Solar cell, tandem solar cell, passivation material, photovoltaic system, electric device, and power generation device

Abstract

A solar cell, a passivation material, a photovoltaic system, an electric device, and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a first light absorption layer (11), the first light absorption layer (11) comprising a passivation material; or, the solar cell comprises a first light absorption layer (11) and a passivation layer, the passivation layer being arranged on one side of the first light absorption layer (11) and comprising a passivation material; or, the solar cell comprises a first light absorption layer (11) and an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer being arranged on one side of the first light absorption layer (11) and comprising a passivation material, and the structural formula of cations of the passivation material being L-R1 and / or R2-L-R3, wherein R1, R2 and R3 each independently comprise a group of -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 +. The passivation material is used to passivate the interface of the first light absorption layer (11), achieving a better passivation effect, and improving the efficiency and stability of solar cells.

Description

Solar cells and stacks, passivation materials, photovoltaics, power consuming and generating devices

[0001] Cross-reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application 202410742077.X, filed on June 7, 2024, the disclosure content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a solar cell, a stacked solar cell, a passivation material, a photovoltaic system, a power consuming device, and a power generating device. BACKGROUND

[0004] With the rapid development of new energy technology, solar cells have been widely used in military, aerospace, industry, commerce, agriculture, and communication fields. Perovskite solar cells have gradually become a research hotspot for the next generation of solar cells due to their high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, low production cost, and material cost.

[0005] Currently, it is usually necessary to use a passivation material to passivate defects on the perovskite interface to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. SUMMARY

[0006] The present application provides a solar cell, a stacked solar cell, a passivation material, a photovoltaic system, a power consuming device, and a power generating device, which improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0007] To solve the above technical problems, the first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes a first light absorbing layer, the first light absorbing layer including a passivation material; or, the solar cell includes a first light absorbing layer and a passivation layer, the passivation layer being arranged on one side of the first light absorbing layer, the passivation layer including a passivation material; or, the solar cell includes a first light absorbing layer and an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer being arranged on one side of the first light absorbing layer, the electron transport layer including a passivation material; wherein the structure formula of the cation of the passivation material is L-R1 and / or R2-L-R3; wherein R1, R2, and R3 each independently include one of -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + L includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-noncyclic group.

[0008] Using the aforementioned passivation materials for passivation of the first light-absorbing layer interface can achieve a better passivation effect, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency and stability of solar cells. Specifically, when the cation structure of the passivation material is L-R1, the R1 group combines with the defect sites of the perovskite interface to perform two-dimensional passivation of the defects on the perovskite interface, reducing non-radiative recombination losses and improving the efficiency and stability of the solar cell; when the cation structure of the passivation material is R2-L-R3, the R2 and R3 groups combine with the defect sites of the perovskite interface to perform field-effect passivation of the defects on the perovskite interface, improving the overall efficiency of the cell. Among them, two-dimensional passivation refers to the use of specific molecules or materials to form a thin two-dimensional perovskite layer on the surface of the three-dimensional perovskite for passivation. The two-dimensional perovskite layer can act as a protective barrier, effectively blocking water and oxygen erosion and ion migration, improving and protecting the performance of the three-dimensional perovskite host material, thereby improving stability; in addition, while passivating defects, the formation of a two-dimensional (2D)-three-dimensional (3D) heterostructure achieves good energy level alignment, promotes carrier transport and extraction, and improves efficiency. Field-effect passivation refers to the use of specific molecules or materials to adjust and optimize the transport of electrons or holes in a battery. These molecules have a certain fixed charge, and the electric field formed by the fixed charge reflects charge carriers of the same charge, thereby passivating interface defects and improving the stability and efficiency of the battery.

[0009] The R1, R2, and R3 groups of the passivation material each independently include -NH-CH=NH2. + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + One of the groups, -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is relatively difficult for it to undergo deprotonation reaction, i.e., -NH-CH=NH2. + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is less likely to lose hydrogen to form uncharged imine groups, resulting in better stability. This helps maintain the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite, which is beneficial to improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0010] The L-group of the passivation material includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroacyclic group. These groups can block the penetration of moisture and oxygen, thereby improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0011] In one embodiment, R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2 + Alternatively, R2 and R3 can be independently composed of -NH-CH=NH2. + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + One of them.

[0012] By setting R1 to -C(-NH2)=NH2 + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is relatively difficult for deprotonation to occur, i.e., -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is less likely to lose hydrogen to form an uncharged imine group, resulting in better stability. This maintains the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite, which is beneficial to improving the stability of perovskite solar cells. -C(-NH2)=NH2 + When combined with L groups, it can achieve a good passivation effect, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency of solar cells.

[0013] By setting R2 and R3 to independently include -NH-CH=NH2 + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + One of them, -NH-CH=NH2 + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is less prone to deprotonation reactions and has better stability, thus maintaining the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite and improving the stability of perovskite solar cells. -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + When combined with L groups, it can achieve a good passivation effect, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency of solar cells.

[0014] In one embodiment, the main chain of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain has 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and / or, the main chain of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain has 2 to 8 carbon atoms; and / or, the number of cyclic atoms in the aliphatic ring is 5 to 8; and / or, the number of cyclic atoms in the aromatic group is 6 to 10; and / or, the number of cyclic carbon atoms in the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group is 2 to 11; and / or, the number of cyclic carbon atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of cyclic carbon atoms in the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of cyclic carbon atoms in the selenium-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of cyclic carbon atoms in the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the heteroacyclic group is 1 to 8.

[0015] Through the above design, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material is beneficial to be combined with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and good passivation effect is achieved.

[0016] In an embodiment, when the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the aliphatic ring, the aromatic group, the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, the selenium-containing heterocyclic group, the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, and the hetero-noncyclic group are substituted, the substituent group independently includes one or more of halogen, an alkyl group with 1-8 carbon atoms, a heteroatom-substituted alkyl group with 1-8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group with 2-8 carbon atoms, an aromatic group with 6-10 ring-forming carbon atoms, and a heterocyclic aromatic group with 3-11 ring-forming carbon atoms.

[0017] Through the above design, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material is beneficial to be combined with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and good passivation effect is achieved.

[0018] In an embodiment, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen, an alkyl group with 1-3 carbon atoms, a heteroatom-substituted alkyl group with 1-3 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group with 2-3 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, selenophene, pyridine, and imidazole.

[0019] Through the above design, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material is beneficial to be combined with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and good passivation effect is achieved.

[0020] In an embodiment, the solar cell satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) the halogen includes one of F, Cl, Br, and I; (2) the heteroatom includes one or more of O, S, N, P, and Se; and (3) the heteroatom in the heterocyclic aromatic group includes one or more of O, S, N, P, and Se.

[0021] By designing the substituents as described above, the binding force between the passivation material and the perovskite defects can be increased, achieving good passivation effect; the introduction of heteroatoms enables the passivation material to passivate the cations of the under-coordinated first light absorbing layer by using the lone pair electrons of the heteroatoms, for example, in the case of a first light absorbing layer comprising a perovskite material, the under-coordinated B-site cations can be passivated, which is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0022] In an embodiment, the cations of the passivation material comprise at least one of the following molecular structures:

[0023] wherein n = 1-8, m = 1-8, and Ph is a phenyl group.

[0024] By having the cations of the passivation material comprise at least one of the above, the -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + of the passivation material are less likely to undergo deprotonation reactions, i.e., -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + are less likely to lose H to become uncharged imine groups, and thus have good stability, thereby maintaining the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite, which is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell; and the molecular size and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material is easy to penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, which is conducive to the combination of the R1, R2 or R3 groups of the passivation material with the defect sites on the perovskite interface, maintaining good chemical adsorption between the passivation material and the perovskite interface, and achieving good passivation effect.

[0025] In an embodiment, n = 1-5, m = 1-8. By having n = 1-5, m = 1-8, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are small, the passivation material is more easily penetrated into the defects on the perovskite interface, achieving passivation of the defects on the perovskite interface, achieving good passivation effect, and being conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite.

[0026] In an embodiment, the anions of the passivation material are halide ions or pseudo-halide ions.

[0027] The halide ions or pseudo-halide ions can interact with the perovskite interface and combine with X vacancies such as iodine vacancies and bromine vacancies, reducing the interface defect state density, improving the charge extraction and injection efficiency, and thus improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0028] In an embodiment, the pseudo-halide ions comprise SCN - , CNO - , OCN -OSCN - SH - CN - SeH - SeCN - BF4 - PF6 - HCOO - CH3COO - CF3COO - .

[0029] The pseudo-halogen ion can interact with the perovskite interface, combine with X vacancies such as iodine vacancies and bromine vacancies, reduce the interface defect state density, improve the charge extraction and injection efficiency, and thus improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0030] In an embodiment, the first light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, and the perovskite material has a structural formula of ABX3; wherein A comprises at least one of CH3NH3 + HC(NH2)2 + Cs + Rb + , B comprises one or more of Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Eu 2+ , and X comprises a halide anion or a pseudo-halide anion. By designing the first light-absorbing layer to comprise a perovskite material, the passivation material can passivate the interface of the first light-absorbing layer, and a better passivation effect can be achieved, which is conducive to improving the efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0031] In an embodiment, A comprises HC(NH2)2 + .

[0032] A commonly used passivation material in the prior art is R1R2-NH2 + , and the R1R2-NH2 + -like passivation material can passivate the perovskite interface and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell; however, R1R2-NH2+ Easy deprotonation, reaction R1R2-NH2 + → R1R2NH + H + , the deprotonated substance will react with formamidine R1R2NH + NH2-CH=NH2 + → R1R2N-CH=NH2 + + NH3(g)↑, sometimes R1R2NH is a volatile substance even reaction R1R2-NH2 + → R1R2NH(g)↑ + H + , which is not conducive to the stability of perovskite solar cells. The R1, R2, R3 groups of the passivation material of the application respectively include -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is more difficult to deprotonate, that is, -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is more difficult to deprotonate to become an uncharged imine group, reducing the probability of reaction of the uncharged imine group with formamidine, which is conducive to improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0033] In an embodiment, when the first light absorbing layer includes a passivation material, the addition amount of the passivation material is 0.01% to 10% of the molar concentration of element B.

[0034] By designing the addition amount of the passivation material to be 0.01% to 10% of the molar concentration of element B, a better passivation effect is achieved, which is conducive to improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0035] In an embodiment, when the solar cell includes a passivation layer, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 10 nm. By designing the thickness of the passivation layer as described above, the passivation layer can fully cover the small defects present in the perovskite material, ensuring the uniformity and effectiveness of the passivation effect; the electron blocking effect of the passivation layer due to its thickness is limited, which can keep the electrons effectively transmitted from the perovskite layer to the electron transport layer; the thickness of the passivation layer can maintain a relatively high light transmittance, maintaining good optical performance of the solar cell. The setting of the thickness of the passivation layer can achieve a better passivation effect while having a relatively small impact on the current, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the solar cell.

