in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease or condition.20.A method of treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of claims 1 to 18, preferably wherein the disease or condition is a cyclophilin A-or cyclophilin D-mediated disease or condition.
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