[0036] In an embodiment, when the electron transport layer includes a passivation material, the addition amount of the passivation material is 0.01% to 5% of the mass of the electron transport layer.

[0037] By designing the adding amount of the passivation material in the electron transport layer as 0.01% to 5% of the mass of the electron transport layer, a better passivation effect is achieved, which is conducive to improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0038] In an embodiment, the solar cell comprises a first light absorption layer and a passivation layer, and the solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer, which is arranged on the side of the passivation layer away from the first light absorption layer.

[0039] By arranging the passivation layer between the first light absorption layer and the electron transport layer, the passivation layer can passivate the defects of the perovskite interface, and the electron transport layer promotes the extraction of electrons, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the solar cell.

[0040] In an embodiment, the solar cell further comprises a hole transport layer, which is arranged on the side of the first light absorption layer away from the passivation layer.

[0041] By arranging the hole transport layer, the transmission of holes is promoted, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the solar cell.

[0042] In an embodiment, the solar cell is of an inverted structure.

[0043] By arranging the solar cell to be of an inverted structure, the solar cell has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0044] The second aspect of the present application provides a laminated solar cell, which comprises the solar cell of the first aspect, and a second light absorption layer arranged on one side of the first light absorption layer, wherein the second light absorption layer has a different band gap from the first light absorption layer. In this way, by arranging the first light absorption layer and the second light absorption layer with different band gaps, the laminated solar cell can effectively absorb light of different wavelengths, widen the spectral range of light absorbed by the laminated solar cell, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the laminated solar cell.

[0045] The third aspect of the present application provides a passivation material, wherein the structure formula of the cation of the passivation material is L-R1 and / or R2-L-R3; wherein R1 comprises -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , R2 and R3 each independently comprise one of -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + ; and L comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-noncyclic group.

[0046] The cationic structural formula of the passivation material provided in the embodiments of the present application is L-R1, which performs two-dimensional passivation on the defects on the perovskite interface, reduces non-radiative recombination loss, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell; the cationic structural formula of the passivation material is R2-L-R3, which performs field effect passivation on the defects on the perovskite interface, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the entire cell. The R1, R2 and R3 groups of the passivation material independently include one of -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + are less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + are less likely to lose H to become uncharged imine groups, have good stability, and thus maintain the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite, which is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0047] In an embodiment, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 1-8; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 2-8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aliphatic ring is 5-8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aromatic group is 6-10; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group is 2-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the selenium-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the hetero-noncyclic group is 1-8.

[0048] The molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are more appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, which is conducive to the combination of the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material with the defect sites on the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and a better passivation effect is achieved.

[0049] In an embodiment, when the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the aliphatic ring, the aromatic group, the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, the selenium-containing heterocyclic group, the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group or the hetero-noncyclic group is substituted, the substituent independently includes one or more of halogen, alkyl with 1-8 carbon atoms, heteroatom-substituted alkyl with 1-8 carbon atoms, alkenyl with 2-8 carbon atoms, aromatic group with 6-10 ring-forming carbon atoms, and heterocyclic aromatic group with 3-11 ring-forming carbon atoms.

[0050] Through the above design, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, which is conducive to the combination of the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, and the passivation material has good chemical adsorption with the perovskite interface, so that a good passivation effect is achieved.

[0051] In an embodiment, the cation of the passivation material comprises at least one of the following molecular structures:

[0052] wherein n = 1-8, m = 1-8, and Ph is a phenyl group.

[0053] By making the cation of the passivation material comprise at least one of the above, the -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + of the passivation material are less likely to undergo deprotonation reactions, that is, -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + are less likely to become uncharged imine groups, and have good stability, thereby maintaining the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite, and facilitating the improvement of the stability of the perovskite solar cell; and the molecular size and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, which is conducive to the combination of the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, and the passivation material has good chemical adsorption with the perovskite interface, so that a good passivation effect is achieved.

[0054] In an embodiment, n = 1-5, and m = 1-5.

[0055] By making n = 1-5 and m = 1-5, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively small, and the passivation material can more easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, so that a good passivation effect is achieved, and the stability of the perovskite is improved.

[0056] In an embodiment, the anion of the passivation material is a halogen ion or a pseudo-halogen ion. The halogen ion or the pseudo-halogen ion can interact with the perovskite interface and combine with X vacancies such as iodine vacancies and bromine vacancies, thereby reducing the interface defect state density, improving the charge extraction and injection efficiency, and thus improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0057] The fourth aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system comprising the solar cell of any one of the first aspect or the laminated solar cell of the second aspect. The photovoltaic system has at least the same advantages as the above-mentioned solar cell or laminated solar cell.

[0058] The fifth aspect of the present application provides a power consuming device comprising the solar cell of any one of the first aspect or the laminated solar cell of the second aspect. The power consuming device has at least the same advantages as the above-mentioned solar cell or laminated solar cell.

[0059] The sixth aspect of the present application provides a power generating device comprising the solar cell of any one of the first aspect or the laminated solar cell of the second aspect. The power generating device has at least the same advantages as the above-mentioned solar cell or laminated solar cell.

[0060] The above description is only a summary of the technical solutions of the present application. In order to make the technical means of the present application more clear and understandable, and to enable the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application to be more obvious and easy to understand, the following will describe the specific embodiments of the present application in detail according to the contents of the description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0061] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed to be used in the embodiment description. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained without creative labor on the basis of these drawings.

[0062] Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell provided by the embodiments of the present application;

[0063] Fig. 2 is a SEM comparison diagram of the first light absorbing layer perovskite material of the experimental piece one and the experimental piece two provided by the embodiments of the present application;

[0064] Fig. 3 is an XRD comparison diagram of the first light absorbing layer perovskite material of the experimental piece one and the experimental piece two provided by the embodiments of the present application.

[0065] Explanation of reference numerals: first light absorbing layer 11, first transport layer 12, second transport layer 13, first electrode layer 14, second electrode layer 15, barrier layer 16. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0066] In order to make the purposes, technical solutions and effects of the present application more clear and definite, the following will describe the embodiments of the technical solutions of the present application in detail in combination with the drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and therefore only serve as examples, but cannot limit the protection scope of the present application.

[0067] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of this application; the use of the terms "including," "comprising," or "having" and variations thereof herein is intended to be broad and encompass the terms "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" and variations thereof, unless otherwise noted.

[0068] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second", etc. are only used to distinguish different objects, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number, specific order or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "a plurality of" refers to two or more (including two), and similarly, "a plurality of groups" refers to two or more groups (including two groups), and "a plurality of pieces" refers to two or more pieces (including two pieces), unless otherwise explicitly and specifically limited.

[0069] Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of the phrase that the phrase in the specification in various places does not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment, nor is it necessarily mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is explicitly and implicitly understood that the embodiments described herein are capable of combination.

[0070] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and / or" is only a description of the association relationship of the associated objects, which means that there can be three relationships, for example, A and / or B, which can represent the three cases of A alone, A and B together, and B alone. In addition, the character " / " in this paper generally represents that the front and rear associated objects are a "or" relationship.

[0071] Quantities, ratios, and other numerical values are presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for the convenience of the reader and is not intended to limit the actual scope of such quantities, ratios, and other numerical values beyond the theoretical scope of the disclosure. It is also to be understood that it is intended to cover and disclose all such amounts, substitutions, and alternatives falling within the scope of the disclosure.

[0072] If not otherwise specified, all steps of the present application can be carried out sequentially, randomly or in parallel, preferably sequentially. For example, the method comprises steps (a) and (b) means that the method can comprise steps (a) and (b) sequentially, or steps (b) and (a) sequentially, or steps (a) and (b) in parallel. For example, the method can further comprise step (c) means that step (c) can be added to the method in any order, for example, the method can comprise steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0073] With the rapid development of new energy technology, solar cells have been widely used in military, aerospace, industry, commerce, agriculture and communication fields. Perovskite solar cells have gradually become a research hotspot of new generation solar cells due to their high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, low production cost and material cost.

[0074] There are a large number of defects on the perovskite interface, which affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. To improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell, a passivation material can be used to passivate the perovskite interface.

[0075] Based on this, the present application provides a solar cell, a passivation material, a photovoltaic system, an electrical equipment and a power generation equipment. The passivation material has good passivation effect on the perovskite interface, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0076] Please refer to FIG. 1, which is a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell provided by an embodiment of the present application.

[0077] The solar cell comprises a first electrode layer 14, a first light absorption layer 11 and a second electrode layer 15 which are sequentially stacked.

[0078] The first light absorption layer 11 is used for absorbing light and converting light energy into electric energy through photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. The first light absorption layer 11 comprises light-absorbing material and has photoelectric conversion function. The light-absorbing material absorbs photons of sunlight to generate excitation, and the excited electrons in the valence band generate photo-generated holes and electron pairs.

[0079] One of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 15 is used for collecting electrons, and the other of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 15 is used for collecting holes. At least one of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 15 is a light-transmitting electrode, so that the incident light can be transmitted through the light-transmitting electrode and be absorbed by the first light-absorbing layer 11. In some embodiments, one of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 15 is a light-transmitting electrode layer, and the other is a metal electrode layer, which is arranged to reduce the resistivity of the solar cell and improve the cell efficiency of the solar cell.

[0080] In some embodiments, the solar cell further comprises a first transport layer 12 and a second transport layer 13, which are respectively arranged on the two sides of the first light-absorbing layer 11. The first electrode layer 14 is arranged on the side of the first transport layer 12 away from the first light-absorbing layer 11. The second electrode layer 15 is arranged on the side of the second transport layer 13 away from the first light-absorbing layer 11. In the case of a p-type structure of the solar cell, the first transport layer 12 is an electron transport layer, and the second transport layer 13 is a hole transport layer; in the case of an n-type structure of the solar cell, the first transport layer 12 is a hole transport layer, and the second transport layer 13 is an electron transport layer.

[0081] Taking the solar cell as an n-type structure as an example, the arrangement of each film layer of the solar cell is described in detail. The electron transport layer is used to efficiently transport the free electrons generated by the first light-absorbing layer 11 to the second electrode layer 15, effectively block the passage of free holes, and form an ohmic contact at the interface with the first light-absorbing layer 11. The hole transport layer is used to transport the holes generated by the first light-absorbing layer 11 to the first electrode layer 14 and prevent the holes from diffusing in the opposite direction.

[0082] It should be noted that the first transport layer 12 and the second transport layer 13 are optional structures, and whether to arrange the first transport layer 12 or the second transport layer 13 is selected according to the transport of the carriers.

[0083] In the embodiments provided in the present application, the solar cell comprises a first light-absorbing layer 11, the first light-absorbing layer 11 comprises a passivation material; or, the solar cell comprises a first light-absorbing layer 11 and a passivation layer, the passivation layer is arranged on one side of the first light-absorbing layer 11, and the passivation layer comprises a passivation material; or, the solar cell comprises a first light-absorbing layer 11 and an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer is arranged on one side of the first light-absorbing layer 11, and the electron transport layer comprises a passivation material. The structural formula of the cation of the passivation material is L-R1 and / or R2-L-R3; wherein R1, R2, R3 respectively independently comprises -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 +one of a substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-noncyclic group.

[0084] The saturated aliphatic chain refers to a chain structure composed of carbon and hydrogen elements, in which the carbon atoms in the molecule are connected by single bonds, and each carbon is saturatedly connected to hydrogen atoms, without carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) or carbon-carbon triple bonds (C≡C).

[0085] The unsaturated aliphatic chain refers to a chain structure composed of carbon and hydrogen elements, in which at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) or carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C) is contained in the molecule, and some of the carbon atoms are not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.

[0086] The aliphatic ring refers to a ring structure composed of carbon atoms, which are connected by single, double, or triple bonds to form a closed ring skeleton.

[0087] The aromatic group refers to a closed aromatic ring or ring system, which is derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon compound by losing a hydrogen atom, i.e., forming a monovalent connection site directly on the ring, which can be a monocyclic aryl group, or a fused ring aryl group, or a polycyclic aryl group, and for polycyclic rings, at least one is an aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, the aromatic group includes phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, biphenyl, pyrenyl, spirobifluorenyl, chrysenyl, perylenyl, indenyl, and azulenyl, etc.

[0088] The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group refers to a cyclic group containing at least one nitrogen atom, which is connected to a carbon atom by a covalent bond to form a ring structure.

[0089] The sulfur-containing heterocyclic group refers to a cyclic group containing at least one sulfur atom, which is connected to a carbon atom by a covalent bond to form a ring structure.

[0090] The oxygen-containing heterocyclic group refers to a cyclic group containing at least one oxygen atom, which is connected to a carbon atom by a covalent bond to form a ring structure.

[0091] The phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group refers to a cyclic group containing at least one phosphorus atom, which is connected to a carbon atom by a covalent bond to form a ring structure.

[0092] The selenium-containing heterocyclic group refers to a cyclic group containing at least one selenium atom, which is connected to a carbon atom by a covalent bond to form a ring structure.

[0093] A heteroacyclic group is a group that contains heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc.) but does not form a cyclic structure. In other words, a heteroacyclic group is an open-chain structure containing heteroatoms, such as alkyl groups containing heteroatoms and alkenyl groups containing heteroatoms.

[0094] Using the aforementioned passivation material to passivate the interface of the first light-absorbing layer 11 can achieve a better passivation effect, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency and stability of solar cells. Specifically, when the cation structure of the passivation material is L-R1, the R1 group combines with the defect sites of the perovskite interface to perform two-dimensional passivation of the defects on the perovskite interface, reducing non-radiative recombination losses and improving the efficiency and stability of the solar cell; when the cation structure of the passivation material is R2-L-R3, the R2 and R3 groups combine with the defect sites of the perovskite interface to perform field-effect passivation of the defects on the perovskite interface, improving the overall efficiency of the cell. Among them, two-dimensional passivation refers to the use of specific molecules or materials to form a thin two-dimensional perovskite layer on the surface of the three-dimensional perovskite for passivation. The two-dimensional perovskite layer can act as a protective barrier, effectively blocking water and oxygen erosion and ion migration, improving and protecting the performance of the three-dimensional perovskite host material, thereby improving stability; in addition, while passivating defects, the formation of a two-dimensional (2D)-three-dimensional (3D) heterostructure achieves good alignment of energy levels, promotes carrier transport and extraction, and improves efficiency. Field-effect passivation refers to the use of specific molecules or materials to adjust and optimize the transport of electrons or holes in a battery. These molecules have a certain fixed charge, and the electric field formed by the fixed charge reflects charge carriers of the same charge, thereby passivating interface defects and improving the stability and efficiency of the battery.

[0095] The R1, R2, and R3 groups of the passivation material each independently include -NH-CH=NH2. + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + One of the groups, -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is relatively difficult for it to undergo deprotonation reaction, i.e., -NH-CH=NH2. + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is less likely to lose hydrogen to form uncharged imine groups, resulting in better stability. This helps maintain the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite, which is beneficial to improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0096] The L group of the passivation material includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-noncyclic group, which can block the penetration of moisture and oxygen, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0097] In an embodiment, R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2. + ; or, the R2 and R3 independently include one of -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + .

[0098] By setting R1 as -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , which can block the penetration of moisture and oxygen, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0099] By setting R2 and R3 independently include one of -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + is less likely to undergo deprotonation reaction, that is, -C(-NH2)=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , which can block the penetration of moisture and oxygen, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0100] In one embodiment, the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 1 to 8; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 2 to 8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aliphatic ring is 5 to 8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aromatic group is 6 to 10; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group is 2 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the selenium-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the hetero-noncyclic group is 1 to 8.

[0101] In one embodiment, the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 1 to 8; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 2 to 8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aliphatic ring is 5 to 8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aromatic group is 6 to 10; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group is 2 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the selenium-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the hetero-noncyclic group is 1 to 8.

[0102] The L group is designed as above, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are suitable, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material can be combined with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and good passivation effect is achieved. It should be noted that the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the heterocyclic group is 3-11, wherein the heteroatoms in the heterocyclic group include one or more of O, S, N, P, Se, which is beneficial to maintaining the ring stability of the heterocyclic group, and is beneficial to maintaining the stability of the passivation material, and further maintaining the good passivation effect of the passivation material.

[0103] In an embodiment, when the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the aliphatic ring, the aromatic group, the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, the selenium-containing heterocyclic group, the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group or the hetero-non-cyclic group is substituted, the substituent independently includes one or more of halogen, alkyl with 1-8 carbon atoms, heteroatom-substituted alkyl with 1-8 carbon atoms, alkenyl with 2-8 carbon atoms, aromatic group with 6-10 ring-forming carbon atoms, and heterocyclic aromatic group with 3-11 ring-forming carbon atoms.

[0104] The halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.

[0105] The alkyl with 1-8 carbon atoms refers to an alkyl group containing 1-8 carbon atoms, including a straight-chain alkyl group or a branched-chain alkyl group. The number of carbon atoms can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 2-4, 3-5, etc.

[0106] The heteroatom-substituted alkyl with 1-8 carbon atoms refers to a straight-chain alkyl group or a branched-chain alkyl group containing 1-8 carbon atoms, and one or more carbon atoms are substituted by a heteroatom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, etc.). The number of carbon atoms can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 2-4, 1-3, etc.

[0107] The alkenyl with 2-8 carbon atoms refers to an alkenyl group containing 2-8 carbon atoms, including a straight-chain alkenyl group or a branched-chain alkenyl group. The number of carbon atoms can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 2-4, 2-6, etc.

[0108] The aromatic group with 6-10 ring-forming carbon atoms refers to an aromatic group with 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring-forming carbon atoms; the aromatic group refers to a closed aromatic ring or ring system, an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by losing one hydrogen atom from the base of an aromatic ring hydrocarbon compound, that is, a monovalent connection site is directly formed on the ring, which can be a monocyclic aromatic group, or a fused ring aromatic group, or a polycyclic aromatic group, and for the polycyclic ring, at least one is an aromatic ring system. The number of ring-forming carbon atoms can be 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 6-7, 8-10, etc.

[0109] The heterocyclic aromatic group with 3-11 ring-forming carbon atoms refers to a heterocyclic aromatic group with 3-11 carbon atoms in the ring-forming carbon atoms; the heterocyclic aromatic group refers to an aromatic ring group containing heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, etc.). The ring structure of the heterocyclic aromatic group not only contains carbon atoms, but also contains at least one heteroatom. The number of ring-forming carbon atoms can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 5-8, 7-10, etc.

[0110] Through the above design, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, which is conducive to the combination of the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and a good passivation effect is achieved.

[0111] By selecting an alkyl group with 1-8 carbon atoms as a substituent, the energy level alignment can be controlled, the steric hindrance and molecular weight of the passivation material are kept appropriate, the stability of the low-dimensional perovskite layer (one-dimensional, two-dimensional layer) is maintained, and the dimensional increase caused by the upward migration of the A-site cation of the low-dimensional perovskite is reduced. By selecting an alkyl group with 1-8 carbon atoms substituted by a heteroatom as a substituent, the substituent provides multifunctional passivation, in which the lone pair electrons of the heteroatom passivate the under-coordinated cations of the first light absorbing layer, for example, in the case of a first light absorbing layer comprising a perovskite material, the under-coordinated B-site cations such as Pb 2+ are passivated, and the stability of the solar cell is improved. By selecting an alkenyl group with 2-8 carbon atoms as a substituent, the alkenyl group allows the passivation material to form a certain degree of cross-linking bond, which improves the stability of the passivation material, achieves a good passivation effect, and further improves the stability of the solar cell.

[0112] In an embodiment, the substituent includes one or more of halogen, alkyl with 1-3 carbon atoms, alkyl with 1-3 carbon atoms substituted by a heteroatom, alkenyl with 2-3 carbon atoms, phenyl, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, selenophene, pyridine, and imidazole.

[0113] By selecting the above-mentioned substituents, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are relatively appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material is beneficial to combine with the defect sites of the perovskite interface, the passivation material and the perovskite interface have good chemical adsorption, and a better passivation effect is achieved.

[0114] In an embodiment, the solar cell satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) halogen includes one of F, Cl, Br, and I; (2) heteroatom includes one or more of O, S, N, P, and Se; (3) heteroatom in the heterocyclic aromatic group includes one or more of O, S, N, P, and Se.

[0115] By designing the substituents as described above, the binding force between the passivation material and the perovskite defects can be increased, and a better passivation effect can be achieved; the introduction of the heteroatom enables the passivation material to passivate the cations of the first light-absorbing layer by using the lone pair electrons of the heteroatom, for example, in the case of a first light-absorbing layer including a perovskite material, the under-coordinated B-site cations such as Pb 2+ , which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0116] In an embodiment, the cation of the passivation material includes at least one of the following molecular structures:

[0117] wherein n = 1-8, m = 1-8, and Ph is a phenyl group.

[0118] n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 4-7, 2-7, etc. m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 3-5, 2-6, etc.

[0119] By including at least one of the above-mentioned cations in the passivation material, the -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + of the passivation material is relatively difficult to deprotonate, that is, -NH-CH=NH2 + and -C(-NH2)=NH2 +It is more difficult to remove H to become uncharged imine group, and the stability is better, and the passivation effect of the passivation material on the perovskite is maintained, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell; and the molecular size and steric hindrance of the passivation material are more appropriate, the passivation material can easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, and the R1 group, the R2 group or the R3 group of the passivation material can be combined with the defect sites on the perovskite interface, so that the passivation material and the perovskite interface can be chemisorbed, and a better passivation effect can be achieved.

[0120] The main chain and the substituent of the cation of the passivation material can cooperate with each other to control the energy level alignment through the substituent, maintain the appropriate space position and molecular weight of the passivation material, and maintain good passivation effect. By controlling the distance between the two functional groups on the main chain to be several angstroms, for example, 4-10 angstroms (about 2-6 carbon-carbon bond lengths), one passivation material molecule can passivate two adjacent defects. The cation of the passivation material includes double bond functional groups, aromatic groups, heterocyclic groups and the like, which is beneficial to form a relatively dense low-dimensional layer.

[0121] In an embodiment, n=1-5, m=1-5. Wherein, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or a range composed of any two of the above values, for example, 1-3, 2-5, etc. m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or a range composed of any two of the above values, for example, 1-3, 2-4, etc.

[0122] By setting n=1-5 and m=1-5, the molecular volume and steric hindrance of the passivation material are small, and the passivation material can more easily penetrate into the defects on the perovskite interface, passivate the defects on the perovskite interface, achieve a better passivation effect, and improve the stability of the perovskite.

[0123] In an embodiment, the anion of the passivation material is a halogen ion or a pseudo-halogen ion. The halogen ion or the pseudo-halogen ion can interact with the perovskite interface, combine with X vacancies such as iodine vacancies and bromine vacancies, reduce the interface defect state density, improve the charge extraction and injection efficiency, and thus improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0124] In an embodiment, the halogen ion can be one or more of I - , Br - , Cl - . The halogen ion can interact with the perovskite interface, combine with X vacancies such as iodine vacancies and bromine vacancies, reduce the interface defect state density, improve the charge extraction and injection efficiency, and thus improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0125] In an embodiment, the pseudo-halogen ion can be one or more of CN - , SCN - , OCN -, CNO - , OSCN - , SH - , SeH - , SeCN - , BF4 - , PF6 - , HCOO - , CH3COO - , CF3COO - One or more of the pseudo-halide ions can interact with the perovskite interface, bind with X vacancies such as iodine vacancies, bromine vacancies, reduce the interface defect state density, improve charge extraction and injection efficiency, and thus improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0126] In an embodiment, the light-absorbing material of the first light-absorbing layer 11 includes, but is not limited to, a perovskite material, which has a photoelectric conversion function. In an embodiment, the perovskite has a chemical formula of ABX3, where A includes inorganic cations and / or organic amine cations, B includes inorganic cations and / or organic cations, and X includes inorganic anions and / or organic anions.

[0127] A includes inorganic cations, or organic cations, or a mixture of inorganic cations and organic cations. Optionally, A includes at least one of methylamine groups (CH3NH3 + , abbreviated as MA + ), formamidinium groups (HC(NH2)2 + , abbreviated as FA + ), cesium ions (Cs + ), and rubidium ions (Rb + ).

[0128] B includes inorganic cations, or organic cations, or a mixture of inorganic cations and organic cations. Optionally, B includes one or more of divalent metal ions Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Pd 2+ , Yb 2+ , Eu 2+ .

[0129] X is an inorganic anion, an organic anion, or a mixture of inorganic and organic anions. Optionally, X includes a halide anion or a pseudohalogen anion, and the halide anion can be a bromide ion (Br₂). - ) or iodide ions (I - At least one of the following, the pseudohalogen anion can be CN - SCN - OCN - CNO - OSCN - SH - 、SeH - SeCN - BF4 - PF6 - HCOO - CH3COO - CF3COO - One or more of them.

[0130] By designing the first light-absorbing layer 11 to include perovskite material and passivating material to passivate the interface of the first light-absorbing layer 11, a better passivation effect can be achieved, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0131] In one embodiment, A comprises formamidinyl (HC(NH2)2) + FA (abbreviated as FA) + That is, the first light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite material with the structural formula ABX3, where A includes a formamidinyl group.

[0132] R1R2-NH2 is a commonly used passivation material in existing technologies. + R1R2-NH2 + Passivation-like materials can passivate the perovskite interface, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells; however, R1R2-NH2 + It readily undergoes deprotonation, reacting with the reaction R1R2-NH2. + →R1R2NH+H + The deprotonated substance will react with formamidin: R1R2NH + NH2-CH=NH2 + →R1R2N-CH=NH2 + +NH3(g)↑, and sometimes when R1R2NH is a volatile substance, the reaction R1R2-NH2 may even occur. + →R1R2NH(g)↑+H + This is detrimental to the stability of perovskite solar cells. The R1, R2, and R3 groups of the passivation material in this application each independently include -NH-CH=NH2. + -C(-NH2)=NH2+ -NH-CH=NH2 + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + -NH-CH=NH2 + -C(-NH2)=NH2 + It is more difficult to deprotonate, that is, -NH-CH=NH2

[0133] In an embodiment, when the first light-absorbing layer comprises a passivation material, the amount of the passivation material added is 0-10% of the molar concentration of the B element, and optionally, the amount of the passivation material added is 0.01%-10% of the molar concentration of the B element.

[0134] It should be noted that the amount of the passivation material added is 0-10% of the molar concentration of the B element, and the endpoint 0 is not included, but the endpoint 10% is included. The amount of the passivation material added is 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, 10%, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 1%-8%, 2%-9%, 6%-10%, 3.5%-7.5%, etc. For example, when the amount of the passivation material added is 1% of the molar concentration of the B element in a 1.5 mol / L ABX3 solution, the molar concentration of the passivation material is 0.015 mol / L.

[0135] By designing the amount of the passivation material added to be 0.01%-10% of the molar concentration of the B element, a better passivation effect is achieved, which is conducive to improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0136] In an embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm-10 nm; that is, when the solar cell comprises a passivation layer, the passivation layer comprises a passivation material, and the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm-10 nm. By designing the thickness of the passivation layer as described above, the passivation layer can sufficiently cover the small defects present in the perovskite material, ensuring the uniformity and effectiveness of the passivation effect; the electron blocking effect of the passivation layer due to its thickness is limited, which can ensure that the electrons can be effectively transferred from the perovskite layer to the electron transport layer; the thickness of the passivation layer can maintain a relatively high light transmittance, maintaining the good optical performance of the solar cell. The thickness of the passivation layer can achieve a better passivation effect while having a relatively small impact on the current, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the solar cell.

[0137] It should be noted that the above design of the L group, the R1, R2, R3 group of the passivation material, the molecular size of the passivation material is small, and there is a gap between the particles of the passivation layer. It can be understood that the passivation layer is a non-dense and non-continuous film layer.

[0138] The thickness of the passivation layer can be 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, etc. It can also be a range composed of any two of the above values, for example, 1 nm to 2.5 nm, 1.5 nm to 6 nm, 2 nm to 3 nm, 1 nm to 3 nm, etc.

[0139] In an embodiment, when the electron transport layer includes a passivation material, the addition amount of the passivation material is 0.01% to 5% of the mass of the electron transport layer.

[0140] The addition amount of the passivation material can be 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5% of the mass of the electron transport layer, or a range composed of any two of the above values, for example, 1% to 4%, 0.5% to 3%, etc.

[0141] By designing the addition amount of the passivation material in the electron transport layer to be 0.01% to 5% of the mass of the electron transport layer, a better passivation effect is achieved, which is beneficial to improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0142] In an embodiment, the solar cell includes a first light absorption layer 11 and a passivation layer. The solar cell further includes an electron transport layer, which is arranged on the side of the passivation layer away from the first light absorption layer 11, i.e., the passivation layer is located between the first light absorption layer 11 and the electron transport layer. By arranging the passivation layer between the first light absorption layer 11 and the electron transport layer, the passivation layer can passivate the defects at the perovskite interface, and the electron transport layer promotes the extraction of electrons, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency of the solar cell.

[0143] In an embodiment, the electron transport material of the electron transport layer is at least one of the following materials, derivatives thereof, and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof, including but not limited to at least one of imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and derivatives thereof, metal oxides, semiconductor material oxides, titanates, fluorides. The imide compounds include at least one of phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. The quinone compounds include at least one of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthraquinone, or anthraquinone. The fullerenes and derivatives thereof include at least one of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70). The metal element in the metal oxides includes at least one of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr; exemplarily, zinc oxide (ZnO), tin dioxide (SnO2). The semiconductor material oxides include silicon oxide. The titanates include at least one of strontium titanate, calcium titanate. The fluorides include at least one of lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride.

[0144] In an embodiment, the solar cell further comprises a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer is located on the side of the first light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer.

[0145] By arranging the hole transport layer, the transmission of holes is promoted, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the solar cell.

[0146] In an embodiment, the hole transport material of the hole transport layer includes but is not limited to at least one of 2,2',7,7'-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), methoxytriphenylamine-fluoromethylformamidine, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly-3-hexylthiophene, triptycene-core triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-phenyl)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic monomer, carbazolyl monomer, sulfonic monomer, triphenylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, metal oxide, and cuprous thiocyanate, wherein the metal element in the selected metal oxide in the hole transport material includes at least one of Ni, Mo, and Cu.

[0147] In the case that the first transport layer 12 is a hole transport layer, the first electrode layer 14 is generally an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a mixture of organic conductive material and inorganic conductive material. The organic conductive material is, for example, a conductive polymer, including but not limited to at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polythiophene, polyacetylene; the inorganic conductive material includes but is not limited to at least one of a transparent conductive oxide, a metal, a carbon derivative, and the inorganic conductive material is specifically, for example, Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), etc.

[0148] In the case that the second transport layer 13 is an electron transport layer, the second electrode layer 15 has a function of collecting free electrons. The second electrode layer 15 is generally an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a mixture of organic conductive material and inorganic conductive material. The organic conductive material is, for example, a conductive polymer, including but not limited to at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polythiophene, polyacetylene; the inorganic conductive material includes but is not limited to at least one of a transparent conductive oxide, a metal, a carbon derivative, and the inorganic conductive material is specifically, for example, Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), etc.

[0149] In an embodiment, the solar cell is of an inverse structure.

[0150] By setting the solar cell to be of an inverse structure, the solar cell has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0151] In an embodiment, the solar cell further comprises a barrier layer 16. The barrier layer 16 is arranged between the second transport layer 13 (electron transport layer) and the second electrode layer 15. The barrier layer 16 can adjust the energy level, facilitate the extraction of electrons, and can block iodine vapor, hydroiodic acid, etc. generated during the use of the cell from reacting with the second electrode layer 15, thereby protecting the second electrode layer 15. Optionally, the barrier layer 16 includes but is not limited to SnO2, and the SnO2 is formed by atomic layer deposition to form the barrier layer 16. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 16 can also not be arranged; that is, the barrier layer 16 is an optional structure.

[0152] In a specific embodiment, the first light-absorbing layer 11 comprises a perovskite material and a passivation material, the perovskite material is Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3, and the passivation material is INH2=CH-NH-C4H 10-C(-NH2)=NH2I, the added amount of the passivation material is 1% of the molar concentration of Pb element in the perovskite material. The first light absorbing layer 11 including the perovskite material (Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3) and the passivation material (INH2=CH-NH-C4H 10 -C(-NH2)=NH2I) is defined as experimental piece one, the first light absorbing layer 11 including the perovskite material (Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3) is defined as experimental piece two, the morphology of the first light absorbing layer 11 measured by comparing the experimental piece one and the experimental piece two is shown in FIG. 2, which is a SEM comparison diagram of the experimental piece one and the experimental piece two provided by the embodiment of the present application, and the influence of the passivation material on the crystallization is shown in FIG. 3, which is an XRD comparison diagram of the experimental piece one and the experimental piece two provided by the embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG. 2, in the case that there is no passivation material of the present application in the first light absorbing layer, there are impurities such as PbI at the grain boundaries; in the case that the first light absorbing layer includes the passivation material of the present application, the grain boundary impurities are obviously eliminated, and the grain size distribution is obviously more uniform. As shown in FIG. 3, in the case that the first light absorbing layer includes the passivation material of the present application, the orientation consistency of the perovskite crystallization is better, which is conducive to improving the performance of the solar cell.

[0153] The embodiment of the present application further provides a preparation method of the passivation material with a cationic structural formula of L-R1, R1 is -NH-CH=NH2 + , and specifically comprises the following steps:

[0154] A solution of 45 mmol of FAI (NH2-CH=NH2I) is stirred in an ice bath, and then added dropwise into a 50 ml solution of anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) containing 4.5 mmol of L-NH2. After the addition is completed, it is stirred for another 2 hours, and then the solvent is removed by distillation for reaction post-treatment. The crude product is washed twice with 30 ml of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) to remove excess FAI. The washing liquid is concentrated into a light yellow oil by rotary evaporation. Recrystallization is performed at -18℃ with EtOAc / EtOH / isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as the solvent to obtain the passivation material with a cation of L-NH-CH=NH2 + .

[0155] For example, the passivation material has a cationic structural formula of L-R1, R1 is a methylammonium amine (-NH-CH=NH2 + , and L is C4H 10 , and specifically comprises the following steps:

[0156] A solution of 45 mmol FAI (NH2-CH=NH2I) was stirred in an ice bath, and then added dropwise to a solution containing 4.5 mmol C4H. 10 The crude product was added to 50 mL of anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) solution containing -NH2. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for 2 hours, and then the solvent was removed by distillation for post-reaction processing. The crude product was washed twice with 30 mL of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) to remove excess FAI. The eluent was concentrated into a pale yellow oil by rotary evaporation. Recrystallization was performed at -18 °C using EtOAc / EtOH / isopropanol (IPA) as a solvent to obtain the passivating material C4H. 10 -NH-CH=NH2I. Measured 1H NMR: δ0.82-0.94(3H,0.88(t,J=7.0Hz),0.88(t,J=7.0Hz)),1.24-1.38(2H,1.31(tq,J=7.4,7.0Hz),1.31(tq,J=7.4,7.0Hz)),1.5 7-1.71 (2H, 1.64 (tt, J = 7.4, 6.9Hz), 1.64 (tt, J = 7.4, 6.9Hz)), 3.39-3.51 (2H, 3.45 (t, J = 6.9Hz), 3.45 (t, J = 6.9Hz)), 8.31 (1H, s).

[0157] This application also provides a passivation material with a cationic structural formula of L-R1, where R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2. + The preparation method is as follows:

[0158] 0.3 mol LC≡N was dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane. This solution was slowly added over 12 hours using a funnel to a mixture of 400 mL dioxane and 19.2 mL anhydrous ethanol, while hydrogen chloride gas was continuously purged through the reaction vessel. After the addition was complete, HCl gas was maintained for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was filtered to obtain a crude product, which was washed with dioxane and diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum to obtain solid compound 1. Solid compound 1 was added to 100 mL of ammonia in ethanol at 0°C and allowed to stand for two days. The precipitate was filtered, allowed to stand, washed with diethyl ether, and dried to obtain a cation of LC(-NH₂)=NH₂. + Passivating materials.

[0159] For example, the cationic structural formula of the passivation material is L-R1, where R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2. + L is C4H 10 The preparation method is as follows:

[0160] 0.3 mol C4H 10-C≡N was dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane and added slowly over 12 hours to a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of anhydrous ethanol using an addition funnel while continuously bubbling hydrogen chloride gas through the reaction vessel. After the addition was complete, the HCl bubbling was maintained for 1 h. The reaction was filtered to yield the crude product, which was washed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to yield solid compound 1. Solid compound 1 was added to 100 mL of an ammonia in ethanol solution at 0 °C and allowed to sit for two days. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether and dried to yield passivation material C4H 10 -C(-NH2) = NH2Cl. Measured 1H NMR: δ 0.81-0.93 (3H, 0.87 (t, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.87 (t, J = 7.0 Hz)), 1.23-1.36 (2H, 1.29 (tq, J = 7.6, 7.0 Hz), 1.29 (tq, J = 7.6, 7.0 Hz)), 1.52-1.66 (2H, 1.59 (tt, J = 7.6, 7.4 Hz), 1.59 (tt, J = 7.6, 7.4 Hz)), 2.55-2.67 (2H, 2.61 (t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.61 (t, J = 7.4 Hz)).

[0161] For example, the cationic structure of the passivation material is L-R1, where R1 is -C(-NH2) = NH2 + , and L is (wherein represents the attachment site) is prepared by:

[0162] 0.3 mol of 5-(methylthiomethyl)thiophene-2-carbonitrile (CAS: 1823343-06-1) was dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane and added slowly over 12 hours to a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of anhydrous ethanol using an addition funnel while continuously dripping 57% hydriodic acid solution through the addition funnel until no more solids were produced. The reaction was filtered to yield the crude product, which was washed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to yield solid compound 1. Solid compound 1 was added to 100 mL of an ammonia in ethanol solution at 0 °C and allowed to sit for two days. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether and dried to yield passivation material L-C(-NH2) = NH2I. Measured NMR: 1H NMR: δ 2.19 (2H, s), 3.15 (2H, s), 4.11 (1H, s), 7.51 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.68 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz).

[0163] For example, the cationic structure of the passivation material is L-R1, where R1 is -C(-NH2) = NH2 +, L is (wherein, a method for preparing a passivation material of the formula

[0164] To 0.3 mol of 5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiophene-2-carbonitrile (CAS: 911466-81-4) dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane, the solution was slowly added over 12 hours to a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of absolute ethanol using an addition funnel, during which 57% hydriodic acid solution was added dropwise through the addition funnel until no more solids were produced. The reaction was filtered to obtain the crude product, which was rinsed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried in vacuo to obtain solid compound 1. Compound 1 was added to 100 mL of a solution of ammonia in ethanol at 0 °C and allowed to sit for two days. The precipitate was filtered and rinsed with diethyl ether and dried to obtain the passivation material L-C(-NH2)=NH2I. The NMR was measured:1H NMR: δ 7.74-7.99 (3H, 7.80 (ddd, J = 6.6, 2.5, 0.4 Hz), 7.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.93 (ddd, J = 6.0, 2.5, 0.4 Hz)), 8.26 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 8.99-9.22 (2H, 9.05 (ddd, J = 6.0, 2.0, 0.4 Hz), 9.16 (ddd, J = 6.6, 2.0, 0.4 Hz)).

[0165] For example, the cationic structure of the passivation material is L-R1, where R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , L is (wherein, a method for preparing a passivation material of the formula

[0166] To 0.3 mol of 1-thiomorpholine acetonitrile (CAS: 53515-34-7) dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane, the solution was slowly added over 12 hours to a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of absolute ethanol using an addition funnel, during which 57% hydriodic acid solution was added dropwise through the addition funnel until no more solids were produced. The reaction was filtered to yield the crude product, which was washed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried in vacuo to yield solid Compound 1, which was added to 100 mL of a solution of ammonia in ethanol at 0 °C and allowed to sit for two days. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether and dried to yield the passivation material L-C(-NH2)=NH2I. The NMR was measured:1H NMR: δ 2.50-2.67 (2H, 2.58 (ddd, J = 13.2, 10.2, 2.3 Hz), 2.58 (ddd, J = 13.2, 10.2, 2.3 Hz)), 2.94-3.14 (4H, 3.01 (ddd, J = 11.7, 6.3, 2.2 Hz), 3.07 (ddd, J = 7.7, 5.7, 3.4 Hz)), 3.14-3.41 (2H, 3.22 (ddd, J = 10.2, 9.3, 2.2 Hz), 3.34 (ddd, J = 9.3, 3.4, 2.3 Hz)), 3.54-3.64 (2H, 3.59 (s), 3.59 (s)).

[0167] For example, the cationic structure of the passivation material is L-R1, where R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , and L is (wherein represents the attachment site) is prepared by:

[0168] To 0.3 mol of 2-propynoic acid cyanomethyl ester (CAS: 13818-40-1) dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane, the solution was slowly added over 12 hours to a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of absolute ethanol using an addition funnel, during which 57% hydriodic acid solution was added dropwise through the addition funnel until no more solids were produced. The reaction was filtered to yield the crude product, which was washed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried in vacuo to yield solid Compound 1, which was added to 100 mL of a solution of ammonia in ethanol at 0 °C and allowed to sit for two days. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether and dried to yield the passivation material L-C(-NH2)=NH2I. The NMR was measured:1H NMR: δ 4.78-4.88 (2H, 4.83 (s), 4.83 (s)), 6.03 (1H, dd, J = 10.9, 1.5 Hz), 6.34 (1H, dd, J = 17.0, 1.5 Hz), 6.87 (1H, dd, J = 17.0, 10.9 Hz).

[0169] The application further provides a preparation method of the passivation material with a cationic structural formula of R2-L-R3, wherein R2 and R3 are both -NH-CH=NH2 + , and the preparation method specifically comprises the following steps:

[0170] A solution of 45 mmol of FAI (NH2-CH=NH2) is stirred in an ice bath, and then is added dropwise into a 50-ml solution of anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) containing 2.25 mmol of H2N-L-NH2. After the addition is completed, the solution is stirred for another 2 hours, and then is subjected to post-reaction treatment by removing the solvent through distillation. The crude product is washed twice with 30 ml of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) to remove excess FAI. The washing liquid is concentrated into a light yellow oil through rotary evaporation. Recrystallization is performed at -18°C with EtOAc / EtOH / isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a solvent, and the passivation material with a cation of NH2 + =CH-NH-L-NH-CH=NH2 is obtained. +

[0171] Exemplarily, the passivation material has a cationic structural formula of R2-L-R3, R2 and R3 are both -NH-CH=NH2 + , and L is C4H 10 . The preparation method specifically comprises the following steps:

[0172] A solution of 45 mmol of FAI (NH2-CH=NH2) is stirred in an ice bath, and then is added dropwise into a 50-ml solution of anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) containing 2.25 mmol of H2N-L-NH2. After the addition is completed, the solution is stirred for another 2 hours, and then is subjected to post-reaction treatment by removing the solvent through distillation. The crude product is washed twice with 30 ml of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) to remove excess FAI. The washing liquid is concentrated into a light yellow oil through rotary evaporation. Recrystallization is performed at -18°C with EtOAc / EtOH / isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a solvent, and the passivation material with a cation of NH2 10 =CH-NH-C4H + -NH-CH=NH2 is obtained. The 1H NMR is measured as follows: δ 1.63-1.75 (4H, 1.69 (quint, J=7.4 Hz), 1.69 (quint, J=7.4 Hz)), 3.41-3.53 (4H, 3.47 (t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.47 (t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.47 (t, J=7.4 Hz)), 8.27-8.37 (2H, 8.32 (s), 8.32 (s)).

[0173] The application further provides a preparation method of the passivation material with a cationic structural formula of R2-L-R3, wherein R2 and R3 are both -C(-NH2)=NH2.​+ A method for preparing a passivation material, specifically:

[0174] Dissolve 0.15 mol N≡C-L-C≡N in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane, slowly add the solution into a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of anhydrous ethanol using a dropping funnel within 12 hours, continuously pass hydrogen chloride gas through the reaction container during the process. After the addition is completed, maintain the HCl gas for 1 h. Filter the reaction solution to obtain the crude product, rinse with dioxane and diethyl ether, and dry in vacuum to obtain solid compound 1. Add the solid compound 1 into 100 mL of an ammonia ethanol solution at 0°C, and let it stand for two days. Filter the precipitate and rinse with diethyl ether to obtain the passivation material C1NH2= (-NH2)C-L-C(-NH2)=NH2. + + A method for preparing a passivation material, specifically:

[0175] Exemplarily, the cationic structure of the passivation material is R2-L-R3, R2 and R3 are both -C(-NH2)=NH2, and L is -(CF2)6-. + 10 A method for preparing a passivation material, specifically:

[0176] Dissolve 0.15 mol N≡C-C4H 10 -C≡N in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane, slowly add the solution into a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of anhydrous ethanol using a dropping funnel within 12 hours, continuously pass hydrogen chloride gas through the reaction container during the process. After the addition is completed, maintain the HCl gas for 1 h. Filter the reaction solution to obtain the crude product, rinse with dioxane and diethyl ether, and dry in vacuum to obtain solid compound 1. Add the solid compound 1 into 100 mL of an ammonia ethanol solution at 0°C, and let it stand for two days. Filter the precipitate and rinse with diethyl ether to obtain the passivation material C1NH2= (-NH2)C-L-C(-NH2)=NH2. 10 -C(-NH2)=NH2Cl. The 1H NMR is measured as follows: δ 1.54-1.66 (4H, 1.60 (quint, J=7.5 Hz), 1.60 (quint, J=7.5 Hz)), 2.57-2.69 (4H, 2.63 (t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.63 (t, J=7.4 Hz)).

[0177] Exemplarily, the cationic structure of the passivation material is R2-L-R3, R2 and R3 are both -C(-NH2)=NH2, and L is -(CF2)6-. + A method for preparing a passivation material, specifically:

[0178] ​​​The 1,6-diaminofluorohexane (CAS: 25752-36-7) is purchased and dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, and then slowly added dropwise with concentrated hydrochloric acid at a low temperature of 0-5°C, with a molar ratio of 1:2.0-2.5 and a pH of 2.0-3.0 maintained, and after the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is raised to 20-25°C and the reaction is stirred for 1-3 hours to generate a white flocculent hydrochloride salt precipitate. The precipitate is collected by vacuum filtration, and the filter cake is washed three times with cold ethanol (-10°C); the crude product is dissolved in a minimum volume of hot ethanol (65-75°C), filtered while hot, and then gradually cooled to 4°C to crystallize and separate the crystals. The crystalline product is dried under vacuum at 35-45°C and 10-20mmHg for 6 hours to obtain high-purity 1,6-diaminofluorohexane dihydrochloride white solid.

[0179] The application also provides a preparation method of the passivation material with a cationic structural formula of R2-L-R3, R2 is -NH-CH=NH2 + , R3 is -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , and specifically comprises the following steps.

[0180] 0.3mol of NH2-L-C≡N is dissolved in 400mL of 1,4-dioxane, and the solution is slowly added dropwise into a solution of 400mL of dioxane and 19.2mL of anhydrous ethanol within 12 hours, with hydrogen chloride gas continuously introduced into the reaction container during the process. After the addition is completed, the HCl gas is maintained for 1h. The reaction solution is filtered to obtain a crude product, which is washed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried in vacuum to obtain solid compound 1. The solid compound 1 is added into 100mL of an ammonia ethanol solution at 0°C, and the mixture is left to stand for two days. The precipitate is filtered and washed with diethyl ether and dried to obtain an intermediate product.

[0181] A solution of FAI (the amount of FAI added is ten times the equivalent amount of the intermediate product) is stirred in an ice bath, and then added dropwise into a 50ml anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) solution containing the intermediate product. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred for another 2 hours, and then treated by distillation to remove the solvent. The crude product is washed twice with 30ml of ethyl acetate to remove excess FAI. The washing liquid is concentrated into a light yellow oil by rotary evaporation. Recrystallization is performed at -18°C with EtOAc / EtOH / IPA as the solvent to obtain the passivation material with a cation of NH2 + =CH-NH-L-C(-NH2)=NH2 + .

[0182] For example, the passivation material has a cationic structural formula of R2-L-R3, R2 is -NH-CH=NH2 + , R3 is -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , and L is C4H10 A method for preparing the compound, specifically:

[0183] NH2-C4H 10 -C≡N was dissolved in 400 mL of 1,4-dioxane, and the solution was slowly added to a solution of 400 mL of dioxane and 19.2 mL of anhydrous ethanol mixed together using an addition funnel within 12 hours, and hydrogen chloride gas was continuously introduced into the reaction container during the process. After the addition was completed, the HCl gas was maintained for 1 h. The reaction solution was filtered to obtain a crude product, which was washed with dioxane and diethyl ether and dried in a vacuum to obtain solid compound 1. The solid compound 1 was added to 100 mL of an ammonia ethanol solution at 0°C, and the mixture was allowed to stand for two days. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether and dried to obtain an intermediate product.

[0184] A solution of FAI (the amount of FAI added was ten times the equivalent amount of the intermediate product) was stirred in an ice bath, and then added dropwise to a 50 mL anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) solution containing the intermediate product. After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred for another 2 hours, and then the solvent was removed by distillation to perform a post-reaction treatment. The crude product was washed twice with 30 mL of ethyl acetate to remove excess FAI. The washing solution was concentrated into a light yellow oil by rotary evaporation. Recrystallization was performed at -18°C using EtOAc / EtOH / IPA as a solvent to obtain the passivation material INH2=CH-NH-C4H 10 -C(-NH2)=NH2I. The 1H NMR was measured to be δ 1.58-1.77 (4H, 1.65 (tt, J=7.7, 7.4 Hz), 1.70 (tt, J=7.7, 7.3 Hz)), 2.62 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.41-3.53 (2H, 3.47 (t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.47 (t, J=7.3 Hz)), 8.32 (1H, s).

[0185] The embodiment of the present application also provides a laminated solar cell, which comprises the above-mentioned solar cell, and a second light-absorbing layer arranged on one side of the first light-absorbing layer 11, and the band gap of the second light-absorbing layer is different from that of the first light-absorbing layer 11. In this way, the first light-absorbing layer 11 and the second light-absorbing layer with different band gaps are arranged, so that the laminated solar cell can effectively absorb light with different wavelengths, the spectral range of the light absorbed by the laminated solar cell is widened, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the laminated solar cell is improved.

[0186] (1) In the case where the above-mentioned solar cell comprises the first light-absorbing layer 11 and the first light-absorbing layer 11 comprises the passivation material:

[0187] The second light-absorbing layer can be provided on either side of the first light-absorbing layer 11. Further, in the case where the solar cell includes the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 15, the first light-absorbing layer 11 and the second light-absorbing layer are provided between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 15.

[0188] In one embodiment, the second light-absorbing layer is provided on the side of the first light-absorbing layer 11 facing the first electrode layer 14. Or, in some embodiments, the second light-absorbing layer is provided on the side of the first light-absorbing layer 11 facing the second electrode layer 15. In some embodiments, the material of the second light-absorbing layer includes one or more of the following compounds: a first perovskite material, crystalline silicon, copper-zinc-tin sulfide, copper-zinc-tin selenide, copper-zinc-tin selenide sulfide, copper-indium-gallium selenide, copper-indium-gallium diselenide, or copper-indium selenide, etc. The above-mentioned materials can absorb light of different wavelengths from the first light-absorbing layer 11, so as to broaden the spectral range of light absorption of the stacked solar cell and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell. In the present application, the definition of the first perovskite material is the same as the type of the perovskite material of the first light-absorbing layer described above, but the specific components are different to obtain a second light-absorbing layer with a different band gap, which is used to absorb light of different wavelengths from the first light-absorbing layer, broaden the spectral range of light absorption of the stacked solar cell, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell.

[0189] Further, the band gap of the first light-absorbing layer 11 is Eg1, and 1.2 eV≤Eg1≤1.6 eV; the band gap of the second light-absorbing layer is Eg2, and 1.65 eV<Eg2≤2.2 eV. The band gaps of the first light-absorbing layer 11 and the second light-absorbing layer are arranged to effectively absorb light of short and long wavelengths, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell. In other embodiments, the band gap of the first light-absorbing layer is Eg1, and 1.65 eV<Eg1≤2.2 eV; the band gap of the second light-absorbing layer is Eg2, and 1.2 eV≤Eg2≤1.6 eV. The band gaps of the second light-absorbing layer and the first light-absorbing layer are arranged to effectively absorb light of short and long wavelengths, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell. Further, the light-absorbing layer with a wider band gap is provided on the light incident surface, and the light first passes through the wide-band-gap light-absorbing layer to absorb a portion of the short-wavelength light, and then passes through the light-absorbing layer with a narrower band gap to absorb long-wavelength light, thereby broadening the spectral range of light absorption of the stacked solar cell and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell.

[0190] In some embodiments, the tandem solar cell includes a first electrode layer 14, an optional hole transport layer, a second light absorbing layer, an optional electron transport layer, a recombination layer, an optional hole transport layer, a first light absorbing layer 11, an optional electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer 15. In this way, the optional hole transport layer and / or the optional electron transport layer facilitate the extraction and transport of the electrons or holes generated by the first light absorbing layer or the second light absorbing layer, which enhances the extraction and transport of the electrons and holes and improves the performance of the tandem solar cell. Further, the first electrode layer, the optional hole transport layer, the second light absorbing layer, and the optional electron transport layer form a second cell portion, the optional hole transport layer, the first light absorbing layer 11, the optional electron transport layer, and the second electrode layer form a first cell portion, and the recombination layer facilitates the recombination of the holes generated by the first light absorbing layer and the electrons generated by the second light absorbing layer that are transported toward the recombination layer to form a low ohmic tunnel recombination between the first cell portion containing the first light absorbing layer 11 and the second cell portion containing the second light absorbing layer. The tandem solar cell described above is a two-terminal tandem solar cell that can regulate the voltage of the tandem solar cell.

[0191] In some embodiments, the recombination layer includes one or more of a metal material, a transparent conductive oxide, and a carbon material. Further, the transparent conductive oxide layer includes, but is not limited to, one or more of ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), IGZO (indium gallium zinc oxide), and ATO (antimony tin oxide). Further, the metal material includes, but is not limited to, one or more of gold, copper, silver, platinum, aluminum, and iron. Further, the carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. In some embodiments, the recombination layer has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 200 nm, which, as an example, can be 0.1 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 130 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 200 nm, or a range defined by any two of the above values as endpoints.

[0192] In some embodiments, the stacked solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a second light absorbing layer, a third electrode layer, an insulating layer, a fourth electrode layer, a first light absorbing layer, and a second electrode layer arranged in a stack. In this way, the first electrode layer, the second light absorbing layer, and the third electrode layer form a second sub-cell, the fourth electrode layer, the first light absorbing layer, and the second electrode layer form a first sub-cell, the first sub-cell and the second sub-cell are electrically isolated by the insulating layer, the two cell portions each have two electrodes, a total of four electrodes, and the circuits of the two sub-cells are independent of each other, forming a four-terminal stacked solar cell. In this way, the current of the stacked solar cell can be adjusted. Further, the two sides of the light absorbing layers of the first sub-cell and the second sub-cell can independently be provided with an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer to facilitate the extraction and transport of electrons / holes.

[0193] Further, since the third electrode layer and the fourth electrode layer are located in the middle position of the stacked solar cell, in order to further increase the light energy utilization rate of the stacked solar cell and enable the remaining light after being absorbed by a sub-cell to enter the next sub-cell, the third electrode layer and the fourth electrode layer can be provided as light-transmitting electrodes.

[0194] In some embodiments, the material of the insulating layer includes, but is not limited to, glass or an insulating adhesive. Further, the glass is transparent glass; further, the insulating adhesive is a transparent adhesive.

[0195] (2) In the case where the above-mentioned solar cell includes a first light absorbing layer and a passivation layer, the passivation layer is provided on one side of the first light absorbing layer, and the passivation layer includes a passivation material: the second light absorbing layer is provided on the side of the first light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer, or the second light absorbing layer is provided on the side of the passivation layer away from the first light absorbing layer. Further, in the case where the above-mentioned solar cell includes a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer, the first light absorbing layer, the second light absorbing layer, and the passivation layer are arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. Further, the sub-cell containing the first light absorbing layer and the passivation layer is a first cell portion, the sub-cell containing the second light absorbing layer is a second cell portion, the two are connected to realize the communication of internal carriers of the first cell portion and the second cell portion to form a two-terminal stacked solar cell, or the two are isolated to realize the isolation of internal carriers of the first cell portion and the second cell portion to form a four-terminal stacked solar cell. The structure of the two-terminal stacked solar cell or the four-terminal stacked solar cell is as described above, and will not be described here.

[0196] (3) In the case where the above-mentioned solar cell includes a first light absorbing layer and an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer is provided on one side of the first light absorbing layer, and the electron transport layer includes a passivation material:

[0197] The second light-absorbing layer is arranged on the side of the first light-absorbing layer away from the electron transport layer, or the second light-absorbing layer is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer away from the first light-absorbing layer. Further, in the case where the solar cell comprises a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer, the first light-absorbing layer, the second light-absorbing layer and the electron transport layer are arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. Further, the sub-cell comprising the first light-absorbing layer and the electron transport layer is a first cell part, the sub-cell comprising the second light-absorbing layer is a second cell part, and the two are connected by a recombination layer to realize the communication of internal carriers of the first cell part and the second cell part to form a two-terminal tandem solar cell, or the two are connected by an insulating layer to realize the isolation of internal carriers of the first cell part and the second cell part to form a four-terminal tandem solar cell. The structure of the two-terminal tandem solar cell or the four-terminal tandem solar cell is as described above, and will not be described here.

[0198] In some embodiments, the tandem solar cell comprises a two-junction, three-junction, four-junction, etc. tandem solar cell, and by adjusting the band gap of the solar cell corresponding to different junctions, the absorption range of the spectrum can be further widened, which helps to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the tandem solar cell, and will not be described here.

[0199] The embodiments of the present application also provide a photovoltaic system, which comprises the solar cell provided by the above-mentioned embodiments of the present application or the tandem solar cell provided by the above-mentioned embodiments. The photovoltaic system has at least the same advantages as the solar cell or the tandem solar cell, and can improve the performance of the photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic system can be applied to building roofs, etc. It should be noted that the specific arrangement of the structure of the photovoltaic system other than the solar cell can refer to the prior art, and will not be described here.

[0200] The embodiments of the present application also provide a power-consuming device, which comprises the solar cell provided by the above-mentioned embodiments of the present application or the tandem solar cell provided by the above-mentioned embodiments. The power-consuming device has at least the same advantages as the solar cell or the tandem solar cell, and can improve the performance of the power-consuming device. As an example, the power-consuming device can be applied to the fields of communication, transportation, industry and agriculture, lighting, etc. The power-consuming device may, for example, comprise a satellite, a communication device, a traffic signal lamp, a lighthouse, a wireless telephone booth, a monitoring device in the field of oil drilling, a power supply system, a camping lamp, an electric vehicle, an electronic device charger, etc.

[0201] The embodiment of the present application also provides a power generation device, which comprises the solar cell provided by the above embodiment of the present application or the laminated solar cell provided by the above embodiment. The power generation device has at least the same advantages as the solar cell or the laminated solar cell, and can improve the power generation performance of the power generation device. The solar cell serves as an energy source of the power generation device, and realizes the power output of the power generation device. As an example, the power generation device can be applied to the fields of building electricity, wearable device electricity, smart phone electricity, vehicle-mounted battery electricity and the like.

[0202] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of the present application clearer, further detailed description will be made in combination with embodiments and drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, not all the embodiments. The description of at least one exemplary embodiment below is actually only illustrative, but not as any limitation on the present application and its application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0203] Embodiment 1:

[0204] 1) Take FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0x2.0 cm, and remove 0.35 cm of FTO at both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate.

[0205] 2) Ultrasonically clean the etched FTO conductive glass with water, acetone and isopropanol several times.

[0206] 3) Dry the solvent under a nitrogen gun, and put the FTO conductive glass into an ultraviolet ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0207] 4) Spin-coat 10 mg / mL nickel oxide nanoparticles (deionized water solution as solvent) hole transport layer on the FTO substrate treated by ultraviolet ozone at a speed of 4000 rpm, and the thickness of the hole transport layer is 20 nm, and anneal the hole transport layer on a 150°C hot table for 30 minutes.

[0208] 5) Take 1.6 mmol of lead iodide, 1.52 mmol of iodomethylformamide, 0.08 mmol of cesium iodide and 0.0016 mmol of passivation material IH2N=CH-NH-C4H 10-NH-CH=NH2I (0.01% of the amount of substance of Pb) was dissolved in 1 mL of a mixed solution of DMF and DMSO in a volume ratio of 4:1, stirred for 2 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, spin-coated the perovskite precursor solution at 5000 rpm for 30 s, and finally 150 μL of anisole was added dropwise to the center of the substrate in the last 5 s, annealed at 100°C for 40 min, and cooled to room temperature, wherein the active substance of the perovskite absorption layer was a CsFA system, and the thickness of the formed perovskite light absorption layer (first light absorption layer) was 500 nm.

[0209] 6) After the perovskite deposition, the sample was transferred to an evaporation device to evaporate 25 nm of C60.

[0210] 7) The sample was transferred to an atomic layer deposition (ALD) device to deposit 20 nm of SnO2.

[0211] 8) Finally, 120 nm of Cu was evaporated under high vacuum (<10 -6 Torr).

[0212] After steps 1) to 8), a complete perovskite solar cell was obtained.

[0213] Examples 2 to 9 were similar to the preparation process of Example 1 described above, except that the composition of the passivation material and the amount of the passivation material added were different, and other parameters were the same. Comparative Example 1 was similar to the preparation process of Example 1 described above, except that the composition of the passivation material was different, and other parameters were the same. For details, see Table 1. It should be noted that M in Table 1 represents -NH-CH=NH2I, N represents -C(-NH2)=NH2Cl, and the structural formula of PEACl in Table 1 is C6H5CH2CH2NH3Cl (phenethylammonium chloride).

[0214] Example 10:

[0215] 1) Take FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0x2.0 cm, and remove 0.35 cm of FTO from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate.

[0216] 2) Ultrasonically clean the etched FTO conductive glass with water, acetone, and isopropanol several times.

[0217] 3) Dry the solvents under a nitrogen gun, and further clean in a UV-ozone machine.

[0218] 4) Spin-coat 10 mg / mL of nickel oxide nanoparticles (deionized water solution as solvent) hole transport layer on the FTO substrate after UV-ozone treatment at a speed of 4000 rpm, and the thickness of the hole transport layer is 20 nm, and anneal on a hot table at 150°C for 30 minutes.

[0219] 5) 1.7 mmol of lead iodide, 1.52 mmol of methylcarbamic iodide, and 0.08 mmol of cesium iodide were weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of a mixed solution of DMF and DMSO in a volume ratio of 4:1, stirred for 2 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, spin-coated the perovskite precursor solution at 5000 rpm for 30 s, and finally 150 μL of anisole was added dropwise to the center of the substrate for 5 s, annealed at 100 °C for 40 min, and cooled to room temperature, wherein the active substance of the perovskite absorption layer was a CsFA system, and the thickness of the formed perovskite light absorption layer (first light absorption layer) was 500 nm.

[0220] 6) After perovskite deposition, a passivation material INH2=CH-NH-C4H 10 -NH-CH=NH2I was configured into a solution with a concentration of 1 mg / mL, and a passivation layer with a thickness of 3 nm was spin-coated on the perovskite at a rotation speed of 5000 rpm.

[0221] 7) The sample was transferred to an evaporation device to evaporate 25 nm of C60.

[0222] 8) The sample was transferred to an atomic layer deposition (ALD) device to deposit 20 nm of SnO2.

[0223] 9) Finally, 120 nm of Cu was evaporated under high vacuum (<10 -6 Torr).

[0224] After steps 1) to 9), a complete perovskite solar cell was obtained.

[0225] Examples 11 to 17 were similar to the preparation process of Example 10 described above, except that the composition of the passivation material and the thickness of the passivation layer were different, and other parameters were the same. For details, see Table 2.

[0226] Comparative Example 2 was similar to the preparation process of Example 10 described above, except that the composition of the passivation material was different, and other parameters were the same. For details, see Table 2. It should be noted that M in Table 2 represents -NH-CH=NH2I, N represents -C(-NH2)=NH2Cl, the structural formula of PEACl in Table 2 is C6H5CH2CH2NH3Cl (phenethylammonium chloride), M1 in Table 2 is M2 is M3 is M4 is

[0227] Example 18:

[0228] 1) Take FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0 x 2.0 cm, and remove 0.35 cm of FTO at both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate.

[0229] 2) Ultrasonically clean the etched FTO conductive glass with water, acetone, and isopropanol several times.

[0230] 3) Dry the solvent under a nitrogen gun, and further clean the FTO conductive glass in a UV ozone machine.

[0231] 4) Spin-coat 10 mg / mL of nickel oxide nanoparticles (deionized water solution as solvent) hole transport layer on the FTO substrate after UV ozone treatment at a speed of 4000 rpm, and the thickness of the hole transport layer is 20 nm. Anneal the sample on a hot stage at 150°C for 30 minutes.

[0232] 5) Dissolve 1.7 mmol of lead iodide, 1.52 mmol of methylcarbamate iodide, and 0.08 mmol of cesium iodide in 1 mL of a mixed solution of DMF and DMSO with a volume ratio of 4:1, stir for 2 hours, filter with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds, and finally drop 150 μL of anisole at the center of the substrate, anneal at 100°C for 40 minutes, and cool to room temperature. The active substance of the perovskite absorption layer is CsFA system, and the thickness of the formed perovskite light absorption layer (first light absorption layer) is 500 nm.

[0233] 6) After perovskite deposition, transfer the sample to a co-evaporation device for two-source co-evaporation. The two sources are passivation material M4 and electron transport layer C60, adjust the current / power to make the thickness of the electron transport layer to be 25 nm. Among them, the evaporation rate ratio of passivation material: C60 is 1:200, and the addition amount of passivation material is 1 / (1+200) = 0.50%.

[0234] 7) Transfer the sample to an atomic layer deposition (ALD) device to deposit 20 nm SnO2.

[0235] 8) Finally, evaporate 120 nm thick Cu under high vacuum (<10 -6 Torr).

[0236] After steps 1) to 8), a complete perovskite solar cell is obtained.

[0237] Examples 19 to 20 are similar to the preparation process of Example 18 described above, except that the evaporation rate ratio of passivation material to C60 is different, and other parameters are the same. For details, see Table 3.

[0238] Comparative Example 3 was prepared in a similar manner to Example 18 above, except that the composition of the passivation material was different, and other parameters were the same. See Table 3 for details. Note that the structure of PEACl in Table 3 is C6H5CH2CH2NH3Cl (phenethylammonium chloride).

[0239] The testing procedures for the parameters of the examples and comparative examples of the present application are as follows:

[0240] 1. Initial efficiency testing method: The JV test uses a AAA-grade solar simulator as the light source, a high-precision source table as the testing equipment, the voltage scan range is from -0.1 V to 1.2 V, the data acquisition delay is 20 ms, and the current-voltage data is collected; the voltage is taken as the horizontal axis and the current is taken as the vertical axis to draw the I-V curve; the horizontal axis intercept is the open-circuit voltage Voc, the vertical axis intercept is the short-circuit current Jsc, the product of I and V on the I-V curve is the power under the corresponding load, and the ratio of the maximum power to the solar simulator irradiation power is the efficiency PCE.

[0241] 2. 85°C dark-state storage (ISOS-D-2I) stability test: Place the device on a hot stage in the glove box, keep H2O, O2<0.1 ppm, set the hot stage temperature to 85°C, perform a cooling program of 1.5°C / min every 200 hours, and after cooling to room temperature, take out and test the JV performance. Until the PCE first decreases to 80% and below of the initial efficiency, record the time that has been aged, denoted as T80 / h.

[0242] 3. 85°C MPPT (ISOS-L-2I) stability test: Place the device in a fixture (with multi-channel maximum power point tracking function) continuously purged with nitrogen, then place the fixture on a hot stage, keep H2O, O2<0.1 ppm, set the hot stage temperature to 85°C, use an LED lamp as the light source, and achieve MPPT by real-time measurement and closed-loop control of the photovoltaic cell output voltage and current value, and the software automatically records the change of power with aging time. Until the P max decreases to 80% of the initial maximum power, record the time that has been aged, denoted as T80 / h.

[0243] Table 1 Test parameter table of Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Example 1

[0244] Table 2 Test parameter table of Examples 10 to 17 and Comparative Example 2

[0245] Table 3 Test parameter table of Examples 18 to 20 and Comparative Example 3

[0246] As can be seen from Tables 1-3, the initial efficiency of the solar cell is improved by using the passivation material provided in the embodiments of the present application to passivate the perovskite material, and the 85 DEG C dark state storage (ISOS-D-2I) and 85 DEG C MPPT (ISOS-L-2I) stability (T80) of the solar cell are obviously improved.

[0247] The above merely describes the embodiments of the present application, and does not limit the patent scope of the present application, and any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation using the content of the specification and drawings of the present application, or direct or indirect application in other related technical fields, are also included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein, the solar cell comprises a first light-absorbing layer, the first light-absorbing layer comprising a passivation material; or, the solar cell comprises a first light-absorbing layer and a passivation layer, the passivation layer being disposed on one side of the first light-absorbing layer, the passivation layer comprising a passivation material; or, the solar cell comprises a first light-absorbing layer and an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer being disposed on one side of the first light-absorbing layer, the electron transport layer comprising a passivation material; wherein the structure of the cation of the passivation material is L-R1 and / or R2-L-R3; wherein R1, R2, R3 each independently comprises one of -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + ; L comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted hetero acyclic group.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, said R1 is -C(-NH2)=NH2 + ; or, said R2, R3 each independently comprises -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + one of.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 1-8; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 2-8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aliphatic ring is 5-8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms in the aromatic group is 6-10; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group is 2-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the selenium-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms in the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group is 3-11; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the hetero-noncyclic group is 1-8.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, in the case that the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the aliphatic ring, the aromatic group, the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, the selenium-containing heterocyclic group, the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group or the hetero-noncyclic group is substituted, the substituent independently comprises one or more of halogen, alkyl with a carbon atom number of 1-8, heteroatom-substituted alkyl with a carbon atom number of 1-8, alkenyl with a carbon atom number of 2-8, aromatic group with a ring-forming carbon atom number of 6-10, heterocyclic aromatic group with a ring-forming carbon atom number of 3-11.

5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein, the substituent comprises one or more of halogen, alkyl with a carbon atom number of 1-3, heteroatom-substituted alkyl with a carbon atom number of 1-3, alkenyl with a carbon atom number of 2-3, phenyl, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, selenophene, pyridine, imidazole.

6. The solar cell according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the solar cell satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) the halogen comprises one of F, Cl, Br, I; (2) the heteroatom comprises one or more of O, S, N, P, Se; (3) the heteroatom in the heterocyclic aromatic group comprises one or more of O, S, N, P, Se.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, Cations of the passivation material include at least one of the following molecular structures: wherein n = 1-8, m = 1-8, and Ph is a phenyl group.

8. The solar cell of claim 7, wherein, n = 1-5, m = 1-5.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, the anion of the passivation material is halogen ion or pseudo-halogen ion.

10. The solar cell of claim 9, wherein, The pseudo-halogen ions include one or more of SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , CN - , SeH - , SeCN - , BF4 - , PF6 - , HCOO - , CH3COO - , CF3COO - .

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the first light-absorbing layer comprises perovskite material, the structural formula of the perovskite material being ABX3; wherein A comprises at least one of CH3NH3 + , HC(NH2)2 + , Cs + , Rb + , B comprises Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Pd 2+ , Yb 2+ , Eu 2+ , X comprises a halide anion or a pseudohalide anion.

12. The solar cell of claim 11, wherein, A includes HC(NH2)2 + .

13. The solar cell according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, in the case that the first light-absorbing layer comprises passivation material, the addition amount of the passivation material is 0.01%-10% of the molar concentration of element B.

14. The solar cell of claim 11 or 12, wherein, in the case that the solar cell comprises a passivation layer, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm-10 nm.

15. The solar cell of claim 11 or 12, wherein, in the case that the electron transport layer comprises passivation material, the addition amount of the passivation material is 0.01%-5% of the mass of the electron transport layer.

16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein, The solar cell comprises the first light-absorbing layer and the passivation layer, and further comprises an electron transport layer disposed on a side of the passivation layer away from the first light-absorbing layer.

17. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein, The solar cell further comprises a hole transport layer disposed on a side of the first light-absorbing layer away from the passivation layer.

18. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein, The solar cell is of an inverse structure.

19. A stacked solar cell, wherein, The tandem solar cell comprises the solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 18, and a second light-absorbing layer disposed on a side of the first light-absorbing layer, the second light-absorbing layer having a different band gap from the first light-absorbing layer.

20. A passivation material, wherein, the structure of the cation of the passivation material is L-R1 and / or R2-L-R3; wherein R1 comprises -C(-NH2)=NH2 + , R2, R3 each independently comprises -NH-CH=NH2 + , -C(-NH2)=NH2 + ; L comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted selenium-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-noncyclic group.

21. The passivation material of claim 20, wherein, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 1 to 8; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain is 2 to 8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms of the aliphatic ring is 5 to 8; and / or, the number of ring-forming atoms of the aromatic group is 6 to 10; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms of the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group is 2 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms of the selenium-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of ring-forming carbon atoms of the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group is 3 to 11; and / or, the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of the hetero-noncyclic group is 1 to 8.

22. The passivation material of claim 20 or 21, wherein, In the case where the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, the aliphatic ring, the aromatic group, the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, the oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, the phosphorus-containing heterocyclic group, the selenium-containing heterocyclic group, the sulfur-containing heterocyclic group, or the hetero-noncyclic group is substituted, the substituent independently includes one or more of halogen, alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, heteroatom-substituted alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, aromatic group having 6 to 10 ring-forming carbon atoms, and heterocyclic aromatic group having 3 to 11 ring-forming carbon atoms.

23. The passivation material according to any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein, Cations of the passivation material include at least one of the following molecular structures: wherein n = 1-8, m = 1-8, and Ph is a phenyl group.

24. The passivation material of claim 23, wherein, n = 1 to 5, and m = 1 to 5.

25. The passivation material according to any one of claims 20 to 24, wherein, The anion of the passivation material is a halide ion or a pseudo-halide ion.

26. A photovoltaic system, wherein, The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 18 or the tandem solar cell of claim 19.

27. An electrical device, comprising: The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 18 or the tandem solar cell of claim 19.

28. A power generation apparatus wherein, The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 18 or the tandem solar cell of claim 19.

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